Health-related Quality of Life and Socio-economic Status of the Unemployed

23 3, XXIII, 2020 Economics DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2020-3-002 heal h- ela ed Quali y oF liFe and soCio-eConomiC s a us oF he unemployed Daniel Pucia o1, Michał Rozpa a2, Ma ek Bugdol3, Pio Oleśniewicz4, Helena Jáčo á5 1 WSB Uni e si y in W ocław, Facul y o Finance and Managemen , Poland, ORCID: 0000-0002-2390-6038, [email p o ec ed]ław.pl; 2 The Je zy Kukuczka Academy o Physical Educa ion in Ka owice, Ins i u e o Spo Sciences, Poland, ORCID: 0000-0003-3571-6677, [email p o ec ed]; 3 Jagiellonian Uni e si y, Facul y o Managemen and Social Communica ion, Ins i u e o Economics, Finance and Managemen , Poland, ORCID: 0000-0001-9993-7765, [email p o ec ed]; 4 Uni e si y School o Physical Educa ion in W ocław, Facul y o Physical Educa ion, Depa men o Tou ism, Poland, ORCID: 0000-0002-0426-0630, [email p o ec ed]; 5 Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec, Facul y o Economics, Depa men o Finance and Accoun ing, Czech Republic, ORCID: 0000-0001-8622-1899, [email p o ec ed]. Abs ac : Unemploymen has a numbe o nega i e, economic, social and psychological e ec s on unemployed people and hei amilies. Lowe ed household income leads o a cons ained ul ilmen o indi idual and collec i e needs, which has a signi ican impac on he quali y o li e and pe cei ed heal h condi ion o he unemployed. The aim o his s udy is he iden i ica ion o ela ionships be ween he quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us o unemployed pe sons. The s udy was ca ied ou among 403 egis e ed unemployed pe sons (246 women, 157 men) om W ocław, Poland. The main me hod used in he s udy was he diagnos ic ques ionnai e su ey. Responden s’ quali y o li e was assessed using he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion Quali y o Li e (WHOQOL-BREF) ques ionnai e, and hei socio-economic s a us wi h au ho ’s own S-ESQ ques ionnai e. A i hme ic means and s anda d de ia ion we e calcula ed. Co ela ions be ween esponden s’ quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us we e checked wi h he K uskal-Wallis one- way analysis o a iance and Dunn’s pos -hoc es s. The ex-an e le el o s a is ical signi icance was se a α < 0.05. The mean heal h- ela ed quali y o li e sco e o he unemployed esponden s unde s udy was highe han he mean pe cei ed heal h condi ion sco e. As o he ou quali y o li e domains, he esponden s epo ed he highes sco es in he social domain and psychological domain, ollowed by he physical and en i onmen al domains. The analysis o mean sco es o o e all quali y o li e o he unemployed e ealed s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween g oups o jobless W ocław esiden s wi h ega d o such ac o s as age, numbe o household membe s, and pe capi a income. Responden s’ age, educa ion, ma i al s a us, pe sons pe household, pe capi al income, and ha ing sa ings we e also signi ican di e en ia ing ac o s o pe cei ed heal h condi ion. The esul s o he s udy can be signi ican o public heal h policies in Poland and o he coun ies a a simila le el o economic de elopmen . Keywo ds: Quali y o li e, WHO, unemployed. JEL Classi ica ion: I31, J10, J60. APA S yle Ci a ion: Pucia o, D., Rozpa a, M., Bugdol, M., Oleśniewicz, P., & Jáčo á, H. (2020). Heal h- ela ed Quali y o Li e and Socio-economic S a us o he Unemployed. E&M Economics and Managemen , 23(3), 23–37. h ps://doi.o g/10.15240/ ul/001/2020-3-002 EM_3_2020.indd 23 27.08.2020 13:31:03 24 2020, XXIII, 3 Economics in oduc ion Unemploymen was he g ea es social p oblem aced by he Poles du ing he poli ical ans o ma ion and he ansi ion om a cen ally planned o a ee ma ke economy. The a e age unemploymen a e in Poland was highe han in mos o he coun ies o Cen al and Eas e n Eu ope. In he s udied pe iod, he unemploymen a e amoun ed o 11.5% in 2014 and 9.7% in 2015, espec i ely (h ps://bdm. s a .go .pl). Howe e , he e is a la ge egional a ia ion in he unemploymen a e, which means ha despi e he dynamic economic g ow h, he p oblem o unemploymen s ill a ec s ep esen a i es o many social g oups in Poland. Unemploymen , in pa icula long- e m unemploymen , has a numbe o nega i e, economic, social, and psychological e ec s on jobless people and hei amilies. Reduced household income leads o a ious cons ain s o ul ilmen o indi idual and collec i e needs. Joblessness esul s in a decline o p o essional skills and quali ica ions, which o en hinde s o e en p e en s a success ul e u n o wo k (Zhang & de Figuei edo, 2018). A decline in social ela ionships can be obse ed as well as con lic s in amilies, sense o social exclusion, and loss o social s anding (Vosseme e al., 2018). The cos s a e he highes o he unemployed indi iduals who expe ience emo ional diso de s, low li e sa is ac ion, and highe suscep ibili y o diseases (Tøge, 2016). Nume ous s udies ha e indica ed he nega i e impac o unemploymen on men al heal h. Bu el, Missinne and B acke (2017), obse ed such symp oms as helplessness, us a ion, low sel -es eem, inc eased s ess, and dep ession in jobless people. The unemployed also expe ience a highe incidence o psychosoma ic diso de s, e.g. hea diseases o umo s, han he employed (Mene on e al., 2017). Clemens, Popham and Boyle (2015), no ed ha he all-cause mo ali y isk was nea ly wice as high o he unemployed as o he employed. A me a-analysis by Milne , Page and LaMon agne (2014) e ealed ha unemploymen is signi ican ly co ela ed wi h a highe ela i e isk o suicide. This obse a ion was also sha ed by Mene on e al. (2017). Long- e m s uc u al unemploymen was conside ed excep ionally haza dous by Blomg en and Valkonen (2007), la e-ca ee unemploymen by Voss e al. (2018), and unemploymen o young people by Kawada (2018). Madu ei a-Lima e al. (2018) e ealed an inc eased nega i e impac o unemploymen on heal h s a us du ing he G ea Recession, and Heggebo (2016), du ing an economic down u n. The po en ial ela ionships be ween heal h and unemploymen can be associa ed no only wi h he nega i e, indi ec impac o joblessness on heal h condi ion, bu also wi h he impac o poo heal h on unemploymen . These ela ionships we e examined by Van Zon e al. (2017). Leona di e al. (2018) in hei s udies o Polish, Spanish and Finnish popula ions concluded ha ac o s ela ed o unemploymen included physical disabili y, men al issues, and poo eyesigh and hea ing. In his con ex no only is an objec i e heal h s a us impo an bu also sel -pe cei ed heal h- ela ed quali y o li e. Ea lie s udies indica ed ha a lowe quali y o li e index is o en associa ed wi h he incidence o mo o unc ion diso de s and wo se social unc ioning (Lee e al., 2005). A key esea ch issue is he impac o he socio-economic si ua ion o unemployed people on hei pe cep ion o heal h condi ion and quali y o li e. While esea che s ha e p e iously examined his p oblem in ela ion o o al wo king-age popula ions (Rėklai ienė, Bace ičienė, & And ijauskas, 2009; Huang e al., 2015; Zhang e al., 2015) and pa ien s (Kokalia i, 2016; Opoku-Boa eng e al., 2017; Raymake s e al., 2018), he e ha e been ela i ely ew s udies conce ning he unemployed (Chinweuba e al., 2018; Yang e al., 2016). So a no socio-economic ac o s, such as he numbe o pe sons pe household, wo k-un ela ed income (e.g. alimony bene i s, child allowance, o inancial assis ance om amily membe s), sa ings, o indeb edness, ha e been conside ed in assessmen s o heal h- ela ed quali y o li e. The p esen s udy a emp s o add ess his esea ch gap. 1. heo e ical backg ound Resea che s ha e no ed a wo se heal h condi ion among he unemployed han among he employed (T an, Can ield, & Chan, 2016). In Ø e land e al. (2006), jobless esponden s a ed hei heal h as wo se han he employed. In a male Finnish popula ion G iep e al. (2016) no ed be e pe cei ed heal h condi ion among insecu e pe manen employees han among he sho - e m unemployed, and in pa icula , EM_3_2020.indd 24 27.08.2020 13:31:03 25 3, XXIII, 2020 Economics han among he long- e m unemployed. A s udy o an I alian unemployed popula ion as well as i s -job seeke s and insecu e empo a y wo ke s showed ha all o hem epo ed a wo se pe cei ed heal h s a us han secu e pe manen employees (Minelli e al., 2014). Soł ysik e al. (2017), ound a lowe quali y o li e in he unemployed han in manual and whi e- colla wo ke s. Czeki da e al. (2017) indica ed, howe e , mo e complex associa ions be ween unemploymen and quali y o li e. A compa ison be ween he quali y o li e o wo king and jobless nu ses and midwi es showed ha he wo king nu ses pe cei ed hei quali y o li e be e han hei unemployed coun e pa s. Howe e , jobless midwi es assessed hei quali y o li e highe han hei wo king coun e pa s. Michalos and O lando (2006) showed ha unemployed wo king-age indi iduals a ed hei quali y o li e lowe han he p e-wo king-age unemployed. A lowe assessmen o quali y o li e o he unemployed han o he employed was also obse ed by Wo ach-Ka das and Kos zewski (2013) in an u ban popula ion aged mo e han 45 yea s. Ca lie e al. (2013) also showed ha e-employmen signi ican ly imp o ed he sel - a ed heal h o unemployed esponden s. The e ha e been a he ew popula ion- based s udies ega ding he links be ween he quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us o heal hy pe sons. In a s udy o Chinese popula ion Zhang e al. (2015), showed low income, olde age, and unemploymen o be signi ican ac o s o lowe quali y o li e assessmen . Huang e al. (2017) in hei esea ch on a Chinese popula ion showed ha lowe quali y o li e (QoL) index sco es we e associa ed wi h olde age, low le els o educa ion, empo a y accommoda ion, po e y, and unemploymen . S udies o Li huanians indica ed associa ions be ween highe quali y o li e sco es, highe educa ion and income le els, and occupa ion. Unemployed and e i ed Li huanians a ained lowe quali y o li e index sco es han hei wo king coun e pa s (Rėklai ienė, Bace ičienė, & And ijauskas, 2009). Kokalia i (2016) analyzed associa ions be ween quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us in G eece ollowing he aus e i y measu es imposed a e he inancial c isis. She eco ded lowe quali y o li e sco es in women, single pa en s, low income wo ke s, and he unemployed. In an in e es ing s udy o pos pa um women Chinweuba e al. (2018), showed ha women wi h highe le els o educa ion and income a ed hei quali y o li e be e han women wi h lowe educa ion and income le els. Mo eo e , he quali y o li e assessmen de e io a ed wi h he s udied women’s age and was highe in wo king women han in non-wo king women. Yang e al. (2016) e alua ed he quali y o li e in i s physical and men al domains among 1,825 unemployed esponden s om China, and examined he ela ionships be ween hei quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us. Highe mean QoL physical domain sco es we e shown o be ela ed wi h he male sex, younge age, and highe income. Single unemployed pe sons unde 25 yea s o age, whose mon hly income exceeded 2,000 yuans pe cei ed hei quali y o li e as he highes in he men al domain. The pe cep ion o quali y o li e in he physical and psychological domains also depended on employmen leng h, and i was signi ican ly wo se among people who emained unemployed o longe han 6 mon hs. Ea lie esea ch also poin ed o he impac o socio-economic s a us on pe cei ed heal h condi ion. Janko ić, Jane ić and Knesebeck (2012) in hei s udy o a Se bian popula ion concluded ha he odds o assessing hei heal h as poo we e ou - imes highe in indi iduals wi h a low educa ion han wi h a highe educa ion. The odds o poo sel - pe cei ed heal h by he unemployed was, howe e , abou 1.5 imes highe han by he employed. G iep e al. (2016) ound s a is ically signi ican co ela ions be ween pe cei ed heal h condi ion and such a iables as age, educa ion, ha ing child en, income, and place o esidence. Nega i e co ela ions o sel - a ed heal h wi h age, and posi i e co ela ions wi h educa ion, numbe o child en unde 18 yea s o age in he amily, and place o esidence we e also ound. Minelli e al. (2014), con i med ha young people wi h high incomes did a e hei pe cei ed heal h condi ion mos highly. In iew o he abo e conside a ions he aim o his s udy is he iden i ica ion and assessmen o po en ial co ela ions be ween heal h- ela ed quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us in unemployed indi iduals. Two speci ic esea ch p oblems ha e been o mula ed: 1. Wha is he assessmen o he quali y o li e o he unemployed om W ocław? 2. A e gende , age and such ac o s o socio- economic s a us as: le el o educa ion, EM_3_2020.indd 25 27.08.2020 13:31:03 26 2020, XXIII, 3 Economics ma i al s a us, household size, income pe capi a, sa ings and deb ela ed o he assessmen o he quali y o li e o he esponden s? 2. esea ch me hodology The su ey was o a c oss-sec ional na u e and was conduc ed om Oc obe 2014 o Ma ch 2015, in W ocław, Poland. The s udy sample comp ised 4,332 pe sons (2,276 women, 2,056 men) aged 18–64 yea s, i.e. abou 1% o all wo king-age esiden s o W ocław. The minimum sample size was calcula ed using he o mula below (B zeziński, 2011): (1) whe e: N – numbe o W ocław esiden s on Decembe 31, 2013 (N = 632,067); p – ac ion o wo king-age W ocław esiden s on Decembe 31, 2013 (p = 0.63); q – cons an calcula ed as 1−p (q = 0.37); e – expec ed es ima ion e o o p (e = 1.5%); Zα = 1.96 o α = 0.05. The sample selec ion was andom using a h ee-le el s a i ica ion. Fi s , wi h he use o a andom numbe able, en esiden ial a eas we e selec ed om all alphabe ically o de ed W ocław a eas. Nex , h ee s ee s om each selec ed esiden ial a ea we e chosen, whose esiden s we e asked o ill in he ques ionnai e. The numbe o esponden s om pa icula esiden ial a eas was p opo iona e o he numbe o esiden s o hese a eas. The esponden s we e all in o med abou he pu pose and he cou se o he s udy, and hey exp essed hei w i en consen o pa icipa e. 403 esponden s (246 women, 157 men) we e egis e ed unemployed pe sons, and hey we e di ided in o he ollowing age anges: 18–24 yea s (21% o women, 28% o men), 25–34 yea s (18% o women, 26% o men), 35–44 yea s (8% o women, 10% o men), 45– 54 yea s (13% o women, 17% o men), and 55–64 yea s (40% o women, 20% o men). The majo i y o he unemployed esponden s (68% o women, 70% o men) had a p ima y o oca ional educa ion; 24% o women and 22% o men – a seconda y educa ion, and 8% o bo h men and women – a highe educa ion. Almos 53% o women and 52% o men among he unemployed unde s udy we e ma ied, while 47% o women and 48% o men we e single. 15 % pe cen o women and 13% o men li ed alone, 31% o women and 29% o men li ed in wo-pe son households, 20% o women and 15% o men in h ee-pe son households, 21% o women and 31% o men in ou -pe son households, and abou 13% o bo h men and women in i e-and-mo e pe son households. The mon hly pe capi a income in a household up o PLN 500 was ea ned by 23% o women and 44% o men, PLN 501–1,000 by 30% o women and 22% o men, PLN 1,001–1,500 by 28% o women and 25% o men, PLN 1,501– 2,000 by 9% o women and by 5% o men, and abo e PLN 2,000 by 10% o women and 4% o men. Almos 83% o he unemployed women and 95% o unemployed men unde s udy had no sa ings, and o e 82% o women and 81% o men we e in deb (Tab. 1). The main me hod used in he s udy was he diagnos ic ques ionnai e su ey. Responden s’ quali y o li e was a ed wi h he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion Quali y o Li e (WHOQOL-BREF) ques ionnai e (WHO, 2013) consis ing o 26 i ems assessing: O e all Quali y o Li e (OQoL), Pe cei ed Heal h Condi ion (PHC), and Quali y o Li e in ou domains: Physical Domain (PHYD), Psychological Domain (PSYD), Social Domain (SD), and En i onmen al Domain (ED). Answe s o he i ems we e exp essed on a scale: 1 o 5 poin s whe e he bes sco e is: 5 and he wo s is 1 o OQoL and pe cei ed heal h condi ion (PHC); and 4 o 20 poin s o each o he ou quali y o li e domains whe e he bes sco e is: 20 and he wo s is 4. The socio-economic s a us o he unemployed was assessed using au ho ’s own socio-economic s a us ques ionnai e (S-ESQ), which conside ed such a iables as: gende ( emale, male), age (18–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64 yea s), educa ion (p ima y and oca ional, seconda y, highe ), ma i al s a us (single, ma ied), numbe o pe sons pe household (1, 2, 3, 4, 5–9), pe capi a income (≤ 500, 501–1,000, 1,001–1,500, 1,501–2,000, ≥ 2,001 Polish zlo ys [PLN]), ha ing sa ings (NO, YES), and indeb edness (NO, YES). Be o e he applica ion o he S-ESQ ques ionnai e i s eliabili y was ensu ed wi h a es - e es me hod. To ha end a g oup o 115 people (64 women, 51 men) illed he ques ionnai e wice, 14 days apa . The collec ed da a we e used o es epea abili y analysis in o de o emo e all e o s and inaccu acies in he es . EM_3_2020.indd 26 27.08.2020 13:31:04 27 3, XXIII, 2020 Economics The ga he ed da a we e o de ed and u he analyzed in e ms o numbe s and pe cen ages wi h ega d o esponden s’ gende , age, and socio-economic a iables. A i hme ic means (M) and s anda d de ia ion (SD) o heal h- ela ed quali y o li e and o pe cei ed heal h condi ion in g oups o esponden s acco ding o gende , age and socio-economic a iables we e calcula ed. Co ela ions be ween esponden s’ quali y o li e and socio-economic s a us we e checked wi h he K uskal-Wallis one-way analysis o a iance (H) and Dunn’s pos -hoc es s. The le el o s a is ical signi icance was se a α < 0.05. All calcula ions we e made wi h he use o S a is ica 13.0 so wa e package (Dell Inc.). 3. esea ch esul s The mean heal h- ela ed quali y o li e sco e o he unemployed esponden s was 3.1 ± 0.9 p s. and was highe han he mean pe cei ed heal h condi ion sco e, i.e. 2.7 ± 1.2 p s. As o he ou quali y o li e domains, he esponden s ga e hei highes sco es in he social domain (14.2 ± 2.8 p s.) and psychological domain Va iable Ca ego y To al (N = 403) Women (n = 246) Men (n = 157) n%n%n% Age [yea s] 18–24 95 23.57 51 20.73 44 28.03 25–34 85 21.09 44 17.89 41 26.11 35–44 35 8.68 20 8.13 15 9.55 45–54 58 14.39 32 13.01 26 16.56 55–64 130 32.26 99 40.24 31 19.75 Educa ion P ima y 277 68.73 167 67.89 110 70.06 Seconda y 94 23.33 59 23.98 35 22.29 Uni e si y 32 7.94 20 8.13 12 7.64 Ma i al s a us Single 190 47.15 115 46.75 75 47.77 Ma ied 213 52.85 131 53.25 82 52.23 Pe sons pe household 1 56 13.9 36 14.63 20 12.74 2121 30.02 76 30.89 45 28.66 3 74 18.36 50 20.33 24 15.29 4 99 24.57 51 20.73 48 30.57 5–9 53 13.15 33 13.41 20 12.74 Pe capi a income [PLN] ≤ 500 125 31.02 56 22.76 69 43.95 501–1,000 109 27.05 75 30.49 34 21.66 1,001–1,500 108 26.8 68 27.64 40 25.48 1,501–2,000 31 7.69 23 9.35 8 5.10 ≥ 2,001 30 7.44 24 9.76 6 3.82 Sa ings No 352 87.34 203 82.52 149 94.90 Yes 51 12.66 43 17.48 8 5.10 Indeb edness No 75 18.61 45 18.29 30 19.11 Yes 328 81.39 201 81.71 127 80.89 Sou ce: own No es: n – numbe o esponden s; % – pe cen o esponden s. Tab. 1: Numbe and pe cen age o unemployed esiden s o W ocław wi h ega d o hei socio-economic s a us EM_3_2020.indd 27 27.08.2020 13:31:04 28 2020, XXIII, 3 Economics (13.0 ± 2.3 p s.), ollowed by he physical and en i onmen al domains (12.0 p s. each) (Fig. 1). The analysis o he mean o e all heal h- ela ed quali y o li e sco es indica es s a is ically signi ican di e ences (p < 0.001) in g oups o esponden s acco ding o age, pe sons pe household, and pe capi a income (Fig. 2). The highes quali y o li e sco es (3.6 ± 0.9 p s.) we e a ained by he younges esponden s, and he lowes (2.7 ± 0.7 p s.) by he oldes . The p- alues o pos -hoc mul iple compa isons be ween mean ank alues (R) in pa icula g oups poin o signi ican di e ences in quali y o li e be ween esponden s aged 18–24 and 55–64 yea s, 25–34 and 55–64 yea s, and 45– 54 and 55–64 yea s. The highes quali y o li e sco es we e epo ed by he unemployed li ing in i e-o -mo e-pe son households (3.5 ± 0.7 p s.) and ou -pe son households (3.3 ± 0.9 p s.), and he lowes by he unemployed om wo- pe son households (2.7 ± 0.8 p s.). S a is ically signi ican di e ences in quali y o li e sco es we e also ound be ween he unemployed om one-, wo-, h ee-pe son households and om i e- and mo e-pe son households, and be ween he unemployed om wo-pe son households and ou -pe son households. The mean quali y o li e assessmen inc eased wi h he g owing mean income pe capi a. The highes quali y o li e sco es we e epo ed by esponden s wi h an income le el abo e 2,001 Polish zlo ys (4.4 ± 0.8 p s.) and be ween 1,501 and 2,000 zlo ys (3.6 ± 1.1 p s.), and he lowes by he unemployed whose income le el was unde o equal o 500 zlo ys (2.5 ± 0.8 p s.). The di e ences in quali y o li e be ween he g oup o esponden s wi h he income unde 500 zlo ys and all o he income g oups we e signi ican . S a is ically signi ican di e ences we e also ound be ween mean o e all quali y o li e sco es o esponden s wi h income le els be ween 501 and 1,000 and 1,501–2,000, and be ween 501 and 1,000 and 2,000 and mo e zlo ys. Responden s’ age and such socio-economic a iables as educa ion, ma i al s a us, pe sons pe household, pe capi al income, and ha ing sa ings we e also signi ican di e en ia ing ac o s o pe cei ed heal h condi ion (Fig. 3). The highes mean pe cei ed heal h condi ion sco es we e epo ed by he unemployed aged 18–24 yea s (3.7 ± 1.0 p s.) and 25–34 yea s (3.5 ± 0.9 p s.), and he lowes by he unemployed aged 55–64 yea s (2.0 ± 1.1 p s.), 45–54 yea s (2.1 ± 0.6 p s.) and 35–44 yea s (2.5 ± 0.5 p s.). Pos hoc compa isons be ween di e en age g oups e ealed s a is ically signi ican di e ences in pe cei ed heal h condi ion assessmen s be ween he younges Fig. 1: Quali y o li e and pe cei ed heal h condi ion o unemployed esiden s o W ocław (N = 403). Da e a e mean and s anda d de ia ion M (SD) Sou ce: own EM_3_2020.indd 28 27.08.2020 13:31:04 29 3, XXIII, 2020 Economics Fig. 2: O e all quali y o li e in g oups o unemployed esiden s o W ocław wi h ega d o gende , age, and socio-economic s a us (N = 403); da e a e mean and s anda d de ia ion M (SD) Sou ce: own EM_3_2020.indd 29 27.08.2020 13:31:04 30 2020, XXIII, 3 Economics Fig. 3: Pe cei ed heal h condi ion in g oups o unemployed esiden s o W ocław wi h ega d o gende , age, and socio-economic s a us (N = 403); da e a e mean and s anda d de ia ion M (SD) Sou ce: own EM_3_2020.indd 30 27.08.2020 13:31:05 31 3, XXIII, 2020 Economics g oup and he h ee oldes age g oups o unemployed esponden s. The K uskal-Wallis es esul s (H = 21.87, p < 0.001) and p pos hoc mul iple compa isons showed ha he mean anks o pe cei ed heal h condi ion be ween g oups o he unemployed acco ding o educa ion di e ed signi ican ly. A signi ican de e minan o pe cei ed heal h condi ion assessmen was also he esponden s’ ma i al s a us (H = 54.17, p < 0.001). Responden s who we e single assessed hei pe cei ed heal h condi ion highe (3.2 ± 1.3 p s.) han esponden s who we e ma ied (2.3 ± 1.0 p s.). The highes pe cei ed heal h condi ion sco es we e epo ed by he unemployed esponden s om h ee-pe son households (3.2 ± 1.2 p s.), one-pe son households (3.0 ± 0.9 p s.), and ou -pe son households (2.9 ± 1.4 p s.); and he lowes by he esponden s om i e-and-mo e- pe son households (2.2 ± 1.3 p s.) and wo- pe son households (2.4 ± 1.1 p s.). S a is ically signi ican di e ences in sel - a ed heal h we e also ound be ween esponden s om one-pe son households and h ee-, ou - and i e-and-mo e-pe son households, be ween esponden s om wo-pe son households and h ee- and ou -pe son households, and be ween esponden s om h ee- and ou - pe son households and i e- and mo e-pe son households. The mean pe cei ed heal h condi ion sco es we e also signi ican ly di e en be ween he pe capi a income ange g oups o esponden s. The highes sco es (4.4 ± 0.8 p s.) we e ound among he esponden s wi h he highes income, and he lowes sco es among he esponden s wi h he lowes income (2.1 ± 1.2 p s). In e -g oup pos hoc compa isons e ealed signi ican di e ences be ween he g oup o esponden s wi h he lowes income and he emaining income g oups, be ween hose wi h hei income in he 501–1,000 zlo y ange and 1,001–1,500 ange, and be ween hose in he 1,001–1,500 zlo y ange and hose ea ning mo e han 2,000 zlo ys. Also pe cei ed heal h condi ion was assessed signi ican ly highe (H = 4.70, p = 0.03) by esponden s wi h sa ings (2.8 ± 1.2 p s.) han by esponden s wi hou sa ings (2.4 ± 1.4 p s.). 4. discussion Socio-economic s a us, also e e ed o in social sciences as li ing s anda ds o objec i e quali y o li e, cons i u es a spec um o possibili ies o needs ul illmen . I also in ol es a numbe o social beha io s conside ed o ha e a signi ican impac on he subjec i e (pe cei ed) quali y o li e (Słaby, 2017). One o subjec i e quali y o li e ca ego ies is heal h- ela ed quali y o li e. Consump ion sho ages a ec , in pa icula , unemployed pe sons who o en expe ience limi ed possibili ies o ul ilmen o hei needs, including heal h- ela ed needs (Sa i & Rod iguez, 2018). Nega i e co ela ions be ween heal h- ela ed quali y o li e and esponden s’ age ha e been well documen ed (Chinweuba e al., 2018; Huang e al., 2017; Yang e al., 2016; Zhang e al., 2015). Also he p esen s udy o he unemployed om W ocław con i ms hese co ela ions. The younges esponden s epo ed he highes quali y o li e sco es, while he oldes go he lowes sco es. Simila obse a ions can be made ega ding sel - pe cei ed heal h assessmen . This con i ma ion is empi ical as objec i e heal h s a us has been p o en o de e io a e wi h age (Sławińska, Posłuszny, & Rożek, 2014; W óblewska e al., 2015). An impo an co ela e o heal h- ela ed quali y o li e is also he ma i al s a us. Single unemployed esiden s o W ocław a ed hei quali y o li e highe han hei ma ied coun e pa s. Resul s o ea lie s udies in o hese co ela ions had been a he inconclusi e. Raymake s e al. (2018) ound no signi ican co ela ions be ween quali y o li e and ma i al s a us. In Du maz e al. (2000) ma ied indi iduals e alua ed hei quali y o li e highe han single indi iduals. Howe e , Opoku- Boa eng e al. (2017) ound highe odds o be e quali y o li e sco es in single indi iduals han in ma ied indi iduals. Few s udies (e.g. Ku ino á, 2015) ound no signi ican co ela ions be ween sel - a ed heal h and ma i al s a us. This issue s ill equi es u he empi ical esea ch. The esul s o he p esen s udy conside ing he impac o he numbe o pe sons pe household showed ha he unemployed om households wi h he la ges numbe o membe s epo ed he highes heal h- ela ed quali y o li e sco es and he lowes pe cei ed heal h condi ion sco es. The a iable o pe sons pe household had no been conside ed be o e in ea lie s udies. G iep e al. (2016) ound, howe e , posi i e co ela ions be ween pe cei ed heal h condi ion assessmen and he numbe o child en unde 18 yea s o age in he amily. I migh be assumed ha households wi h EM_3_2020.indd 31 27.08.2020 13:31:05