21
2, XIX, 2016
Economics
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2016-2-002
In oduc o y Rema ks
and Theo e ical Basis
Fo me communis coun y, Romania plays an
impo an ole in he Eu opean Union (EU) in
wha conce ns he mig a ion phenomenon.
Emig a ion ep esen s an impo an pa o he
Romanian in e na ional mig a ion. Fo example,
a sho desc ip i e analysis o he mig a o y
l ows in he EU membe s a es be ween
2006 and 2010 accomplished by G osu and
Cons an in (2011) e ealed ha Romania, along
wi h Bulga ia, Es onia, La ia, Li huania, and
Poland is an impo an p o ide o immig an s
in he men ioned pe iod o he EU coun ies.
Du ing he communis egime, emig a ion
was p ac ically he only o m mig a ion was
mani es ed in Romania, and in p esen imes
his ep esen s an impo an phenomenon wi h
implica ions in all a eas and a all le els – o
example, amilies ha su e om sepa a ion,
in e na ional p oblems associa ed o Romanian
mig an s in hei coun ies o des ina ion, e c.
The ins abili y o he poli ical, economical,
and e en social en i onmen s in Romania
de e mined and s ill de e mines mo e and mo e
Romanians o sea ch o be e economical
and social oppo uni ies ou side he bo de s
o hei coun y. Du ing he las yea s, Spain
and I aly we e he mos impo an ecei e s o
empo a y emig a ion om Romania. Acco ding
o Sudi u e al. (2013), Romania has signed
a se ies o bila e al ag eemen s on mig a ion
wi h Spain and bo h coun ies de eloped and
implemen ed s ong policies in he a ea. On he
o he hand, in I aly his aspec has no been
accomplished, e ec s being s ongly pe cei ed
in he dimension o he socio-economic
e ec s – mainly nega i e and ma e ialized in
human a i c, e hnic con l ic s, o black ma ke
de elopmen .
The ac ha Spain and I aly a e he mos
p e e ed coun ies o des ina ion by he
Romanian emig an s is no e y clea e l ec ed
in he o i cial s a is ical da a p o ided by he
Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics in Romania, as
his egis e s only da a associa ed o pe manen
mig a ion. Howe e , mo e ecen e o s a e
o ien ed owa ds emphasising he magni ude
and he complexi y o he in e na ional
mig a ion phenomenon in Romania. Bo h
empo a y and de i ni i e mig a o y l ows a e
aimed o egis a ion. Based on he Popula ion
and Housing Census de eloped in 2011 and
he Household Labou Fo ce Su ey, he mos
ecen a ailable da a highligh s ha in 2012 he
o al numbe o emig an s was o 2.34 millions.
Ou o hem, 46% we e in I aly, 34% in Spain,
7% in Ge many, 4% in he Uni ed Kingdom,
3% in Hunga y, and 6% in o he des ina ions
(Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics, 2014). Also,
an image close o eali y is e l ec ed by he
na ional ins i u es o s a is ics in Spain and I aly,
as hey egis e bo h empo a y and pe manen
mig a o y l ows. The da a hey p o ide ou lines
he impo ance Romania has among he main
p o ide s o immig an s o hem. In bo h
coun ies, Romanians a e he mos impo an
communi y o immig an s.
Du ing he las yea s, Romania along
wi h Mo occo ep esen ed he main supplie s
o immig an s o Spain, and implici ly o
Andalusia. In 2010 – he mos ecen da a
a ailable a he momen when he esea ch
s a ed – 831,235 Romanians esiding in Spain
we e egis e ed. They ep esen ed 14.46% o
he o al o eign popula ion in Spain and 1.76%
o Spain’s popula ion. In 2013, hei numbe
inc eased up o 870,258 (Ins i u o Nacional de
Es adís ica, 2014); his was he mos ecen
da a a ailable a he momen when he esea ch
ended in 2014. They a e he mos impo an
communi y o immig an s in Spain. Andalusia,
along wi h he Au onomous Communi y
o Mad id, he Au onomous Communi y o
THE MIGRATION PROCESS OF ROMANIANS
TO ANDALUSIA, SPAIN. FOCUS ON SOCIO-
ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
Raluca Ma iana G osu, Vasile Dinu
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22 2016, XIX, 2
Ekonomie
Valencia, Ca alonia and Cas ilia-La Mancha
is one o he mos p e e ed au onomous
communi ies o esidence by he Romanians
ha emig a e o Spain. In Andalusia, in 2010,
Romanians we e on he hi d place among he
o eigne s esiding in Andalusia, a a e y sho
dis ance o he ones coming om he Uni ed
Kingdom and Mo occo. The e we e 93,169
Romanians, ep esen ing 13.23% o he o al
o eign popula ion in Andalusia and 1.11% o
he o al popula ion in Andalusia (Saseanu
& Pe escu, 2011); in 2013 hei numbe
inc eased up o 102,352 (Ins i u o Nacional de
Es adís ica, 2014).
In wha conce ns he pieces o esea ch in
he a ea p o ided by he scien i i c li e a u e, i
can be assessed ha he phenomenon is no
explo ed and esea ched o i s eal po en ial;
many o i s ace s can be app oached. Di e en
in es iga ion di ec ions p omo ed in he
scien i i c li e a u e e e o mo i a ion, ne wo ks,
s a egies, p ac ices, mig a ion policies, wo king
condi ions and o he labo ma ke implica ions,
mig a ion models, pa e ns o mobili y and
e u n, and social aspec s (Bleahu, 2004;
Ahonen e al., 2009; El ick, & Ciobanu, 2009;
S an, 2009; S anek, 2009; Ma cu, & Gomez
Nie o, 2010; Se ban, & Voicu, 2010; B ada an,
& Sandu, 2012; Ma cu, 2011, 2012, 2014;
Mo eh, 2014). Ones o he mos esea ched
au onomous communi ies a e Mad id and
Ca alonia. Rega ding Andalusia, pieces o
esea ch a e in an incipien phase and hey a e
mainly o ien ed owa ds he applica ion o he
Ex ended Model o Rela i e Accul u a ion, he
ela ionships wi h educa ion and consump ion
habi s, and en ep eneu ship (Na as Luque,
& Rojas Tejada, 2010; Saseanu, & Pe escu,
2011, 2012; Saseanu, Pe escu, & Zgu a, 2011;
Dinu, G osu, & Saseanu, 2015).
Based on a complex and comp ehensi e
case s udy esea ch ca ied ou among
Romanian immig an s in Andalusia, h ough
his pape , we aim o p o ide a wide image
on he mig a ion phenomenon o Romanians
o Andalusia and o b ing a con ibu ion o he
en ichmen o he scien i i c li e a u e exis en
on his subjec . Fu he mo e, in a amewo k
cha ac e ized by he ac ha “popula ion
g ow h and i s consequences ha e a long-
s anding posi ion a he cen e o he scien i i c
deba e, wi h he p ima y goal o p edic ing
ends and c ea ing policies ha e l ec
speci i c socio-economic condi ions” (Ška e, &
Blaže ić, 2015, p. 1036), we app oach in his
pape a se ies o socio-economic implica ions
speci i c o he in es iga ed phenomenon. In his
con ex , we ha e s uc u ed he p esen pape
in wo main pa s. The i s one pu s o wa d
a se ies o me hodological aspec s associa ed
o he ca ied ou esea ch and he second one
ou lines he main in o ma ion esul ed om i s
de elopmen . The pape ends up wi h a se ies
o i nal conside a ions.
1. Me hodological Aspec s
Based on a se ies o in o ma ion ob ained om
a e y complex and comp ehensi e case s udy
esea ch ca ied ou be ween 2011 and 2014,
we de eloped his pape wi h he main aim o
highligh a se ies o socio-economic implica ions
on bo h he sending and he ecei ing coun ies,
speci i c o Romanians’ mig a ion o Spain, in
pa icula Andalusia egion. In his con ex , we
in end o aise awa eness among policy make s
in ela ion wi h phenomenon’s magni ude and
complexi y, o i s p ope managemen .
We ha e de eloped a desc ip i e case
s udy as we mainly ocused on desc ibing
his phenomenon and he eal-li e con ex in
which his ook place (Yin, 2003), bu we we e
also o ien ed owa ds ca ying ou a se ies
o explica i e pieces o esea ch ha aimed
o es ablish, ou line, and explain causal
ela ionships be ween he ob ained a iables
(Saunde s, Lewis, & Tho nhill, 2009). We ha e
chosen his me hod o in es iga ion in o de o
p ope ly explo e he phenomenon and o e eal
i s essence (Bax e & Jack, 2008).
The s udied subjec and he con ex in
which his was placed e e ed o he Romanian
immig an s in he au onomous communi y
Andalusia, Spain. One bounda y we ha e
es ablished o he s udy was in ela ion wi h he
de i ni ion o he e m “immig an ”. We ha e based
all ou esea ch on he de i ni ion p o ided by
Eu os a (2011): “immig an s a e people a i ing
o e u ning om ab oad o ake up esidence in
a coun y o a ce ain pe iod, ha ing p e iously
been esiden elsewhe e. Acco ding o he
1998 Uni ed Na ions ecommenda ions on he
s a is ics o in e na ional mig a ion (Re ision 1),
an indi idual is a long- e m immig an i he/
she s ays in his/he coun y o des ina ion o
a pe iod o 12 mon hs o mo e, ha ing p e iously
been esiden elsewhe e o 12 mon hs o mo e”.
We de eloped he esea ch s a ing
om he basic ques ion: Wha a e he main
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23
2, XIX, 2016
Economics
cha ac e is ics speci i c o he mig a o y p ocess
o Romanians in Andalusia? In addi ion, we
also conside ed o he seconda y ques ions:
Wha is he gene al p o i le o he Romanian
mig an s o Andalusia? Wha a e he main
d i e s associa ed wi h Romanians’ mig a ion
o Andalusia? Wha is hei wo king s a us in
Andalusia, ocusing on hei en ep eneu ial
mani es a ions?
Th ough he case s udy esea ch we aimed
o desc ibe he undamen al cha ac e is ics
speci i c o he mig a o y p ocess o Romanians
o Andalusia.
The p esen pape ou lines in o ma ion only
in his sense, p o iding answe s o he gene al
esea ch ques ion and o he i s wo seconda y
ques ions.
Aiming o p o ide a wide image ha may
e eal mul iple ace s o he in es iga ed
phenomenon, we ha e used a a ie y o da a
sou ces and we ha e employed di e en
me hods o in es iga ion. We ca ied ou
quan i a i e and quali a i e pieces o esea ch
ocusing ou e o s on he ollowing esea ch
echniques: ques ionnai e based su ey,
obse a ions, semi-s uc u ed in e iews, and
in o mal discussions.
In wha conce ns he quan i a i e esea ch,
we ca ied ou a ques ionnai e based su ey
among a ep esen a i e sample o 270
Romanian immig an s in Andalusia – a
a con i dence le el o 90%, ou o a o al o 93,169
Romanians esiding in Andalusia acco ding o
he mos ecen da a a ailable a he Na ional
Ins i u e o S a is ics in Spain (Ins i u o Nacional
de Es adis ica, 2011a) in 2011 when he
esea ch was ini ia ed. As da a could no be
ga he ed o he en i e popula ion, he s a is ical
in e ence based on he sample was necessa y,
and i was manda o y o ha e ace- o- ace
con ac wi h he esponden s (Saunde s, Lewis,
& Tho nhill, 2009), esponden s we e chosen
using he simple andom sampling echnique.
Pa icipan s in he sample we e asked
o espond o a ques ionnai e ha we ha e
de eloped a e e iewing he exis ing
scien i i c li e a u e and a ious esea ch
p ojec s on mig a ion and a e ha ing a se ies
o p elimina y in o mal discussions wi h
Romanian immig an s in Andalusia. Taking
in o conside a ion he e y high le el o
eluc ance ha immig an s mani es owa ds
hei ac i e in ol emen in esea ch p ojec s,
we ha e designed he ques ions in a manne
o acili a e immig an s’ answe s. A e wa ds,
in o de o imp o e he ini ial e sion o he
ques ionnai e, his was deba ed along wi h
schola s and expe s di ec ly in ol ed in issues
ela ed o he mig a ion phenomenon, mainly
membe s o he o ganiza ions in cha ge wi h
immig an s. In o de o iden i y he necessa y
ime o i lling in he ques ionnai e, o es he
explici ness o he ques ions, and o iden i y i
he e a e any ambiguous ques ions, we applied
he ques ionnai e on a pilo sample o i e
Romanian immig an s in Andalusia. The i nal
e sion o he ques ionnai e was composed
o ou pa s, he p esen pape being based
on he s a is ical and econome ical analysis
o a se ies o in o ma ion ob ained om he
i s wo pa s, e e ing o gene al in o ma ion
associa ed o he esponden s and o gene al
in o ma ion ela ed o he mig a ion p ocess.
The quali a i e pieces o esea ch we ha e
ca ied ou consis ed o obse a ions, semi-
s uc u ed in e iews, and in o mal discussions.
We obse ed Romanian immig an s in
Andalusia in a ious en i onmen s and also
du ing he ime we ca ied ou he quan i a i e
esea ch. We had bo h he oles o obse e as
pa icipan and o pa icipan as obse e , by
case. Fo example, in case o he obse a ion o
Romanian immig an s a hei jobs, a he place
whe e busses we e lea ing o Romania, o a
he special o i ces o immig an s’ egis a ion,
ou ole was o obse e as pa icipan . On
he o he hand, while obse ing he Romanian
immig an s a chu ch o a supe ma ke s, ou
ole was o pa icipan as obse e .
We also ca ied ou 24 semi-s uc u ed
in e iews: en ace- o- ace and 14 by elephone.
E en hough, based on ou esea ch aim,
we had elabo a ed an in e iew guide in bo h
Romanian and Spanish, he e we e si ua ions
when he numbe o ques ions add essed o
he o de in which hey we e add essed a ied,
based on in e iew’s way o de elopmen .
We mainly in e iewed ep esen a i es o
he Romanian au ho i ies in Andalusia, o he
Spanish au ho i ies in cha ge wi h mig a ion
issues in Andalusia, o he Romanian O hodox
Chu ch in Andalusia, o o ganiza ions in cha ge
wi h Romanian immig an s in Andalusia,
and Spanish en ep eneu s wi h Romanian
employees, ac i e in ag icul u e. In gene al,
we ca ied ou o mal ace- o- ace in e iews
a he o i ces o he in e iewees, no dis up i e
ac o s appea ed du ing hei de elopmen , and
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24 2016, XIX, 2
Ekonomie
hey las ed, in a e age, o 17 minu es. On he
o he hand, he elephone in e iews las ed,
in a e age, o 21 minu es and no dis up i e
ac o s appea ed du ing hei de elopmen .
Fu he mo e, we ha e held o e 70 in o mal
discussions, bo h ace- o- ace and by elephone,
mainly wi h Romanian immig an s, bu also wi h
ep esen a i es o he Romanian au ho i ies in
Andalusia, o he Romanian O hodox Chu ch
in Andalusia, and o he o ganiza ions in cha ge
wi h Romanian immig an s in Andalusia.
Du ing he obse a ions, he in e iews, and
discussions, we ha e aken 157 pages o no es.
We ha e mainly w i en in o ma ion ecei ed
om he pe sons wi h whom in e iews and
discussions we e held, elemen s o non e bal
language, ac s, and pe sonal sen imen s
in ela ion wi h a ious aspec s app oached
du ing he esea ch. We ou line in he p esen
pape a se ies o in o ma ion – ela ed o he
cha ac e is ics o Romanians’ mig a ion p ocess
o Andalusia, wi h ocus on i s socio-economic
implica ions on bo h he ecei ing and sending
coun ies – ob ained om he quali a i e pieces
o esea ch which a e mainly p ocessed and
explained using he induc i e app oach.
2. Main Fea u es o Romanians’
Mig a o y P ocess o Andalusia
In wha conce ns he sample’s s uc u e
acco ding o gende , his is qui e equilib a ed
(55.6% emales and 44.4% males). On he
o he hand, acco ding o age, he sample
ou lines a ema kable p esence o esponden s
aged be ween 26 and 45. To some ex en ,
his aspec is no su p ising as, in gene al –
ela ed o he mig a ion p ocess – he 26–40
age ca ego y is o high in e es o he labo
ma ke and, in he same ime, i is a ca ego y
o al eady ained pe sons, wi h a de eloped
wo king po en ial, inno a i e, l exible and easily
adap able o a ious condi ions (Cons an in,
Vasile, & Nicolescu, 2004). App oached om
he ecei ing coun y pe spec i e, his ca ego y
may gene a e, among o he s, wo main
implica ions on he labo ma ke . One may be
posi i e, espec i ely he acan jobs in low
skilled a eas a e occupied by his ca ego y, in
gene al a low wages (lowe han e e accep ed
by esiden s) and he o he may be nega i e,
espec i ely o e c owding he labo ma ke ,
esul ing in high a es o unemploymen , mainly,
among esiden s. In wha conce ns he sending
coun y, he wo ke s’ mig a ion nega i ely
impac s he labo ma ke , mainly h ough
gene a ing acancies in di e en b anches.
Also, he mig a ion o young people has
a e y impo an social impac on Romania.
Child en a e le home by hei pa en s and hey
a e being ca ed o by hei g andpa en s, o
by only one o he pa en s in case s/he s ays
a home. Many o he child en ge in ol ed
in inadequa e en ou age, a e abandoning
school, e c. In he same ime, young mig an s
lea e behind hei pa en s; many o hem a e
old, li ing in he coun yside wi h no o he
suppo . Being an impo an social p oblem
ha Romania aces, a ious TV campaigns
ha e been de eloped by di e en na ional TV
channels designed especially unde he i le o
“Do you know wha you child is doing? / Do you
know wha you pa en s a e doing?” in o de o
aise awa eness among mig an s, Romanian
ci izens, and policy make s on his majo social
issues ha can e ol e o one o unp eceden ed
dimensions.
Conside ing esponden s’ educa ional
a ainmen , he as majo i y o hem (44.8%)
has a high school diploma. E en i in Romania,
acco ding o he a icle 16 o he Law ega ding
he na ional educa ion (Pa lamen ul Romaniei,
2011) “ he gene al compulso y educa ion is
o 10 g ades and i is composed o p ima y
and seconda y educa ion”, he majo i y o
he esponden s g adua ed 12, o e en 13
g ades. Howe e , he e a e also esponden s
wi h a uni e si y deg ee (21.1%) o only wi h
a p ima y educa ion (16.3%). The mig a ion
o highly skilled indi iduals is a e y impo an
p oblem ha Romania aces. E en i Spain is
no among he majo des ina ions p e e ed
by he highly skilled Romanian mig an s, he e
a e many o hem ha chose his coun y. The
poo wo king condi ions and he e y low le el
o he sala ies, compa ed o o he Eu opean
coun ies, in di e en b anches – o example
educa ion – de e mined and s ill de e mine
many highly skilled Romanians o sea ch o
be e job oppo uni ies ou side he bo de s o
hei coun y. This way, Romania loses impo an
“g ay” ha could b ing an impo an con ibu ion
o he coun y’s de elopmen . Ano he issue
ela ed o he mig a ion o educa ed pe sons
is ela ed o educa ional misma ch. Many
Romanians wi h an uni e si y deg ee p e e o
mig a e o Spain in o de o wo k in a eas whe e
highe educa ion is no compulso y (such as
ag icul u e – o ange o s awbe y ha es ing –
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25
2, XIX, 2016
Economics
housekeeping, child o elde ly ca e, e c.) o in
a eas ha do no ha e any ela ion wi h hei
educa ion and aining.
Taking in o conside a ion e hnici y, he
as majo i y o he esponden s (82.6%) a e
Romanians. Howe e , i is impo an o ema k
he qui e impo an pe cen age o 11.9 hold
by he R oma esponden s. Acco ding o he
in o ma ion ob ained om he quali a i e pieces
o esea ch, R oma immig an s om Romania
ep esen an e hnic communi y wi h a di e en
cul u e, wi h speci i c cus oms ha needs
a special a en ion and special condi ions.
No ma e hei e hnici y, 47.8% ou o he
esponden s a e ma ied and 57.4% o hem
do no ha e child en.
Responden s mig a ed om Romania, in
gene al, in almos all he yea s subsequen
o he all o he communis egime un il he
momen when he esea ch was ca ied ou .
Ne e heless, a highe sha e o mig an s
is egis e ed in 2006. This ac may be
co ela ed wi h a se ies o aspec s speci i c
o a p ospe ous pe iod om economic
pe spec i e. The quali a i e pieces o esea ch
e ealed ha 2006 was an auspicious yea o
he cons uc ions and ag icul u al b anches.
Implici ly, he sala ies in cons uc ion and
ag icul u e in Spain we e qui e high, especially
when compa ed o he sala ies in Romania. In
his con ex , many Romanians ha e decided o
mig a e o Andalusia o wo k in hese b anches
in 2006.
The mig a ion o he labo o ce caused
a qui e impo an disequilib ium on he
Romanian labo ma ke . Fo example, in
2006, a se ies o indus ies in Romania we e
con on ed wi h a lo o di i cul ies in i nding
pe sonnel o di e en jobs; cons uc ions was
one o he mos a ec ed. In o de o mee he
need o pe sonnel, Romanian en ep eneu s
had o hi e immig an s, especially om China
and Tu key (Ho á h, 2007 quo ed in G osu, &
Cons an in, 2013).
Conside ing he geog aphical c i e ion,
esponden s emig a ed om almos all
he Romanian coun ies. Based on his
geog aphical dispe sion and di e si y, we ha e
g ouped hem acco ding o he de elopmen
egions in Romania. Thus, a highe p esence
o esponden s (18.9%) o m he Sou h-Eas
egion (coun ies B ăila, Buzău, Cons anţa,
Galaţi, Tulcea, and V ancea) is ema kable.
Based on he in o ma ion ob ained om he
quali a i e pieces o esea ch, many o he
immig an s a e coming om he coun yside.
Thei mig a ion, especially o he younge ones,
lead – o some ex en – o illages only wi h old
popula ion and, in some cases, e en o illages
depopula ion and ligh ex inc ion.
One o he easons ha could ha e led o
he ema kable p esence o immig an s om
he Sou h-Eas egion may be ep esen ed by
he ac ha he Sou h-Eas egion is among
he poo es egions in Romania. Fo example,
acco ding o he da a p o ided by he Na ional
Ins i u e o S a is ics (2011), in 2009, he
egional g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a was
o 18,738.2 lei (lei is he cu ency o Romania).
This way, he Sou h-Eas egion occupied he
hi d place in a op o he egions wi h he lowes
egional g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a,
a e he No h-Eas egion (14,649.3 lei) and
he Sou h-Wes Ol enia egion (17,752.8 lei).
Acco ding o he same sou ce, in 2010, he
Sou h-Eas egion ook he second place
in a op o he egions wi h he highes ILO
unemploymen a e in Romania, espec i ely
8.8%, a e he Cen e egion (10.5%).
In wha conce ns he p o ince o esidence
in Andalusia, hal o he esponden s li e in he
p o ince o Se ille. Also, an impo an sha e o
he esponden s (20.4%) has he esidence in
he p o ince o Huel a, as ou lined in Tab. 1.
Acco ding o he in o ma ion ga he ed h ough
he quali a i e pieces o esea ch, he p o ince
o Se ille was p e e ed by he majo i y o
esponden s as he e is he capi al o Andalusia,
espec i ely Se ille ci y. They conside ed ha
mo e acan jobs could be ound, especially in
a eas ela ed o child ca e, elde ly ca e, and
housekeeping and in he ag icul u al sec o
– o ange ha es . The p o ince o Huel a
was chosen o esidence mainly o i s job
oppo uni ies in he ag icul u al sec o . Di e en
om he p o ince o Se ille, in he p o ince o
Huel a, he ha es o s awbe ies was aimed;
app oxima ely 90% o he o al p oduc ion
o s awbe ies in Spain is p oduced in he
p o ince o Huel a.
The p e iously men ioned s a emen s
ela ed o he choice o he p o ince o esidence
in co ela ion wi h he possibili y o i
nd a job
– especially in he ag icul u al a ea – can be
suppo ed by he esul s ou lined in Tab. 2. They
ad oca e he ac ha , in gene al, he i s job
o he Romanian immig an s in Andalusia was
in he ag icul u al sec o . Wi h he main aim
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26 2016, XIX, 2
Ekonomie
o s a is ically es he hypo hesis acco ding o
which he e is a co ela ion be ween he b anch
in which he job is and he p o ince o esidence
– as esul ed om he in o ma ion ob ained
h ough he quali a i e pieces o esea ch – we
ha e compu ed he nonpa ame ic co ela ion
coe i cien s Spea man and Kendall au b
be ween he wo a iables. Fo a signi i cance
le el o 0.01, he co ela ion is signi i can (sig.
= 0.000) and he co ela ion coe i cien s ha e
a alue o 0.220 (Kendall au b) and o 0.242
(Spea man). The esul s highligh a posi i e,
di ec ela ionship be ween he wo a iables,
leading o he idea ha he p o ince o esidence
is posi i ely co ela ed wi h he b anch speci i c
o hei job.
In wha conce ns he wo king s a us
esponden s had in Romania be o e emig a ion,
ab. 3 shows ha he as majo i y (43.7%)
did no ha e a job. This was one o he main
easons o emig a ing om Romania, as i
will be p esen ed in ab. 4. In Andalusia, a
he momen when he esea ch was ca ied
ou , i can be obse ed a ela i e equilib a ed
Region o o igin
in Romania
Absolu e alue % P o ince o esiden-
ce in Andalusia
Absolu e alue %
No h-Wes 24 8.9 Alme ia 10 3.7
Cen e 35 13.0 Cadiz 13 4.8
No h-Eas 34 12.6 Co doba 23 8.5
Sou h-Eas 51 18.9 G anada 12 4.4
Sou h-Mun enia 48 17.8 Huel a 55 20.4
Bucha es -Il o 30 11.1 Jaen 3 1.1
Sou h-Wes Ol enia 30 11.1 Malaga 19 7.0
Wes 18 6.7 Se ille 135 50.0
Sou ce: own ep esen a ion based on he da a ob ained om he ques ionnai e
B anch Absolu e alue %
Ag icul u e 96 35.6
Indus y 10 3.7
Cons uc ion 24 8.9
Comme ce 15 5.6
Ho els and es au an s 37 13.7
T anspo 7 2.6
Educa ion 6 2.2
Heal h and social assis ance 22 8.1
Bake y 12 4.4
Cleaning / housekeeping 8 3.0
Au o 1 0.4
Al e na i e ene gy 1 0.4
IT 3 1.1
I came o Andalusia in o de o s udy and no o wo k 28 10.4
Sou ce: own ep esen a ion based on he da a ob ained om he ques ionnai e
Tab. 1: Responden s g ouping by he egion o o igin in Romania and he p o ince
o esidence in Andalusia
Tab. 2: Sample s uc u e acco ding o he b anch speci i c o he i s job in Andalusia
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27
2, XIX, 2016
Economics
si ua ion be ween he numbe o esponden s
wi hou a job (31.5%) and he ones hi ed a
a p i a e en e p ise (33%). Suppo ed by he
in o ma ion ga he ed om he quali a i e pieces
o esea ch, his aspec highligh s he ac ha
a ec ed by he economic c isis, en e p ises
ha e used edundancy as a su i al means.
Also, i is impo an o ake in o accoun he
ac ha when he esea ch was ca ied
ou , Spain, and especially Andalusia we e
con on ed wi h a e y delica e si ua ion in wha
conce ns unemploymen . Acco ding o Ins i u o
Nacional de Es adís ica (2011b), in a e age,
o he i s wo imes e s o 2011, in Spain
he unemploymen a e was o 21.09% and in
Andalusia o 29.69%, his aking he second
place in a op o he au onomous communi ies
wi h he highes unemploymen a e in Spain,
a e Cana ias. An impo an economic e ec
associa ed o Romanian’s immig a ion in
Spain is s ongly ela ed o he labo ma ke .
Romanian immig an s we e willing o ake
jobs ha Spania ds we e no in e es ed in. Fo
example, Romanians mig a ed o Spain and
s a ed wo king in ag icul u e in imes when,
in gene al, Spania ds we e no in e es ed in
wo king in his a ea. Ne e heless, Romanian
immig an s a e pe cei ed by many ci izens o
he hos coun y as aking hei jobs. Romanian
immig an s a e e y app ecia ed as employees
and many en ep eneu s do no wan o i e
hem only o hi e Spania ds ins ead. Also, hey
ha e an impo an con ibu ion o he e enues
o he au onomous communi y h ough he
axa ion sys em. In gene al, Romanians a e
in ol ed in legal ac i i ies and always pay hei
axes wi h egula i y.
Ou o he esponden s ha be o e
emig a ion we e hi ed a a p i a e en e p ise,
he as majo i y was wo king in he comme ce
sec o . The same i eld o ac i i y was also
p e e ed by he esponden s ha be o e
emig a ion had a business in Romania. In
Andalusia, he majo i y o he esponden s
hi ed o a p i a e en e p ise we e wo king
in he ag icul u al a ea. In wha conce ns he
esponden s ha own a business in Andalusia
o a e in he p ocess o de eloping one, he
main p e e ed i eld o ac i i y was comme ce.
The main pu pose o emig a ion om
Romania o Andalusia was job seeking. This
aspec may be in co ela ion wi h he ac ha
43.7% o he esponden s did no ha e a job
in Romania when hey decided o emig a e,
as p esen ed be o e. The e is also a small
sha e o esponden s (6.7%) ha immig a ed
in Andalusia o amily euni i ca ion. The
quali a i e pieces o esea ch e ealed ha
his si ua ion is mos ly encoun e ed in case
o elde ly people – ha we e e i ed and had
child en in Andalusia – o in case o he child en
ha emig a ed in o de o ollow hei pa en s.
In gene al, as a mig a ion model we ha e
iden i i ed ha he emale was he i s o mig a e;
Romania (wo king
s a us be o e
emig a ion)
Andalusia (wo king s a us
a he momen when he
esea ch was ca ied ou )
Wo king s a us Absolu e alue % Absolu e alue %
Hi ed a a p i a e en e p ise 71 26.3 89 33.0
Hi ed in a public ins i u ion 24 8.9 9 3.3
Hi ed a an NGO o a an associa ion 3 1.1 7 2.6
Independen 20 7.4 42 15.6
En ep eneu 5 1.9 4 1.5
In he p ocess o business c ea ion 2 0.7 4 1.5
Wi hou a job 118 43.7 85 31.5
S uden 16 5.9 19 7.0
O he s (pupil and e i ed) 11(9+2) 4.1 11(8+3) 4.1
Sou ce: own ep esen a ion based on he da a ob ained om he ques ionnai e
Tab. 3: Responden s’ wo king s a us in Romania and in Andalusia
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28 2016, XIX, 2
Ekonomie
he male was s aying a home wi h he child.
A e a sho pe iod o ime – in gene al, one
yea – a e he mo he succeeded in se ing,
o some ex en , he new esidence, he a he
along wi h he child emig a ed om Romania
o Andalusia in o de o euni y he amily. The
case o he mig an s o amily euni i ca ion
pu poses is a e y o una e one. In gene al,
mig an s lea e hei pa en s and/o child en in
Romania gene a ing impo an social p oblems,
as men ioned in he beginning o his sec ion
o he pape . Also, he e was a esponden ha
emig a ed om Romania wi h he main aim
o s a a business in Andalusia. This is he
special case o an en ep eneu ha , u ged
by he iends – wi h a long li ing expe ience
in Andalusia – emig a ed o Andalusia in o de
o s a a business based on selling adi ional
Romanian ood p oduc s as he e was no o he
s o e in he a ea and he demand o such
p oduc s was huge and unsa is i ed (Saseanu,
Pe escu, & Zgu a, 2011). Un o una ely,
en ep eneu ship is no e y p onounced
among he Romanian immig an s in Andalusia,
al hough he en i onmen is e y auspicious
o he de elopmen o bo h oppo uni y and
necessi y d i en en ep eneu ship (Dinu,
G osu, & Saseanu, 2015).
Analyzing he main easons o emig a ion
om Romania, i can be assessed ha he
as majo i y o he esponden s emig a ed as
he money hey ea ned in Romania we e no
1 2 3 4 5 6
abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. %
029 10.7 98 36.3 106 39.3 26 9.6 206 76.3 11 4.1
14 1.5 14 5.2 24 8.9 0 0.0 15 5.6 1 0.4
27 2.6 18 6.7 23 8.5 5 1.9 9 3.3 3 1.1
314 5.2 12 4.4 21 7.8 5 1.9 12 4.4 2 0.7
418 6.7 18 6.7 24 8.9 18 6.7 12 4.4 15 5.6
540 14.8 23 8.5 13 4.8 45 16.7 6 2.2 32 11.9
6158 58.5 87 32.2 59 21.9 171 63.3 10 3.7 206 76.3
7 8 9 10 11 12
abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. %
0122 45.2 120 44.4 205 75.9 226 83.7 134 49.6 116 43.0
136 13.3 20 7.4 14 5.2 17 6.3 9 3.3 15 5.6
230 11.1 19 7.0 3 1.1 6 2.2 10 3.7 32 11.9
331 11.5 41 15.2 8 3.0 13 4.8 11 4.1 32 11.9
412 4.4 21 7.8 11 4.1 2 0.7 21 7.8 37 13.7
513 4.8 15 5.6 7 2.6 2 0.7 22 8.1 16 5.9
626 9.6 34 12.6 22 8.1 4 1.5 63 23.3 22 8.1
Sou ce: own ep esen a ion based on he da a ob ained om he ques ionnai e
No e: abs. – absolu e alue
1 – he money I ea ned in Romania we e no enough o my sus enance o he sus enance o my amily; 2 – in Roma-
nia, I was no i nding a job; 3 – I was o e ed an employmen con ac in Andalusia; 4 – I wan ed o ea n mo e money;
5 – I was exposed o domes ic iolence; 6 – I wan ed a be e li ing; 7 – he job oppo uni ies Romania o e ed o
me, we e e y low compa ed o my expe ise and aining; 8 – I wan ed o wo k in an en i onmen whe e I could be
app ecia ed o my ue alue; 9 – I wan ed o s udy in Andalusia; 10 – I wan ed o s a a business in Andalusia; 11 –
my amily was in Andalusia and I wan ed o be close o i ; 12 – I had some iends in Andalusia and I wan ed o ollow
hem.
0–6 – Like scale used in o de o iden i y he in ensi y o he esponden s ag eemen in ela ion wi h he p o ided
a i ma ions (0 – o al disag eemen , 6 – o al ag eemen )
Tab. 4: Main easons o mig a ing om Romania
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29
2, XIX, 2016
Economics
enough o hei / hei amily sus enance, hey
wan ed o ea n mo e money, o hey wan ed
a be e li e. The e a e e y ew he si ua ions
when he esponden s o ally ag eed wi h he
ac ha hey emig a ed as he job oppo uni ies
in Romania we e e y poo in ela ion wi h hei
aining and expe ise, as hey wan ed o wo k in
an en i onmen whe e hey can be app ecia ed
a hei ue alue, o as hey wan ed o s udy in
Andalusia (Tab. 4).
Conside ing he ype o esidence in
Andalusia acco ding o he ime c i e ion,
he as majo i y o he esponden s (83.7%)
emig a ed o Andalusia o an unde e mined
pe iod o ime. Howe e , he e a e also
esponden s ha emig a ed o Andalusia o
a de e mined pe iod o ime, in hei case,
his being somewhe e be ween 5 mon hs and
10 yea s. The in o ma ion ga he ed ia he
quali a i e pieces o esea ch ou lined ha his
is mainly he case o he pe sons ha came o
Andalusia wi h an employmen con ac o wi h
a schola ship. Howe e , no ma e hei ype o
esidence, in wha conce ns hei coming back
in en ions, i is a sligh equilib ium be ween he
ones ha would like o come back o Romania
o e e , he ones ha would like o come
only o isi , and he ones ha do no wan o
come o Romania anymo e. By eg ouping he
esponden s acco ding o he posi i e cha ac e
o he coming back in en ion, only 32.2% would
like o come back o Romania o e e , while he
es would like o s ay in Andalusia. A simila
si ua ion is encoun e ed in Ka asa oglou,
Alexiou and Zoumboulidis (2008) in case o
a se ies o immig an s in Ka ala, G eece ha , in
gene al, p e e o s ay in G eece han o come
back o hei coun y o o igin. The quali a i e
pieces o esea ch e ealed ha e en i , a
he beginning esponden s emig a ed om
Romania o wo k in Andalusia o a sho pe iod
o ime in o de o aise money and o send
money back home, a e a while hey did no
ha e any in en ion o come back o Romania;
u he mo e hey mani es ed in en ions o
b ing hei amily in Andalusia – a pa o i
o he whole amily. Remi ances ep esen
e y impo an e enue o he amilies o
he Romanian immig an s. In Romania,
mig a ion – especially h ough emi ances
– con ibu es o he educ ion o po e y in
di e en egions and, in he same ime, o hei
de elopmen . Remi ances encou age and
sus ain consump ion; in gene al, he endency
is o in es hem mainly in educa ion and in
houses cons uc ion. Also, hey con ibu e o
he inc ease o he domes ic sa ings. Howe e ,
a ac o wi h a mo e p onounced economic and
social impac in Romania would be ep esen ed
by he suppo o Romanian mig an s’ e u n.
This could o e a compe i i e ad an age o
Romania, on he long un. Romanians ha
wo k in Andalusia became mo e specialized
in a ious a eas and hey can b ing new
knowledge, skills, and compe ences de eloped
in hei coun y o des ina ion ha can be
capi alized in di e en jobs in Romania o in
en ep eneu ial ac i i ies. Encou aging and
os e ing e u nee en ep eneu ship in Romania
may lead also o de eloping a s ong and e y
compe i i e coun y, gene a ing impo an socio-
economic posi i e impac s (G osu, 2015), as
en ep eneu ship is widely ecognized as “a key
ac o in he well-being o socie y and economic
g ow h” (Tausl P ochazko a, K echo ska, &
Lukas, 2015, p. 706) and as he “co ne s one
o a mode n compe i i e economy” (Tachiciu,
2015, p. 6).
As in he speci i c scien i i c li e a u e, in
gene al, gende and age a e o en encoun e ed
as signi i can a iables in he mig a o y p ocess,
u he on we ha e conside ed impo an hei
analysis and es ing in case o he Romanian
immig an s in Andalusia.
A e iew o he social esea ch on he
ela ionship be ween mig a ion and immig an s’
gende leads o he idea acco ding o which
immig an s’ gende in l uences he main causes
and consequences o he mig a o y p ocess.
The e is a high in e es among schola s in
esea ching he cha ac e is ics o mig an s
acco ding o gende , he adap a ion p ocess
in he hos coun y (in case o hese wo
esea ch di ec ions, a special ocus is pu on
emale mig an s), he main easons ha led o
emig a ion, e c. (Cu an e al., 2006). Howe e ,
acco ding o Mahle and Pessa (2006), in mos
esea che s’ ou look, gende is no in es iga ed
as a key cons i u i e elemen o he mig a o y
p ocess.
In wha conce ns mig an s’ age, he speci i c
scien i i c li e a u e p o ides di e en s udies
in which his is analyzed in ela ion wi h he
mig a o y p ocess om di e en pe spec i es.
Among he mos equen ly encoun e ed a e
he s uc u e o immig a ion acco ding o age
(G eenwood, 2007) o he ela ionship be ween
age a he momen o mig a ion and immig an s’
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36 2016, XIX, 2
Ekonomie
Abs ac
THE MIGRATION PROCESS OF ROMANIANS TO ANDALUSIA, SPAIN. FOCUS
ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
Raluca Ma iana G osu, Vasile Dinu
Based on a case s udy esea ch ca ied ou among Romanian immig an s in Andalusia, Spain,
h ough his pape we aim o ou line a wide image o he in es iga ed mig a o y p ocess. The ocus
is on he desc ip ion o i s undamen al cha ac e is ics and on i s socio-economic implica ions o
bo h he sending and he ecei ing egions. In his con ex , we aim o aise awa eness among
policy make s in ela ion wi h he magni ude and complexi y o he phenomenon, o i s p ope
managemen .
S a is ical and econome ical analysis we e de eloped in o de o p ocess he in o ma ion
ga he ed h ough he quan i a i e esea ch, while he induc i e app oach was used in o de o
analyze he in o ma ion ob ained om he quali a i e pieces o esea ch.
The sca ce i nancial condi ions in Romania de e mined many people o sea ch o job
oppo uni ies – in pa icula in ag icul u e, child o elde ly ca e, o housekeeping – in Andalusia,
especially in he p o inces o Se ille and Huel a. Howe e , du ing he pas pe iod, he economic
c isis was s ongly pu ing a ma k on he Spanish economy and many o he in es iga ed immig an s
we e unemployed. E en hough, in gene al, hei coming back in en ions we e no e y clea .
Socio-economic implica ions – bo h posi i e and nega i e – a ise om he mig a ion p ocess o
Romanians o Andalusia, o bo h he sending and he ecei ing coun ies. Remi ances, sol ing
sho ages on he labo ma ke , o inc ease in egional and na ional incomes may i in he i s
ca ego y, while he second ca ego y may be composed o examples such as amilies le behind,
school d opou s, child en in ol emen in dange ous en ou ages and/o in illegal ac i i ies, ensions
on he labo ma ke e c.
Key Wo ds: Mig a ion, immig an , Romanian, Spain, socio-economic aspec s.
JEL Classi i ca ion: J15, J60.
DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2016-2-002
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