THE MIGRATION PROCESS OF ROMANIANS TO ANDALUSIA, SPAIN. FOCUS ON SOCIOECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS

21 2, XIX, 2016 Economics DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2016-2-002 In oduc o y Rema ks and Theo e ical Basis Fo me communis coun y, Romania plays an impo an ole in he Eu opean Union (EU) in wha conce ns he mig a ion phenomenon. Emig a ion ep esen s an impo an pa o he Romanian in e na ional mig a ion. Fo example, a sho desc ip i e analysis o he mig a o y l ows in he EU membe s a es be ween 2006 and 2010 accomplished by G osu and Cons an in (2011) e ealed ha Romania, along wi h Bulga ia, Es onia, La ia, Li huania, and Poland is an impo an p o ide o immig an s in he men ioned pe iod o he EU coun ies. Du ing he communis egime, emig a ion was p ac ically he only o m mig a ion was mani es ed in Romania, and in p esen imes his ep esen s an impo an phenomenon wi h implica ions in all a eas and a all le els – o example, amilies ha su e om sepa a ion, in e na ional p oblems associa ed o Romanian mig an s in hei coun ies o des ina ion, e c. The ins abili y o he poli ical, economical, and e en social en i onmen s in Romania de e mined and s ill de e mines mo e and mo e Romanians o sea ch o be e economical and social oppo uni ies ou side he bo de s o hei coun y. Du ing he las yea s, Spain and I aly we e he mos impo an ecei e s o empo a y emig a ion om Romania. Acco ding o Sudi u e al. (2013), Romania has signed a se ies o bila e al ag eemen s on mig a ion wi h Spain and bo h coun ies de eloped and implemen ed s ong policies in he a ea. On he o he hand, in I aly his aspec has no been accomplished, e ec s being s ongly pe cei ed in he dimension o he socio-economic e ec s – mainly nega i e and ma e ialized in human a i c, e hnic con l ic s, o black ma ke de elopmen . The ac ha Spain and I aly a e he mos p e e ed coun ies o des ina ion by he Romanian emig an s is no e y clea e l ec ed in he o i cial s a is ical da a p o ided by he Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics in Romania, as his egis e s only da a associa ed o pe manen mig a ion. Howe e , mo e ecen e o s a e o ien ed owa ds emphasising he magni ude and he complexi y o he in e na ional mig a ion phenomenon in Romania. Bo h empo a y and de i ni i e mig a o y l ows a e aimed o egis a ion. Based on he Popula ion and Housing Census de eloped in 2011 and he Household Labou Fo ce Su ey, he mos ecen a ailable da a highligh s ha in 2012 he o al numbe o emig an s was o 2.34 millions. Ou o hem, 46% we e in I aly, 34% in Spain, 7% in Ge many, 4% in he Uni ed Kingdom, 3% in Hunga y, and 6% in o he des ina ions (Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics, 2014). Also, an image close o eali y is e l ec ed by he na ional ins i u es o s a is ics in Spain and I aly, as hey egis e bo h empo a y and pe manen mig a o y l ows. The da a hey p o ide ou lines he impo ance Romania has among he main p o ide s o immig an s o hem. In bo h coun ies, Romanians a e he mos impo an communi y o immig an s. Du ing he las yea s, Romania along wi h Mo occo ep esen ed he main supplie s o immig an s o Spain, and implici ly o Andalusia. In 2010 – he mos ecen da a a ailable a he momen when he esea ch s a ed – 831,235 Romanians esiding in Spain we e egis e ed. They ep esen ed 14.46% o he o al o eign popula ion in Spain and 1.76% o Spain’s popula ion. In 2013, hei numbe inc eased up o 870,258 (Ins i u o Nacional de Es adís ica, 2014); his was he mos ecen da a a ailable a he momen when he esea ch ended in 2014. They a e he mos impo an communi y o immig an s in Spain. Andalusia, along wi h he Au onomous Communi y o Mad id, he Au onomous Communi y o THE MIGRATION PROCESS OF ROMANIANS TO ANDALUSIA, SPAIN. FOCUS ON SOCIO- ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS Raluca Ma iana G osu, Vasile Dinu EM_2_2016.indd 21EM_2_2016.indd 21 3.6.2016 11:47:433.6.2016 11:47:43 22 2016, XIX, 2 Ekonomie Valencia, Ca alonia and Cas ilia-La Mancha is one o he mos p e e ed au onomous communi ies o esidence by he Romanians ha emig a e o Spain. In Andalusia, in 2010, Romanians we e on he hi d place among he o eigne s esiding in Andalusia, a a e y sho dis ance o he ones coming om he Uni ed Kingdom and Mo occo. The e we e 93,169 Romanians, ep esen ing 13.23% o he o al o eign popula ion in Andalusia and 1.11% o he o al popula ion in Andalusia (Saseanu & Pe escu, 2011); in 2013 hei numbe inc eased up o 102,352 (Ins i u o Nacional de Es adís ica, 2014). In wha conce ns he pieces o esea ch in he a ea p o ided by he scien i i c li e a u e, i can be assessed ha he phenomenon is no explo ed and esea ched o i s eal po en ial; many o i s ace s can be app oached. Di e en in es iga ion di ec ions p omo ed in he scien i i c li e a u e e e o mo i a ion, ne wo ks, s a egies, p ac ices, mig a ion policies, wo king condi ions and o he labo ma ke implica ions, mig a ion models, pa e ns o mobili y and e u n, and social aspec s (Bleahu, 2004; Ahonen e al., 2009; El ick, & Ciobanu, 2009; S an, 2009; S anek, 2009; Ma cu, & Gomez Nie o, 2010; Se ban, & Voicu, 2010; B ada an, & Sandu, 2012; Ma cu, 2011, 2012, 2014; Mo eh, 2014). Ones o he mos esea ched au onomous communi ies a e Mad id and Ca alonia. Rega ding Andalusia, pieces o esea ch a e in an incipien phase and hey a e mainly o ien ed owa ds he applica ion o he Ex ended Model o Rela i e Accul u a ion, he ela ionships wi h educa ion and consump ion habi s, and en ep eneu ship (Na as Luque, & Rojas Tejada, 2010; Saseanu, & Pe escu, 2011, 2012; Saseanu, Pe escu, & Zgu a, 2011; Dinu, G osu, & Saseanu, 2015). Based on a complex and comp ehensi e case s udy esea ch ca ied ou among Romanian immig an s in Andalusia, h ough his pape , we aim o p o ide a wide image on he mig a ion phenomenon o Romanians o Andalusia and o b ing a con ibu ion o he en ichmen o he scien i i c li e a u e exis en on his subjec . Fu he mo e, in a amewo k cha ac e ized by he ac ha “popula ion g ow h and i s consequences ha e a long- s anding posi ion a he cen e o he scien i i c deba e, wi h he p ima y goal o p edic ing ends and c ea ing policies ha e l ec speci i c socio-economic condi ions” (Ška e, & Blaže ić, 2015, p. 1036), we app oach in his pape a se ies o socio-economic implica ions speci i c o he in es iga ed phenomenon. In his con ex , we ha e s uc u ed he p esen pape in wo main pa s. The i s one pu s o wa d a se ies o me hodological aspec s associa ed o he ca ied ou esea ch and he second one ou lines he main in o ma ion esul ed om i s de elopmen . The pape ends up wi h a se ies o i nal conside a ions. 1. Me hodological Aspec s Based on a se ies o in o ma ion ob ained om a e y complex and comp ehensi e case s udy esea ch ca ied ou be ween 2011 and 2014, we de eloped his pape wi h he main aim o highligh a se ies o socio-economic implica ions on bo h he sending and he ecei ing coun ies, speci i c o Romanians’ mig a ion o Spain, in pa icula Andalusia egion. In his con ex , we in end o aise awa eness among policy make s in ela ion wi h phenomenon’s magni ude and complexi y, o i s p ope managemen . We ha e de eloped a desc ip i e case s udy as we mainly ocused on desc ibing his phenomenon and he eal-li e con ex in which his ook place (Yin, 2003), bu we we e also o ien ed owa ds ca ying ou a se ies o explica i e pieces o esea ch ha aimed o es ablish, ou line, and explain causal ela ionships be ween he ob ained a iables (Saunde s, Lewis, & Tho nhill, 2009). We ha e chosen his me hod o in es iga ion in o de o p ope ly explo e he phenomenon and o e eal i s essence (Bax e & Jack, 2008). The s udied subjec and he con ex in which his was placed e e ed o he Romanian immig an s in he au onomous communi y Andalusia, Spain. One bounda y we ha e es ablished o he s udy was in ela ion wi h he de i ni ion o he e m “immig an ”. We ha e based all ou esea ch on he de i ni ion p o ided by Eu os a (2011): “immig an s a e people a i ing o e u ning om ab oad o ake up esidence in a coun y o a ce ain pe iod, ha ing p e iously been esiden elsewhe e. Acco ding o he 1998 Uni ed Na ions ecommenda ions on he s a is ics o in e na ional mig a ion (Re ision 1), an indi idual is a long- e m immig an i he/ she s ays in his/he coun y o des ina ion o a pe iod o 12 mon hs o mo e, ha ing p e iously been esiden elsewhe e o 12 mon hs o mo e”. We de eloped he esea ch s a ing om he basic ques ion: Wha a e he main EM_2_2016.indd 22EM_2_2016.indd 22 3.6.2016 11:47:433.6.2016 11:47:43 23 2, XIX, 2016 Economics cha ac e is ics speci i c o he mig a o y p ocess o Romanians in Andalusia? In addi ion, we also conside ed o he seconda y ques ions: Wha is he gene al p o i le o he Romanian mig an s o Andalusia? Wha a e he main d i e s associa ed wi h Romanians’ mig a ion o Andalusia? Wha is hei wo king s a us in Andalusia, ocusing on hei en ep eneu ial mani es a ions? Th ough he case s udy esea ch we aimed o desc ibe he undamen al cha ac e is ics speci i c o he mig a o y p ocess o Romanians o Andalusia. The p esen pape ou lines in o ma ion only in his sense, p o iding answe s o he gene al esea ch ques ion and o he i s wo seconda y ques ions. Aiming o p o ide a wide image ha may e eal mul iple ace s o he in es iga ed phenomenon, we ha e used a a ie y o da a sou ces and we ha e employed di e en me hods o in es iga ion. We ca ied ou quan i a i e and quali a i e pieces o esea ch ocusing ou e o s on he ollowing esea ch echniques: ques ionnai e based su ey, obse a ions, semi-s uc u ed in e iews, and in o mal discussions. In wha conce ns he quan i a i e esea ch, we ca ied ou a ques ionnai e based su ey among a ep esen a i e sample o 270 Romanian immig an s in Andalusia – a a con i dence le el o 90%, ou o a o al o 93,169 Romanians esiding in Andalusia acco ding o he mos ecen da a a ailable a he Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics in Spain (Ins i u o Nacional de Es adis ica, 2011a) in 2011 when he esea ch was ini ia ed. As da a could no be ga he ed o he en i e popula ion, he s a is ical in e ence based on he sample was necessa y, and i was manda o y o ha e ace- o- ace con ac wi h he esponden s (Saunde s, Lewis, & Tho nhill, 2009), esponden s we e chosen using he simple andom sampling echnique. Pa icipan s in he sample we e asked o espond o a ques ionnai e ha we ha e de eloped a e e iewing he exis ing scien i i c li e a u e and a ious esea ch p ojec s on mig a ion and a e ha ing a se ies o p elimina y in o mal discussions wi h Romanian immig an s in Andalusia. Taking in o conside a ion he e y high le el o eluc ance ha immig an s mani es owa ds hei ac i e in ol emen in esea ch p ojec s, we ha e designed he ques ions in a manne o acili a e immig an s’ answe s. A e wa ds, in o de o imp o e he ini ial e sion o he ques ionnai e, his was deba ed along wi h schola s and expe s di ec ly in ol ed in issues ela ed o he mig a ion phenomenon, mainly membe s o he o ganiza ions in cha ge wi h immig an s. In o de o iden i y he necessa y ime o i lling in he ques ionnai e, o es he explici ness o he ques ions, and o iden i y i he e a e any ambiguous ques ions, we applied he ques ionnai e on a pilo sample o i e Romanian immig an s in Andalusia. The i nal e sion o he ques ionnai e was composed o ou pa s, he p esen pape being based on he s a is ical and econome ical analysis o a se ies o in o ma ion ob ained om he i s wo pa s, e e ing o gene al in o ma ion associa ed o he esponden s and o gene al in o ma ion ela ed o he mig a ion p ocess. The quali a i e pieces o esea ch we ha e ca ied ou consis ed o obse a ions, semi- s uc u ed in e iews, and in o mal discussions. We obse ed Romanian immig an s in Andalusia in a ious en i onmen s and also du ing he ime we ca ied ou he quan i a i e esea ch. We had bo h he oles o obse e as pa icipan and o pa icipan as obse e , by case. Fo example, in case o he obse a ion o Romanian immig an s a hei jobs, a he place whe e busses we e lea ing o Romania, o a he special o i ces o immig an s’ egis a ion, ou ole was o obse e as pa icipan . On he o he hand, while obse ing he Romanian immig an s a chu ch o a supe ma ke s, ou ole was o pa icipan as obse e . We also ca ied ou 24 semi-s uc u ed in e iews: en ace- o- ace and 14 by elephone. E en hough, based on ou esea ch aim, we had elabo a ed an in e iew guide in bo h Romanian and Spanish, he e we e si ua ions when he numbe o ques ions add essed o he o de in which hey we e add essed a ied, based on in e iew’s way o de elopmen . We mainly in e iewed ep esen a i es o he Romanian au ho i ies in Andalusia, o he Spanish au ho i ies in cha ge wi h mig a ion issues in Andalusia, o he Romanian O hodox Chu ch in Andalusia, o o ganiza ions in cha ge wi h Romanian immig an s in Andalusia, and Spanish en ep eneu s wi h Romanian employees, ac i e in ag icul u e. In gene al, we ca ied ou o mal ace- o- ace in e iews a he o i ces o he in e iewees, no dis up i e ac o s appea ed du ing hei de elopmen , and EM_2_2016.indd 23EM_2_2016.indd 23 3.6.2016 11:47:433.6.2016 11:47:43 24 2016, XIX, 2 Ekonomie hey las ed, in a e age, o 17 minu es. On he o he hand, he elephone in e iews las ed, in a e age, o 21 minu es and no dis up i e ac o s appea ed du ing hei de elopmen . Fu he mo e, we ha e held o e 70 in o mal discussions, bo h ace- o- ace and by elephone, mainly wi h Romanian immig an s, bu also wi h ep esen a i es o he Romanian au ho i ies in Andalusia, o he Romanian O hodox Chu ch in Andalusia, and o he o ganiza ions in cha ge wi h Romanian immig an s in Andalusia. Du ing he obse a ions, he in e iews, and discussions, we ha e aken 157 pages o no es. We ha e mainly w i en in o ma ion ecei ed om he pe sons wi h whom in e iews and discussions we e held, elemen s o non e bal language, ac s, and pe sonal sen imen s in ela ion wi h a ious aspec s app oached du ing he esea ch. We ou line in he p esen pape a se ies o in o ma ion – ela ed o he cha ac e is ics o Romanians’ mig a ion p ocess o Andalusia, wi h ocus on i s socio-economic implica ions on bo h he ecei ing and sending coun ies – ob ained om he quali a i e pieces o esea ch which a e mainly p ocessed and explained using he induc i e app oach. 2. Main Fea u es o Romanians’ Mig a o y P ocess o Andalusia In wha conce ns he sample’s s uc u e acco ding o gende , his is qui e equilib a ed (55.6% emales and 44.4% males). On he o he hand, acco ding o age, he sample ou lines a ema kable p esence o esponden s aged be ween 26 and 45. To some ex en , his aspec is no su p ising as, in gene al – ela ed o he mig a ion p ocess – he 26–40 age ca ego y is o high in e es o he labo ma ke and, in he same ime, i is a ca ego y o al eady ained pe sons, wi h a de eloped wo king po en ial, inno a i e, l exible and easily adap able o a ious condi ions (Cons an in, Vasile, & Nicolescu, 2004). App oached om he ecei ing coun y pe spec i e, his ca ego y may gene a e, among o he s, wo main implica ions on he labo ma ke . One may be posi i e, espec i ely he acan jobs in low skilled a eas a e occupied by his ca ego y, in gene al a low wages (lowe han e e accep ed by esiden s) and he o he may be nega i e, espec i ely o e c owding he labo ma ke , esul ing in high a es o unemploymen , mainly, among esiden s. In wha conce ns he sending coun y, he wo ke s’ mig a ion nega i ely impac s he labo ma ke , mainly h ough gene a ing acancies in di e en b anches. Also, he mig a ion o young people has a e y impo an social impac on Romania. Child en a e le home by hei pa en s and hey a e being ca ed o by hei g andpa en s, o by only one o he pa en s in case s/he s ays a home. Many o he child en ge in ol ed in inadequa e en ou age, a e abandoning school, e c. In he same ime, young mig an s lea e behind hei pa en s; many o hem a e old, li ing in he coun yside wi h no o he suppo . Being an impo an social p oblem ha Romania aces, a ious TV campaigns ha e been de eloped by di e en na ional TV channels designed especially unde he i le o “Do you know wha you child is doing? / Do you know wha you pa en s a e doing?” in o de o aise awa eness among mig an s, Romanian ci izens, and policy make s on his majo social issues ha can e ol e o one o unp eceden ed dimensions. Conside ing esponden s’ educa ional a ainmen , he as majo i y o hem (44.8%) has a high school diploma. E en i in Romania, acco ding o he a icle 16 o he Law ega ding he na ional educa ion (Pa lamen ul Romaniei, 2011) “ he gene al compulso y educa ion is o 10 g ades and i is composed o p ima y and seconda y educa ion”, he majo i y o he esponden s g adua ed 12, o e en 13 g ades. Howe e , he e a e also esponden s wi h a uni e si y deg ee (21.1%) o only wi h a p ima y educa ion (16.3%). The mig a ion o highly skilled indi iduals is a e y impo an p oblem ha Romania aces. E en i Spain is no among he majo des ina ions p e e ed by he highly skilled Romanian mig an s, he e a e many o hem ha chose his coun y. The poo wo king condi ions and he e y low le el o he sala ies, compa ed o o he Eu opean coun ies, in di e en b anches – o example educa ion – de e mined and s ill de e mine many highly skilled Romanians o sea ch o be e job oppo uni ies ou side he bo de s o hei coun y. This way, Romania loses impo an “g ay” ha could b ing an impo an con ibu ion o he coun y’s de elopmen . Ano he issue ela ed o he mig a ion o educa ed pe sons is ela ed o educa ional misma ch. Many Romanians wi h an uni e si y deg ee p e e o mig a e o Spain in o de o wo k in a eas whe e highe educa ion is no compulso y (such as ag icul u e – o ange o s awbe y ha es ing – EM_2_2016.indd 24EM_2_2016.indd 24 3.6.2016 11:47:433.6.2016 11:47:43 25 2, XIX, 2016 Economics housekeeping, child o elde ly ca e, e c.) o in a eas ha do no ha e any ela ion wi h hei educa ion and aining. Taking in o conside a ion e hnici y, he as majo i y o he esponden s (82.6%) a e Romanians. Howe e , i is impo an o ema k he qui e impo an pe cen age o 11.9 hold by he R oma esponden s. Acco ding o he in o ma ion ob ained om he quali a i e pieces o esea ch, R oma immig an s om Romania ep esen an e hnic communi y wi h a di e en cul u e, wi h speci i c cus oms ha needs a special a en ion and special condi ions. No ma e hei e hnici y, 47.8% ou o he esponden s a e ma ied and 57.4% o hem do no ha e child en. Responden s mig a ed om Romania, in gene al, in almos all he yea s subsequen o he all o he communis egime un il he momen when he esea ch was ca ied ou . Ne e heless, a highe sha e o mig an s is egis e ed in 2006. This ac may be co ela ed wi h a se ies o aspec s speci i c o a p ospe ous pe iod om economic pe spec i e. The quali a i e pieces o esea ch e ealed ha 2006 was an auspicious yea o he cons uc ions and ag icul u al b anches. Implici ly, he sala ies in cons uc ion and ag icul u e in Spain we e qui e high, especially when compa ed o he sala ies in Romania. In his con ex , many Romanians ha e decided o mig a e o Andalusia o wo k in hese b anches in 2006. The mig a ion o he labo o ce caused a qui e impo an disequilib ium on he Romanian labo ma ke . Fo example, in 2006, a se ies o indus ies in Romania we e con on ed wi h a lo o di i cul ies in i nding pe sonnel o di e en jobs; cons uc ions was one o he mos a ec ed. In o de o mee he need o pe sonnel, Romanian en ep eneu s had o hi e immig an s, especially om China and Tu key (Ho á h, 2007 quo ed in G osu, & Cons an in, 2013). Conside ing he geog aphical c i e ion, esponden s emig a ed om almos all he Romanian coun ies. Based on his geog aphical dispe sion and di e si y, we ha e g ouped hem acco ding o he de elopmen egions in Romania. Thus, a highe p esence o esponden s (18.9%) o m he Sou h-Eas egion (coun ies B ăila, Buzău, Cons anţa, Galaţi, Tulcea, and V ancea) is ema kable. Based on he in o ma ion ob ained om he quali a i e pieces o esea ch, many o he immig an s a e coming om he coun yside. Thei mig a ion, especially o he younge ones, lead – o some ex en – o illages only wi h old popula ion and, in some cases, e en o illages depopula ion and ligh ex inc ion. One o he easons ha could ha e led o he ema kable p esence o immig an s om he Sou h-Eas egion may be ep esen ed by he ac ha he Sou h-Eas egion is among he poo es egions in Romania. Fo example, acco ding o he da a p o ided by he Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics (2011), in 2009, he egional g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a was o 18,738.2 lei (lei is he cu ency o Romania). This way, he Sou h-Eas egion occupied he hi d place in a op o he egions wi h he lowes egional g oss domes ic p oduc pe capi a, a e he No h-Eas egion (14,649.3 lei) and he Sou h-Wes Ol enia egion (17,752.8 lei). Acco ding o he same sou ce, in 2010, he Sou h-Eas egion ook he second place in a op o he egions wi h he highes ILO unemploymen a e in Romania, espec i ely 8.8%, a e he Cen e egion (10.5%). In wha conce ns he p o ince o esidence in Andalusia, hal o he esponden s li e in he p o ince o Se ille. Also, an impo an sha e o he esponden s (20.4%) has he esidence in he p o ince o Huel a, as ou lined in Tab. 1. Acco ding o he in o ma ion ga he ed h ough he quali a i e pieces o esea ch, he p o ince o Se ille was p e e ed by he majo i y o esponden s as he e is he capi al o Andalusia, espec i ely Se ille ci y. They conside ed ha mo e acan jobs could be ound, especially in a eas ela ed o child ca e, elde ly ca e, and housekeeping and in he ag icul u al sec o – o ange ha es . The p o ince o Huel a was chosen o esidence mainly o i s job oppo uni ies in he ag icul u al sec o . Di e en om he p o ince o Se ille, in he p o ince o Huel a, he ha es o s awbe ies was aimed; app oxima ely 90% o he o al p oduc ion o s awbe ies in Spain is p oduced in he p o ince o Huel a. The p e iously men ioned s a emen s ela ed o he choice o he p o ince o esidence in co ela ion wi h he possibili y o i nd a job – especially in he ag icul u al a ea – can be suppo ed by he esul s ou lined in Tab. 2. They ad oca e he ac ha , in gene al, he i s job o he Romanian immig an s in Andalusia was in he ag icul u al sec o . Wi h he main aim EM_2_2016.indd 25EM_2_2016.indd 25 3.6.2016 11:47:433.6.2016 11:47:43 26 2016, XIX, 2 Ekonomie o s a is ically es he hypo hesis acco ding o which he e is a co ela ion be ween he b anch in which he job is and he p o ince o esidence – as esul ed om he in o ma ion ob ained h ough he quali a i e pieces o esea ch – we ha e compu ed he nonpa ame ic co ela ion coe i cien s Spea man and Kendall au b be ween he wo a iables. Fo a signi i cance le el o 0.01, he co ela ion is signi i can (sig. = 0.000) and he co ela ion coe i cien s ha e a alue o 0.220 (Kendall au b) and o 0.242 (Spea man). The esul s highligh a posi i e, di ec ela ionship be ween he wo a iables, leading o he idea ha he p o ince o esidence is posi i ely co ela ed wi h he b anch speci i c o hei job. In wha conce ns he wo king s a us esponden s had in Romania be o e emig a ion, ab. 3 shows ha he as majo i y (43.7%) did no ha e a job. This was one o he main easons o emig a ing om Romania, as i will be p esen ed in ab. 4. In Andalusia, a he momen when he esea ch was ca ied ou , i can be obse ed a ela i e equilib a ed Region o o igin in Romania Absolu e alue % P o ince o esiden- ce in Andalusia Absolu e alue % No h-Wes 24 8.9 Alme ia 10 3.7 Cen e 35 13.0 Cadiz 13 4.8 No h-Eas 34 12.6 Co doba 23 8.5 Sou h-Eas 51 18.9 G anada 12 4.4 Sou h-Mun enia 48 17.8 Huel a 55 20.4 Bucha es -Il o 30 11.1 Jaen 3 1.1 Sou h-Wes Ol enia 30 11.1 Malaga 19 7.0 Wes 18 6.7 Se ille 135 50.0 Sou ce: own ep esen a ion based on he da a ob ained om he ques ionnai e B anch Absolu e alue % Ag icul u e 96 35.6 Indus y 10 3.7 Cons uc ion 24 8.9 Comme ce 15 5.6 Ho els and es au an s 37 13.7 T anspo 7 2.6 Educa ion 6 2.2 Heal h and social assis ance 22 8.1 Bake y 12 4.4 Cleaning / housekeeping 8 3.0 Au o 1 0.4 Al e na i e ene gy 1 0.4 IT 3 1.1 I came o Andalusia in o de o s udy and no o wo k 28 10.4 Sou ce: own ep esen a ion based on he da a ob ained om he ques ionnai e Tab. 1: Responden s g ouping by he egion o o igin in Romania and he p o ince o esidence in Andalusia Tab. 2: Sample s uc u e acco ding o he b anch speci i c o he i s job in Andalusia EM_2_2016.indd 26EM_2_2016.indd 26 3.6.2016 11:47:433.6.2016 11:47:43 27 2, XIX, 2016 Economics si ua ion be ween he numbe o esponden s wi hou a job (31.5%) and he ones hi ed a a p i a e en e p ise (33%). Suppo ed by he in o ma ion ga he ed om he quali a i e pieces o esea ch, his aspec highligh s he ac ha a ec ed by he economic c isis, en e p ises ha e used edundancy as a su i al means. Also, i is impo an o ake in o accoun he ac ha when he esea ch was ca ied ou , Spain, and especially Andalusia we e con on ed wi h a e y delica e si ua ion in wha conce ns unemploymen . Acco ding o Ins i u o Nacional de Es adís ica (2011b), in a e age, o he i s wo imes e s o 2011, in Spain he unemploymen a e was o 21.09% and in Andalusia o 29.69%, his aking he second place in a op o he au onomous communi ies wi h he highes unemploymen a e in Spain, a e Cana ias. An impo an economic e ec associa ed o Romanian’s immig a ion in Spain is s ongly ela ed o he labo ma ke . Romanian immig an s we e willing o ake jobs ha Spania ds we e no in e es ed in. Fo example, Romanians mig a ed o Spain and s a ed wo king in ag icul u e in imes when, in gene al, Spania ds we e no in e es ed in wo king in his a ea. Ne e heless, Romanian immig an s a e pe cei ed by many ci izens o he hos coun y as aking hei jobs. Romanian immig an s a e e y app ecia ed as employees and many en ep eneu s do no wan o i e hem only o hi e Spania ds ins ead. Also, hey ha e an impo an con ibu ion o he e enues o he au onomous communi y h ough he axa ion sys em. In gene al, Romanians a e in ol ed in legal ac i i ies and always pay hei axes wi h egula i y. Ou o he esponden s ha be o e emig a ion we e hi ed a a p i a e en e p ise, he as majo i y was wo king in he comme ce sec o . The same i eld o ac i i y was also p e e ed by he esponden s ha be o e emig a ion had a business in Romania. In Andalusia, he majo i y o he esponden s hi ed o a p i a e en e p ise we e wo king in he ag icul u al a ea. In wha conce ns he esponden s ha own a business in Andalusia o a e in he p ocess o de eloping one, he main p e e ed i eld o ac i i y was comme ce. The main pu pose o emig a ion om Romania o Andalusia was job seeking. This aspec may be in co ela ion wi h he ac ha 43.7% o he esponden s did no ha e a job in Romania when hey decided o emig a e, as p esen ed be o e. The e is also a small sha e o esponden s (6.7%) ha immig a ed in Andalusia o amily euni i ca ion. The quali a i e pieces o esea ch e ealed ha his si ua ion is mos ly encoun e ed in case o elde ly people – ha we e e i ed and had child en in Andalusia – o in case o he child en ha emig a ed in o de o ollow hei pa en s. In gene al, as a mig a ion model we ha e iden i i ed ha he emale was he i s o mig a e; Romania (wo king s a us be o e emig a ion) Andalusia (wo king s a us a he momen when he esea ch was ca ied ou ) Wo king s a us Absolu e alue % Absolu e alue % Hi ed a a p i a e en e p ise 71 26.3 89 33.0 Hi ed in a public ins i u ion 24 8.9 9 3.3 Hi ed a an NGO o a an associa ion 3 1.1 7 2.6 Independen 20 7.4 42 15.6 En ep eneu 5 1.9 4 1.5 In he p ocess o business c ea ion 2 0.7 4 1.5 Wi hou a job 118 43.7 85 31.5 S uden 16 5.9 19 7.0 O he s (pupil and e i ed) 11(9+2) 4.1 11(8+3) 4.1 Sou ce: own ep esen a ion based on he da a ob ained om he ques ionnai e Tab. 3: Responden s’ wo king s a us in Romania and in Andalusia EM_2_2016.indd 27EM_2_2016.indd 27 3.6.2016 11:47:443.6.2016 11:47:44 28 2016, XIX, 2 Ekonomie he male was s aying a home wi h he child. A e a sho pe iod o ime – in gene al, one yea – a e he mo he succeeded in se ing, o some ex en , he new esidence, he a he along wi h he child emig a ed om Romania o Andalusia in o de o euni y he amily. The case o he mig an s o amily euni i ca ion pu poses is a e y o una e one. In gene al, mig an s lea e hei pa en s and/o child en in Romania gene a ing impo an social p oblems, as men ioned in he beginning o his sec ion o he pape . Also, he e was a esponden ha emig a ed om Romania wi h he main aim o s a a business in Andalusia. This is he special case o an en ep eneu ha , u ged by he iends – wi h a long li ing expe ience in Andalusia – emig a ed o Andalusia in o de o s a a business based on selling adi ional Romanian ood p oduc s as he e was no o he s o e in he a ea and he demand o such p oduc s was huge and unsa is i ed (Saseanu, Pe escu, & Zgu a, 2011). Un o una ely, en ep eneu ship is no e y p onounced among he Romanian immig an s in Andalusia, al hough he en i onmen is e y auspicious o he de elopmen o bo h oppo uni y and necessi y d i en en ep eneu ship (Dinu, G osu, & Saseanu, 2015). Analyzing he main easons o emig a ion om Romania, i can be assessed ha he as majo i y o he esponden s emig a ed as he money hey ea ned in Romania we e no 1 2 3 4 5 6 abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % 029 10.7 98 36.3 106 39.3 26 9.6 206 76.3 11 4.1 14 1.5 14 5.2 24 8.9 0 0.0 15 5.6 1 0.4 27 2.6 18 6.7 23 8.5 5 1.9 9 3.3 3 1.1 314 5.2 12 4.4 21 7.8 5 1.9 12 4.4 2 0.7 418 6.7 18 6.7 24 8.9 18 6.7 12 4.4 15 5.6 540 14.8 23 8.5 13 4.8 45 16.7 6 2.2 32 11.9 6158 58.5 87 32.2 59 21.9 171 63.3 10 3.7 206 76.3 7 8 9 10 11 12 abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % abs. % 0122 45.2 120 44.4 205 75.9 226 83.7 134 49.6 116 43.0 136 13.3 20 7.4 14 5.2 17 6.3 9 3.3 15 5.6 230 11.1 19 7.0 3 1.1 6 2.2 10 3.7 32 11.9 331 11.5 41 15.2 8 3.0 13 4.8 11 4.1 32 11.9 412 4.4 21 7.8 11 4.1 2 0.7 21 7.8 37 13.7 513 4.8 15 5.6 7 2.6 2 0.7 22 8.1 16 5.9 626 9.6 34 12.6 22 8.1 4 1.5 63 23.3 22 8.1 Sou ce: own ep esen a ion based on he da a ob ained om he ques ionnai e No e: abs. – absolu e alue 1 – he money I ea ned in Romania we e no enough o my sus enance o he sus enance o my amily; 2 – in Roma- nia, I was no i nding a job; 3 – I was o e ed an employmen con ac in Andalusia; 4 – I wan ed o ea n mo e money; 5 – I was exposed o domes ic iolence; 6 – I wan ed a be e li ing; 7 – he job oppo uni ies Romania o e ed o me, we e e y low compa ed o my expe ise and aining; 8 – I wan ed o wo k in an en i onmen whe e I could be app ecia ed o my ue alue; 9 – I wan ed o s udy in Andalusia; 10 – I wan ed o s a a business in Andalusia; 11 – my amily was in Andalusia and I wan ed o be close o i ; 12 – I had some iends in Andalusia and I wan ed o ollow hem. 0–6 – Like scale used in o de o iden i y he in ensi y o he esponden s ag eemen in ela ion wi h he p o ided a i ma ions (0 – o al disag eemen , 6 – o al ag eemen ) Tab. 4: Main easons o mig a ing om Romania EM_2_2016.indd 28EM_2_2016.indd 28 3.6.2016 11:47:443.6.2016 11:47:44 29 2, XIX, 2016 Economics enough o hei / hei amily sus enance, hey wan ed o ea n mo e money, o hey wan ed a be e li e. The e a e e y ew he si ua ions when he esponden s o ally ag eed wi h he ac ha hey emig a ed as he job oppo uni ies in Romania we e e y poo in ela ion wi h hei aining and expe ise, as hey wan ed o wo k in an en i onmen whe e hey can be app ecia ed a hei ue alue, o as hey wan ed o s udy in Andalusia (Tab. 4). Conside ing he ype o esidence in Andalusia acco ding o he ime c i e ion, he as majo i y o he esponden s (83.7%) emig a ed o Andalusia o an unde e mined pe iod o ime. Howe e , he e a e also esponden s ha emig a ed o Andalusia o a de e mined pe iod o ime, in hei case, his being somewhe e be ween 5 mon hs and 10 yea s. The in o ma ion ga he ed ia he quali a i e pieces o esea ch ou lined ha his is mainly he case o he pe sons ha came o Andalusia wi h an employmen con ac o wi h a schola ship. Howe e , no ma e hei ype o esidence, in wha conce ns hei coming back in en ions, i is a sligh equilib ium be ween he ones ha would like o come back o Romania o e e , he ones ha would like o come only o isi , and he ones ha do no wan o come o Romania anymo e. By eg ouping he esponden s acco ding o he posi i e cha ac e o he coming back in en ion, only 32.2% would like o come back o Romania o e e , while he es would like o s ay in Andalusia. A simila si ua ion is encoun e ed in Ka asa oglou, Alexiou and Zoumboulidis (2008) in case o a se ies o immig an s in Ka ala, G eece ha , in gene al, p e e o s ay in G eece han o come back o hei coun y o o igin. The quali a i e pieces o esea ch e ealed ha e en i , a he beginning esponden s emig a ed om Romania o wo k in Andalusia o a sho pe iod o ime in o de o aise money and o send money back home, a e a while hey did no ha e any in en ion o come back o Romania; u he mo e hey mani es ed in en ions o b ing hei amily in Andalusia – a pa o i o he whole amily. Remi ances ep esen e y impo an e enue o he amilies o he Romanian immig an s. In Romania, mig a ion – especially h ough emi ances – con ibu es o he educ ion o po e y in di e en egions and, in he same ime, o hei de elopmen . Remi ances encou age and sus ain consump ion; in gene al, he endency is o in es hem mainly in educa ion and in houses cons uc ion. Also, hey con ibu e o he inc ease o he domes ic sa ings. Howe e , a ac o wi h a mo e p onounced economic and social impac in Romania would be ep esen ed by he suppo o Romanian mig an s’ e u n. This could o e a compe i i e ad an age o Romania, on he long un. Romanians ha wo k in Andalusia became mo e specialized in a ious a eas and hey can b ing new knowledge, skills, and compe ences de eloped in hei coun y o des ina ion ha can be capi alized in di e en jobs in Romania o in en ep eneu ial ac i i ies. Encou aging and os e ing e u nee en ep eneu ship in Romania may lead also o de eloping a s ong and e y compe i i e coun y, gene a ing impo an socio- economic posi i e impac s (G osu, 2015), as en ep eneu ship is widely ecognized as “a key ac o in he well-being o socie y and economic g ow h” (Tausl P ochazko a, K echo ska, & Lukas, 2015, p. 706) and as he “co ne s one o a mode n compe i i e economy” (Tachiciu, 2015, p. 6). As in he speci i c scien i i c li e a u e, in gene al, gende and age a e o en encoun e ed as signi i can a iables in he mig a o y p ocess, u he on we ha e conside ed impo an hei analysis and es ing in case o he Romanian immig an s in Andalusia. A e iew o he social esea ch on he ela ionship be ween mig a ion and immig an s’ gende leads o he idea acco ding o which immig an s’ gende in l uences he main causes and consequences o he mig a o y p ocess. The e is a high in e es among schola s in esea ching he cha ac e is ics o mig an s acco ding o gende , he adap a ion p ocess in he hos coun y (in case o hese wo esea ch di ec ions, a special ocus is pu on emale mig an s), he main easons ha led o emig a ion, e c. (Cu an e al., 2006). Howe e , acco ding o Mahle and Pessa (2006), in mos esea che s’ ou look, gende is no in es iga ed as a key cons i u i e elemen o he mig a o y p ocess. In wha conce ns mig an s’ age, he speci i c scien i i c li e a u e p o ides di e en s udies in which his is analyzed in ela ion wi h he mig a o y p ocess om di e en pe spec i es. Among he mos equen ly encoun e ed a e he s uc u e o immig a ion acco ding o age (G eenwood, 2007) o he ela ionship be ween age a he momen o mig a ion and immig an s’ EM_2_2016.indd 29EM_2_2016.indd 29 3.6.2016 11:47:443.6.2016 11:47:44 36 2016, XIX, 2 Ekonomie Abs ac THE MIGRATION PROCESS OF ROMANIANS TO ANDALUSIA, SPAIN. FOCUS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS Raluca Ma iana G osu, Vasile Dinu Based on a case s udy esea ch ca ied ou among Romanian immig an s in Andalusia, Spain, h ough his pape we aim o ou line a wide image o he in es iga ed mig a o y p ocess. The ocus is on he desc ip ion o i s undamen al cha ac e is ics and on i s socio-economic implica ions o bo h he sending and he ecei ing egions. In his con ex , we aim o aise awa eness among policy make s in ela ion wi h he magni ude and complexi y o he phenomenon, o i s p ope managemen . S a is ical and econome ical analysis we e de eloped in o de o p ocess he in o ma ion ga he ed h ough he quan i a i e esea ch, while he induc i e app oach was used in o de o analyze he in o ma ion ob ained om he quali a i e pieces o esea ch. The sca ce i nancial condi ions in Romania de e mined many people o sea ch o job oppo uni ies – in pa icula in ag icul u e, child o elde ly ca e, o housekeeping – in Andalusia, especially in he p o inces o Se ille and Huel a. Howe e , du ing he pas pe iod, he economic c isis was s ongly pu ing a ma k on he Spanish economy and many o he in es iga ed immig an s we e unemployed. E en hough, in gene al, hei coming back in en ions we e no e y clea . Socio-economic implica ions – bo h posi i e and nega i e – a ise om he mig a ion p ocess o Romanians o Andalusia, o bo h he sending and he ecei ing coun ies. Remi ances, sol ing sho ages on he labo ma ke , o inc ease in egional and na ional incomes may i in he i s ca ego y, while he second ca ego y may be composed o examples such as amilies le behind, school d opou s, child en in ol emen in dange ous en ou ages and/o in illegal ac i i ies, ensions on he labo ma ke e c. Key Wo ds: Mig a ion, immig an , Romanian, Spain, socio-economic aspec s. JEL Classi i ca ion: J15, J60. DOI: 10.15240/ ul/001/2016-2-002 EM_2_2016.indd 36EM_2_2016.indd 36 3.6.2016 11:47:453.6.2016 11:47:45