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ACC JOURNAL 2020, Volume 26, Issue 2 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/004/2020-2-008
CLUSTER PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT
Na alie Pelloneo á
Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec, Facul y o Economics,
Depa men o Business Adminis a ion and Managemen ,
S uden ská 1402/2, 461 17 Libe ec, Czech Republic
e-mail: na alie.pellone[email p o ec ed]
Abs ac
The p esen ed a icle is based on esea ch e alua ing he impac o clus e o ganisa ions on
he inancial pe o mance o membe en i ies. The au ho ’s doc o al hesis examines whe he
he e is a di e ence in he inancial pe o mance o clus e o ganisa ions c ea ed h ough he
bo om-up and he op-down app oaches, unde he condi ions exis ing in he Czech Republic.
Bo h ypes o clus e s ha mee he condi ion o ma u i y (es ablished be o e o in 2012) and
o a high deg ee o ac i i y we e selec ed o he esea ch. The inancial pe o mance o
membe business en i ies was assessed using he ollowing indica o s: ROA, ROE, ROS,
EVA, EVA/employee and EVA/sales. The aim o he esea ch was o demons a e whe he
public suppo o clus e s would be e lec ed in membe en i ies’ be e inancial
pe o mance. The inal pa o he pape hen summa ises and discusses he indings.
Keywo ds
Clus e ; Financial pe o mance; Clus e o ganiza ion; Top-down; Bo om up; Economic alue
added.
In oduc ion
In oday’s global ma ke en i onmen , which is cha ac e ised by a high deg ee o compe i ion,
i is impo an o cons an ly look o ways o imp o e he pe o mance and compe i i eness o
businesses [1]. Acco ding o Es élyio á and Ko áb [2], one o he consequences o
globalisa ion and echnological de elopmen is he eme gence o in e -o ganisa ional
pa ne ships. In e -o ganisa ional pa ne ships may ake a wide ange o o ms, om unila e al
ag eemen s o business ne wo ks. Clus e s, oo, a e ca ego ised as a speci ic o m o business
ne wo ks. As a gene al concep , a clus e can be unde s ood as he in e connec ion o
businesses and o he ins i u ions in a ce ain geog aphical a ea, which bene i s hose in ol ed
and esul s in a compe i i e ad an age [3]; [2]. Po e [4] de ines a clus e as a geog aphically
p oxima e g oup o in e connec ed companies, supplie s, and associa ed ins i u ions in a
pa icula ield as well as companies in ela ed ields ha compe e and also co-ope a e wi h
each o he . O e he pas wo decades, echnical publica ions ha e add essed he issue o
clus e s, especially in ela ion o business pe o mance. The doc o al hesis on he opic
ocuses on one o m o in e -o ganisa ional pa ne ship, which is conside ed by expe s as a
possible ool o suppo he compe i i eness and pe o mance o coun ies, egions and
companies – namely clus e s.
The es ablishmen and de elopmen o clus e s is one o he ends in economic and egional
inno a ion policy. Many expe s, such as D’Alise e al. [5], conside clus e s as a key sou ce
o egional and na ional compe i i e ad an age. The pas wo decades wi nessed a g ea wa e
o in e es in he a ea o clus e s on he pa o bo h expe s and economic policy make s, and
suppo o clus e s became he p edominan s a egy o suppo economic de elopmen in
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mos o eign coun ies. Despi e all he ad an ages ha clus e s o e , he impac o he clus e
concep on membe en i ies’ compe i i eness and pe o mance is ye o be ully objec i ely
quan i ied. Gi en he abo e, i is he e o e necessa y o pay inc eased a en ion o his issue.
The a icle examines he impac o business en i ies’ membe ship in a clus e o ganisa ion
(ins i u ionalised o m o a clus e , i.e. a olun a y g ouping o en i ies wi hin one
o ganisa ion ha has i s own iden i ica ion numbe ) on hei inancial pe o mance. The basic
p emise o his a icle is ha he bene i s esul ing om a business en i y’s membe ship in a
clus e o ganisa ion should, among o he hings, be e lec ed in imp o ed inancial
pe o mance o ha en i y, which is why he ollowing assump ion needs o be e i ied: Do
clus e o ganisa ions eally ha e a posi i e e ec on he inancial pe o mance o membe
business en i ies? The esea ch in he a icle will ocus on deli e ing quali a i e and
quan i a i e e idence o he linkage sugges ed abo e.
The a icle aims o de e mine whe he – unde he condi ions exis ing in he Czech Republic –
business en i ies’ membe ship in clus e o ganisa ions has a posi i e e ec on he inancial
pe o mance o hose business en i ies, and whe he he e a e di e ences in he inancial
pe o mance o membe en i ies o wo ypes o clus e o ganisa ions – o ganisa ions
es ablished p ima ily on he ini ia i e o membe en i ies, wi h no di ec public suppo
(bo om-up clus e o ganisa ions) and o ganisa ions es ablished wi h suppo om public
budge s ( op-down clus e o ganisa ions).
1 Resea ch Objec i e and Me hodology
The main objec i e o he esea ch was o de e mine whe he he e we e di e ences in he
inancial pe o mance o membe business en i ies o COs ha had been es ablished h ough
he bo om-up app oach and membe business en i ies o COs ha had been es ablished
h ough he op-down app oach.
Gi en he conside able di e si y o he a ious clus e o ganisa ions in e ms o hei da e o
es ablishmen , and also gi en he a ailabili y o inancial s a emen s, he esea ch ocused on
he pe iod 2012–2017. Business da a o 2018 a e no ye a ailable o a signi ican po ion o
business en i ies in bo h coun ies. The esea ch wi hin he a icle as a whole can be di ided
in o he ollowing 8 s eps:
S ep 1: Selec ion o sui able clus e o ganisa ions (he eina e CO). The chosen COs mus
mee he h ee condi ions lis ed below, while he las and he ou h condi ion a e only
ecommended, no manda o y.
1. Only highly ac i e COs a e included in he esea ch.
2. Only highly ac i e COs in he ma u i y phase (i.e. o ganisa ions es ablished be o e o in
2012) a e included in he esea ch.
3. I is possible o ob ain a lis o membe en i ies o he COs.
4. The COs hold he in e na ional Clus e Managemen Excellence label.
S ep 2: De ining he esea ch samples and compiling a lis o companies o be e alua ed.
The en i e esea ch wi hin he a icle is based on compa ing wo esea ch samples. The i s
esea ch sample comp ises he co es o highly ac i e COs ha a e in he ma u i y phase,
ope a e in he Czech Republic, and we e es ablished h ough he op-down app oach. The
second esea ch sample comp ises he co es o highly ac i e COs ha a e in he ma u i y
phase, ope a e in he Czech Republic, and we e es ablished h ough he bo om-up app oach.
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S ep 3: Compiling a lis o subsidies ecei ed o CO p ojec s. Fo bo h he i s and he
second esea ch sample, a lis subsidies and epayable inancial assis ance ecei ed om he
s a e budge needs o be ex ac ed om CEDR III IS o he pe iod 2004–2017 [6].
S ep 4: De e mining he numbe o employees. As he ou h s ep, da a on he numbe o
employees we e ob ained om he MagnusWeb comme cial da abase o bo h esea ch
samples.
S ep 5: Ga he ing inancial s a emen s and ex ac ing da a om he inancial
s a emen s. Fo he abo e esea ch samples, he equi ed da a om inancial s a emen s o
2012–2017 needed o be ex ac ed om he public egis e .
S ep 6: Calcula ing economic alue added. Fo each o he business en i ies, he economic
alue added indica o (he eina e EVA) was hen calcula ed. The EVA indica o was
calcula ed using he EVA equi y me hod (see o mula 1). The CAPM model was used o
es ima e he cos o equi y ( e).
𝐸𝑉𝐴 = (𝑅𝑂𝐸 − 𝑟
𝑒)𝐸 (1)
The CAPM me hod was used o es ima e he cos o equi y (see o mula 2). Whe e is he
isk- ee a e o e u n, o en aken as he a e o e u n on easu y bills; βn is he quan i y
used o measu e he sys ema ic isk o he asse ; m is he expec ed a e o e u n in he ma ke .
Na ional s ock indices a e mos o en used o de e mine he expec ed a e o e u n in he
ma ke m [7].
𝑟
𝑒= 𝑟
𝑓+ 𝛽𝑛(𝑟
𝑚− 𝑟
𝑓) (2)
S ep 7: Calcula ing o he inancial indica o s. Fu he mo e, he ollowing inancial
pe o mance indica o s we e calcula ed in o de o be compa ed be ween he esea ch
samples: e u n on equi y (ROE), e u n on asse s (ROA), e u n on sales (ROS), EVA pe
employee and EVA pe sales.
S ep 8: Compa ing he selec ed cha ac e is ics o he di e en esea ch samples. As he
las s ep o he esea ch, he di e ences be ween he alues o he abo e esea ch samples
we e compa ed using he non-pa ame ic Wilcoxon-Mann-Whi ney W- es .
2 Resul s and Discussion
As pa o he esea ch wi hin he doc o al hesis, wo ypes o COs we e compa ed wi h each
o he . In o al, hese included 22 COs ha had been es ablished h ough he op-down
app oach and 8 COs es ablished h ough he bo om-up app oach. To compa e he di e ences
in membe businesses’ inancial pe o mance in each yea , he ollowing indica o s we e
selec ed: ROA, ROE, ROS, EVA, EVA pe employee, and EVA pe sales. In o de o es he
abo e hypo hesis, i was necessa y o ob ain in o ma ion on whe he all da a we e no mally
dis ibu ed. The no mali y o all da a samples was es ed a a signi icance le el o 5% using
he Shapi o-Wilk es , whe e he null hypo hesis assumes ha he sample comes om a
no mally dis ibu ed popula ion. Since he Shapi o-Wilk signi icance es showed ha none o
he indica o s was no mally dis ibu ed, a non-pa ame ic es was used o e i y he
hypo hesis, namely he Wilcoxon es . The Wilcoxon es , which was used as e idence o he
ou pu s p esen ed in his pape , was pe o med a a 10% signi icance le el.
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Tab. 1: Wilcoxon W- es and p- alues o he ROA, ROE and ROS indica o s
Indica o
ROA
ROE
ROS
W
P- alue
W
P- alue
W
P- alue
2012
11326
0.1963
11697
0.3666
12978
0.6598
2013
12788
0.8097
13305
0.4335
14119
0.1016
2014
12541
0.9862
12961
0.6728
14150
0.0949*
2015
13017
0.6305
13758
0.2082
15044
0.0091**
2016
7037
0.0000**
13428
0.3616
13969
0.1389
2017
12872
0.7422
13758
0.2082
13328
0.4194
** signi icance le el o 5%
* signi icance le el o 10%
Sou ce: Own
Tab. 2: Wilcoxon W- es and p- alues o EVA-based indica o s
Indica o
EVA
EVA/employees
EVA/sales
W
P- alue
W
P- alue
W
P- alue
2012
12375
0.8481
11368
0.2120
11327
0.1967
2013
14329
0.0632*
13040
0.6134
12667
0.9094
2014
13031
0.6201
12455
0.9144
11970
0.5376
2015
13745
0.2132
13577
0.2852
13112
0.5614
2016
13322
0.4231
12443
0.9044
12791
0.8073
2017
14286
0.0699*
13039
0.6141
12931
0.6959
** signi icance le el o 5%
* signi icance le el o 10%
Sou ce: Own
Tables 1 and 2 show ha while he e a e some di e ences be ween he inancial pe o mance
o membe businesses o he wo CO ypes, hese a e no s a is ically signi ican wi h ew
excep ions. E.g. in 2013 and 2017 he EVA indica o o bo om-up clus e s ook a mo e
a ou able alue, albei s ill nega i e. In 2014 e u n on sales was also mo e a ou able o
membe companies o bo om-up clus e s. Table 2 shows ha he esul is conclusi e no only
a a signi icance le el o 10%, bu also o 5%. One o he cases was he yea 2015 o bo om-
up clus e s, whe e membe companies’ e u n on sales imp o ed somewha . Howe e ,
subsequen ends clea ly show ha his was me ely a one-o luc ua ion. Ano he excep ion
was he yea 2016 o bo om-up clus e s, whe e membe companies’ e u n on asse s
declined. Howe e , subsequen ends clea ly show ha his oo was me ely a one-o
luc ua ion. None heless, i was also p o en ha he inancial pe o mance o op-down COs
was no signi ican ly be e han ha o bo om-up COs in any o he o he yea s unde e iew.
Based on he esea ch, i can be concluded ha public suppo ha had been in es ed in he
es ablishmen and de elopmen o op-down COs in he Czech Republic did no ha e any
signi ican e ec on imp o ing he inancial pe o mance o hei membe business en i ies. I
can hus be assumed ha businesses in bo om-up COs we e able o ca ch up wi h businesses
in op-down COs. The e iciency o public suppo spen on clus e de elopmen is hus
ques ionable. Howe e , ha does no au oma ically suppo he conclusion ha clus e s as
such canno be a success ul ool o p omo e he compe i i eness o businesses. None heless,
he esea ch did no con i m ha a ge ed op-down COs ha e a mo e signi ican e ec on
membe businesses’ inancial pe o mance.
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Conclusion
The aim o he esea ch was o de e mine whe he he e we e di e ences in he inancial
pe o mance o membe business en i ies o COs ha had been es ablished h ough he
bo om-up app oach and membe business en i ies o COs ha had been es ablished h ough
he op-down app oach.
The alues o inancial indica o s we e no con i med o be s a is ically signi ican ly highe
o membe businesses o bo om-up COs han o businesses in op-down COs. Fo he
membe businesses o bo h ypes o COs, i was hus impossible o p o e any s a is ically
signi ican di e ences in inancial pe o mance. This esea ch did no con i m ha op-down
COs, i.e. hose es ablished wi h a clea in en , ha e a mo e signi ican e ec on inancial
pe o mance. The esea ch con i med he scep icism o some au ho s, such as B esnahan,
Gamba della and Saxenian [8], as o he e ec i eness o COs and he possible ine iciency o
hei public suppo .
Bo h he esea ch and he analysis o he COs suppo ed he iews o S ejskal and Ko á ník
[9], who belie e ha ce ain COs o en o m as a g ouping o se e al en i ies wi hou a high-
quali y clus e analysis, wi h hei p ima y objec i e being o ob ain public money. The e o e,
some expe s, such as Kiese [10], conside he es ablishmen o COs h ough he public
adminis a ion mechanism o be wo se han he es ablishmen o COs h ough he p i a e
adminis a ion mechanism. The ques ion also emains as o wha was he eal eason why
some COs do no use public suppo . Whe he hey did no apply o public suppo a all, o
whe he hei applica ions we e ejec ed.
Li e a u e
[1] PELLONEOVÁ, N.: Řízení ýkonnos i klas ů. Libe ec, 2020. Doc o al hesis (Ph.D.).
Technical uni e si y o Libe ec, Facul y o Economics. Supe iso p o . Ing. Mi osla
Žižka, Ph.D.
[2] ESTÉLYIOVÁ, K.; KORÁB, V.: Síťo á spolup áce malých a s ředních i em
Jihomo a ském k aji. Ac a Uni e si a is Ag icul u ae e Sil icul u ae Mendelianae
B unensis. 2010, Vol. 58, Issue 3, pp. 41–54. ISSN 1211-8516.
[3] MIKOLÁŠ, Z.: Jak z ýši konku enceschopnos podniku: Konku enční dynamika a
po enciál podnikání. G ada Publishing, P aha, 2005. ISBN 80-247-1277-6.
[4] PORTER, M. E.: The Compe i i e Ad an age o Na ions. New Yo k, F ee P ess, 1990.
ISBN 0029253616.
[5] D’ALISE, C.; GIUSTINIANO, L.; PERUFFO, E.: Inno a ing Th ough Clus e s.
In e na ional Jou nal o Enginee ing Business Managemen . 2014, Vol. 6, Issue 1,
pp. 6–28. ISSN 1847-9790. DOI: 10.5772/59028
[6] CEDR: Aplikace IS CEDR III. [online]. P aha, Gene ální inanční ředi els í, 2019.
[accessed 2019-06-07]. A ailable om WWW:
h ps://ced .m c .cz/ced 3in e ne 419/de aul .aspx
[7] MPO: Finanční analýza podniko é s é y za ok 2017. [online]. P aha, Minis e s o
p ůmyslu a obchodu, 2017. [accessed 2018-11-28]. A ailable om WWW:
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[8] BRESNAHAN, T.; GAMBARDELLA, A.; SAXENIAN, A: ‘Old Economy’ Inpu s o
‘New Economy’ Ou comes: Clus e Fo ma ion in he New Silicon Valleys. Indus ial
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A ailable om WWW:
h ps://people.ischool.be keley.edu/~anno/Pape s/oldeconomyneweconomy.pd
[9] STEJSKAL, J.; KOVÁRNÍK, J.: Regionální poli ika a její nás oje. Po ál, P aha, 2009.
ISBN 978-80-7367-588-2.
[10] KIESE, M.: Regionale Clus e poli ik in Deu schland: Bes andsau nahme und
in e egionale Ve gleich. In: Beck, R. C.; Heinze, R. G.; Schmid, J. (eds.), Zukun de
Wi scha s ö de ung. 1s edi ion, 2014, pp. 169–194. ISBN p in 978-3-8487-1039-3,
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Ing. Na alie Pelloneo á, Ph.D.
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ŘÍZENÍ VÝKONNOSTI KLASTRŮ
Předkládaný článek ychází z ýzkumu hodnocení li u klas o ých o ganizací na inanční
ýkonnos členských podnika elských subjek ů. Dise ační p áce au o ky zjišťuje, zda
podmínkách České epubliky exis uje ozdíl mezi inanční ýkonnos í klas o ých
o ganizací zniklých přís upem bo om-up a op-down. Do ýzkumu byly yb ány oba ypy
klas ů splňující podmínku z alos i ( znik před okem 2012 če ně) a ysoké ak i i y.
Finanční ýkonnos členských podnika elských subjek ů byla hodnocena pomocí ukaza elů
ROA, ROE, ROS, EVA, EVA/zaměs nance a EVA/ žby. Cílem ýzkumu bylo p okáza , zda
se eřejná podpo a klas ů od azí e yšší inanční ýkonnos i členských subjek ů.
V zá ě ečné čás i článku jsou po é sh nu y a disku o ány zjiš ěné ýsledky.
CLUSTER-LEISTUNGSMANAGEMENT
De o liegende A ikel be uh au de Un e suchung de Bewe ung des Ein lusses on
Clus e o ganisa ionen au die inanzielle Leis ungsk a de un e nehme ischen
Mi gliedskö pe . Die Disse a ionsa bei des Au o s s ell es , ob in den Bedingungen de
Tschechischen Republik ein Un e schied exis ie zwischen de inanziellen Leis ungsk a
on Clus e o ganisa ionen, die du ch den Zug i au Bo om-up ode Top-down en s anden
sind. In de Un e suchung wu den beide Typen ausgewähl . Vo ausse zung wa , dass sie die
Bedingungen de Rei e (En s ehung on 2012 einschließlich) und hohe Ak i i ä e üllen
/ausweisen. Die inanzielle Leis ungsk a de un e nehme ischen Mi gliedskö pe wu de mi
Hil e de Indika o en/Ins uk o en ROA, ROE, ROS, EVA, EVA/Mi a bei e und
EVA/E äge, bewe e . Das Ziel de Fo schung wa zu zeigen, ob sich eine ö en liche
Un e s ü zung de Clus e in eine höhe en inanziellen Leis ungsk a de Mi gliedskö pe
wide spiegel . Im abschließenden Teil des Bei ages we den die E gebnisse zusammenge ass
und disku ie .
ZARZĄDZANIE EFEKTYWNOŚCIĄ KLASTRÓW
Niniejszy a ykuł bazuje na badaniach oceny wpływu o ganizacji klas owych na e ek ywność
inansową p zedsiębio s w członkowskich. W p acy dyse acyjnej au o badał, czy
w wa unkach Republiki Czeskiej is nieje óżnica pomiędzy e ek ywnością inansową
o ganizacji klas owych pows ałych w wyniku podejścia bo om-up i op-down. Do badań
wyb ano oba ypy klas ów spełniających wa unek doj załości (pows anie p zed 2012 okiem
włącznie) o az wysokiej ak ywności. E ek ywność inansowa p zedsiębio s w członkowskich
zos ała oceniona p zy pomocy wskaźników ROA, ROE, ROS, EVA, EVA/p acownik
i EVA/p zychody. Celem p zep owadzonych badań było wskazanie, że pomoc publiczna
klas ów wpływa na większą e ek ywność inansową ich członków. W końcowej części
op acowania podsumowano i omówiono s wie dzone wnioski.