Cluster performance management

94 94 ACC JOURNAL 2020, Volume 26, Issue 2 DOI: 10.15240/ ul/004/2020-2-008 CLUSTER PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Na alie Pelloneo á Technical Uni e si y o Libe ec, Facul y o Economics, Depa men o Business Adminis a ion and Managemen , S uden ská 1402/2, 461 17 Libe ec, Czech Republic e-mail: na alie.pellone[email p o ec ed] Abs ac The p esen ed a icle is based on esea ch e alua ing he impac o clus e o ganisa ions on he inancial pe o mance o membe en i ies. The au ho ’s doc o al hesis examines whe he he e is a di e ence in he inancial pe o mance o clus e o ganisa ions c ea ed h ough he bo om-up and he op-down app oaches, unde he condi ions exis ing in he Czech Republic. Bo h ypes o clus e s ha mee he condi ion o ma u i y (es ablished be o e o in 2012) and o a high deg ee o ac i i y we e selec ed o he esea ch. The inancial pe o mance o membe business en i ies was assessed using he ollowing indica o s: ROA, ROE, ROS, EVA, EVA/employee and EVA/sales. The aim o he esea ch was o demons a e whe he public suppo o clus e s would be e lec ed in membe en i ies’ be e inancial pe o mance. The inal pa o he pape hen summa ises and discusses he indings. Keywo ds Clus e ; Financial pe o mance; Clus e o ganiza ion; Top-down; Bo om up; Economic alue added. In oduc ion In oday’s global ma ke en i onmen , which is cha ac e ised by a high deg ee o compe i ion, i is impo an o cons an ly look o ways o imp o e he pe o mance and compe i i eness o businesses [1]. Acco ding o Es élyio á and Ko áb [2], one o he consequences o globalisa ion and echnological de elopmen is he eme gence o in e -o ganisa ional pa ne ships. In e -o ganisa ional pa ne ships may ake a wide ange o o ms, om unila e al ag eemen s o business ne wo ks. Clus e s, oo, a e ca ego ised as a speci ic o m o business ne wo ks. As a gene al concep , a clus e can be unde s ood as he in e connec ion o businesses and o he ins i u ions in a ce ain geog aphical a ea, which bene i s hose in ol ed and esul s in a compe i i e ad an age [3]; [2]. Po e [4] de ines a clus e as a geog aphically p oxima e g oup o in e connec ed companies, supplie s, and associa ed ins i u ions in a pa icula ield as well as companies in ela ed ields ha compe e and also co-ope a e wi h each o he . O e he pas wo decades, echnical publica ions ha e add essed he issue o clus e s, especially in ela ion o business pe o mance. The doc o al hesis on he opic ocuses on one o m o in e -o ganisa ional pa ne ship, which is conside ed by expe s as a possible ool o suppo he compe i i eness and pe o mance o coun ies, egions and companies – namely clus e s. The es ablishmen and de elopmen o clus e s is one o he ends in economic and egional inno a ion policy. Many expe s, such as D’Alise e al. [5], conside clus e s as a key sou ce o egional and na ional compe i i e ad an age. The pas wo decades wi nessed a g ea wa e o in e es in he a ea o clus e s on he pa o bo h expe s and economic policy make s, and suppo o clus e s became he p edominan s a egy o suppo economic de elopmen in 95 95 mos o eign coun ies. Despi e all he ad an ages ha clus e s o e , he impac o he clus e concep on membe en i ies’ compe i i eness and pe o mance is ye o be ully objec i ely quan i ied. Gi en he abo e, i is he e o e necessa y o pay inc eased a en ion o his issue. The a icle examines he impac o business en i ies’ membe ship in a clus e o ganisa ion (ins i u ionalised o m o a clus e , i.e. a olun a y g ouping o en i ies wi hin one o ganisa ion ha has i s own iden i ica ion numbe ) on hei inancial pe o mance. The basic p emise o his a icle is ha he bene i s esul ing om a business en i y’s membe ship in a clus e o ganisa ion should, among o he hings, be e lec ed in imp o ed inancial pe o mance o ha en i y, which is why he ollowing assump ion needs o be e i ied: Do clus e o ganisa ions eally ha e a posi i e e ec on he inancial pe o mance o membe business en i ies? The esea ch in he a icle will ocus on deli e ing quali a i e and quan i a i e e idence o he linkage sugges ed abo e. The a icle aims o de e mine whe he – unde he condi ions exis ing in he Czech Republic – business en i ies’ membe ship in clus e o ganisa ions has a posi i e e ec on he inancial pe o mance o hose business en i ies, and whe he he e a e di e ences in he inancial pe o mance o membe en i ies o wo ypes o clus e o ganisa ions – o ganisa ions es ablished p ima ily on he ini ia i e o membe en i ies, wi h no di ec public suppo (bo om-up clus e o ganisa ions) and o ganisa ions es ablished wi h suppo om public budge s ( op-down clus e o ganisa ions). 1 Resea ch Objec i e and Me hodology The main objec i e o he esea ch was o de e mine whe he he e we e di e ences in he inancial pe o mance o membe business en i ies o COs ha had been es ablished h ough he bo om-up app oach and membe business en i ies o COs ha had been es ablished h ough he op-down app oach. Gi en he conside able di e si y o he a ious clus e o ganisa ions in e ms o hei da e o es ablishmen , and also gi en he a ailabili y o inancial s a emen s, he esea ch ocused on he pe iod 2012–2017. Business da a o 2018 a e no ye a ailable o a signi ican po ion o business en i ies in bo h coun ies. The esea ch wi hin he a icle as a whole can be di ided in o he ollowing 8 s eps: S ep 1: Selec ion o sui able clus e o ganisa ions (he eina e CO). The chosen COs mus mee he h ee condi ions lis ed below, while he las and he ou h condi ion a e only ecommended, no manda o y. 1. Only highly ac i e COs a e included in he esea ch. 2. Only highly ac i e COs in he ma u i y phase (i.e. o ganisa ions es ablished be o e o in 2012) a e included in he esea ch. 3. I is possible o ob ain a lis o membe en i ies o he COs. 4. The COs hold he in e na ional Clus e Managemen Excellence label. S ep 2: De ining he esea ch samples and compiling a lis o companies o be e alua ed. The en i e esea ch wi hin he a icle is based on compa ing wo esea ch samples. The i s esea ch sample comp ises he co es o highly ac i e COs ha a e in he ma u i y phase, ope a e in he Czech Republic, and we e es ablished h ough he op-down app oach. The second esea ch sample comp ises he co es o highly ac i e COs ha a e in he ma u i y phase, ope a e in he Czech Republic, and we e es ablished h ough he bo om-up app oach. 96 96 S ep 3: Compiling a lis o subsidies ecei ed o CO p ojec s. Fo bo h he i s and he second esea ch sample, a lis subsidies and epayable inancial assis ance ecei ed om he s a e budge needs o be ex ac ed om CEDR III IS o he pe iod 2004–2017 [6]. S ep 4: De e mining he numbe o employees. As he ou h s ep, da a on he numbe o employees we e ob ained om he MagnusWeb comme cial da abase o bo h esea ch samples. S ep 5: Ga he ing inancial s a emen s and ex ac ing da a om he inancial s a emen s. Fo he abo e esea ch samples, he equi ed da a om inancial s a emen s o 2012–2017 needed o be ex ac ed om he public egis e . S ep 6: Calcula ing economic alue added. Fo each o he business en i ies, he economic alue added indica o (he eina e EVA) was hen calcula ed. The EVA indica o was calcula ed using he EVA equi y me hod (see o mula 1). The CAPM model was used o es ima e he cos o equi y ( e). 𝐸𝑉𝐴 = (𝑅𝑂𝐸 − 𝑟 𝑒)𝐸 (1) The CAPM me hod was used o es ima e he cos o equi y (see o mula 2). Whe e is he isk- ee a e o e u n, o en aken as he a e o e u n on easu y bills; βn is he quan i y used o measu e he sys ema ic isk o he asse ; m is he expec ed a e o e u n in he ma ke . Na ional s ock indices a e mos o en used o de e mine he expec ed a e o e u n in he ma ke m [7]. 𝑟 𝑒= 𝑟 𝑓+ 𝛽𝑛(𝑟 𝑚− 𝑟 𝑓) (2) S ep 7: Calcula ing o he inancial indica o s. Fu he mo e, he ollowing inancial pe o mance indica o s we e calcula ed in o de o be compa ed be ween he esea ch samples: e u n on equi y (ROE), e u n on asse s (ROA), e u n on sales (ROS), EVA pe employee and EVA pe sales. S ep 8: Compa ing he selec ed cha ac e is ics o he di e en esea ch samples. As he las s ep o he esea ch, he di e ences be ween he alues o he abo e esea ch samples we e compa ed using he non-pa ame ic Wilcoxon-Mann-Whi ney W- es . 2 Resul s and Discussion As pa o he esea ch wi hin he doc o al hesis, wo ypes o COs we e compa ed wi h each o he . In o al, hese included 22 COs ha had been es ablished h ough he op-down app oach and 8 COs es ablished h ough he bo om-up app oach. To compa e he di e ences in membe businesses’ inancial pe o mance in each yea , he ollowing indica o s we e selec ed: ROA, ROE, ROS, EVA, EVA pe employee, and EVA pe sales. In o de o es he abo e hypo hesis, i was necessa y o ob ain in o ma ion on whe he all da a we e no mally dis ibu ed. The no mali y o all da a samples was es ed a a signi icance le el o 5% using he Shapi o-Wilk es , whe e he null hypo hesis assumes ha he sample comes om a no mally dis ibu ed popula ion. Since he Shapi o-Wilk signi icance es showed ha none o he indica o s was no mally dis ibu ed, a non-pa ame ic es was used o e i y he hypo hesis, namely he Wilcoxon es . The Wilcoxon es , which was used as e idence o he ou pu s p esen ed in his pape , was pe o med a a 10% signi icance le el. 97 97 Tab. 1: Wilcoxon W- es and p- alues o he ROA, ROE and ROS indica o s Indica o ROA ROE ROS W P- alue W P- alue W P- alue 2012 11326 0.1963 11697 0.3666 12978 0.6598 2013 12788 0.8097 13305 0.4335 14119 0.1016 2014 12541 0.9862 12961 0.6728 14150 0.0949* 2015 13017 0.6305 13758 0.2082 15044 0.0091** 2016 7037 0.0000** 13428 0.3616 13969 0.1389 2017 12872 0.7422 13758 0.2082 13328 0.4194 ** signi icance le el o 5% * signi icance le el o 10% Sou ce: Own Tab. 2: Wilcoxon W- es and p- alues o EVA-based indica o s Indica o EVA EVA/employees EVA/sales W P- alue W P- alue W P- alue 2012 12375 0.8481 11368 0.2120 11327 0.1967 2013 14329 0.0632* 13040 0.6134 12667 0.9094 2014 13031 0.6201 12455 0.9144 11970 0.5376 2015 13745 0.2132 13577 0.2852 13112 0.5614 2016 13322 0.4231 12443 0.9044 12791 0.8073 2017 14286 0.0699* 13039 0.6141 12931 0.6959 ** signi icance le el o 5% * signi icance le el o 10% Sou ce: Own Tables 1 and 2 show ha while he e a e some di e ences be ween he inancial pe o mance o membe businesses o he wo CO ypes, hese a e no s a is ically signi ican wi h ew excep ions. E.g. in 2013 and 2017 he EVA indica o o bo om-up clus e s ook a mo e a ou able alue, albei s ill nega i e. In 2014 e u n on sales was also mo e a ou able o membe companies o bo om-up clus e s. Table 2 shows ha he esul is conclusi e no only a a signi icance le el o 10%, bu also o 5%. One o he cases was he yea 2015 o bo om- up clus e s, whe e membe companies’ e u n on sales imp o ed somewha . Howe e , subsequen ends clea ly show ha his was me ely a one-o luc ua ion. Ano he excep ion was he yea 2016 o bo om-up clus e s, whe e membe companies’ e u n on asse s declined. Howe e , subsequen ends clea ly show ha his oo was me ely a one-o luc ua ion. None heless, i was also p o en ha he inancial pe o mance o op-down COs was no signi ican ly be e han ha o bo om-up COs in any o he o he yea s unde e iew. Based on he esea ch, i can be concluded ha public suppo ha had been in es ed in he es ablishmen and de elopmen o op-down COs in he Czech Republic did no ha e any signi ican e ec on imp o ing he inancial pe o mance o hei membe business en i ies. I can hus be assumed ha businesses in bo om-up COs we e able o ca ch up wi h businesses in op-down COs. The e iciency o public suppo spen on clus e de elopmen is hus ques ionable. Howe e , ha does no au oma ically suppo he conclusion ha clus e s as such canno be a success ul ool o p omo e he compe i i eness o businesses. None heless, he esea ch did no con i m ha a ge ed op-down COs ha e a mo e signi ican e ec on membe businesses’ inancial pe o mance. 98 98 Conclusion The aim o he esea ch was o de e mine whe he he e we e di e ences in he inancial pe o mance o membe business en i ies o COs ha had been es ablished h ough he bo om-up app oach and membe business en i ies o COs ha had been es ablished h ough he op-down app oach. The alues o inancial indica o s we e no con i med o be s a is ically signi ican ly highe o membe businesses o bo om-up COs han o businesses in op-down COs. Fo he membe businesses o bo h ypes o COs, i was hus impossible o p o e any s a is ically signi ican di e ences in inancial pe o mance. This esea ch did no con i m ha op-down COs, i.e. hose es ablished wi h a clea in en , ha e a mo e signi ican e ec on inancial pe o mance. The esea ch con i med he scep icism o some au ho s, such as B esnahan, Gamba della and Saxenian [8], as o he e ec i eness o COs and he possible ine iciency o hei public suppo . Bo h he esea ch and he analysis o he COs suppo ed he iews o S ejskal and Ko á ník [9], who belie e ha ce ain COs o en o m as a g ouping o se e al en i ies wi hou a high- quali y clus e analysis, wi h hei p ima y objec i e being o ob ain public money. The e o e, some expe s, such as Kiese [10], conside he es ablishmen o COs h ough he public adminis a ion mechanism o be wo se han he es ablishmen o COs h ough he p i a e adminis a ion mechanism. The ques ion also emains as o wha was he eal eason why some COs do no use public suppo . Whe he hey did no apply o public suppo a all, o whe he hei applica ions we e ejec ed. Li e a u e [1] PELLONEOVÁ, N.: Řízení ýkonnos i klas ů. Libe ec, 2020. Doc o al hesis (Ph.D.). Technical uni e si y o Libe ec, Facul y o Economics. Supe iso p o . Ing. Mi osla Žižka, Ph.D. [2] ESTÉLYIOVÁ, K.; KORÁB, V.: Síťo á spolup áce malých a s ředních i em Jihomo a ském k aji. Ac a Uni e si a is Ag icul u ae e Sil icul u ae Mendelianae B unensis. 2010, Vol. 58, Issue 3, pp. 41–54. ISSN 1211-8516. [3] MIKOLÁŠ, Z.: Jak z ýši konku enceschopnos podniku: Konku enční dynamika a po enciál podnikání. G ada Publishing, P aha, 2005. ISBN 80-247-1277-6. [4] PORTER, M. E.: The Compe i i e Ad an age o Na ions. 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A ailable om WWW: h ps://people.ischool.be keley.edu/~anno/Pape s/oldeconomyneweconomy.pd [9] STEJSKAL, J.; KOVÁRNÍK, J.: Regionální poli ika a její nás oje. Po ál, P aha, 2009. ISBN 978-80-7367-588-2. [10] KIESE, M.: Regionale Clus e poli ik in Deu schland: Bes andsau nahme und in e egionale Ve gleich. In: Beck, R. C.; Heinze, R. G.; Schmid, J. (eds.), Zukun de Wi scha s ö de ung. 1s edi ion, 2014, pp. 169–194. ISBN p in 978-3-8487-1039-3, ISBN online 978-3-8452-5163-9. DOI: 10.5771/9783845251639_169 Ing. Na alie Pelloneo á, Ph.D. 100 100 ŘÍZENÍ VÝKONNOSTI KLASTRŮ Předkládaný článek ychází z ýzkumu hodnocení li u klas o ých o ganizací na inanční ýkonnos členských podnika elských subjek ů. Dise ační p áce au o ky zjišťuje, zda podmínkách České epubliky exis uje ozdíl mezi inanční ýkonnos í klas o ých o ganizací zniklých přís upem bo om-up a op-down. Do ýzkumu byly yb ány oba ypy klas ů splňující podmínku z alos i ( znik před okem 2012 če ně) a ysoké ak i i y. Finanční ýkonnos členských podnika elských subjek ů byla hodnocena pomocí ukaza elů ROA, ROE, ROS, EVA, EVA/zaměs nance a EVA/ žby. Cílem ýzkumu bylo p okáza , zda se eřejná podpo a klas ů od azí e yšší inanční ýkonnos i členských subjek ů. V zá ě ečné čás i článku jsou po é sh nu y a disku o ány zjiš ěné ýsledky. CLUSTER-LEISTUNGSMANAGEMENT De o liegende A ikel be uh au de Un e suchung de Bewe ung des Ein lusses on Clus e o ganisa ionen au die inanzielle Leis ungsk a de un e nehme ischen Mi gliedskö pe . Die Disse a ionsa bei des Au o s s ell es , ob in den Bedingungen de Tschechischen Republik ein Un e schied exis ie zwischen de inanziellen Leis ungsk a on Clus e o ganisa ionen, die du ch den Zug i au Bo om-up ode Top-down en s anden sind. In de Un e suchung wu den beide Typen ausgewähl . Vo ausse zung wa , dass sie die Bedingungen de Rei e (En s ehung on 2012 einschließlich) und hohe Ak i i ä e üllen /ausweisen. Die inanzielle Leis ungsk a de un e nehme ischen Mi gliedskö pe wu de mi Hil e de Indika o en/Ins uk o en ROA, ROE, ROS, EVA, EVA/Mi a bei e und EVA/E äge, bewe e . Das Ziel de Fo schung wa zu zeigen, ob sich eine ö en liche Un e s ü zung de Clus e in eine höhe en inanziellen Leis ungsk a de Mi gliedskö pe wide spiegel . Im abschließenden Teil des Bei ages we den die E gebnisse zusammenge ass und disku ie . ZARZĄDZANIE EFEKTYWNOŚCIĄ KLASTRÓW Niniejszy a ykuł bazuje na badaniach oceny wpływu o ganizacji klas owych na e ek ywność inansową p zedsiębio s w członkowskich. W p acy dyse acyjnej au o badał, czy w wa unkach Republiki Czeskiej is nieje óżnica pomiędzy e ek ywnością inansową o ganizacji klas owych pows ałych w wyniku podejścia bo om-up i op-down. Do badań wyb ano oba ypy klas ów spełniających wa unek doj załości (pows anie p zed 2012 okiem włącznie) o az wysokiej ak ywności. E ek ywność inansowa p zedsiębio s w członkowskich zos ała oceniona p zy pomocy wskaźników ROA, ROE, ROS, EVA, EVA/p acownik i EVA/p zychody. Celem p zep owadzonych badań było wskazanie, że pomoc publiczna klas ów wpływa na większą e ek ywność inansową ich członków. W końcowej części op acowania podsumowano i omówiono s wie dzone wnioski.