208
VOLUNTEERS IN ORGANIZING SPORT EVENTS:
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE ANALYSIS
Da ia Timoshenko
*Na alia Shisho a
Russian S a e Uni e si y o Physical Educa ion, Spo and Tou ism
Humani ies Ins i u e
Si ene y boule a d, 4, 105 122, Moscow, Russia
imoshenkoda [email protected]
*Russian S a e Uni e si y o Physical Educa ion, Spo and Tou ism
Humani ies Ins i u e
Si ene ii boule a d, 4, 105 122, Moscow, Russia
Abs ac
The mos signi ican wo king con ibu ion o majo e en s in spo s is p o ided by a e y la ge
numbe o olun ee s who unde ake asks ac oss he ange o oppo uni ies a o ded by such
e en s. This s udy seeks o iden i y he e iden gaps ha exis in unde s anding a eas such as wha
olun ee s do a spo e en s; wha mo i a es hem; how and whe e o ec ui he olun ee s; should
olun ee s be ewa ded somehow o a job well done?
As o he esul s and main indings, di e en ypes o ec ui men sys ems, he accommoda ion and
assignmen s ha depend on he le el o spo e en ha e been de ined. I ’s necessa y o men ion
ha he ole o olun ee s has conside ably inc eased. Besides, Eu opean olun ee expe ience
migh be adop ed a o ganizing Sochi Olympic Games in 2014.
In oduc ion
Spo can be desc ibed as one o he bigges social mo emen s in he wo ld. In many coun ies he
o ganiza ion o spo e en s elies on he dedica ion o housands o olun ee s. Numbe s o
olun ee s be ween 40,000 and 60,000 ha e been no ed o some ecen majo e en s. Besides
olun ee spo clubs and associa ions, hey p o ide a la ge pa o he oppo uni ies o EU ci izens
o p ac ice spo . The e o e, hey make an impo an con ibu ion o p omo ion o physical ac i i y
as a pa o a heal hy li e-s yle.
Being a olun ee is a g ea ad en u e in one’s li e. I allows gaining expe ience in many a eas,
mee ing new people, ealizing how e en s look like om he backg ound. I is also a g ea occasion
o check skills (language, o ganizing) and a cha ac e , and o lea n some hing new om mo e
expe ienced colleagues.
The aim o ou esea ch is o analyze and o compa e he ole and signi icance o olun ee s in
o ganizing spo e en s. The s udy includes he Olympic ec ui ing expe ience and s uden
olun ee p og ams ha exis all o e he EU coun ies.
Me hods: examina ion o scien i ic publica ions (published wo ks), con en analysis o In e ne
web-si es, and compa a i e analysis o in e na ional, na ional and egional olun ee p og ams.
1 Roles o olun ee s
Volun ee s play an inc edible ole in s aging mos p es igious spo e en s. Volun ee s a e gi en he
oppo uni y o aise hei compe encies and skills in o ganizing spo e en s, gain new expe ience in
di e en ields, hey will be use ul o he o ganizing commi ee, and hey exchange knowledge and
lea n abou he cul u e o he coun y, make new iends all o e he wo ld and much mo e. Di e se
asks and assignmen s a e p oposed o olun ee s: acc edi a ion and welcoming, p epa a ion o daily
209
bulle in and he documen a ion o he e en , pho o a chi e, ee ime p og amme, spo p og amme
and compe i ion, logis ics. I is e y impo an o gi e people oppo uni y o aise hei skills,
abili ies and o use hei po en ial and expe ience. Today we could say ha wi hou his olun ee
wo k o ce, he e en s simply would no happen.
2 In e na ional olun ee p og ammes
Volun ee s a e he ounda ion o nea ly e e y success ul nonp o i o ganiza ion and compe i ion
o ganizing commi ee. S aging mega spo e en s, such as Olympic and Pa alympic Games, Wo ld
and Eu opean Championships is always accompanied by housands o local and in e na ional
olun ee s. Ano he in e es ing expe ience is o ganizing s uden spo championships headed by
FISU and EUSA. As o na ional and local p og ams, i is un by na ional spo associa ions and
unions.(Это я не понимаю, что такое – бег или организация и проведение?)
2.1 Volun ee p og amme o London-2012
The olun ee p og am will be coming home o he ci y whe e i all began. The OC o London-2012
conside s olun ee s as “Games Make s”. The e a e wo ypes o Games Make oles; specialis s in
a eas such as medical se ices, spo o p ess ope a ions and gene alis s, wi h oles anging om
spec a o assis an s, uni o m dis ibu o s and icke checke s. F om Janua y 2011 he o ganise s
will s a in i ing success ul applican s o a selec ion e en . Selec ion e en s will be applican s' i s
as e o he exci emen su ounding he Games. The e en s will be held in London, Glasgow,
Newcas le, Manches e , Co en y, Ca di , Bel as and Weymou h. A e hese selec ion e en s, he
o ganizing commi ee will o e applican s oles. And hey will ecei e an o icial uni o m o wea
du ing he shi s, which hey can keep a e he Games as a sou eni ; also hey can ge ee meal
ouche s. Bu he membe s o OC a e going o ec ui olun ee s om ac oss he UK, and a e
unable o p o ide accommoda ion o “Games Make s”, and will no eimbu se a el cos s o
selec ion e en s, aining o es e en s.
2.2 EUSA olun ee p og amme
Volun ee s a e s eng h o he uni e si y spo – said one o he pa icipan s o IX FISU Fo um,
which ook place in C acow in 2008. S uden spo o ganiza ions and hei wo k wi h olun ee s a e
also needed o be men ioned. The olun ee p og amme was ini ia ed by he EUSA S uden
Commission. 2-3 olun ee s om all o e Eu ope ge he chance o join o ganize s o each
Eu opean Uni e si ies championship and help du ing he ou namen . The hos ing o ganiza ion o
each Eu opean Uni e si ies championship (EUC) co e ed accommoda ion cos s du ing he
o ganizing pe iod, ood and anspo a ion o he spo . The a elling cos s o he EUC ha e o be
paid by he s uden o his/he ins i u ion. Ac i e s uden s om all o e he Eu ope can apply o he
place in his p og am. Minimum wo o eign candida es will be accep ed pe e en , o he olun ee s
a e om he coun y ha s ages he championship.
2.3 Na ional olun ee p og amme
Uni e si y Spo Associa ion o Poland (AZS) pe cei es a huge s eng h o olun ee ing, and i has
e ec s o he u u e o one’s ca ee . Spo s eams, a ilia ed wi h AZS, a e nume ous in op Polish
leagues in such spo s as olleyball and baske ball. Tha is why AZS c ea ed a da a base o
olun ee s om Poland helping hem in pa icipa ion in spo e en s. The po al s a ed in he
middle o May 2010, is a pla o m o communica ion be ween o ganize s who p epa e spo e en s
and people who a e keen o wo k as olun ee s. The Polish spo au ho i ies hope
“www.wolon a ia .azs.pl” o become a place o help many people in de eloping hei pe sonali y,
ga he ing expe iences and un o ge able memo ies.
210
3 Rec ui men o olun ee s
The p e-e en planning phase s a s wi h he hi ing o ec ui men o a olun ee Coo dina o . This
pe son needs o possess a a ie y o skills and pe sonali y ai s, and e en ually o se le o less will
esul in an ine ec i e p og am, o subs i u e a coo dina o who qui s.
The ec ui ing p ocess migh also include: olun ee egis a ion o m; an es ablished in o ma ion
bank/da abase and a ge ma ke s o ec ui ing, i.e., people, g oups, businesses, e c.
The i s s ep in his campaign consis s in making an announcemen – h ough he websi e o
ede a ion, o spo e en and local spo o ganiza ions, which pa icipa e in s aging his e en . Fo
example, LOCOG has jus s a ed he bigges pos -wa olun ee ec ui men campaign in he UK’s
his o y; hey ha e announced plans o ec ui up o 70,000 olun ee s o he London Games.
The second s ep is he iling and egis a ion o an applica ion o m. Gene ally i con ains some
backg ound ques ions (educa ion, expe ience and skills), he e o e he e a e some open ques ions –
like explaining you mo i a ion and desc ibing you expec a ions; and ques ions abou asks which
u u e assis an wan s o assis and help du ing he e en .
The hi d is he con i ma ion o an applica ion o m. Ano he example, his yea young people and
s uden s ha e been chosen by o ganize s o Eu opean Championships, as compa ed wi h p e ious
yea s when he s uden commission chose he olun ee s.
Tab. 1 Compa ison o in e na ional olun ee p og ammes
Fea u es o
olun ee
p og ammes
VP Olympic Games 2012
(London, Uni ed Kingdom)
VP EUC 2010
Badmin on,
(Nancy, F ance)
VP o AZS 2010
FISU Canoe Sp in
(Poznan, Poland)
Numbe o
olun ee s ha is
needed du ing he
spo e en
abou 70,000 abou 50 abou 30
Ta ge ma ke s
o ec ui ing, i.e.,
people, g oups,
businesses, e c.
Volun ee s come om a
di e se ange o communi ies
and backg ounds.
The o ganize s alue
disabili y, gende , e hnici y,
eligion and belie o sexual
o ien a ion.
Volun ee s
gene ally a e
young people and
s uden s, who a e
keen on
badmin on.
Mos ly s uden s and
young people who a e
in e es ed in spo and
o ganizing spo
e en s.
Age o olun ee s
Many o oles will equi e
olun ee s o be 18 o o e by
1 Janua y 2012. Also he
o ganise s will un eil ou
Young Games Make
p og amme o unde 18
yea s old in summe 2011.
The e a e no
se e e limi s, bu
he o ganise s
mos ly a ac
people who a e
o e 16 yea s old.
Volun ee s mus be
o e 16 yea s old.
Pa icipa ion o
in e na ional
olun ee s
Only UK and EU ci izens o
esiden s and people who
sa is y he UK immig a ion
ules.
2 o 3
in e na ional
olun ee s.
I depends on he
o ganize s
possibili ies.
Communica ion
skills
Fluen English is compulso y
condi ion.
Volun ee s speak
a leas h ee
Eu opean
languages.
Fluen English; one
Eu opean language in
addi ion is be e . And
Russian is always
welcome.
211
The place whe e
olun ee s need o
be and he a el
cos s co e ing
The enues a e mos ly
loca ed in he hos ci y o
London (UK), hough
some o he e en s
equi e acili ies loca ed
elsewhe e.
Nancy, F ance. The
a elling cos s o he
EUC ha e o be paid by
olun ee o his/he
ins i u ion
Poznan, Poland.
The a elling cos s
o he championship
ha e o be paid by
olun ee .
Accommoda ion
co e ing
The accommoda ion
won’ be p o ided o
olun ee s.
The hos ing o ganisa ion co e s
accommoda ion cos s du ing he o ganizing
pe iod, ood and anspo a ion on he spo .
The pe iod o
olun ee
p og amme and he
spo e en
Need o olun ee o a
minimum o 10 days a
ei he he Olympic
Games o he Pa alympic
Games; o o a
minimum o 20 days i
somebody wan s o
olun ee a bo h.
Volun ee should a i e
2 days be o e he s a
o compe i ions and
depa 2 o 3 days a e
he compe i ions.
In o al i comes o
abou 10 days.
The ou namen is
held o 3 weekend
days, he o ganise s
kindly ask
olun ee s o come
ea lie and o s ay
longe o help wi h
eams a i als and
depa u es.
The olun ee
aining
The olun ee a ends a
minimum o h ee
aining sessions be o e
he Games (a minimum
o 15 hou s sp ead o e
h ee days)
The olun ee s come o
special mee ing which
is held he week be o e
he ou namen . They
ecei e a p elimina y
planning o asks and
esponsibili ies.
The mee ing o
olun ee s is
o ganised in he i s
day o a i al, hey
ge impo an
in o ma ion and
planning.
Roles and asks o
olun ee s
The e a e 31 eams (also
known as unc ional
a eas, o FAs) who need
Games Make s and we
ha e di ided hem in o
10 depa men s: om
Comme cial sales and
B and p o ec ion o
T anspo .
Volun ee s could help
in acc edi a ion and
welcoming, p epa a ion
o he daily bulle in and
documen a ion, making
a pho o a chi e,
o ganising ee ime
p og amme, spo
p og am, compe i ion
a ea, logis ics e c.
Mos olun ee s a e
eams-a aché, hey
accompany na ional
eams, he es akes
up logis ics, making
daily magazine and
helping a
compe i ion a ea.
Se ices/bene i s/p
a king/uni o ms
ha a e a ailable
du ing he spo
e en
Games Make s will be
en i led o a el on
public anspo in
London (zones 1-6) o
ee in o de o ge o
hei shi s du ing he
Olympic and Pa alympic
Games.
Also hey will ecei e an
o icial uni o m o wea .
The olun ee s will
ecei e an o icial
uni o m o wea : 5
di e en colou -shi s
o each day o
compe i ion.
Besides o ganise s will
co e anspo cos s a
he place and ake ca e
o some cul u al
p og amme.
The olun ee s will
ecei e an o icial
uni o m o wea , and
o cou se, o ganise s
will co e anspo
cos s a he place
and ake ca e o
some cul u al
p og amme such as
a ee guided ou in
he down- own o
Poznan.
212
The ec ui ing
p ocess: applica ion
The o ganising
commi ee s a s so ing
h ough he applica ion
o ms in Decembe and
will in i e success ul
applican s o a end a
selec ion e en in 2011.
The e a e wo ways o
ec ui ing up
olun ee s: h ough he
web-si e o EUSA
(in e na ional
applican s) and h ough
he web-si e o he
e en (local applican s).
AZS c ea ed a da a
base o olun ee s
om Poland helping
hem in pa icipa ion
in spo e en s. This
po al is a pla o m
o communica ion
be ween o ganize s
and applican s.
The ec ui ing
p ocess: assignmen
and o e
Following he selec ion
e en s, he o ganise s
will decide which
applican s can be
o e ed a ole. In
addi ion, be o e making
any o e , hey mus un
backg ound and
secu i y checks.
Applican s will only be
eligible o ecei e an
o e i hey pass hese
checks.
Applican s could ill
hei p o iles hough he
web-si e o EUSA om
he end o Feb ua y
un il he end o May.
Then he o ganising
commi ee decides who
hey a e going o in i e
o each pa icula e en .
A e he nomina ion an
applican will ge an
o icial in i a ion o
pa icipa e in he
olun ee p og amme.
People who a e keen
o wo k as a
olun ee ill ou
o ms on his po al,
hey choose he
compe i ion in which
hey would like o
pa icipa e. Then he
o ganise s acco ding
o hei special needs
will chose u u e
olun ee s and send
hem an o icial
con i ma ion and
in i a ion.
Conclusion
As o he esul s and main indings, di e en ypes o ec ui men sys ems, he
accommoda ion and assignmen s ha depend on he le el o spo e en ha e been de ined.
I ’s necessa y o men ion ha he ole o olun ee s has conside ably inc eased.
The o ganizing commi ee mus ha e a clea ly de ined s a s uc u e and lines o
communica ion. Volun ee s mus know whom hey epo o, especially in an eme gency
si ua ion. I i is he o ganizing o a la ge e en ha equi es many olun ee s o e a pe iod o
a ew days, hen a olun ee handbook becomes almos a necessi y. I would include
in o ma ion abou he e en i sel , enue in o ma ion wi h a diag am showing key loca ions, a
enue e acua ion plan, e en schedules, anspo a ion schedules and key con ac phone
numbe s.
As o olun ee aining, i should be p o ided in ad ance o he e en , especially a ew days
p io . An o ien a ion does no only p o ide impo an in o ma ion o hem bu i gi es he
o ganizing commi ee leade ship he oppo uni y o mo i a e hem and o explain he
impo ance o hei suppo . All o he basic in o ma ion, uni o ms, pa king passes and job
desc ip ions can be dis ibu ed in his o ien a ion.
Es ablishing an e ec i e communica ions sys em should be a p io i y i o ganize s plan o
u ilize his g oup o olun ee s again. Using emails is ce ainly he mos economical means
nowadays, bu a di ec mailed newsle e is jus as e ec i e.
Rega ding he conclusions we eached in he cou se o he esea ch, i a gues ha he e is a
lack o ex ensi e esea ch ha akes in o conside a ion he wide ange o hemes and issues
ha pe ain o olun ee ing in he spo s e en s con ex . Besides, Eu opean olun ee
expe ience migh be adop ed a o ganizing Sochi Olympic Games in 2014.

213
Li e a u e
[1] BAUM, T.G. and LOCKSTON, L. (2007) Volun ee s and mega spo ing e en :
de eloping a esea ch amewo k. In e na ional Jou nal o E en Managemen
Resea ch, 3 (1). pp. 29-41. EUSA Volun ee p og am [online]. 2010. Re ie ed om
WWW:< h p://s c.eusa.eu/en/p ojec s_in o>
[2] HANSON B. Volun ee s: A Key Ing edien o a Success ul E en [online], USA, San
An onio Spo s, 2010. Re ie ed om WWW:
<h p://spo scommissions. ypepad.com/nasc/2010/10/ olun ee s-a-key-ing edien - o -
a-success ul-e en .h ml>
[3] S udy on Volun ee ing in he Eu opean Union: Final Repo [online]. Educa ional,
Audi isual & Cul u e Execu i e Agency (EAC-EA), Di ec ion Gene al Educa ion and
Cul u e (DG EAC), 2010. Re ie ed om WWW:
<h p://ec.eu opa.eu/ci izenship/news/news1015_en.h m>
[4] S uden Volun ee s in Poland [online], 2010, Re ie ed om WWW:
<h p://www.eusa.eu/en/news&showNews=NEWSIEAXSV531201023245&sso=done>
[5] Volun ee s a e Game Make s [online], 2010, Re ie ed om WWW:
<h p://www.london2012.com/ge -in ol ed/ olun ee /index.php>
[6] Volun ee wo k and spo [online], 2006. Re ie ed om WWW:
< h p://www.eu ac i .com/en/spo s/ olun ee -wo k-spo /a icle-129580 >
___________________________________________________________________________
Da ia Timoshenko, p o . Na alia Shisho a, PhD.
214
DOBROVOLNÍCI V ORGANIZOVÁNÍ SPORTOVNÍCH AKCÍ:
ANALÝZA ZKUŠENOSTÍ Z CIZINY
Na ýznamných spo o ních událos ech je nej ě ší čás p áce od edena ši okou skupinou
dob o olníků, k eří p o ádějí celé spek um činnos í p o ázejících ako é událos i. Ta o
s udie se snaží de ino a doposud nep ozkoumané oblas i ýkající se činnos i dob o olníků při
spo o ních událos ech. Co je mo i uje, jak a kde je najíma , měli by bý nějak odměněni za
dobře od edenou p áci? Výsledky a hla ní zá ě y ýzkumu zah nují ůzné ypy nábo u,
uby o ání a úkolů zá islos i na d uhu spo o ní událos i. Je nu no doda , že ole
dob o olníků nabý á na důleži os i. Zkušenos i e opských dob o olníků mohou bý aké
yuži y při pořádání olympijských he Soči oce 2014.
FREIWILLIGE BEI DER ORGANISATION VON
SPORTVERANSTALTUNGEN
– ANALYSE VON FREMDERFAHRUNGEN
Bei bedeu enden Spo e eignissen wi d de g öß e Teil de A bei on F eiwilligen bewäl ig ,
die das ganze Spek um de Tä igkei en, die solche E eignisse beglei en, übe nehmen. Die
S udie bemüh sich, die bis je z nich un e such en Be eiche de Tä igkei en, welche die
F eiwilligen bei Spo e eignissen be e en, zu de inie en. Was mo i ie sie, wie und wo
we den sie angewo ben und soll en sie ü gu ausge üh e A bei en lohn we den? Die
E gebnisse und Haup schluss olge ungen de Un e suchung um assen e schiedene A en de
Anwe bung, de Un e kun und de Au gaben, abhängig on de A des Spo e eignisses.
Des Wei e en is es nö ig zu sagen, dass die F eiwilligen imme wich ige we den. Die
E ah ungen de eu opäischen F eiwilligen können auch ü die O ganisa ion de
Olympischen Spiele 2014 in So schi e wende we den.
WOLONTARIUSZE W ORGANIZACJI IMPREZ SPORTOWYCH:
ANALIZA DOŚWIADCZEŃ ZAGRANICZNYCH
Najba dziej znaczacy wkład w o ganizację wielu ważnych wyda zeń spo owych zapewniana
duża liczb wolon a iuszy, k ó zy podejmują się zadań spoś ód wachla za możliwości
dos a czanych p zez e wyda zenia. To badanie s a a się odnaleźć ewiden ne luki is niejace w
obsza ach wiedzy o ym co obią wolon a iusze na spo owych wyda zeniach; co ich
mo ywuje; jak i gdzie ek u owac wolon a iuszy; czy wolon a iusz powinien zos ać
nag odzony za dob ze wykonana p acę ? Jako główne wnioski, zos ały wyod ębnione óżne
ypy sys emów ek u acyjnego, zakwa e owanie o az zadania k ó e zależą od poziomu
wyda zenia spo owego. Koniecznie wa o wspomnieć, iż ola wolon a iuszy znacznie
wz osła. Co więcej, eu opejskie doświadczenie wolon a iuszy moze być yko zys ane podczas
o ganizowania Sochi Olympic Games w 2014.