RESEARCH Open Access
The T iple Helix model and he
compe ence se : human spa e pa s
indus y unde sc u iny
Ma kku So a au a
*
and Tuomo Heinonen
* Co espondence:
[email p o ec ed]
School o Managemen , Uni e si y
o Tampe e, Kansle in inne 1,
FI-33014 Tampe e, Finland
Abs ac
The main aims o his pape a e (a) o cons uc a gene ic concep ual model o he
T iple Helix model based on compe ence se s and hence (b) o iden i y he sys em-
le el gene ic compe encies needed in he eme gence o a new indus y. This pape
sugges s ha o gain addi ional analy ical le e age on he T iple Helix model, we
need o s udy i also by ocusing on gene ic compe encies called o in he
in e ac ion be ween he main ins i u ional sphe es. Hence, he e is a need o ocus
on in e ac ing and con lic ing sys em-le el gene ic compe encies ha ei he
enhance o hampe inno a ion p ocesses. I is belie ed he e ha a compe ence se
is he co e o any T iple Helix cons ella ion, bu i is also belie ed ha di e en
compe encies a e mani es ed in a a ie y o ways depending on he na u e o he
speci ic sys em and ela ed indus ies. The compe ence se model is elabo a ed upon
by using he eme gence o human spa e pa s indus y in Tampe e, Finland, as an
illus a i e case o highligh he o he wise concep ual discussion.
Keywo ds: Inno a ion sys em, Compe ence, Uni e si y, Regene a i e medicine,
Human spa e pa s, Finland
JEL classi ica ion: O31, O32, O33
© 2016 The Au ho (s). Open Access This a icle is dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional
License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium,
p o ided you gi e app op ia e c edi o he o iginal au ho (s) and he sou ce, p o ide a link o he C ea i e Commons license, and
indica e i changes we e made.
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8
DOI 10.1186/s40604-016-0038-5
Résumé
Les objec i s p incipaux de ce a icle son : (a) de cons ui e un modèle concep uel
géné ique de T iple Hélice basé su le jeu des compé ences e ainsi (b) d’iden i ie les
compé ences géné iques au ni eau sys ème nécessai es à l’éme gence d’une nou elle
en ep ise. Ce a icle suggè e que pou ob eni un e e de le ie analy ique
supplémen ai e su le modèle de la T iple Hélice, il impo e de l’é udie égalemen en
me an l’accen su les compé ences géné iques nécessai es à l’in e ac ion en e les
p incipales sphè es ins i u ionnelles. Pa conséquen , il es nécessai e de s’appesan i su
les compé ences géné iques d’in e ac ion e d’an agonisme au ni eau sys ème qui
a o isen ou handicapen les p ocessus d’inno a ion. Ce a icle adme que le jeu de
compé ences es le cœu de ou e cons ella ion de T iple Hélice; il adme égalemen
que les di é en es compé ences se mani es en d’une a ié é de açons, selon la na u e
du sys ème considé é e les en ep ises associées. Le modèle de jeu de compé ences
es conçu en u ilisan comme illus a ion l'éme gence de l'indus ie des pièces de
echange humaines à Tampe e, en Finlande, pou me e en é idence une discussion
au e que concep uelle.
Resumen
Los p incipales obje i os de es e abajo son: (a) la cons ucción de un modelo
concep ual gené ico pa a el modelo de la T iple Hélice en base a “conjun os de
compe encias,”y po an o (b) iden i ica las compe encias gené icas a ni el de
sis ema necesa ias pa a el su gimien o de nue as indus ias. Es e documen o sugie e
una mejo a al modelo de la T iple Hélice que consis e en ele a la impo ancia de
compe encias gené icas den o del análisis ins i ucional. Po an o, en a izamos la
necesidad de cen a se en la in e acción y el con lic o de compe encias ans e sales
a ni el de sis ema que pueden exace ba o di icul a los p ocesos de inno ación.
C eemos que un conjun o de compe encias es el núcleo de cualquie cons elación
de la T iple Hélice, pe o ambién c eemos que las di e en es compe encias se
mani ies an en una a iedad de o mas, dependiendo de la na u aleza de cada
sis ema de inno ación y cada indus ia. Ilus amos el modelo p opues o de conjun os
de compe encias con un análisis del su gimien o de la indus ia de p ó esis humanas
en Tampe e, Finlandia.
摘要
本文的主要目的是:(一)基于竞争力集构建三螺旋的一般概念模型;(二)确定在一个
新产业出现过程中所需要的系统级的一般竞争力。本文认为,为了获得分析三螺
旋模型的其他分析工具,我们也需要专注于要求主要机构范畴之间相互作用的一
般竞争力研究。因此,有必要聚焦于相互作用和相互冲突的系统级一般竞争力,不
论它是加强还是防碍创新过程。在此我们相信:一个竞争力集是所有三螺旋星座
的核心;我们也相信:不同的竞争力通过各种不同方式表现出来,取决于具体的系统
和相关产业的性质。通过人类备件产业在芬兰坦佩雷的出现,本文详细说明了竞
争力集模型,以此作为典型案例突出这个相反的一般概念的讨论。
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 2 o 20
Aннoтaция
Ocнoвными цeлями дaннoйcтaтьи являютcя: (a) coздaниeoбщeйкoнцeптуaльнoй
мoдeли Tpoйнoйcпиpaли,ocнoвaннoйнaкoмпeтeнцияx, и,oпocpeдoвaннo, (б)
oпpeдeлeниe cooтвeтcтвующиxкoмпeтeнций,учитывaющиxc
пeцифику уcлoвий
фopмиpoвaния coвpeмeннoйпpoмышлeннocти.Bнacтoящeйpaбoтeвыдвинутo
пpeдпoлoжeниe, чтoдля дocтижeния дoпoлнитeльныxпpeимущecтв в paмкax
мoдeли Tpoйнoйcпиpaли,мы дoлжны пpoaнaлизиpoвaть oбщиeкoмпeтeнции,
нeoбxoдимыeдля взaимoдeйcтвия ocнoвныxинcтитутoвдpуг cдpугoм.Taк,
cущecтвуeтпoтpeбнocть в oбщиxумeнияxвoблacти дeлoвыxпepeгoвopoви
peшeния кoнфликтoв,кoтopыeoпocpeдoвaннoмoгут кaк улучшить,тaки
зaтopмoзить иннoвaциoнный пpoцecc. Cущecтвуeтмнeниe, чтoнaбop
кoмпeтeнций cocтaвляeтocнoву Tpoйнoйcпиpaли,aтaкжeчтopaзличныe
кoмпeтeнции пpoявляютcяпo-paзнoму в зaвиcимocти oтуcлoвий,вкoтopыx
cклaдывaeтcятaкaяcиcтeмa, иoтpacлeй,oтнocящиxcякнeй.Moдeль нaбopa
кoмпeтeнций paзpaбoтaнacиcпoльзoвaниeм индуcтpии пoдгoтoвки кaдpoвв
Taмпepe, Финляндия в кaчecтвeпpимepa, cпocoбнoгoпpoиллюcтpиpoвaть
вeдущиecяoбcуждeния.
Resumo
O obje i o desse a igo é: (1) de cons ui um modelo concei ual gené ico pa a o
modelo de hélice íplice baseado em conjun o de compe ências e, po an o, (b) de
iden i ica as compe ências gené icas no ní el do sis ema necessá ias na eme gência
de uma no a indús ia. Esse a igo suge e que pa a ganha an agem analí ica
adicional no modelo de Hélice T íplice, é necessá io es uda-lo ambém se
concen ando nas compe ências gené icas eque idas pa a a in e ação en e as
p incipais es e as ins i ucionais. Consequen emen e, exis e uma necessidade de oca
na in e ação e nos con li os no ní el das compe ências gené icas que an o
o alecem quan o p ejudicam o p ocesso de ino ação. Ac edi a-se que um conjun o
de compe ências de inido é o co ação de qualque uma cons elação da Hélice
T íplice, mas ambém se ac edi a que compe ências di e en es são mani es adas de
di e sas manei as dependendo da na u eza do sis ema especí ico ou das indús ias
elacionadas. O Modelo de de inição do conjun o de compe ências é elabo ado com
base na eme gência da indús ia de eposição de peças humanas em Tampe e,
Finlândia como um caso ilus a i o que põe em e idência a discussão de ou a o ma
concei ual.
Mul ilingual abs ac
Please see Addi ional ile 1 o ansla ion o he abs ac in o A abic.
In oduc ion
Uni e si ies ha e inc easingly been seen as he co e ins umen s o local, egional and
na ional economic de elopmen . This may be a esul o he obse a ion ha , as many
adi ional indus ies ha e been hollowing ou , and as many local economies ha e been
losing hei leading i ms, he uni e si y o en eme ges as one o he ew solid and lo-
cally oo ed esou ces o d aw upon. I is one o he co es in he dynamic in e ac ion
be ween ‘ he h ee ins i u ional sphe es’, uni e si ies, indus ies and go e nmen , os e -
ing en ep eneu ship, inno a ion and economic g ow h (E zkowi z and Leydesdo
1997; E zkowi z 2008). The co e idea o he T iple Helix model e ol es a ound h ee
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 3 o 20
basic p emises: (1) uni e si ies a e playing a cen al ole in inno a ion side by side wi h
indus ies and go e nmen s; (2) while ea lie inno a ion policy was o a la ge ex en
designed and implemen ed by go e nmen s, oday, i is ai ly commonly an ou come o
complex in e play be ween go e nmen s, indus ies and uni e si ies; and con adic o -
ily, he T iple Helix also a gues ha (3) in addi ion o aking ca e o hei adi ional
unc ions, he h ee ins i u ional sphe es adop new oles and also pe o m he oles o
he o he sphe es. In his model, ac o s aking non- adi ional oles a e seen especially
impo an and po en ial sou ces o inno a ion (E zkowi z and Leydesdo 1997;
E zkowi z 2008).
D awing upon hei li e a u e e iew, Cai and Cui (2015) main ain ha he T iple
Helix model has no been ee o p oblems. I is c i icised o emaining a an abs ac
le el, lacking solid heo e ical basis a a mic ole el, no adequa ely add essing he issues
eme ging when ac o s adop each o he ’s oles and lacking he con ex ual sensi i i y
ac oss coun ies and social se ings (Cai and Cui 2015). Addi ionally, in spi e o he ac
ha he concep o compe ence is, a leas implici ly, s ongly linked o he T iple Helix
li e a u e, i has only ecen ly gained mo e a en ion (Ranga and E zkowi z 2013).
Les e (2007, 1) c ys allises he inc eased need o be e unde s and compe ences e-
la ed o inno a ion sys ems by a guing ha he e a e clea di e ences in he o e all
capabili ies o na ions and egions o adap o he global economy wi h equal success.
Some simply seem o be be e in aking up new echnological and ma ke knowledge
and o apply i e ec i ely. In T iple Helix cons ella ions, compe ences (in di ec and/o
indi ec in e ac ion) gene a e, s imula e and/o ame he o e all unc ioning o a sys-
em and i s ans o ma ion (Eliasson 2000). Consequen ly, as sugges ed by Ranga and
E zkowi z, compe ences also shed ligh on he ways main ac o s come oge he in ‘con-
sensus spaces’, and mo e o cons uc ‘inno a ion spaces’ o ealisa ion o he goals
a icula ed in a consensus space (see Ranga and E zkowi z 2013). Ou ea lie s udies in
Finland e eal ha while he main ac o s may us each o he ’s in eg i y and us -
wo hiness, hey may ha e di icul ies in us ing men al models and speci ic
p o ession-based capabili ies o ‘ he o he s’(So a au a e al 2003).
This pape sugges s ha o gain addi ional analy ical le e age on he T iple Helix
model, and he h ee spaces in he co e o i , we need o s udy i also by ocusing on
gene ic compe ences called o in he in e ac ion be ween he main ins i u ional
sphe es. The concep o gene ic compe ence e e s o hose highe o de abili ies ha
a e called o o lea n, inno a e, an icipa e and c ea e and/o o gene a e condi ions o
lea ning and inno a ion (c . B own 1994; Wadhwa and Rao 2000).
As sugges ed by he e e expanding T iple Helix li e a u e, he e is a need o ind a
way o link he concep o compe ence in he deba e by eaching beyond he na ow o -
ganisa ional iew. Fo hese easons, his pape cons uc s a compe ence se model aim
being o con ibu e o he T iple Helix deba e. This pape is buil on an assump ion
ha , when enhancing he in e ac ion be ween he h ee ins i u ional sphe es, he e is a
need o unde s and how a se o compe ences can be shaped o a mo e p oduc i e col-
labo a ion. I is exac ly o his end, he compe ence se model is in oduced o discuss
he in e connec ed na u e o gene ic compe ences equi ed in inno a ion, business
g ow h and economic enewal. The second assump ion hus is ha by he compe ence
se model, i is possible o unde s and how compe ences a e sp ead ac oss he h ee
ins i u ional sphe es and se e al o ganisa ions. The compe ence se is a con igu a ion
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 4 o 20
o compe ences ha in di ec and indi ec in e ac ion gene a es new knowledge as well
as i s di usion and alo iza ion (see Eliasson 2000).
The wo in e ela ed esea ch ques ions we se ou o add ess a e wha kind o gen-
e ic compe ences a e called o in he eme gence o a new science-based indus y and
how do gene ic compe ences in e ac in a T iple Helix cons ella ion. Fo his end, he
ocus in his pape is on sys em-le el gene ic compe ences ins ead o he compe ences
o an indi idual o ganisa ion. The concep s o compe ence and he compe ence se a e
elabo a ed upon by using he eme gence o human spa e pa s indus y in Tampe e,
Finland, as an illus a i e case o highligh he o he wise concep ual discussion.
Towa ds a compe ence se model in he con ex o T iple Helix
The concep o co e compe ence
In o ganisa ion and managemen s udies, he concep o co e compe ence has become
one o he key concep s in he e o s o unde s and why some i ms succeed while
o he s do no , and, as i is belie ed in his pape , i has a po en ial o add analy ical
le e age also in s udies ocusing on T iple Helix cons ella ions. The key a ionale in
b inging hese ai ly disconnec ed bodies o li e a u e oge he is ha he e is much o
be lea n ac oss hese b oad ields o knowledge. In compe ence hinking, he basic idea
is ha an o ganisa ion should comp ehend i s own co e compe ences and capabili ies
in o de o u ilise he esou ces a ailable (P alahad and Hamel 1990). I is also assumed
ha compe ences change mo e slowly han p oduc s and ma ke s, and hence, he iden-
i y o an o ganisa ion should no depend on p oduc s and ma ke s bu on some hing
mo e las ing, some hing ha lies a he e y co e o he o ganisa ion’s ac i i ies and
success (Tuomi 1999, 82–83). Du and (1998, 306) connec s compe ences di ec ly o an
o ganisa ion’s esou ces and p ope y and o indi idual and o ganisa ional capabili ies,
knowledge, p ocesses, ou ines and cul u e. Ja idan (1998, 62) uses he concep o com-
pe ence o e e o he combining and coo dina ing o capabili ies cu ing ac oss unc-
ions. Co e compe ence, d awing upon he heo y o P alahad and Hamel (1990), may
be de ined p edominan ly as a collec i e lea ning p ocess ac oss he inno a ion sys em.
Fo i s pa , gene ic compe ence is aken he e o be speci ically capabili y and expe ise
ha is po en ially common o se e al o ganisa ions in a T iple Helix cons ella ion bu
may also be embedded in a single o ganisa ion ha has a cen al posi ion in a sys em.
Gene ic compe ences a e hus dis ibu ed o e many ope a ions ei he wi hin an o gan-
isa ion o ac oss hem, and he e o e, om he T iple Helix poin o iew, i is essen ial
o app oach hem om sys emic ins ead o o ganisa ional pe spec i es. Fo ha pu -
pose, a concep ual link be ween compe ence hinking and T iple Helix is cons uc ed
by a compe ence se model.
F om compe ence bloc heo y o compe ence se model
The compe ence se model is inspi ed by he compe ence bloc heo y (Eliasson 2000),
bu as he compe ence bloc heo y was mainly cons uc ed o be e unde s and and
explain business g ow h in bio echnology, i needs o be ex ended wi h addi ional com-
pe ences o p o ide an analy ical ool o b oade sc u iny o T iple Helix cons ella-
ions. The compe ence o ac o s and hei in e ac ion de e mines he quali y o a
compe ence se and, as assumed he e, also in e ac ion in he con ex o a T iple Helix.
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 5 o 20

Addi ionally, a se o compe ences a ac s compe en in es o s who con ibu e posi-
i ely o he a ac i eness o a T iple Helix cons ella ion (Eliasson 2000). A minimum
c i ical compe ence mass and a ie y a e needed be o e a T iple Helix becomes uly
unc ional, and, acco ding o Eliasson and Eliasson (1996), he ollowing ac o s usually
play cen al oles (modi ied sligh ly): (a) compe en and ac i e cus ome s and use s, (b)
inno a o s who combine new knowledge and echnologies in no el ways, (c) en ep e-
neu s who iden i y p o i able inno a ions and p epa e hem o ini ia ion in he ma ke ,
(d) compe en en u e inancie s who ecognise and inance he en ep eneu s, (e) exi
ma ke s ha acili a e owne ship change and ( ) indus ialis s and o he es ablished
ac o s who ake success ul inno a ions o indus ial-scale p oduc ion. (Eliasson and
Eliasson 1996).
Eliasson (2000) s ongly associa es compe ences wi h he selec ion o winning ech-
nologies and co po a e winne s, and con e sely losing echnologies and co po a ions,
and hus, i adds analy ical le e age o he T iple Helix ela ionships ha a e, acco ding
o Cai (2014), ‘abou compe i ion and coope a ion o esou ces, edis ibu ion o
powe , and ne wo k building’. Howe e , impo an ly, he T iple Helix model eminds
ha he ques ion is no only abou selec ion o ‘winne s’and ‘lose s’, o indi idual com-
panies o na ow indus ial sec o s, bu also mo e p o oundly and b oadly abou ex en-
si e collabo a ion ac oss ins i u ional sphe es o economic g ow h and enewal. Thus,
he ques ion is abou how new knowledge eme ges, how i gene a es a ia ion and how
selec ion is made, and hus, mo ing beyond he na ow o ganisa ional and sec o -based
app oaches is undamen al o be e suppo cons uc ion o knowledge, consensus and
inno a ion spaces ha play a cen al ole in T iple Helix cons ella ions (Ranga and
E zkowi z 2013).
As Ranga and E zkowi z (2013) main ain, he main ing edien in a knowledge-based
economic de elopmen is he c ea ion o a knowledge space ha , acco ding o hem,
‘encompasses he compe ences o knowledge gene a ion, di usion and use o he T iple
Helix componen s’. They de ine consensus space o e e o a enue ha b ings
oge he ac o s om di e en o ganisa ional backg ounds and pe spec i es o gene a -
ing new s a egies and ideas, he ul ima e goal being no el disco e ies and ela ed inno-
a ions. Fo i s pa , inno a ion space e e s o new o ganisa ional mechanisms ha a e
gea ed owa ds ‘ he de elopmen o local inno a i e i ms, in pa allel wi h he a ac-
ion o alen and inno a i e i ms om elsewhe e, he c ea ion and de elopmen o
in ellec ual and en ep eneu ial po en ial, and compe i i e ad an age o he egion and
he coun y’(Ranga and E zkowi z 2013, 247).
Applying Eliasson’s (2000) concep ualisa ion, he compe ence se is de ined as a con-
igu a ion o gene ic compe ences ha in di ec and indi ec in e ac ion gene a es new
knowledge as well as i s di usion and alo isa ion. In o he wo ds, compe ence se is a
g oup o compe ences, which belong oge he o a e usually ound oge he . Basically,
he compe ence se e e s o he abili y o achie e new o ms o compe i i e ad an age
by highligh ing he need o con inuously enew compe ences so as o achie e cong u-
ence wi h he changing en i onmen . Mo eo e , he compe ence se model may p o e
use ul in he many e o s o boos inno a ion spaces, i.e. inding new ways o combine
capi al, echnology knowledge and business expe ise. I he e o e ollows ha a compe-
ence se is a collec ion o gene ic compe ences widely dis ibu ed ac oss he h ee
ins i u ional sphe es and hence highligh s ha compe ences can be consciously
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 6 o 20
econ igu ed, edi ec ed, ans o med and app op ia ely shaped, and in eg a ed in o
exis ing compe ences as well as ex e nal esou ces (c . Teece e al. 1997). Con e sely,
missing and/o poo compe ences may eeze in e ac i e inno a ion p ocesses and lock
hem in he pas .
A sole ocus on ac o s and he ela ionships be ween hem, ypical o inno a ion
sys em s udies, may e en blu he iew on how sys ems ac ually unc ion and wha
d i es hem; hence, i is impo an o make a dis inc ion be ween o ganisa ions and
compe ences. By app oaching ac o s indi ec ly h ough compe ences, i migh be pos-
sible o cla i y and speci y he oles ha hey play in ansla ing new knowledge in o i-
able p oduc s and se ices. Fo hese easons, he main a ionale in cons uc ing a
compe ence se model is (a) o speci y wha kind o compe ences a e called o in a
T iple Helix cons ella ion and (b) o iden i y he compe ences ha keep a T iple Helix
cons ella ion con inuously adap ing o changing economic landscapes. The compe ence
se may hus also be used (c) o se e as a ool in a sea ch o sys emic ailu es as well
as sha ed in e es s, p oblems, oppo uni ies and capabili ies, as sugges ed in he man-
agemen li e a u e (P alahad and Hamel 1990). Consequen ly, a compe ence se model
is an analy ical ool gea ed owa ds iden i ying how di e en compe ences o many
ac o s could be in eg a ed wi h one ano he bo h ho izon ally and e ically in such a
way ha a cons uc ed se would se e bo h he en i e sys em and ac o s embedded
in o i . The assump ion he e is ha gene ic compe ences need o be iden i ied and ana-
lysed empi ically case by case bu a hema ic amewo k is needed o guide he sea ch.
The hema ic amewo k was cons uc ed by iden i ying s udies ocusing on
inno a ion sys em unc ions, as gene ic compe ences a e by necessi y linked o he
mos impo an unc ions o any inno a ion sys em (see Lund all e al. 2002; Lund all
and Lo enz 2006). In he li e a u e on inno a ion sys em unc ions, knowledge de el-
opmen and di usion is, qui e sel -e iden ly, acknowledged as a key unc ion (Edquis
2005; Hekke e al 2007; Hekke and Neg o 2009; Be gek e al 2008; Liu and Whi e
2001). Fo his pa , Eliasson (2000) does no discuss knowledge de elopmen as such,
as his heo y is dealing mo e wi h selec ion o winning echnologies ins ead o sou ces
o inno a ion. Mos o he key au ho s include ma ke o ma ion, aming and c e-
a ion o s a egic awa eness o new echnologies and mobilisa ion in hei discussion o
he key inno a ion sys em unc ions (Edquis 2005; Hekke e al 2007; Hekke and
Neg o 2009; Be gek e al 2008; Jacobsson and Be gek 2004; Rickne 2000). Eliasson
(2000), Hekke and Neg o (2009) and Be gek e al (2008) also inco po a e in he se
o sys em unc ions en ep eneu ial ac i i y. Edquis (2005), Hekke and Neg o
(2009), Be gek e al (2008) and Rickne (2000) emind abou he impo ance o
legi imiza ion, and Eliasson and Eliasson (1996) pay ex ensi e a en ion o en u e
inances. In line wi h Liu and Whi e (2001), Eliasson and Eliasson (1996) add de ec-
ion o end- alues in he deba e while Edquis (2005), Hekke and Neg o (2009),
Be gek e al 2008, Liu and Whi e (2001) and Rickne (2000) emphasise he impo ance
o in e ac ion by highligh ing ne wo king, exchange o knowledge and b inging
oge he complemen a y knowledge.
Following he close eading o he li e a u e on inno a ion sys em unc ions, he
compe ence se model was cons uc ed o co e se en hemes o he empi ical wo k
on he gene ic compe ences. F aming, mobilisa ion and ne wo king we e le ou om
he amewo k, as, ins ead o being sys em unc ions, hey we e iden i ied as gene ic
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 7 o 20
capabili ies cu ing h ough all he unc ions, and as such, hey a e embedded in he
co e compe ence hinking as well as he T iple Helix model (see e.g. Russel e al. 2015).
Ins ead, d awing upon Eliasson (2000) and Liu and Whi e (2001), indus ial p oduc ion
o sys ema ic p oduc ion was included in he analysis, as i appea s as impo an in he
ins i u ionalisa ion o inno a ions. The se en hemes a e he ollowing: (1) knowledge
c ea ion and di usion, (2) en ep eneu ship, (3) inances, (4) legi imisa ion, (5) ma ke
o ma ion, (6) sys ema ic p oduc ion and (7) iden i ying po en ial end- alues. I is im-
po an o keep in mind ha he se en unc ions, labelled he e as hemes, a e no gen-
e ic compe ences as such bu hey a e used in he iden i ica ion o hem. Qui e
na u ally, each o he hemes includes a a ie y o speci ic capabili ies ha cons uc a
gene ic compe ence. In a sys em-le el analysis, he in e ac ion o iden i ied compe-
ences p o ides u he empi ical analysis wi h a poin o depa u e in iden i ying he
speci ic capabili ies in a con ex o a speci ic ans o ma ion p ocess o a speci ic T iple
Helix cons ella ion.
Me hodology and case
This pape ollows a single case s udy design o illus a e and highligh how he con-
s uc ed compe ence se may play ou wi h a case. The s udy co e s he heo e ical
middle ange in ha i aims o unde s and he eme gence o a new indus y in i s
unique con ex and cons uc a concep ual model o adding analy ical le e age o he
T iple Helix model.
The eme ging egene a i e medicine concen a ion in Tampe e and he p ospec i e
Finnish human spa e pa s indus y se es as an example o eme ging indus y (see
So a au a and Mus ikkamäki 2015). I does no ye ha e a di ec an eceden in he
economy and hus en ails he need o cons uc new compe ences and/o ans o m
exis ing ones o suppo he bi h and enla gemen o an emb yonic indus y. The
empi ical s udy began in 2014 wi h he analysis o seconda y da a, including ele an
jou nals, ela ed newspape a icles, annual epo s and espec i e policy documen s.
This phase iden i ied he s a e o he a o he human spa e pa s indus y bo h locally
and globally. Nex , 24 people, in ol ed in di e en capaci ies in he de elopmen o
egene a i e medicine in Tampe e, Finland, we e in e iewed in 2014 and ea ly 2015.
Fi een o he in e iewees we e employees o BioMediTech (a join ins i u e o he
Uni e si y o Tampe e and he Tampe e Uni e si y o Technology), and he es o he
in e iewees we e om local and egional de elopmen agencies, Tampe e Uni e si y
Hospi al, Minis y o Employmen and he Economy, he Finnish Funding Agency o
Inno a ion (TEKES) and a local i m. The in e iew hemes we e d awn om he com-
pe ence se model and, in p ac ice, comp ised he se en gene ic compe ences (see
Fig. 1). The main aim was o cons uc an unde s anding o wha sys em-le el gene ic
compe ences a e needed o enhance he eme gence o science-based human spa e pa s
indus y and desc ibe he cu en si ua ion in Tampe e. Compe ences and capaci ies e-
la ed o ac ual scien i ic wo k, knowledge p oduc ion, a e no elabo a ed, bu hei im-
po ance is, o cou se, acknowledged, as hey o m he co e in he eme gence o any
science-based indus y.
The e m egene a i e medicine was o ged in 2000 and is now widely used o
desc ibe biomedical app oaches o healing he body by he s imula ion o endogenous
cells o epai damaged issues o he ansplan a ion o cells o enginee ed issues o
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 8 o 20
eplace diseased o inju ed issues (Riazi e al. 2009). The basic uni in egene a i e
medicine is a s em cell. S em cells a e biological cells ound in all mul icellula o gan-
isms. The po en ial o s em cells in clinical ea men s is based on hei mul ipo en
abili y. S em cells a e able o egene a e issues and o gans and ac as building blocks
o all issues in he body (Na ional Ins i u es o Heal h 2009). Regene a i e medicine
(RM) o ms he hi d discipline in human heal hca e alongside medicine and su ge y
(Polak e al. 2010), and, om a business poin o iew, cell he apy is de ined as a
ou h pilla in he heal hca e indus y alongside pha maceu icals, biopha maceu icals
and medical de ices (Mason and Manzo i 2009). Regene a i e medicine has g own
apidly, and scien i ic achie emen s ha e c ea ed hopes o new ea men s o se e e
incu able diseases, such as diabe es, Pa kinson’s disease, cance and hea diseases. The
p omise o egene a i e medicine is e y exci ing, bu simul aneously, he cos o p od-
uc de elopmen , and mos no ably clinical ials, o high-end applica ions is e y high
(Mason and Dunnil 2008a, 351).
In Tampe e, he scien i ic esea ch on egene a i e medicine is based on close collab-
o a ion be ween he Uni e si y o Tampe e and he Tampe e Uni e si y o Technology,
and he i s disco e ies we e based on collabo a ion be ween bioma e ial enginee s,
clinicians, cell biologis s, echnical expe s and animal model expe s (So a au a and
Mus ikkamäki 2015). The wo uni e si ies ins i u ionalised hei collabo a ion in 2013
by es ablishing a join esea ch ins i u e, Ins i u e o Biosciences and Medical Technol-
ogy (BioMediTech), ha is a home base o app oxima ely 250 scien is s om he wo
uni e si ies. The unique na u e o science and echnology c ea ed a BioMediTech can
be illus a ed by he ac ha in 2008, o he i s ime in he wo ld, a pa ien ’s uppe
jaw was eplaced wi h a bone ansplan cul i a ed om he s em cells isola ed om
he pa ien ’s own a y issue (So a au a and Mus ikkamäki 2015). The pa ien had los
oughly hal o his uppe jaw because o cance and adi ional medicine was unable o
o e emedial ea men . In he p ocess, he scien is s we e able o p oduce new bone
cells by combining s em cells and bioma e ials and hen g ow hem in o a jawbone o
he co ec shape and size (wi h he aid o a i anium ame) inside he pa ien ’s s om-
ach muscle (Bionex 2010; So a au a and Mus ikkamäki 2015).
In 2014, he in e na ional e alua ion panel ha ca ied ou an ex ensi e e alua ion o
he esea ch ac i i ies a he Uni e si y o Tampe e concluded ha ‘ esea ch conduc ed
a BioMediTech has an excellen s anding na ionally and in e na ionally and he
Fig. 1 The se en hemes o he compe ence se model
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 9 o 20
impossible o b ing new he apies o medical de ices in o clinical use wi hou any egu-
la o y app o al. Regula o y bodies, hough, a e no always up o da e abou biomedical
scien i ic unde s anding and possibili ies o echnology, and hus, he e a e examples o
e olu iona y ajec o ies whe e egula ion co-e ol es wi h he inno a ion p ocess and
he ma ke (Me cal e e al. 2005). S a u es conce ning clinical medical esea ch in gen-
e al co e much o he s em cell-based esea ch, and only a ew coun ies ha e adop ed
legisla ion de o ed o s em cell esea ch pe se. In Finland, he e hical a mosphe e and le-
gisla ion ha e mos ly been pe missi e (S em cell esea ch in he No dic coun ies 2007).
In Tampe e, ealised expe imen al ea men s ha e been egula ed unde Hospi al Ex-
emp ion o Ad anced The apy Medicinal P oduc s (ATMP). E en a e se e al suc-
cess ul expe imen al ea men s, and es ablished expe ise o cul i a e bone issue om
s em cells, egula o s do no ully know wha he egula o y de ails a e o hese kinds
o new p oduc s and ea men s in Finland. The e ac ually is an on-going dialogue be-
ween he egula o s and ep esen a i es o BioMediTech o ind ou wha is ac ually
equi ed and how o ca y i ou , and hus, he Tampe e case con i ms he ea lie ob-
se a ions ha egula ion co-e ol es wi h he inno a ion p ocess and he ma ke in he
eme ging indus ies (Me cal e e al. 2005). In Finland, egene a i e medicine is well
legi imised in he science sys em including science and inno a ion unding bu i is no
as well legi imised in he heal hca e sys em, as he ea men s a e mainly case-by-case
expe imen s a he han es ablished pa s o he s anda d epe oi e o he hospi als
and he en i e sys em. Acco ding o ou in e iews, in he hospi al, he indi idual med-
ical doc o s comp ise he co e in he e o s o exploi he disco e ies o egene a i e
medicine, and hus o legi imise i in hei own specialisa ion a eas, and so a , he e
has only been ew champions o hese e o s. The e o e, he limi a ion o a physician’s
esponsibili y ega ding ha m done o a pa ien du ing a ea men may ha e a majo
impac on clinical p ac ice as well as new p oduc and se ice de elopmen . I physi-
cians alone ca y he esponsibili y, he will o ake isks a indi idual le el is small
compa ed o a si ua ion whe e he go e nmen , hospi al o a sys em as a whole ca ies
pa o he liabili y. In Finland, physicians a e ai ly well posi ioned o expe imen wi h
new echnologies as he esponsibili y is sha ed in he sys em.
End- alues
Liu and Whi e (2001) sugges ha , in he spi i o demand-led inno a ion, end-use-
gene a ed inno a ion needs o be be e acknowledged han ea lie ecommended in
he inno a ion sys em li e a u e. Howe e , in he ea ly s ages o egene a i e medicine-
ela ed p oduc s and se ices, i is ai ly ha d o see use - o demand-led inno a ion
eme ging. The en i e ield is pushed o wa d by new de elopmen s in science, and he
‘cus ome imagina ion’is no de eloped enough o demand new kinds o se ices.
Howe e , as he ield is cha ac e ised by high hopes and global hype, he e a e a a ie y
o expec a ions. Public policymake s and unding bodies a e looking o wa d o
inc eased employmen and globally leading posi ions in a new ending ield; ou in e -
iews e ealed ha his is he case in Tampe e oo. Scien is s, o hei pa , aim o
push he scien i ic on ie o wa d bu also seek ci a ions and ame. And o cou se, ul-
ima ely, he e a e incu able o di icul o cu e diseases and hus plen y o pa ien s
who migh bene i om scien i ic b eak h oughs in egene a i e medicine p o iding
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 16 o 20

hem wi h new hope. In all cases, po en ial and ac ual bene icia ies o inno a ions in e-
gene a i e medicine consis o he e ogeneous se s o ac o s ha all ha e hei own
hopes and ea s. Expec a ions a e no as clea as we migh assume; any T iple Helix is
a nexus o many expec a ions and desi es, and hence, consensus spaces a e o impo -
ance, bu no easily cons uc ed and main ained. The e o e, i is impo an o sc u inise
wha he po en ial end- esul s migh be by ocusing on no only he end-use o speci ic
inno a ions, o demand-led inno a ion, bu also he end- alues a ious ac o s expec o
ge ou o i . I is impo an o no e ha ‘a i m’,‘p oduc ’o ‘se ice’is no an end-
alue, as is o en seen, bu he alue gene a ed o he socie y, economy and indi iduals
a la ge.
In Tampe e, he e ha e been only limi ed discussions, no o men ion public deba es,
on he end- alues, and i may be ha he lack o public deba es a e among he easons
why legi imisa ion p ocesses a e s ill une en depending on he sub-sys em, and why
ma ke o e ings ha e been slow o eme ge, and why he Tampe e Uni e si y Hospi al
has no adop ed a mo e s a egic a i ude owa ds i . In Tampe e, he e a e no e o s
o boos public discussion on he public and/o p i a e end- alues o he money
in es ed in egene a i e medicine ei he , and i seems clea ha he e is no widely
sha ed awa eness o he impo ance o public deba es in he eme gence o a new indus-
y and hus no compe ences o se hese in mo ion. Pe haps, he human spa e pa s
indus y has no begun o eme ge in Finland, as i is globally unde de eloped, unding
is sca ce bu also because he e is no public deba e conce ning he end- alues o po en-
ial isks in ol ed in egene a i e medicine and human spa e pa s indus y.
The co e ac o s ha e no unde s ood he alue o gene a ing a public discussion on
he u u e p ospec s o egene a i e medicine and human spa e pa s indus y mo e
b oadly. As he end- alues a e only aguely deba ed ou side he scien i ic and some
policy ci cles, i also is di icul o begin a sys ema ic cons uc ion o such compe ences
ha a e needed in aking majo s eps o wa d. In addi ion, he e a e no ‘inno a ion
e angelis s’who would wo k o inc eased awa eness o he eme ging indus y and
build a c i ical mass and compe en managemen eams o suppo o i . An e angelis
is a special ole in he sys em wi h es ablished compe ences in p omo ing he use o a
pa icula echnology h ough alks, bonding wi h ga ekeepe s, w i ing a icles o p o-
essional as well as gene al media, blogging, boos ing use demons a ions, p esen ing
eco ded demons a ions o he c ea ion o sample p ojec s (Bea y and Go don 1991;
Lucas-Conwell 2006). Inno a ion e angelis s a e playing an impo an ole in he con-
s uc ion o collec i e belie s ha again a e cen al in a design o new s a egies (So a -
au a 2016) and cons uc ion o ela ed compe ences.
Conclusions
This pape sugges s ha o uly unde s and he dynamics o he T iple Helix model
and how new disco e ies a e comme cialised and di used in o he socie y, he e is a
need o s udy also in e ac ing gene ic compe ences ha ei he enhance o hampe col-
labo a ion in T iple Helix cons ella ions. Mo eo e , i is belie ed ha cons uc ion o
well- unc ioning inno a ion and knowledge spaces, and ela ed consensus space, calls
o no el ways o analyse and de elop in e ela ed bu di e ing compe ences om
T iple Helix ins ead o o ganisa ional pe spec i es (see also Ranga and E zkowi z 2013).
Fo hese pu poses, a se o gene ic compe ences was in oduced and discussed, and i
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 17 o 20
was also shown how hey play oge he , o no , in a speci ic case. The dominan gene ic
compe ences a e ela ed o he gene a ion o new knowledge and he selec ion o win-
ning knowledge, p oduc s and/o se ices and e en ion o hem in he economy, bu ,
as was shown, se e al o he gene ic compe ences a e called o in he sys em o make a
las ing impac on he socie y, o ins i u ionalise he new disco e ies. As he case s udy
epo ed in his pape shows, i may be di icul o mo e beyond scien i ic excellence in
an eme ging ield, in which no all he gene ic compe ences ha e de eloped ye o sup-
po each o he . Any T iple Helix cons ella ion is by de ini ion a complex ensemble o
ac o s, and as he Tampe e case also e eals, in he cou se o e en s, i may be ai ly
di icul o see how he lack o compe ences ela ed o making sense o eme ging ma -
ke s, deba ing po en ial end- alues and legi imisa ion may end up hampe ing he unc-
ionali y o consensus and inno a ion spaces, and hus also seemingly s aigh o wa d
comme cializa ion e o s.
The main obs acles in a case unde sc u iny a e ela ed o insu icien unding, di i-
cul ies in he echnology ans e p ocesses, poo unde s anding o eme ging ma ke s
and acquisi ion o capabili ies needed in he o m o compe en managemen eams.
Many o hese issues a e beyond wha can be expec ed om uni e si ies only, and qui e
na u ally, he eme gence o he human spa e pa s indus y is dependen on many
compe ences o all h ee ins i u ional sphe es o he T iple Helix model. I migh be
possible o a gue, o example, ha he local uni e si y hospi al, owned by he local
go e nmen , ough o in eg a e new ea men s in o i s s anda d epe oi e, bu , in
p ac ice, he mix o po en ial end- alues a e poo ly iden i ied and no p ope ly deba ed,
and hus, i is di icul o he hospi al o ake necessa y measu es o e en unde s and
wha is a s ake. And he e, he compe ences o social scien is s and/o local poli icians
migh p o e in aluable. Mo eo e , i would be easy o sugges ha he uni e si ies
ough o s eng hen hei compe ences ela ed o en ep eneu ship, ma ke o ma ion,
echnology ans e and comme cializa ion, bu as impo an , i is o ask whe e comple-
men a y compe ences could be ound om and how hey could be apped in o and in-
eg a ed in o he local T iple Helix cons ella ion. So a , hey ha e been ound in he
USA and Belgium. In addi ion, he e is a medical echnology-specialised local de elop-
men agency ha played a cen al ole in he ea ly phases o egene a i e medicine (see
So a au a and Mus ikkamäki 2015), bu as he ole o in e media ies has been ques-
ioned in he Finnish inno a ion sys em, i has been disin eg a ing om mo e ecen
de elopmen s. In e es ingly, om a na ional inno a ion sys em poin o iew, his may be a
well-a gued posi ion bu , om a compe ence se poin o iew, well es ablished, much
needed and aluable local compe ences ha e been side- acked mo e o less unin en ionally.
The conclusion, and p oposi ion o u u e on s udies on iple helices, is ha a balanced
compe ence se in luences posi i ely he unc ionali y o T iple Helix cons ella ions, and
mo e speci ically knowledge, consensus and inno a ion spaces in he co e o hem, and
p o ides all h ee ins i u ional sphe es wi h a ool o cus omise hei in e ac ion. I is im-
po an o no e ha he gene ic compe ences and a compe ence se based on hem may be
uni e sally needed bu hei mani es a ions a y ac oss coun ies and egions; di e en ac-
o s may in oduce di e en gene ic compe ences depending on he pas pa h, he sys em
and he expe ise o indi idual ac o s. Thus, he concep o compe ence se p o ides a ool
odiscuss he oleso a iousac o sinaT iple Helix, and he compe ences hey b ing in o
play, and especially o de ec poo ly de eloped o non-exis ing compe ences.
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 18 o 20
Addi ional ile
Addi ional ile 1: T ansla ion o he abs ac in o A abic. (PDF 273 kb)
Recei ed: 26 No embe 2015 Accep ed: 14 July 2016
Re e ences
Ald ich HE, Fiol CM (1994) Fools ush in: he ins i u ional con ex o indus y c ea ion. Acad Manage Re 19(4):645–670
ARM (2014) Regen med and ad anced he apies s a e o he a indus y b ie ing. Alliance o egene a i e medicine
Bea y CA, Go don JRM (1991) P eaching he gospel: he e angelis s o new echnology. Cali Manage Re 33(3):73-94
Be gek A, Jacobsson S, Ca lsson B, Lindma k S, Rickne A (2008) Analyzing he unc ional dynamics o echnological
inno a ion sys ems: a scheme o analysis. Res Policy 37(3):407–429
Bionex (2010) Inno a ion o well-being 2003–2010. Bionex , Tampe e
B own RB (1994) Re ain he compe ency deba e managemen knowledge and gene ic compe ence in g adua e
educa ion. Managemen 25(2):289–299
Cai Y (2014) Implemen ing he T iple Helix model in a non-Wes e n con ex : an ins i u ional logics pe spec i e. T iple
Helix 1:1
Cai Y, Cui L (2015) The oles o uni e si ies in os e ing knowledge-in ensi e clus e s in Chinese egional inno a ion
sys ems. Sci Public Policy 42(1):15–29
Dewald U, T u e B (2011) Ma ke o ma ion in echnological inno a ion sys ems—di usion o pho o ol aic
applica ions in Ge many. Ind Inno 18(3):285–300
D ucke PF (2014) Inno a ion and en ep eneu ship. Rou ledge, Abingdon
Du and T (1998) The alchemy o compe ence. In: Hamel G, P alahad C K, Thomas H, O’Neal D (eds) S a egic Flexibili y:
Managing in a Tu bulen En i onmen . John Wiley & Sons, Chiches e , pp 303–330
Edquis C (2005) Sys ems o inno a ion: pe spec i es and challenges. In: Ox o d Handbook o Inno a ion. Ox o d
Uni e si y P ess, New Yo k, pp 181–208
Eliasson G (2000) Indus ial policy, compe ence blocs and he ole o science in economic de elopmen . J E ol Econ
10:217–241
Eliasson G, Eliasson Å (1996) The bio echnological compe ence bloc. Re Econ Ind 78:7–26
E zkowi z H, Leydesdo L (1997) Uni e si ies and he Global Knowledge Economy: A T iple Helix o Uni e si y-Indus y-
Go e nmen Rela ions. London: Pin e .
E zkowi z H (2008) The T iple Helix: Uni e si y-Indus y-Go e nmen Inno a ion In Ac ion. London: Rou ledge.
Flo ida R, Kenney M (1988) Ven u e capi al and high echnology en ep eneu ship. J Bus Ven u 3(4):301–319
Gompe s PA, Le ne J (1999) The en u e capi al cycle. MIT P ess, Camb idge MA
G and View Resea ch (2013) Global s em cells ma ke . A ailable om: h p://www.g and iew esea ch.com/p ess-
elease/global-s em-cells-ma ke . Accessed 18 No 2015
Hakala J, Roihu uo ( oim.) (2014) Resea ch Assessmen Exe cise a he Uni e si y o Tampe e 2014 –Final Repo
(U aRae2014). Uni e si y o Tampe e; Kopioniini Oy, Tampe e.
Heinonen T (2015) Managemen o inno a ion in academia: a case s udy in Tampe e. J Technol Manage Inno 10(2):
198–210
Hekke M, Neg o S (2009) Func ions o inno a ion sys ems as a amewo k o unde s and sus ainable echnological
change: empi ical e idence o ea lie claims. Technol Fo ecas Soc Chang 76(4):584–594
Hekke MP, Suu s RAA, Neg o SO, Kuhlmann S, Smi s REHM (2007) Func ions o inno a ion sys ems: a new app oach
o analyzing echnological change. Technol Fo ecas Soc Change 74:413–432
Hellman K, Johnson P, Be am T, Tawil B (2011) Challenges in issue enginee ing and egene a i e medicine p oduc
comme cializa ion: building and indus y. Tissue Eng Pa A 17(1/2):1–3
Jacobsson S, Be gek A (2004) T ans o ming he ene gy sec o : he e olu ion o echnological sys ems in enewable
ene gy echnology. Ind Co p Chang 13(5):815–849
Ja idan M (1998) Co e compe ence: wha does i mean in p ac ice. Long Range Plann 31(1):60–71
Johnson P, Be am T, Tawil B, Hellman K (2011) Hu dles in issue enginee ing/ egene a i e medicine p oduc
comme cializa ion: a su ey o No h Ame ican academia and indus y. Tissue Eng Pa A 17(1/2):5–15
Les e R (2007) Uni e si ies, inno a ion and he compe i i eness o local economies: an o e iew. In: Les e R, So a au a
M (eds) Inno a ion, uni e si ies and he compe i i eness o egions. Technology e iew. Tekes, Helsinki, p 214
Liu X, Whi e S (2001) Compa ing inno a ion sys ems: a amewo k and applica ion o China’s ansi ional con ex . Res
Policy 30(7):1091–1114
Lucas-Conwell F (2006) Technology e angelis s: a leade ship su ey, pape p esen ed in P epa ed o he SDFo um
Con e ence on “Technology Leade ship and E angelism in he Pa icipa ion Age”. 4 Decembe 2006.
Lund all B, Lo enz E (2006) How Eu ope’s economies lea n: coo dina ing compe ing models. Ox o d Uni e si y P ess,
Ox o d
Lund all B-Å, Johnson B, Ande sen E, Dalum B (2002) Na ional sys ems o p oduc ion, inno a ion and compe ence
building. Res Policy 31:213–231
Ma in P, Co eney C, K a A, B own N, Ba h P (2006) Comme cial de elopmen o s em cell echnology: lessons om
he pas , s a egies o he u u e. Regen Med 1(6):801–807
Mason C (2007) Edi o ial— egene a i e medicine 2.0. Regen Med 2(1):11–18
Mason C, Dunnil P (2008a) A b ie de ini ion o egene a i e medicine. Regene Med 3(1):1–5.
Mason C, Dunnil P (2008b) A b ie de ini ion o egene a i e medicine. Regene Med 3(1):1–5
Mason C, Manzo i E (2009) Regen: he indus y esponsible o cell-based he apies. Regen Med 4(6):783–785
Mason C, B indley D, Culme-Seymou E, Da ie N (2011) Cell he apy indus y: billion dolla global business wi h
unlimi ed po en ial. Regen Med 6(3):265–272
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 19 o 20
Me cal e J S, James A, Mina A (2005) Eme gen inno a ion sys ems and he deli e y o clinical se ices: he case o
in a-ocula lenses. Resea ch Policy 34:1283–1304.
Mu ay F (2004) The ole o academic in en o s in en ep eneu ial i ms: sha ing he labo a o y li e. Res Policy
33:643–659
Na ional Ins i u es o Heal h (2009) S em cell basics. A ailable om: h p://s emcells.nih.go /s a ic esou ces/in o/basics/
SCp ime 2009.pd . Accessed 18 No 2015
Pa son A (2008) S em cell bio ech: seeking a piece o he ac ion. Cell 132:511–513
Pisano G (2006) P o i ing om inno a ion and he in ellec ual p ope y e olu ion. Res Policy 35(8):1122–1130
Polak J, B a e y C, P esco C (2010) T ansla ion and comme cializa ion o egene a i e medicine. J R Soc In e ace 7:
S675–S676
P alahad C K, Hamel G (1990) The co e compe ence o he co po a ion. Ha a d Business Re iew, Bos on MA, p 79–91
P esco C (2011) The business o exploi ing induced plu ipo en s em cells. PhilosT ans R Soc B 366:2323–2328
Ranga M, E zkowi z H (2013) T iple Helix sys ems: an analy ical amewo k o inno a ion policy and p ac ice in he
knowledge socie y. Ind High Educ 27(3):237–262
Reynolds E, Samel H, Law ence J (2013) Lea ning by building: Complemen a y asse s and he mig a ion o capabili ies
in U.S. inno a ion i ms. Wo king pape se ies 13/001, Camb idge MA; MIT Indus ial pe o mance cen e .
Riazi AM, Kwon SY, S an o d WL (2009) S em cell sou ces o egene a i e medicine. Me hods Mol Biol 48:55–90
Rickne A (2000) New echnology-based i ms and indus ial dynamics –E idence om he echnological sys em o
bioma e ials in Sweden, Ohio and Massachuse s, Doc o al disse a ion, Depa men o Indus ial Dynamics,
Chalme s Uni e si y o Technology, Gö ebo g.
Russel M, Huh amäki J, S ill K, Rubens N, Basole R (2015) Rela ional capi al o sha ed ision in inno a ion ecosys ems.
T iple Helix 2(8):1–36
So is o P, So a au a M (2016) Ven u e capi al ecosys em in Finland— agile and hin. In: So a au a M, Heinonen T,
So is o P, Kolehmainen J (eds) Inno a ion ecosys ems, compe ences and leade ship human spa e pa s and
en u e inance ecosys ems unde sc u iny. Tekes Publica ion, Helsinki
So a au a M (2016) Leade ship and he ci y: powe , s a egy and ne wo ks in he making o knowledge ci ies.
Rou ledge, Abingdon
So a au a M, Mus ikkamäki N (2015) Ins i u ional en ep eneu ship, powe , and knowledge in inno a ion sys ems:
ins i u ionaliza ion o egene a i e medicine in Tampe e, Finland. En i on Plan C 33(2):342–357
So a au a M, Linnamaa R, Su inen N (2003) Tulki se a kehi äminen ja luo a kaupungi : Ve kos o ja joh ajuus
Tampe een kehi ämisessä [In e p e a i e p omo ion o economic de elopmen and c ea i e ci ies: Ne wo ks and
leade ship in he economic de elopmen policy o Tampe e]. Tekniikan aka eemis en lii o ja Tampe een yliopis o,
Sen e-julkaisuja, Tampe e.
S em cell esea ch in he No dic coun ies (2007) Science, e hics, public deba e and law. No d o sk Policy B ie s 2007-2.
No den, Oslo
Teece DJ, Pisano G, Shuen A (1997) Dynamic capabili ies and s a egic managemen . S a eg Manag J 18(7):509–533
Tuomi I (1999) Co po a e knowledge: heo y and p ac ice o in elligen o ganiza ions. Me axis, Helsinki
on Bu g U, Kenney M (2009) Ven u e capi al and he bi h o he local a ea ne wo king indus y. Res Policy 29(9):1135–1155
Wadhwa S, Rao S (2000) Flexibili y: an eme ging gene ic compe ence o managing high echnology. In J Technol
Manag 19(7-8):820–845
Zhou C (2014) Fou dimensions o obse e a T iple Helix: in en ion o ‘co ed model’and di e en ia ion o ins i u ional
and unc ional sphe es. T iple Helix 1(11):1–20
Submi you manusc ip o a
jou nal and benefi om:
7 Con enien online submission
7 Rigo ous pee e iew
7 Immedia e publica ion on accep ance
7 Open access: a icles eely a ailable online
7 High isibili y wi hin he fi eld
7 Re aining he copy igh o you a icle
Submi you nex manusc ip a 7 sp inge open.com
So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 20 o 20