The Triple Helix model and the competence set : human spare parts industry under scrutiny

RESEARCH Open Access The T iple Helix model and he compe ence se : human spa e pa s indus y unde sc u iny Ma kku So a au a * and Tuomo Heinonen * Co espondence: [email p o ec ed] School o Managemen , Uni e si y o Tampe e, Kansle in inne 1, FI-33014 Tampe e, Finland Abs ac The main aims o his pape a e (a) o cons uc a gene ic concep ual model o he T iple Helix model based on compe ence se s and hence (b) o iden i y he sys em- le el gene ic compe encies needed in he eme gence o a new indus y. This pape sugges s ha o gain addi ional analy ical le e age on he T iple Helix model, we need o s udy i also by ocusing on gene ic compe encies called o in he in e ac ion be ween he main ins i u ional sphe es. Hence, he e is a need o ocus on in e ac ing and con lic ing sys em-le el gene ic compe encies ha ei he enhance o hampe inno a ion p ocesses. I is belie ed he e ha a compe ence se is he co e o any T iple Helix cons ella ion, bu i is also belie ed ha di e en compe encies a e mani es ed in a a ie y o ways depending on he na u e o he speci ic sys em and ela ed indus ies. The compe ence se model is elabo a ed upon by using he eme gence o human spa e pa s indus y in Tampe e, Finland, as an illus a i e case o highligh he o he wise concep ual discussion. Keywo ds: Inno a ion sys em, Compe ence, Uni e si y, Regene a i e medicine, Human spa e pa s, Finland JEL classi ica ion: O31, O32, O33 © 2016 The Au ho (s). Open Access This a icle is dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided you gi e app op ia e c edi o he o iginal au ho (s) and he sou ce, p o ide a link o he C ea i e Commons license, and indica e i changes we e made. So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 DOI 10.1186/s40604-016-0038-5 Résumé Les objec i s p incipaux de ce a icle son : (a) de cons ui e un modèle concep uel géné ique de T iple Hélice basé su le jeu des compé ences e ainsi (b) d’iden i ie les compé ences géné iques au ni eau sys ème nécessai es à l’éme gence d’une nou elle en ep ise. Ce a icle suggè e que pou ob eni un e e de le ie analy ique supplémen ai e su le modèle de la T iple Hélice, il impo e de l’é udie égalemen en me an l’accen su les compé ences géné iques nécessai es à l’in e ac ion en e les p incipales sphè es ins i u ionnelles. Pa conséquen , il es nécessai e de s’appesan i su les compé ences géné iques d’in e ac ion e d’an agonisme au ni eau sys ème qui a o isen ou handicapen les p ocessus d’inno a ion. Ce a icle adme que le jeu de compé ences es le cœu de ou e cons ella ion de T iple Hélice; il adme égalemen que les di é en es compé ences se mani es en d’une a ié é de açons, selon la na u e du sys ème considé é e les en ep ises associées. Le modèle de jeu de compé ences es conçu en u ilisan comme illus a ion l'éme gence de l'indus ie des pièces de echange humaines à Tampe e, en Finlande, pou me e en é idence une discussion au e que concep uelle. Resumen Los p incipales obje i os de es e abajo son: (a) la cons ucción de un modelo concep ual gené ico pa a el modelo de la T iple Hélice en base a “conjun os de compe encias,”y po an o (b) iden i ica las compe encias gené icas a ni el de sis ema necesa ias pa a el su gimien o de nue as indus ias. Es e documen o sugie e una mejo a al modelo de la T iple Hélice que consis e en ele a la impo ancia de compe encias gené icas den o del análisis ins i ucional. Po an o, en a izamos la necesidad de cen a se en la in e acción y el con lic o de compe encias ans e sales a ni el de sis ema que pueden exace ba o di icul a los p ocesos de inno ación. C eemos que un conjun o de compe encias es el núcleo de cualquie cons elación de la T iple Hélice, pe o ambién c eemos que las di e en es compe encias se mani ies an en una a iedad de o mas, dependiendo de la na u aleza de cada sis ema de inno ación y cada indus ia. Ilus amos el modelo p opues o de conjun os de compe encias con un análisis del su gimien o de la indus ia de p ó esis humanas en Tampe e, Finlandia. 摘要 本文的主要目的是:(一)基于竞争力集构建三螺旋的一般概念模型;(二)确定在一个 新产业出现过程中所需要的系统级的一般竞争力。本文认为,为了获得分析三螺 旋模型的其他分析工具,我们也需要专注于要求主要机构范畴之间相互作用的一 般竞争力研究。因此,有必要聚焦于相互作用和相互冲突的系统级一般竞争力,不 论它是加强还是防碍创新过程。在此我们相信:一个竞争力集是所有三螺旋星座 的核心;我们也相信:不同的竞争力通过各种不同方式表现出来,取决于具体的系统 和相关产业的性质。通过人类备件产业在芬兰坦佩雷的出现,本文详细说明了竞 争力集模型,以此作为典型案例突出这个相反的一般概念的讨论。 So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 2 o 20 Aннoтaция Ocнoвными цeлями дaннoйcтaтьи являютcя: (a) coздaниeoбщeйкoнцeптуaльнoй мoдeли Tpoйнoйcпиpaли,ocнoвaннoйнaкoмпeтeнцияx, и,oпocpeдoвaннo, (б) oпpeдeлeниe cooтвeтcтвующиxкoмпeтeнций,учитывaющиxc пeцифику уcлoвий фopмиpoвaния coвpeмeннoйпpoмышлeннocти.Bнacтoящeйpaбoтeвыдвинутo пpeдпoлoжeниe, чтoдля дocтижeния дoпoлнитeльныxпpeимущecтв в paмкax мoдeли Tpoйнoйcпиpaли,мы дoлжны пpoaнaлизиpoвaть oбщиeкoмпeтeнции, нeoбxoдимыeдля взaимoдeйcтвия ocнoвныxинcтитутoвдpуг cдpугoм.Taк, cущecтвуeтпoтpeбнocть в oбщиxумeнияxвoблacти дeлoвыxпepeгoвopoви peшeния кoнфликтoв,кoтopыeoпocpeдoвaннoмoгут кaк улучшить,тaки зaтopмoзить иннoвaциoнный пpoцecc. Cущecтвуeтмнeниe, чтoнaбop кoмпeтeнций cocтaвляeтocнoву Tpoйнoйcпиpaли,aтaкжeчтopaзличныe кoмпeтeнции пpoявляютcяпo-paзнoму в зaвиcимocти oтуcлoвий,вкoтopыx cклaдывaeтcятaкaяcиcтeмa, иoтpacлeй,oтнocящиxcякнeй.Moдeль нaбopa кoмпeтeнций paзpaбoтaнacиcпoльзoвaниeм индуcтpии пoдгoтoвки кaдpoвв Taмпepe, Финляндия в кaчecтвeпpимepa, cпocoбнoгoпpoиллюcтpиpoвaть вeдущиecяoбcуждeния. Resumo O obje i o desse a igo é: (1) de cons ui um modelo concei ual gené ico pa a o modelo de hélice íplice baseado em conjun o de compe ências e, po an o, (b) de iden i ica as compe ências gené icas no ní el do sis ema necessá ias na eme gência de uma no a indús ia. Esse a igo suge e que pa a ganha an agem analí ica adicional no modelo de Hélice T íplice, é necessá io es uda-lo ambém se concen ando nas compe ências gené icas eque idas pa a a in e ação en e as p incipais es e as ins i ucionais. Consequen emen e, exis e uma necessidade de oca na in e ação e nos con li os no ní el das compe ências gené icas que an o o alecem quan o p ejudicam o p ocesso de ino ação. Ac edi a-se que um conjun o de compe ências de inido é o co ação de qualque uma cons elação da Hélice T íplice, mas ambém se ac edi a que compe ências di e en es são mani es adas de di e sas manei as dependendo da na u eza do sis ema especí ico ou das indús ias elacionadas. O Modelo de de inição do conjun o de compe ências é elabo ado com base na eme gência da indús ia de eposição de peças humanas em Tampe e, Finlândia como um caso ilus a i o que põe em e idência a discussão de ou a o ma concei ual. Mul ilingual abs ac Please see Addi ional ile 1 o ansla ion o he abs ac in o A abic. In oduc ion Uni e si ies ha e inc easingly been seen as he co e ins umen s o local, egional and na ional economic de elopmen . This may be a esul o he obse a ion ha , as many adi ional indus ies ha e been hollowing ou , and as many local economies ha e been losing hei leading i ms, he uni e si y o en eme ges as one o he ew solid and lo- cally oo ed esou ces o d aw upon. I is one o he co es in he dynamic in e ac ion be ween ‘ he h ee ins i u ional sphe es’, uni e si ies, indus ies and go e nmen , os e - ing en ep eneu ship, inno a ion and economic g ow h (E zkowi z and Leydesdo 1997; E zkowi z 2008). The co e idea o he T iple Helix model e ol es a ound h ee So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 3 o 20 basic p emises: (1) uni e si ies a e playing a cen al ole in inno a ion side by side wi h indus ies and go e nmen s; (2) while ea lie inno a ion policy was o a la ge ex en designed and implemen ed by go e nmen s, oday, i is ai ly commonly an ou come o complex in e play be ween go e nmen s, indus ies and uni e si ies; and con adic o - ily, he T iple Helix also a gues ha (3) in addi ion o aking ca e o hei adi ional unc ions, he h ee ins i u ional sphe es adop new oles and also pe o m he oles o he o he sphe es. In his model, ac o s aking non- adi ional oles a e seen especially impo an and po en ial sou ces o inno a ion (E zkowi z and Leydesdo 1997; E zkowi z 2008). D awing upon hei li e a u e e iew, Cai and Cui (2015) main ain ha he T iple Helix model has no been ee o p oblems. I is c i icised o emaining a an abs ac le el, lacking solid heo e ical basis a a mic ole el, no adequa ely add essing he issues eme ging when ac o s adop each o he ’s oles and lacking he con ex ual sensi i i y ac oss coun ies and social se ings (Cai and Cui 2015). Addi ionally, in spi e o he ac ha he concep o compe ence is, a leas implici ly, s ongly linked o he T iple Helix li e a u e, i has only ecen ly gained mo e a en ion (Ranga and E zkowi z 2013). Les e (2007, 1) c ys allises he inc eased need o be e unde s and compe ences e- la ed o inno a ion sys ems by a guing ha he e a e clea di e ences in he o e all capabili ies o na ions and egions o adap o he global economy wi h equal success. Some simply seem o be be e in aking up new echnological and ma ke knowledge and o apply i e ec i ely. In T iple Helix cons ella ions, compe ences (in di ec and/o indi ec in e ac ion) gene a e, s imula e and/o ame he o e all unc ioning o a sys- em and i s ans o ma ion (Eliasson 2000). Consequen ly, as sugges ed by Ranga and E zkowi z, compe ences also shed ligh on he ways main ac o s come oge he in ‘con- sensus spaces’, and mo e o cons uc ‘inno a ion spaces’ o ealisa ion o he goals a icula ed in a consensus space (see Ranga and E zkowi z 2013). Ou ea lie s udies in Finland e eal ha while he main ac o s may us each o he ’s in eg i y and us - wo hiness, hey may ha e di icul ies in us ing men al models and speci ic p o ession-based capabili ies o ‘ he o he s’(So a au a e al 2003). This pape sugges s ha o gain addi ional analy ical le e age on he T iple Helix model, and he h ee spaces in he co e o i , we need o s udy i also by ocusing on gene ic compe ences called o in he in e ac ion be ween he main ins i u ional sphe es. The concep o gene ic compe ence e e s o hose highe o de abili ies ha a e called o o lea n, inno a e, an icipa e and c ea e and/o o gene a e condi ions o lea ning and inno a ion (c . B own 1994; Wadhwa and Rao 2000). As sugges ed by he e e expanding T iple Helix li e a u e, he e is a need o ind a way o link he concep o compe ence in he deba e by eaching beyond he na ow o - ganisa ional iew. Fo hese easons, his pape cons uc s a compe ence se model aim being o con ibu e o he T iple Helix deba e. This pape is buil on an assump ion ha , when enhancing he in e ac ion be ween he h ee ins i u ional sphe es, he e is a need o unde s and how a se o compe ences can be shaped o a mo e p oduc i e col- labo a ion. I is exac ly o his end, he compe ence se model is in oduced o discuss he in e connec ed na u e o gene ic compe ences equi ed in inno a ion, business g ow h and economic enewal. The second assump ion hus is ha by he compe ence se model, i is possible o unde s and how compe ences a e sp ead ac oss he h ee ins i u ional sphe es and se e al o ganisa ions. The compe ence se is a con igu a ion So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 4 o 20 o compe ences ha in di ec and indi ec in e ac ion gene a es new knowledge as well as i s di usion and alo iza ion (see Eliasson 2000). The wo in e ela ed esea ch ques ions we se ou o add ess a e wha kind o gen- e ic compe ences a e called o in he eme gence o a new science-based indus y and how do gene ic compe ences in e ac in a T iple Helix cons ella ion. Fo his end, he ocus in his pape is on sys em-le el gene ic compe ences ins ead o he compe ences o an indi idual o ganisa ion. The concep s o compe ence and he compe ence se a e elabo a ed upon by using he eme gence o human spa e pa s indus y in Tampe e, Finland, as an illus a i e case o highligh he o he wise concep ual discussion. Towa ds a compe ence se model in he con ex o T iple Helix The concep o co e compe ence In o ganisa ion and managemen s udies, he concep o co e compe ence has become one o he key concep s in he e o s o unde s and why some i ms succeed while o he s do no , and, as i is belie ed in his pape , i has a po en ial o add analy ical le e age also in s udies ocusing on T iple Helix cons ella ions. The key a ionale in b inging hese ai ly disconnec ed bodies o li e a u e oge he is ha he e is much o be lea n ac oss hese b oad ields o knowledge. In compe ence hinking, he basic idea is ha an o ganisa ion should comp ehend i s own co e compe ences and capabili ies in o de o u ilise he esou ces a ailable (P alahad and Hamel 1990). I is also assumed ha compe ences change mo e slowly han p oduc s and ma ke s, and hence, he iden- i y o an o ganisa ion should no depend on p oduc s and ma ke s bu on some hing mo e las ing, some hing ha lies a he e y co e o he o ganisa ion’s ac i i ies and success (Tuomi 1999, 82–83). Du and (1998, 306) connec s compe ences di ec ly o an o ganisa ion’s esou ces and p ope y and o indi idual and o ganisa ional capabili ies, knowledge, p ocesses, ou ines and cul u e. Ja idan (1998, 62) uses he concep o com- pe ence o e e o he combining and coo dina ing o capabili ies cu ing ac oss unc- ions. Co e compe ence, d awing upon he heo y o P alahad and Hamel (1990), may be de ined p edominan ly as a collec i e lea ning p ocess ac oss he inno a ion sys em. Fo i s pa , gene ic compe ence is aken he e o be speci ically capabili y and expe ise ha is po en ially common o se e al o ganisa ions in a T iple Helix cons ella ion bu may also be embedded in a single o ganisa ion ha has a cen al posi ion in a sys em. Gene ic compe ences a e hus dis ibu ed o e many ope a ions ei he wi hin an o gan- isa ion o ac oss hem, and he e o e, om he T iple Helix poin o iew, i is essen ial o app oach hem om sys emic ins ead o o ganisa ional pe spec i es. Fo ha pu - pose, a concep ual link be ween compe ence hinking and T iple Helix is cons uc ed by a compe ence se model. F om compe ence bloc heo y o compe ence se model The compe ence se model is inspi ed by he compe ence bloc heo y (Eliasson 2000), bu as he compe ence bloc heo y was mainly cons uc ed o be e unde s and and explain business g ow h in bio echnology, i needs o be ex ended wi h addi ional com- pe ences o p o ide an analy ical ool o b oade sc u iny o T iple Helix cons ella- ions. The compe ence o ac o s and hei in e ac ion de e mines he quali y o a compe ence se and, as assumed he e, also in e ac ion in he con ex o a T iple Helix. So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 5 o 20 Addi ionally, a se o compe ences a ac s compe en in es o s who con ibu e posi- i ely o he a ac i eness o a T iple Helix cons ella ion (Eliasson 2000). A minimum c i ical compe ence mass and a ie y a e needed be o e a T iple Helix becomes uly unc ional, and, acco ding o Eliasson and Eliasson (1996), he ollowing ac o s usually play cen al oles (modi ied sligh ly): (a) compe en and ac i e cus ome s and use s, (b) inno a o s who combine new knowledge and echnologies in no el ways, (c) en ep e- neu s who iden i y p o i able inno a ions and p epa e hem o ini ia ion in he ma ke , (d) compe en en u e inancie s who ecognise and inance he en ep eneu s, (e) exi ma ke s ha acili a e owne ship change and ( ) indus ialis s and o he es ablished ac o s who ake success ul inno a ions o indus ial-scale p oduc ion. (Eliasson and Eliasson 1996). Eliasson (2000) s ongly associa es compe ences wi h he selec ion o winning ech- nologies and co po a e winne s, and con e sely losing echnologies and co po a ions, and hus, i adds analy ical le e age o he T iple Helix ela ionships ha a e, acco ding o Cai (2014), ‘abou compe i ion and coope a ion o esou ces, edis ibu ion o powe , and ne wo k building’. Howe e , impo an ly, he T iple Helix model eminds ha he ques ion is no only abou selec ion o ‘winne s’and ‘lose s’, o indi idual com- panies o na ow indus ial sec o s, bu also mo e p o oundly and b oadly abou ex en- si e collabo a ion ac oss ins i u ional sphe es o economic g ow h and enewal. Thus, he ques ion is abou how new knowledge eme ges, how i gene a es a ia ion and how selec ion is made, and hus, mo ing beyond he na ow o ganisa ional and sec o -based app oaches is undamen al o be e suppo cons uc ion o knowledge, consensus and inno a ion spaces ha play a cen al ole in T iple Helix cons ella ions (Ranga and E zkowi z 2013). As Ranga and E zkowi z (2013) main ain, he main ing edien in a knowledge-based economic de elopmen is he c ea ion o a knowledge space ha , acco ding o hem, ‘encompasses he compe ences o knowledge gene a ion, di usion and use o he T iple Helix componen s’. They de ine consensus space o e e o a enue ha b ings oge he ac o s om di e en o ganisa ional backg ounds and pe spec i es o gene a - ing new s a egies and ideas, he ul ima e goal being no el disco e ies and ela ed inno- a ions. Fo i s pa , inno a ion space e e s o new o ganisa ional mechanisms ha a e gea ed owa ds ‘ he de elopmen o local inno a i e i ms, in pa allel wi h he a ac- ion o alen and inno a i e i ms om elsewhe e, he c ea ion and de elopmen o in ellec ual and en ep eneu ial po en ial, and compe i i e ad an age o he egion and he coun y’(Ranga and E zkowi z 2013, 247). Applying Eliasson’s (2000) concep ualisa ion, he compe ence se is de ined as a con- igu a ion o gene ic compe ences ha in di ec and indi ec in e ac ion gene a es new knowledge as well as i s di usion and alo isa ion. In o he wo ds, compe ence se is a g oup o compe ences, which belong oge he o a e usually ound oge he . Basically, he compe ence se e e s o he abili y o achie e new o ms o compe i i e ad an age by highligh ing he need o con inuously enew compe ences so as o achie e cong u- ence wi h he changing en i onmen . Mo eo e , he compe ence se model may p o e use ul in he many e o s o boos inno a ion spaces, i.e. inding new ways o combine capi al, echnology knowledge and business expe ise. I he e o e ollows ha a compe- ence se is a collec ion o gene ic compe ences widely dis ibu ed ac oss he h ee ins i u ional sphe es and hence highligh s ha compe ences can be consciously So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 6 o 20 econ igu ed, edi ec ed, ans o med and app op ia ely shaped, and in eg a ed in o exis ing compe ences as well as ex e nal esou ces (c . Teece e al. 1997). Con e sely, missing and/o poo compe ences may eeze in e ac i e inno a ion p ocesses and lock hem in he pas . A sole ocus on ac o s and he ela ionships be ween hem, ypical o inno a ion sys em s udies, may e en blu he iew on how sys ems ac ually unc ion and wha d i es hem; hence, i is impo an o make a dis inc ion be ween o ganisa ions and compe ences. By app oaching ac o s indi ec ly h ough compe ences, i migh be pos- sible o cla i y and speci y he oles ha hey play in ansla ing new knowledge in o i- able p oduc s and se ices. Fo hese easons, he main a ionale in cons uc ing a compe ence se model is (a) o speci y wha kind o compe ences a e called o in a T iple Helix cons ella ion and (b) o iden i y he compe ences ha keep a T iple Helix cons ella ion con inuously adap ing o changing economic landscapes. The compe ence se may hus also be used (c) o se e as a ool in a sea ch o sys emic ailu es as well as sha ed in e es s, p oblems, oppo uni ies and capabili ies, as sugges ed in he man- agemen li e a u e (P alahad and Hamel 1990). Consequen ly, a compe ence se model is an analy ical ool gea ed owa ds iden i ying how di e en compe ences o many ac o s could be in eg a ed wi h one ano he bo h ho izon ally and e ically in such a way ha a cons uc ed se would se e bo h he en i e sys em and ac o s embedded in o i . The assump ion he e is ha gene ic compe ences need o be iden i ied and ana- lysed empi ically case by case bu a hema ic amewo k is needed o guide he sea ch. The hema ic amewo k was cons uc ed by iden i ying s udies ocusing on inno a ion sys em unc ions, as gene ic compe ences a e by necessi y linked o he mos impo an unc ions o any inno a ion sys em (see Lund all e al. 2002; Lund all and Lo enz 2006). In he li e a u e on inno a ion sys em unc ions, knowledge de el- opmen and di usion is, qui e sel -e iden ly, acknowledged as a key unc ion (Edquis 2005; Hekke e al 2007; Hekke and Neg o 2009; Be gek e al 2008; Liu and Whi e 2001). Fo his pa , Eliasson (2000) does no discuss knowledge de elopmen as such, as his heo y is dealing mo e wi h selec ion o winning echnologies ins ead o sou ces o inno a ion. Mos o he key au ho s include ma ke o ma ion, aming and c e- a ion o s a egic awa eness o new echnologies and mobilisa ion in hei discussion o he key inno a ion sys em unc ions (Edquis 2005; Hekke e al 2007; Hekke and Neg o 2009; Be gek e al 2008; Jacobsson and Be gek 2004; Rickne 2000). Eliasson (2000), Hekke and Neg o (2009) and Be gek e al (2008) also inco po a e in he se o sys em unc ions en ep eneu ial ac i i y. Edquis (2005), Hekke and Neg o (2009), Be gek e al (2008) and Rickne (2000) emind abou he impo ance o legi imiza ion, and Eliasson and Eliasson (1996) pay ex ensi e a en ion o en u e inances. In line wi h Liu and Whi e (2001), Eliasson and Eliasson (1996) add de ec- ion o end- alues in he deba e while Edquis (2005), Hekke and Neg o (2009), Be gek e al 2008, Liu and Whi e (2001) and Rickne (2000) emphasise he impo ance o in e ac ion by highligh ing ne wo king, exchange o knowledge and b inging oge he complemen a y knowledge. Following he close eading o he li e a u e on inno a ion sys em unc ions, he compe ence se model was cons uc ed o co e se en hemes o he empi ical wo k on he gene ic compe ences. F aming, mobilisa ion and ne wo king we e le ou om he amewo k, as, ins ead o being sys em unc ions, hey we e iden i ied as gene ic So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 7 o 20 capabili ies cu ing h ough all he unc ions, and as such, hey a e embedded in he co e compe ence hinking as well as he T iple Helix model (see e.g. Russel e al. 2015). Ins ead, d awing upon Eliasson (2000) and Liu and Whi e (2001), indus ial p oduc ion o sys ema ic p oduc ion was included in he analysis, as i appea s as impo an in he ins i u ionalisa ion o inno a ions. The se en hemes a e he ollowing: (1) knowledge c ea ion and di usion, (2) en ep eneu ship, (3) inances, (4) legi imisa ion, (5) ma ke o ma ion, (6) sys ema ic p oduc ion and (7) iden i ying po en ial end- alues. I is im- po an o keep in mind ha he se en unc ions, labelled he e as hemes, a e no gen- e ic compe ences as such bu hey a e used in he iden i ica ion o hem. Qui e na u ally, each o he hemes includes a a ie y o speci ic capabili ies ha cons uc a gene ic compe ence. In a sys em-le el analysis, he in e ac ion o iden i ied compe- ences p o ides u he empi ical analysis wi h a poin o depa u e in iden i ying he speci ic capabili ies in a con ex o a speci ic ans o ma ion p ocess o a speci ic T iple Helix cons ella ion. Me hodology and case This pape ollows a single case s udy design o illus a e and highligh how he con- s uc ed compe ence se may play ou wi h a case. The s udy co e s he heo e ical middle ange in ha i aims o unde s and he eme gence o a new indus y in i s unique con ex and cons uc a concep ual model o adding analy ical le e age o he T iple Helix model. The eme ging egene a i e medicine concen a ion in Tampe e and he p ospec i e Finnish human spa e pa s indus y se es as an example o eme ging indus y (see So a au a and Mus ikkamäki 2015). I does no ye ha e a di ec an eceden in he economy and hus en ails he need o cons uc new compe ences and/o ans o m exis ing ones o suppo he bi h and enla gemen o an emb yonic indus y. The empi ical s udy began in 2014 wi h he analysis o seconda y da a, including ele an jou nals, ela ed newspape a icles, annual epo s and espec i e policy documen s. This phase iden i ied he s a e o he a o he human spa e pa s indus y bo h locally and globally. Nex , 24 people, in ol ed in di e en capaci ies in he de elopmen o egene a i e medicine in Tampe e, Finland, we e in e iewed in 2014 and ea ly 2015. Fi een o he in e iewees we e employees o BioMediTech (a join ins i u e o he Uni e si y o Tampe e and he Tampe e Uni e si y o Technology), and he es o he in e iewees we e om local and egional de elopmen agencies, Tampe e Uni e si y Hospi al, Minis y o Employmen and he Economy, he Finnish Funding Agency o Inno a ion (TEKES) and a local i m. The in e iew hemes we e d awn om he com- pe ence se model and, in p ac ice, comp ised he se en gene ic compe ences (see Fig. 1). The main aim was o cons uc an unde s anding o wha sys em-le el gene ic compe ences a e needed o enhance he eme gence o science-based human spa e pa s indus y and desc ibe he cu en si ua ion in Tampe e. Compe ences and capaci ies e- la ed o ac ual scien i ic wo k, knowledge p oduc ion, a e no elabo a ed, bu hei im- po ance is, o cou se, acknowledged, as hey o m he co e in he eme gence o any science-based indus y. The e m egene a i e medicine was o ged in 2000 and is now widely used o desc ibe biomedical app oaches o healing he body by he s imula ion o endogenous cells o epai damaged issues o he ansplan a ion o cells o enginee ed issues o So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 8 o 20 eplace diseased o inju ed issues (Riazi e al. 2009). The basic uni in egene a i e medicine is a s em cell. S em cells a e biological cells ound in all mul icellula o gan- isms. The po en ial o s em cells in clinical ea men s is based on hei mul ipo en abili y. S em cells a e able o egene a e issues and o gans and ac as building blocks o all issues in he body (Na ional Ins i u es o Heal h 2009). Regene a i e medicine (RM) o ms he hi d discipline in human heal hca e alongside medicine and su ge y (Polak e al. 2010), and, om a business poin o iew, cell he apy is de ined as a ou h pilla in he heal hca e indus y alongside pha maceu icals, biopha maceu icals and medical de ices (Mason and Manzo i 2009). Regene a i e medicine has g own apidly, and scien i ic achie emen s ha e c ea ed hopes o new ea men s o se e e incu able diseases, such as diabe es, Pa kinson’s disease, cance and hea diseases. The p omise o egene a i e medicine is e y exci ing, bu simul aneously, he cos o p od- uc de elopmen , and mos no ably clinical ials, o high-end applica ions is e y high (Mason and Dunnil 2008a, 351). In Tampe e, he scien i ic esea ch on egene a i e medicine is based on close collab- o a ion be ween he Uni e si y o Tampe e and he Tampe e Uni e si y o Technology, and he i s disco e ies we e based on collabo a ion be ween bioma e ial enginee s, clinicians, cell biologis s, echnical expe s and animal model expe s (So a au a and Mus ikkamäki 2015). The wo uni e si ies ins i u ionalised hei collabo a ion in 2013 by es ablishing a join esea ch ins i u e, Ins i u e o Biosciences and Medical Technol- ogy (BioMediTech), ha is a home base o app oxima ely 250 scien is s om he wo uni e si ies. The unique na u e o science and echnology c ea ed a BioMediTech can be illus a ed by he ac ha in 2008, o he i s ime in he wo ld, a pa ien ’s uppe jaw was eplaced wi h a bone ansplan cul i a ed om he s em cells isola ed om he pa ien ’s own a y issue (So a au a and Mus ikkamäki 2015). The pa ien had los oughly hal o his uppe jaw because o cance and adi ional medicine was unable o o e emedial ea men . In he p ocess, he scien is s we e able o p oduce new bone cells by combining s em cells and bioma e ials and hen g ow hem in o a jawbone o he co ec shape and size (wi h he aid o a i anium ame) inside he pa ien ’s s om- ach muscle (Bionex 2010; So a au a and Mus ikkamäki 2015). In 2014, he in e na ional e alua ion panel ha ca ied ou an ex ensi e e alua ion o he esea ch ac i i ies a he Uni e si y o Tampe e concluded ha ‘ esea ch conduc ed a BioMediTech has an excellen s anding na ionally and in e na ionally and he Fig. 1 The se en hemes o he compe ence se model So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 9 o 20 impossible o b ing new he apies o medical de ices in o clinical use wi hou any egu- la o y app o al. Regula o y bodies, hough, a e no always up o da e abou biomedical scien i ic unde s anding and possibili ies o echnology, and hus, he e a e examples o e olu iona y ajec o ies whe e egula ion co-e ol es wi h he inno a ion p ocess and he ma ke (Me cal e e al. 2005). S a u es conce ning clinical medical esea ch in gen- e al co e much o he s em cell-based esea ch, and only a ew coun ies ha e adop ed legisla ion de o ed o s em cell esea ch pe se. In Finland, he e hical a mosphe e and le- gisla ion ha e mos ly been pe missi e (S em cell esea ch in he No dic coun ies 2007). In Tampe e, ealised expe imen al ea men s ha e been egula ed unde Hospi al Ex- emp ion o Ad anced The apy Medicinal P oduc s (ATMP). E en a e se e al suc- cess ul expe imen al ea men s, and es ablished expe ise o cul i a e bone issue om s em cells, egula o s do no ully know wha he egula o y de ails a e o hese kinds o new p oduc s and ea men s in Finland. The e ac ually is an on-going dialogue be- ween he egula o s and ep esen a i es o BioMediTech o ind ou wha is ac ually equi ed and how o ca y i ou , and hus, he Tampe e case con i ms he ea lie ob- se a ions ha egula ion co-e ol es wi h he inno a ion p ocess and he ma ke in he eme ging indus ies (Me cal e e al. 2005). In Finland, egene a i e medicine is well legi imised in he science sys em including science and inno a ion unding bu i is no as well legi imised in he heal hca e sys em, as he ea men s a e mainly case-by-case expe imen s a he han es ablished pa s o he s anda d epe oi e o he hospi als and he en i e sys em. Acco ding o ou in e iews, in he hospi al, he indi idual med- ical doc o s comp ise he co e in he e o s o exploi he disco e ies o egene a i e medicine, and hus o legi imise i in hei own specialisa ion a eas, and so a , he e has only been ew champions o hese e o s. The e o e, he limi a ion o a physician’s esponsibili y ega ding ha m done o a pa ien du ing a ea men may ha e a majo impac on clinical p ac ice as well as new p oduc and se ice de elopmen . I physi- cians alone ca y he esponsibili y, he will o ake isks a indi idual le el is small compa ed o a si ua ion whe e he go e nmen , hospi al o a sys em as a whole ca ies pa o he liabili y. In Finland, physicians a e ai ly well posi ioned o expe imen wi h new echnologies as he esponsibili y is sha ed in he sys em. End- alues Liu and Whi e (2001) sugges ha , in he spi i o demand-led inno a ion, end-use- gene a ed inno a ion needs o be be e acknowledged han ea lie ecommended in he inno a ion sys em li e a u e. Howe e , in he ea ly s ages o egene a i e medicine- ela ed p oduc s and se ices, i is ai ly ha d o see use - o demand-led inno a ion eme ging. The en i e ield is pushed o wa d by new de elopmen s in science, and he ‘cus ome imagina ion’is no de eloped enough o demand new kinds o se ices. Howe e , as he ield is cha ac e ised by high hopes and global hype, he e a e a a ie y o expec a ions. Public policymake s and unding bodies a e looking o wa d o inc eased employmen and globally leading posi ions in a new ending ield; ou in e - iews e ealed ha his is he case in Tampe e oo. Scien is s, o hei pa , aim o push he scien i ic on ie o wa d bu also seek ci a ions and ame. And o cou se, ul- ima ely, he e a e incu able o di icul o cu e diseases and hus plen y o pa ien s who migh bene i om scien i ic b eak h oughs in egene a i e medicine p o iding So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 16 o 20 hem wi h new hope. In all cases, po en ial and ac ual bene icia ies o inno a ions in e- gene a i e medicine consis o he e ogeneous se s o ac o s ha all ha e hei own hopes and ea s. Expec a ions a e no as clea as we migh assume; any T iple Helix is a nexus o many expec a ions and desi es, and hence, consensus spaces a e o impo - ance, bu no easily cons uc ed and main ained. The e o e, i is impo an o sc u inise wha he po en ial end- esul s migh be by ocusing on no only he end-use o speci ic inno a ions, o demand-led inno a ion, bu also he end- alues a ious ac o s expec o ge ou o i . I is impo an o no e ha ‘a i m’,‘p oduc ’o ‘se ice’is no an end- alue, as is o en seen, bu he alue gene a ed o he socie y, economy and indi iduals a la ge. In Tampe e, he e ha e been only limi ed discussions, no o men ion public deba es, on he end- alues, and i may be ha he lack o public deba es a e among he easons why legi imisa ion p ocesses a e s ill une en depending on he sub-sys em, and why ma ke o e ings ha e been slow o eme ge, and why he Tampe e Uni e si y Hospi al has no adop ed a mo e s a egic a i ude owa ds i . In Tampe e, he e a e no e o s o boos public discussion on he public and/o p i a e end- alues o he money in es ed in egene a i e medicine ei he , and i seems clea ha he e is no widely sha ed awa eness o he impo ance o public deba es in he eme gence o a new indus- y and hus no compe ences o se hese in mo ion. Pe haps, he human spa e pa s indus y has no begun o eme ge in Finland, as i is globally unde de eloped, unding is sca ce bu also because he e is no public deba e conce ning he end- alues o po en- ial isks in ol ed in egene a i e medicine and human spa e pa s indus y. The co e ac o s ha e no unde s ood he alue o gene a ing a public discussion on he u u e p ospec s o egene a i e medicine and human spa e pa s indus y mo e b oadly. As he end- alues a e only aguely deba ed ou side he scien i ic and some policy ci cles, i also is di icul o begin a sys ema ic cons uc ion o such compe ences ha a e needed in aking majo s eps o wa d. In addi ion, he e a e no ‘inno a ion e angelis s’who would wo k o inc eased awa eness o he eme ging indus y and build a c i ical mass and compe en managemen eams o suppo o i . An e angelis is a special ole in he sys em wi h es ablished compe ences in p omo ing he use o a pa icula echnology h ough alks, bonding wi h ga ekeepe s, w i ing a icles o p o- essional as well as gene al media, blogging, boos ing use demons a ions, p esen ing eco ded demons a ions o he c ea ion o sample p ojec s (Bea y and Go don 1991; Lucas-Conwell 2006). Inno a ion e angelis s a e playing an impo an ole in he con- s uc ion o collec i e belie s ha again a e cen al in a design o new s a egies (So a - au a 2016) and cons uc ion o ela ed compe ences. Conclusions This pape sugges s ha o uly unde s and he dynamics o he T iple Helix model and how new disco e ies a e comme cialised and di used in o he socie y, he e is a need o s udy also in e ac ing gene ic compe ences ha ei he enhance o hampe col- labo a ion in T iple Helix cons ella ions. Mo eo e , i is belie ed ha cons uc ion o well- unc ioning inno a ion and knowledge spaces, and ela ed consensus space, calls o no el ways o analyse and de elop in e ela ed bu di e ing compe ences om T iple Helix ins ead o o ganisa ional pe spec i es (see also Ranga and E zkowi z 2013). Fo hese pu poses, a se o gene ic compe ences was in oduced and discussed, and i So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 17 o 20 was also shown how hey play oge he , o no , in a speci ic case. The dominan gene ic compe ences a e ela ed o he gene a ion o new knowledge and he selec ion o win- ning knowledge, p oduc s and/o se ices and e en ion o hem in he economy, bu , as was shown, se e al o he gene ic compe ences a e called o in he sys em o make a las ing impac on he socie y, o ins i u ionalise he new disco e ies. As he case s udy epo ed in his pape shows, i may be di icul o mo e beyond scien i ic excellence in an eme ging ield, in which no all he gene ic compe ences ha e de eloped ye o sup- po each o he . Any T iple Helix cons ella ion is by de ini ion a complex ensemble o ac o s, and as he Tampe e case also e eals, in he cou se o e en s, i may be ai ly di icul o see how he lack o compe ences ela ed o making sense o eme ging ma - ke s, deba ing po en ial end- alues and legi imisa ion may end up hampe ing he unc- ionali y o consensus and inno a ion spaces, and hus also seemingly s aigh o wa d comme cializa ion e o s. The main obs acles in a case unde sc u iny a e ela ed o insu icien unding, di i- cul ies in he echnology ans e p ocesses, poo unde s anding o eme ging ma ke s and acquisi ion o capabili ies needed in he o m o compe en managemen eams. Many o hese issues a e beyond wha can be expec ed om uni e si ies only, and qui e na u ally, he eme gence o he human spa e pa s indus y is dependen on many compe ences o all h ee ins i u ional sphe es o he T iple Helix model. I migh be possible o a gue, o example, ha he local uni e si y hospi al, owned by he local go e nmen , ough o in eg a e new ea men s in o i s s anda d epe oi e, bu , in p ac ice, he mix o po en ial end- alues a e poo ly iden i ied and no p ope ly deba ed, and hus, i is di icul o he hospi al o ake necessa y measu es o e en unde s and wha is a s ake. And he e, he compe ences o social scien is s and/o local poli icians migh p o e in aluable. Mo eo e , i would be easy o sugges ha he uni e si ies ough o s eng hen hei compe ences ela ed o en ep eneu ship, ma ke o ma ion, echnology ans e and comme cializa ion, bu as impo an , i is o ask whe e comple- men a y compe ences could be ound om and how hey could be apped in o and in- eg a ed in o he local T iple Helix cons ella ion. So a , hey ha e been ound in he USA and Belgium. In addi ion, he e is a medical echnology-specialised local de elop- men agency ha played a cen al ole in he ea ly phases o egene a i e medicine (see So a au a and Mus ikkamäki 2015), bu as he ole o in e media ies has been ques- ioned in he Finnish inno a ion sys em, i has been disin eg a ing om mo e ecen de elopmen s. In e es ingly, om a na ional inno a ion sys em poin o iew, his may be a well-a gued posi ion bu , om a compe ence se poin o iew, well es ablished, much needed and aluable local compe ences ha e been side- acked mo e o less unin en ionally. The conclusion, and p oposi ion o u u e on s udies on iple helices, is ha a balanced compe ence se in luences posi i ely he unc ionali y o T iple Helix cons ella ions, and mo e speci ically knowledge, consensus and inno a ion spaces in he co e o hem, and p o ides all h ee ins i u ional sphe es wi h a ool o cus omise hei in e ac ion. I is im- po an o no e ha he gene ic compe ences and a compe ence se based on hem may be uni e sally needed bu hei mani es a ions a y ac oss coun ies and egions; di e en ac- o s may in oduce di e en gene ic compe ences depending on he pas pa h, he sys em and he expe ise o indi idual ac o s. Thus, he concep o compe ence se p o ides a ool odiscuss he oleso a iousac o sinaT iple Helix, and he compe ences hey b ing in o play, and especially o de ec poo ly de eloped o non-exis ing compe ences. So a au a and Heinonen T iple Helix (2016) 3:8 Page 18 o 20 Addi ional ile Addi ional ile 1: T ansla ion o he abs ac in o A abic. 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