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Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 : A Li e a u e Re iew
© 2022 he Au ho s and IOS P ess
Published e sion
B aun, G e a; S ah e, Johan; Hämäläinen, Raija
B aun, G., S ah e, J., & Hämäläinen, R. (2022). Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 : A
Li e a u e Re iew. In A. H. Ng, A. Sybe eld , D. Högbe g, & M. Holm (Eds.), SPS 2022 :
P oceedings o he 10 h Swedish P oduc ion Symposium (pp. 677-688). IOS P ess. Ad ances in
T ansdisciplina y Enginee ing, 21. h ps://doi.o g/10.3233/ATDE220186
2022
Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0
– Li e a u e Re iew
G e a B auna,1, Johan S ah ea, and Raija Hämäläinen b
a Chalme s Uni e si y o Technology
b Uni e si y o Jy äskylä
Abs ac . Manu ac u ing indus y has his o ically had a e y high le e age on
en i onmen al impac . The e o e, i is u gen o iden i y how he indus y and i s
employees can con ibu e o change owa ds a sus ainable socie y. Indus y leade s
need o enable hei employees o c ea e sus ainable solu ions, using echnologies
ising in indus y 4.0. Howe e , nowadays he e a e also c i ical discussions abou
whe he his end has eached ou wo kplace se ings in a sa is ac o y way. Namely,
he e is a g owing skill gap among employees in manu ac u ing indus ies causing
a lack o capabili y o ma ch skill needs o as echnological de elopmen and
equi emen s on sus ainabili y. The esul ing misma ch o echnical and manage ial
knowledge and expe ience will c i ically impac companies in compe i i e ma ke s.
Despi e a as ange o educa ional ini ia i es a ailable on he global ma ke , less
employees han needed a e de eloping new skills. A sma ma ching p ocess o
s a egically suppo employees in hei lea ning pa hs, by ma ching hem o new
ele an skills and ma ching hose skills o lea ning ac i i ies, could b idge he
widesp ead skill gap and add ess challenges e.g., mo i a ion o lea n. This s udy
e iews exis ing esea ch on unc ional ma ching p ocesses o indi idually ailo ed
lea ning and upskilling pa hs o employees ha need o de elop skills in indus y.
The s udy’s esul maps ou pa s in a ma ching sys em and iden i ies he exis ing
gap in li e a u e.
Keywo ds. Ma ching, skill gap, upskilling, indus y 4.0, g een skills.
1. In oduc ion
The e is a g owing demand o skills necessa y o mas e he as echnological
de elopmen o Indus y 4.0 [1]. Fu he complica ing he si ua ion is he accele a ed
impac o indus y on he clima e, esul ing in majo needs o sus ainabili y e o s.
The e o e, he Uni ed Na ions Indus ial De elopmen O ganiza ion [2] has de ined
g een asks as an indus ial p io i y, equi ing inc eased sus ainabili y skills among
employees. This misma ch be ween echnical and manage ial knowledge and expe ience
may ha e c i ical impac on a company in a compe i i e ma ke . I is u gen o iden i y
how he en i onmen al impac can be minimized apidly and how employees can
con ibu e o ha change. Namely, o ensu e inclusi e and equi able quali y in digi al
ans o ma ion empowe ing employees o ake con ol o hei agency [3].
1 Co esponding Au ho , G e a B aun, Depa men o Indus ial and Ma e ial Science, Chalme s
Uni e si y o Technology; E-mail: g e a.b aun@chalme s.se.
A
SPS2022
A.H.C. Ng e al. (Eds.)
© 2022 The au ho s and IOS P ess.
This a icle is published online wi h Open Access by IOS P ess and dis ibu ed unde he e ms
o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Non-Comme cial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0).
doi:10.3233/ATDE220186
677
In 2020, he Wo ld Economic Fo um [1] claimed ha mo e han 70% o he global
wo k o ce will need o enhance hei skills by 2025, including skills on en i onmen al
sus ainabili y.
The epo sugges s ha 44% o he skills will change, also assuming many o hese new
skills will ha e digi al and en i onmen al con en . Despi e a as ange o educa ional
ini ia i es a ailable on he global ma ke , many employees don’ use he esou ces. In a
su ey om 2021 among 15000 adul s om he US, only 21% o esponden s wo king
in p oduc ion said hey had done upskilling in he las 12 mon hs ha was p o ided by
hei employe [4]. The Uni ed Na ions’ Agenda 2030 wi h i s 17 goals p o ides a
esponsibili y amewo k o coun ies o igh po e y, p o ec he en i onmen , and
imp o e li e quali y in gene al o gene a ions o come. In Sweden, a high pe cen age o
ca bon emissions emana e om he indus ial sec o . Sweden add esses his challenge
by es ablishing a goal o become clima e neu al un il 2045 [5]. Clima e impac s om
indus y mus be d as ically lowe ed o accomplish his ough goal. Many companies also
ealize ha minimizing u u e nega i e e ec s is no enough, he e is also a need o
compensa e o pas impac , when old knowledge and old echnologies we e no
adequa ely uned o he needs o he clima e. The e o e, indus y leade s need o ind new
echnologies, new knowledge, and new skills which can enable hei employees o
implemen sus ainable solu ions ha minimizes company ca bon oo p in s and imp o es
sus ainabili y indica o s.
G een employee skills mee new equi emen s bu may e oke con lic s o in e es s
and e hical challenges aced by people wo king in he indus ial sec o . Many indus ial
se ings a e s ill a om implemen a ion o inno a i e p ac ices o suppo employees
o be agen s o change h ough ac i e pa icipa ion and p omo ing hei g een skills. The
ma ching be ween skill needs and employees o be upskilled hus becomes c ucial o he
necessa y change owa ds a clima e-neu al indus y.
The p ima y aim o his pape is o e iew skill-ma ching and skill-mapping
ini ia i es essen ial o b idge skill gaps. The seconda y aim is o begin add essing how
clima e challenges can d i e demands o lea ning, incen i ising cou ses o upskilling
in he comme cial and go e nmen al educa ion ma ke . The e may be a lack o ma ching
ools o iden i y he igh lea ning o he igh employees. Such a ma ching p ocess could
guide indi idual wo ke s along an app op ia e lea ning pa hway. By in es ing ime and
esou ces in li e-long lea ning o hei employees, companies may be bo h sus ainable
and p o i able in he long e m.
This s udy will e iew how ma ching can be used in indus ial employees’
p o essional lea ning o accela a e g een skills de elopmen . Th ee esea ch ques ions
ha e been iden i ied. The i s ques ion is o unde s and how skill needs can be ma ched
o educa ion ac i i ies. The second ques ion is how ma ching can be used o close skill
gaps in indus y. The hi d ques ion ocuses on g een skills speci ically and pinpoin s
how ma ching can be applied o indus y’s needs.
2. Backg ound
Ma ching is a gene ic e m, widely used in di e en con ex s. The Camb idge dic iona y
[6] de ines he e b o ma ch in di e en ways, one is “ o choose someone o some hing
ha is sui able o a pa icula pe son, ac i i y, o pu pose” and ano he is he de ini ion
o ma ching some hing o some hing as “ o ind some hing ha is he same as some hing
else, o goes well wi h i .” An example: “We can help you ma ch he pe son o he job.”.
G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew678
Ma ching has many a eas whe e i ’s used oday, om ma ching he apis s and clien s [7],
o da ing-si es ha ma ch people who could be a good i o each o he , and music
s eaming se ices ha ma ch people wi h music hey could like.
In his pape , his de ini ion o ma ching is used in he con ex o inding sui able
lea ning ac i i ies and pa hs o indus y employees ha need upskilling. Ma ching
is he e a concep desc ibing he link be ween a demand and supply, iden i ying he bes
sui able objec on he supply side o one objec o he demand side. Ma ching could be
done by humans ollowing ules based on science and expe ience, o i could be done by
an algo i hm using ules o make an au oma ed ma ching.
Indus ial digi alisa ion is e y b oad, bu he speci ic Indus y 4.0 ini ia i e was
launched in Ge many du ing he Hanno e Fai in 2011, ma king a pa adigm shi in
indus y. Be o e, indus y had aced h ee indus ial e olu ions h ough his o y, b inging
majo changes wi h hem o he wo k in he ac o ies. The ou h indus ial e olu ion
b ings along he use o cybe -physical sys ems o c ea e he In e ne o Things and he
possibili y o con ol and imp o e decision-making in he p oduc ion p ocess [8]. The
ans o ma ion equi es he use o new echnologies, such as addi i e manu ac u ing,
connec i i y, a i icial in elligence, and collabo a i e obo s.
A ecen ini ia i e by he Eu opean Commission (EC) desc ibes he nex pa adigm,
Indus y 5.0 [9] which ully exploi s he echnical ad an ages o Indus y 4.0 and
enhances he alue p oposi ions o sus ainabili y, esilience and a human-cen edness.
The EC wan s o spend ax-paye money o inc easingly p omo e g eene , mo e
compe i i e, and socially accep able Eu opean indus ies, especially a e he COVID19-
pandemic. The indus y 5.0 concep inco po a es de elopmen and implemen a ion o
new skills and necessi y o e- and upskilling.
The EC de ines skills, knowledge and compe ences o ha e a common unde s anding.
A Skill is de ined as he “abili y o apply knowledge and use know-how o comple e
asks and sol e p oblems.”. Knowledge is de ined as he “ou come o he assimila ion
o in o ma ion h ough lea ning.” And as “ he body o ac s, p inciples, heo ies and
p ac ices ha is ela ed o a ield o wo k o s udy.”. Compe ence is de ined as he
“abili y o use knowledge, skills and pe sonal, social and/o me hodological abili ies, in
wo k o s udy si ua ions and in p o essional and pe sonal de elopmen .”. [10]
This pape uses he e m skill, as i has become he mos commonly used e m.
Howe e , he e m skill gap is used when he exis ing skills don’ co espond o he skills
needed o be success ul in speci ic asks o each ce ain goals. Indus y employees need
o ge used o a new wo k li e, whe e con inuous lea ning is a na u al pa o being able
o keep being aluable o he o ganiza ion and o socie y.
A skill gap can be used o see wha somebody is missing and o se goals and
equen ly he e will be skill gaps ha can be used o se new goals.
In he las yea s, he wo ds upskill and eskill ha e been used mo e equen ly. These
a e e ms o desc ibe skills de elopmen o employees. Upskilling means o lea n new
skills, in compa ison o eskilling which means o lea n new skills in o de o be able o
do a di e en job. While a wo ke ha needs upskilling may s ay in hei cu en job, an
employee ha needs eskilling migh ace majo changes in hei occupa ion. [9]
When i comes o g een jobs o g een skills, he e a e s ill di e en
unde s andings o wha i means. Su ely, he e is a widely assen ha g een occupa ions
a e needed. As he Wo ld Economic Fo um unde lines [11], jobs in he g een sec o
a en’ so many, bu hey g ow much as e han jobs in o he sec o s. The OECD [12]
de ined g een g ow h as “ os e ing economic g ow h and de elopmen while ensu ing
G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew 679
ha na u al asse s con inue o p o ide he esou ces and en i onmen al se ices on which
ou well-being elies.”. Fo g een g ow h o businesses, employees need ce ain skills.
Acco ding o he Eu opean Commission [13], g een jobs a e “all jobs ha
depend on he en i onmen o a e c ea ed, subs i u ed, o ede ined (in e ms o skill se s,
wo k me hods, p o iles gene a ed, e c.) in he ansi ion p ocess owa ds a g eene
economy.”. An ea lie desc ip ion o g een jobs [14] is ha g een jobs a e “wo k in
ag icul u al, manu ac u ing, esea ch and de elopmen (R&D), adminis a i e, and
se ice ac i i ies ha con ibu e subs an ially o p ese ing o es o ing en i onmen al
quali y. Speci ically, bu no exclusi ely, his includes jobs ha help o p o ec
ecosys ems and biodi e si y, educe ene gy, ma e ials, and wa e consump ion h ough
high e iciency s a egies, de-ca bonize he economy, and minimize o al oge he a oid
gene a ion o all o ms o was e and pollu ion.”. Thus, in his s udy, g een skills a e used
in he sense o skills ha a e needed o suppo he g een g ow h and needed o do g een
jobs.
3. Li e a u e e iew and me hod
This pape ocuses on ma ching as a way o b idge he skill gap. G een g ow h has highe
impo ance han e e and he e o e, g een skills a e needed. The e is a g owing skill gap
in indus y, e en hough he e a e a lo o aining oppo uni ies on he ma ke . The e is
a high in e es in he u u e o wo k in indus y, and a g owing numbe o scien i ic pape s.
A i e-s ep li e a u e e iew [15] was conduc ed in he e e ence da abases Google
Schola and Scopus in Sep embe 2021. These da abases we e selec ed because hey
show a high co e age o indus y- ela ed opics, compa ed o Web o Science. The
ollowing s eps we e aken du ing he e iew p ocess: De ine, Sea ch, Selec , Analyse,
and P esen . S ep one de ined c i e ia o inclusion and exclusion o pape s. The sea ch
included pape s abou ma ching be ween employees, skills, ends and jobs in di e en
combina ions. Re iew pape s migh co e se e al ma ching pa s o only one. All
indus ies we e included. Pape s abou skills misma ches conside ing people in sea ch
o jobs we e no included. These misma ches ela es o job ma ke s as a whole and a e
abou illing companies’ demand o employees, and people’s need o jobs. Jou nal
pape s, con e ence pape s, and book chap e s we e included. The ime ange o
publica ions was 2000-2021. Fields o esea ch included we e: da a analysis and
ma ching, lea ning, and humans in indus y.
The selec ed sea ch e ms we e: Ma ching, Skill gap, Indus y, Reskill, Upskill,
and Indus y 4.0. A sea ch in Google Schola showed 1720 esul s, 60 o hose we e
selec ed by i le and scanned acco ding o de ined equi emen s. Eigh o he scanned
esul s we e selec ed and included in he li e a u e e iew. The sea ch in Scopus and Web
o Science didn’ show any esul s. A complemen a y sea ch emo ing he keywo ds
eskill and upskill showed addi ional esul s in Scopus bu led o less use ul esul s in
o he domains. Fo he analysis s ep, ocus was on answe ing he esea ch ques ions by
inding and compa ing de ini ions; selec ed ocus a eas; which pa o he ma ching
p ocess was ega de; wha da abases we e used; and wha a ge g oups we e included.
This was s uc u ed in an excel-shee and in p esen ing he esul s, g aphics we e c ea ed.
The i s sea ch did no include any pape s ha ocused on g een skills de elopmen ,
bu a he skills de elopmen o he ans o ma ion o indus y 4.0. Ano he sea ch was
needed o dis inguish i he e a e di e ences o ake in o conside a ion when ocusing on
G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew680

g een skills. The e o e, a sea ch on Google Schola was made wi h he sea ch e ms:
g een skills, g een jobs, ma ching.
4. Resul s
The da a o he li e a u e e iew is p esen ed acco ding o he h ee esea ch ques ions.
4.1. Findings o ques ion 1: How can skill needs be ma ched o educa ion ac i i ies?
To accoun o a gene al unde s anding abou how peoples’ skill needs can be ma ched
o educa ion ac i i ies, he di e en s udies we e o ganized acco ding o di e en pa s
o ma ching, o see wha pa s a e needed and wha had o be ma ched wi h wha . Since
he end goal was o ma ch an employee wi h educa ion ac i i ies, i had o become clea
which s eps had o be aken in be ween. I ’s necessa y o i s iden i y he skill gap in
ele ance o he employee’s job p o ile, and hen c ea e sugges ions o aining. Eigh
s udies ha deal wi h he c ea ion o one o se e al pa s o ma ching o close he skill
gap in indus y, we e ca ego ized acco ding o which pa o ma ching hey deal wi h.
The ma ching can be desc ibed as a sys em wi h he subsys ems ends, skills, job p o iles,
employee, ask, machine and aining i em, as syn hesized om he scanned pape s [16],
[17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22] and [23]. These sub-sys ems and he ma ching be ween
hem occu ed in he pape s, some imes di e en ly, e.g., lea ning p og am ins ead o
aining [16]. Also, acco ding o [17] “skills” could be de i ed in o skills, knowledge and
compe ences. To simpli y, hese we e summa ized as “skills” in he holis ic pe spec i e.
Figu e 1 shows he di e en objec s in he sys em.
Figu e 1. Objec s in a ma ching sys em.
Pon es e al. [16] included se e al pa s o he ma ching sugges ing ma hema ical
solu ions o ma ching ends o job p o iles, and ma ching new skills needed wi h
aining p og ams. In hei solu ion hey sugges ed ha he use s o he sys em choose by
hemsel es which ends and a ec ed job p o iles a e ele an in hei business con ex ,
a e hey see he sys em’s sugges ions on ends and a ec ed job p o iles. The use s also
need o decide by hemsel es which ones om he sugges ed skills hey need upskilling
in. A e deciding which skills need upskilling, aining p og ams a e sugges ed o , in
case no aining p og ams abou hese skills a e a ailable, educa ion p o ide s a e
con ac ed o in o m hem abou he demand.
G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew 681
Ansa i e al. [17] ocused on he in e ac ion o humans and machines and how o
ma ch asks o bo h humans and machines. The socio- echnical sys em desc ibed in his
pape deals wi h he asks ha a e de i ed in knowledge, skills and compe ences and
he ea e he sys em looks o he bes - i jobholde . The sys em also includes he
ma ching o new skills o a pe son, making sugges ions o lea ning i ems. Aiming a
c ea ing an op imal le el o collabo a ion be ween human and machine, his s udy
p oposed s a egies o change managemen . The s udy e e ed o he Job-Know
on ology, a model wi h a supply space, a demand space, and a ma ching space.[17]
The Job-Know on ology was used ea lie by Khob eh e al. [19] and he misma ch
be ween jobs and knowledge, skills and compe ences (KSC) is desc ibed in ou di e en
s a es: gap, sho age, su plus and obsole e. Thei ma ching be ween jobs and new skills
o lea n, he ma ching be ween skills and aining and he ma ching be ween ends and
new lea ning i ems was desc ibed and modelled. As in [17], his s udy in es iga ed he
ole o bo h humans and machines and ound ways o moni o ing hei indi idual
lea ning cu es. The a icle p oposed a lea ning assis ance sys em ha ecommends
ele an lea ning i ems, acco ding o he employee’s se o KSC and hei p oduc i i y
cu e. The au ho s c ea ed a model wi h h ee spaces, namely a demand space, a supply
space and a ma ching space. The demand space consis s o he job, ask, job desc ip ion,
job speci ica ion and job-KSC. The supply space includes he lea ning i ems. To see i
he KSCs in he supply space and he equi ed KSCs a e in balance, The ma ching space
in be ween hose wo spaces is he link be ween supply and demand.
A s udy by Solinas e al. [18] ocused ma ching ends and job p o iles, and ends
and skills. He e, he a ge is o iden i y how o use ex -mining echnology o decide i
a job p o ile is eady o he new wo kplace in he indus y 4.0 e a, o no . In addi ion,
his s udy goes deepe in o he ex -mining echnology Named En i y Recogni ion (NER),
and a new way o ex ac ing so skills om ex was c ea ed.
De Ma k and Kozy e [20] base hei ma ching on a skills-based a chi ec u e. In
hei app oach, jobs a e ma ched wi h new skills, skills wi h aining i ems, ends wi h
new aining i ems, people and job p o iles, and people wi h new skills. The au ho s came
om a uni e si y pe spec i e, and hei goal was o iden i y new needed skills o speci ic
job oles and c ea e lea ning pa hways o he s uden s a he uni e si y ha lead hem o
job oles ha companies eques . The au ho s c ea ed hei own skills lib a y o use skill
ags in he uni e si y p og am’s cu iculum and o be able o analyse how close he
p og am’s skills goals a e o he ma ke needs. The uni e si y s a ed a collabo a ion
be ween educa ion, indus y and go e nmen o s a he Open Skills Ne wo k (OSN).
Ano he s udy, by Fa e i e al. [21], ocused on job p o iles and how ex -mining
echnology can be used o make a di e en ia ion be ween he skills o job p o iles ha
a e eady o he indus y 4.0 wo ld, and hose ha a e no . In ha way, he s udy looks
a ma ching ends and job p o iles and ma ching ends and skills. This is applied o a
case s udy and me a-da a is collec ed o imp o e he algo i hm.
Chen and Yang [22] highligh ed he possibili y o using AI o pe sonalized
educa ion, o indi idualize lea ning. They also p oposed he use o AI o ma ch people
wi h new skills o mee he needs o Indus y 4.0. No conc e e solu ion was p esen ed bu
a he a gene al desc ip ion o wha could be done.
G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew682
4.2. Findings ques ion 2: How could ma ching help closing he skill gap in indus y?
The li e a u e e iew shows di e en easons men ioned why he u ge o close he skill
gap in indus y exis s and why ma ching could be a solu ion. Se e al s udies e alua e
hei idea h ough cases. All s udies a e p esen solu ions o he indus y sec o .
Chen e al. [22] sees an u ge o a solu ion o b idge he skill gap because AI and
au oma ion migh ake millions o jobs and he inc easing skill gap is he eason why
people’s jobs a e in dange . Ra e al. [23] sees challenges in he “ echnological
ad ancemen , shi ing demog aphics and labo o ce, ex ended li e expec ancy and
ca ee s, and he co id-19 pandemic.”. [16] sees indus y 4.0 and he dis up i e
echnologies o he new e a as he eason o he change in skill se , leading o a ise o
high-skilled ac i i ies, and a dec ease o low-skilled ac i i ies. Also [17] sees indus y
4.0 as he main eason o a need o de elop skills, because o he shi ing job p o iles
and he inc ease o human- obo collabo a ion. [18] sees he ou h indus ial e olu ion
ha ing a big impac on he wo k in indus y, b inging many jobs a isk o disappea , bu
a he same ime an oppo uni y o ind human alue in o he hings han ou ine asks.
In [19], he au ho s see he shi owa ds indus y 4.0 and he e o e a need o inc ease
lea ning, in speci ic, he ocus lies on he p oduc i i y o lea ning. Bo h humans and
machines a e iewed as a lea ning wo k o ce. They see lea ning as a li elong p ocess.
Since [20] akes he pe spec i e o s uden s a uni e si y, hey discuss ma ching as a
possibili y o inc ease hei s uden s’ employabili y in he changing indus y. They also
see ma ching and skill-based hi ing as an oppo uni y o gi e s uden s wi h di e en
socio-economic backg ounds he same possibili ies on he job ma ke . [21] sees ma ching
as an oppo uni y o de ine he impac ha indus y 4.0 has on job p o iles.
Se e al in e na ional da abases con ain job p o iles and skills needed in indus y. In
some s udies, he use o exis ing da abases is ealized. The da abase O*NET, by he US
depa men o labo , is used by [18], [20] and [21]. The ESCO da abase by he Eu opean
Commission is used by [18] and [21]. Those wo da abases a e amongs he mos
analyzed da abases o skills and jobs. [18] makes a deepe analysis o se e al da abases
since he ocus o his s udy is he use o ex -mining echnology o ex ac in o ma ion
o he da abases o see i a job is indus y 4.0 eady o no . [16] c ea es hei own da abase,
con inuously upda ed by expe s and by o he da abases, such as LinkedIn and Glassdoo .
Ansa i e al. [17] also use hei own da abases, spli in a pe sonal cha ac e is ics da abase
and a echnology da abase.
The ma ching solu ions in he s udies a e in ended o be used by di e en people o
g oups in indus y. Table 1 shows how he di e en s udies and pape s a ge hei
solu ion and who would use hei ma ching ools.
Table 1. Ta ge g oups ha ma ching solu ions a e add essed o.
Pape Ta
g
e
g
ou
p
Employe Human
esou ces
Educa o Ins i u ion Policy
make
Indi idual/
s uden
[16] X X X
[18] X X X
[20] X X X
[21] X
[22] X X X
[23] X
G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew 683
As illus a ed in able 1, [16] add ess hei solu ion o companies om public o
p i a e sec o , human esou ces manage s and educa o s. [18] wan hei solu ion o be
used by human esou ces, policy make s and educa o s. [20] claim ha hei solu ion
could be used by s uden s, ins i u ions, employe s and he economy in gene al. [21] see
hei solu ion as a ool o human esou ces. [22] di ec hei p oposal owa ds employe s,
indi iduals and policy make s. In hei message, [23] ocuses on policy make s. The
a ge g oup o [17] and [19] is no clea , bu hei ool ma ches jobholde s and machines
o asks and could be used by di e en people in indus y.
To summa ize, he s udies show a la ge a ie y o easons o why i is impo an o
ind solu ions o close he skill gap. The pape s sugges di e en people in indus y ha
should be in ol ed in closing he skill gap. To build a sys em o indus y, some
da abases a e possible o use, since hey con ain indus y skills and job p o iles.
4.3. Findings ques ion 3: How can ma ching be used o mee he need o g een skills
de elopmen in indus y?
A e s a ing he indings abou ma ching and how his can be used o b idge he skill gap
in indus y, ques ion 3 is ocused on how ma ching can help indus y o de elop g een
skills. The app oach was o cap u e he di e ence be ween g een and non-g een skills in
li e a u e and assess i s impac on ma ching. Since he i s li e a u e sea ch didn’
men ion any g een skills, his ques ion was answe ed by a complemen a y sea ch que y,
aiming a inding any cha ac e is ics in g een skills ha di e om non-g een skills.
As claimd by [24], no s udies ha e been made abou he co ela ion be ween g een
echnologies and skills which is why hey wan ed o in es iga e g een jobs in indus y
and how hey di e om non-g een jobs. In his s udy, ocus lies on job p o iles and how
he ela ed skills di e . The key ou come o hei s udy was ha people doing g een jobs
need skills o a signi ican ly highe abs ac ion le el. They also equi e mo e wo k
expe ience, mo e on- he-job aining, and highe educa ion han hose who ha e non-
g een jobs. In o de o inc ease he employees’ g een skills, he au ho s [24] p opose
lea ning-by-doing ac i i ies. [25] claims ha du ing he ansi ion owa ds g een g ow h,
he p inciples a e he same as du ing he indus ial e olu ion. The e is a need o closing
he skill gap o g een skills, and “go e nmen s should pa ne wi h indus y and
employe s” [25]. In [26], he au ho s come o he conclusion ha g een jobs a e mo e
di e se in hei skill equi emen s, “bo h wi h espec o he sophis ica ion o he skills
equi ed and hei deg ee o no el y.” [26]. They also claim ha he skill gap connec ed
o g een g ow h migh be a esul o “ ailings in educa ion and aining and e lec long-
s anding issues such as lack o incen i es o employe s o in es in de eloping he
ans e able skills o hei wo k o ces” [26]. The In e na ional Labou O ice [27] s a es
ha he g een ans o ma ion will no only change exis ing jobs bu also c ea e new ones.
They see he skill gap hinde ing a g een g ow h, and sugges he ollowing solu ions:
“social dialogue among all s akeholde s o de ine skills and educa ion policies; a
combina ion o op-down and bo om-up app oaches o be e e lec aining p o ision
needs; and public-p i a e pa ne ships o skills and capaci y de elopmen .” [27]. The
“ma ch o demand and supply o skills”[28], li elong lea ning, eskilling o wo ke s,
enhancing policies o de elop skills a e men ioned as pa s o eaching he goal o s aying
p oduc i e and c ea ing g een skills.
G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew684