Skills Matching for a Greener Industry 4.0 : A Literature Review

This is a sel -a chi ed e sion o an o iginal a icle. This e sion may di e om he o iginal in pagina ion and ypog aphic de ails. Au ho (s): Ti le: Yea : Ve sion: Copy igh : Righ s: Righ s u l: Please ci e he o iginal e sion: CC BY-NC 4.0 h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 : A Li e a u e Re iew © 2022 he Au ho s and IOS P ess Published e sion B aun, G e a; S ah e, Johan; Hämäläinen, Raija B aun, G., S ah e, J., & Hämäläinen, R. (2022). Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 : A Li e a u e Re iew. In A. H. Ng, A. Sybe eld , D. Högbe g, & M. Holm (Eds.), SPS 2022 : P oceedings o he 10 h Swedish P oduc ion Symposium (pp. 677-688). IOS P ess. Ad ances in T ansdisciplina y Enginee ing, 21. h ps://doi.o g/10.3233/ATDE220186 2022 Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – Li e a u e Re iew G e a B auna,1, Johan S ah ea, and Raija Hämäläinen b a Chalme s Uni e si y o Technology b Uni e si y o Jy äskylä Abs ac . Manu ac u ing indus y has his o ically had a e y high le e age on en i onmen al impac . The e o e, i is u gen o iden i y how he indus y and i s employees can con ibu e o change owa ds a sus ainable socie y. Indus y leade s need o enable hei employees o c ea e sus ainable solu ions, using echnologies ising in indus y 4.0. Howe e , nowadays he e a e also c i ical discussions abou whe he his end has eached ou wo kplace se ings in a sa is ac o y way. Namely, he e is a g owing skill gap among employees in manu ac u ing indus ies causing a lack o capabili y o ma ch skill needs o as echnological de elopmen and equi emen s on sus ainabili y. The esul ing misma ch o echnical and manage ial knowledge and expe ience will c i ically impac companies in compe i i e ma ke s. Despi e a as ange o educa ional ini ia i es a ailable on he global ma ke , less employees han needed a e de eloping new skills. A sma ma ching p ocess o s a egically suppo employees in hei lea ning pa hs, by ma ching hem o new ele an skills and ma ching hose skills o lea ning ac i i ies, could b idge he widesp ead skill gap and add ess challenges e.g., mo i a ion o lea n. This s udy e iews exis ing esea ch on unc ional ma ching p ocesses o indi idually ailo ed lea ning and upskilling pa hs o employees ha need o de elop skills in indus y. The s udy’s esul maps ou pa s in a ma ching sys em and iden i ies he exis ing gap in li e a u e. Keywo ds. Ma ching, skill gap, upskilling, indus y 4.0, g een skills. 1. In oduc ion The e is a g owing demand o skills necessa y o mas e he as echnological de elopmen o Indus y 4.0 [1]. Fu he complica ing he si ua ion is he accele a ed impac o indus y on he clima e, esul ing in majo needs o sus ainabili y e o s. The e o e, he Uni ed Na ions Indus ial De elopmen O ganiza ion [2] has de ined g een asks as an indus ial p io i y, equi ing inc eased sus ainabili y skills among employees. This misma ch be ween echnical and manage ial knowledge and expe ience may ha e c i ical impac on a company in a compe i i e ma ke . I is u gen o iden i y how he en i onmen al impac can be minimized apidly and how employees can con ibu e o ha change. Namely, o ensu e inclusi e and equi able quali y in digi al ans o ma ion empowe ing employees o ake con ol o hei agency [3]. 1 Co esponding Au ho , G e a B aun, Depa men o Indus ial and Ma e ial Science, Chalme s Uni e si y o Technology; E-mail: g e a.b aun@chalme s.se. A SPS2022 A.H.C. Ng e al. (Eds.) © 2022 The au ho s and IOS P ess. This a icle is published online wi h Open Access by IOS P ess and dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Non-Comme cial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0). doi:10.3233/ATDE220186 677 In 2020, he Wo ld Economic Fo um [1] claimed ha mo e han 70% o he global wo k o ce will need o enhance hei skills by 2025, including skills on en i onmen al sus ainabili y. The epo sugges s ha 44% o he skills will change, also assuming many o hese new skills will ha e digi al and en i onmen al con en . Despi e a as ange o educa ional ini ia i es a ailable on he global ma ke , many employees don’ use he esou ces. In a su ey om 2021 among 15000 adul s om he US, only 21% o esponden s wo king in p oduc ion said hey had done upskilling in he las 12 mon hs ha was p o ided by hei employe [4]. The Uni ed Na ions’ Agenda 2030 wi h i s 17 goals p o ides a esponsibili y amewo k o coun ies o igh po e y, p o ec he en i onmen , and imp o e li e quali y in gene al o gene a ions o come. In Sweden, a high pe cen age o ca bon emissions emana e om he indus ial sec o . Sweden add esses his challenge by es ablishing a goal o become clima e neu al un il 2045 [5]. Clima e impac s om indus y mus be d as ically lowe ed o accomplish his ough goal. Many companies also ealize ha minimizing u u e nega i e e ec s is no enough, he e is also a need o compensa e o pas impac , when old knowledge and old echnologies we e no adequa ely uned o he needs o he clima e. The e o e, indus y leade s need o ind new echnologies, new knowledge, and new skills which can enable hei employees o implemen sus ainable solu ions ha minimizes company ca bon oo p in s and imp o es sus ainabili y indica o s. G een employee skills mee new equi emen s bu may e oke con lic s o in e es s and e hical challenges aced by people wo king in he indus ial sec o . Many indus ial se ings a e s ill a om implemen a ion o inno a i e p ac ices o suppo employees o be agen s o change h ough ac i e pa icipa ion and p omo ing hei g een skills. The ma ching be ween skill needs and employees o be upskilled hus becomes c ucial o he necessa y change owa ds a clima e-neu al indus y. The p ima y aim o his pape is o e iew skill-ma ching and skill-mapping ini ia i es essen ial o b idge skill gaps. The seconda y aim is o begin add essing how clima e challenges can d i e demands o lea ning, incen i ising cou ses o upskilling in he comme cial and go e nmen al educa ion ma ke . The e may be a lack o ma ching ools o iden i y he igh lea ning o he igh employees. Such a ma ching p ocess could guide indi idual wo ke s along an app op ia e lea ning pa hway. By in es ing ime and esou ces in li e-long lea ning o hei employees, companies may be bo h sus ainable and p o i able in he long e m. This s udy will e iew how ma ching can be used in indus ial employees’ p o essional lea ning o accela a e g een skills de elopmen . Th ee esea ch ques ions ha e been iden i ied. The i s ques ion is o unde s and how skill needs can be ma ched o educa ion ac i i ies. The second ques ion is how ma ching can be used o close skill gaps in indus y. The hi d ques ion ocuses on g een skills speci ically and pinpoin s how ma ching can be applied o indus y’s needs. 2. Backg ound Ma ching is a gene ic e m, widely used in di e en con ex s. The Camb idge dic iona y [6] de ines he e b o ma ch in di e en ways, one is “ o choose someone o some hing ha is sui able o a pa icula pe son, ac i i y, o pu pose” and ano he is he de ini ion o ma ching some hing o some hing as “ o ind some hing ha is he same as some hing else, o goes well wi h i .” An example: “We can help you ma ch he pe son o he job.”. G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew678 Ma ching has many a eas whe e i ’s used oday, om ma ching he apis s and clien s [7], o da ing-si es ha ma ch people who could be a good i o each o he , and music s eaming se ices ha ma ch people wi h music hey could like. In his pape , his de ini ion o ma ching is used in he con ex o inding sui able lea ning ac i i ies and pa hs o indus y employees ha need upskilling. Ma ching is he e a concep desc ibing he link be ween a demand and supply, iden i ying he bes sui able objec on he supply side o one objec o he demand side. Ma ching could be done by humans ollowing ules based on science and expe ience, o i could be done by an algo i hm using ules o make an au oma ed ma ching. Indus ial digi alisa ion is e y b oad, bu he speci ic Indus y 4.0 ini ia i e was launched in Ge many du ing he Hanno e Fai in 2011, ma king a pa adigm shi in indus y. Be o e, indus y had aced h ee indus ial e olu ions h ough his o y, b inging majo changes wi h hem o he wo k in he ac o ies. The ou h indus ial e olu ion b ings along he use o cybe -physical sys ems o c ea e he In e ne o Things and he possibili y o con ol and imp o e decision-making in he p oduc ion p ocess [8]. The ans o ma ion equi es he use o new echnologies, such as addi i e manu ac u ing, connec i i y, a i icial in elligence, and collabo a i e obo s. A ecen ini ia i e by he Eu opean Commission (EC) desc ibes he nex pa adigm, Indus y 5.0 [9] which ully exploi s he echnical ad an ages o Indus y 4.0 and enhances he alue p oposi ions o sus ainabili y, esilience and a human-cen edness. The EC wan s o spend ax-paye money o inc easingly p omo e g eene , mo e compe i i e, and socially accep able Eu opean indus ies, especially a e he COVID19- pandemic. The indus y 5.0 concep inco po a es de elopmen and implemen a ion o new skills and necessi y o e- and upskilling. The EC de ines skills, knowledge and compe ences o ha e a common unde s anding. A Skill is de ined as he “abili y o apply knowledge and use know-how o comple e asks and sol e p oblems.”. Knowledge is de ined as he “ou come o he assimila ion o in o ma ion h ough lea ning.” And as “ he body o ac s, p inciples, heo ies and p ac ices ha is ela ed o a ield o wo k o s udy.”. Compe ence is de ined as he “abili y o use knowledge, skills and pe sonal, social and/o me hodological abili ies, in wo k o s udy si ua ions and in p o essional and pe sonal de elopmen .”. [10] This pape uses he e m skill, as i has become he mos commonly used e m. Howe e , he e m skill gap is used when he exis ing skills don’ co espond o he skills needed o be success ul in speci ic asks o each ce ain goals. Indus y employees need o ge used o a new wo k li e, whe e con inuous lea ning is a na u al pa o being able o keep being aluable o he o ganiza ion and o socie y. A skill gap can be used o see wha somebody is missing and o se goals and equen ly he e will be skill gaps ha can be used o se new goals. In he las yea s, he wo ds upskill and eskill ha e been used mo e equen ly. These a e e ms o desc ibe skills de elopmen o employees. Upskilling means o lea n new skills, in compa ison o eskilling which means o lea n new skills in o de o be able o do a di e en job. While a wo ke ha needs upskilling may s ay in hei cu en job, an employee ha needs eskilling migh ace majo changes in hei occupa ion. [9] When i comes o g een jobs o g een skills, he e a e s ill di e en unde s andings o wha i means. Su ely, he e is a widely assen ha g een occupa ions a e needed. As he Wo ld Economic Fo um unde lines [11], jobs in he g een sec o a en’ so many, bu hey g ow much as e han jobs in o he sec o s. The OECD [12] de ined g een g ow h as “ os e ing economic g ow h and de elopmen while ensu ing G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew 679 ha na u al asse s con inue o p o ide he esou ces and en i onmen al se ices on which ou well-being elies.”. Fo g een g ow h o businesses, employees need ce ain skills. Acco ding o he Eu opean Commission [13], g een jobs a e “all jobs ha depend on he en i onmen o a e c ea ed, subs i u ed, o ede ined (in e ms o skill se s, wo k me hods, p o iles gene a ed, e c.) in he ansi ion p ocess owa ds a g eene economy.”. An ea lie desc ip ion o g een jobs [14] is ha g een jobs a e “wo k in ag icul u al, manu ac u ing, esea ch and de elopmen (R&D), adminis a i e, and se ice ac i i ies ha con ibu e subs an ially o p ese ing o es o ing en i onmen al quali y. Speci ically, bu no exclusi ely, his includes jobs ha help o p o ec ecosys ems and biodi e si y, educe ene gy, ma e ials, and wa e consump ion h ough high e iciency s a egies, de-ca bonize he economy, and minimize o al oge he a oid gene a ion o all o ms o was e and pollu ion.”. Thus, in his s udy, g een skills a e used in he sense o skills ha a e needed o suppo he g een g ow h and needed o do g een jobs. 3. Li e a u e e iew and me hod This pape ocuses on ma ching as a way o b idge he skill gap. G een g ow h has highe impo ance han e e and he e o e, g een skills a e needed. The e is a g owing skill gap in indus y, e en hough he e a e a lo o aining oppo uni ies on he ma ke . The e is a high in e es in he u u e o wo k in indus y, and a g owing numbe o scien i ic pape s. A i e-s ep li e a u e e iew [15] was conduc ed in he e e ence da abases Google Schola and Scopus in Sep embe 2021. These da abases we e selec ed because hey show a high co e age o indus y- ela ed opics, compa ed o Web o Science. The ollowing s eps we e aken du ing he e iew p ocess: De ine, Sea ch, Selec , Analyse, and P esen . S ep one de ined c i e ia o inclusion and exclusion o pape s. The sea ch included pape s abou ma ching be ween employees, skills, ends and jobs in di e en combina ions. Re iew pape s migh co e se e al ma ching pa s o only one. All indus ies we e included. Pape s abou skills misma ches conside ing people in sea ch o jobs we e no included. These misma ches ela es o job ma ke s as a whole and a e abou illing companies’ demand o employees, and people’s need o jobs. Jou nal pape s, con e ence pape s, and book chap e s we e included. The ime ange o publica ions was 2000-2021. Fields o esea ch included we e: da a analysis and ma ching, lea ning, and humans in indus y. The selec ed sea ch e ms we e: Ma ching, Skill gap, Indus y, Reskill, Upskill, and Indus y 4.0. A sea ch in Google Schola showed 1720 esul s, 60 o hose we e selec ed by i le and scanned acco ding o de ined equi emen s. Eigh o he scanned esul s we e selec ed and included in he li e a u e e iew. The sea ch in Scopus and Web o Science didn’ show any esul s. A complemen a y sea ch emo ing he keywo ds eskill and upskill showed addi ional esul s in Scopus bu led o less use ul esul s in o he domains. Fo he analysis s ep, ocus was on answe ing he esea ch ques ions by inding and compa ing de ini ions; selec ed ocus a eas; which pa o he ma ching p ocess was ega de; wha da abases we e used; and wha a ge g oups we e included. This was s uc u ed in an excel-shee and in p esen ing he esul s, g aphics we e c ea ed. The i s sea ch did no include any pape s ha ocused on g een skills de elopmen , bu a he skills de elopmen o he ans o ma ion o indus y 4.0. Ano he sea ch was needed o dis inguish i he e a e di e ences o ake in o conside a ion when ocusing on G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew680 g een skills. The e o e, a sea ch on Google Schola was made wi h he sea ch e ms: g een skills, g een jobs, ma ching. 4. Resul s The da a o he li e a u e e iew is p esen ed acco ding o he h ee esea ch ques ions. 4.1. Findings o ques ion 1: How can skill needs be ma ched o educa ion ac i i ies? To accoun o a gene al unde s anding abou how peoples’ skill needs can be ma ched o educa ion ac i i ies, he di e en s udies we e o ganized acco ding o di e en pa s o ma ching, o see wha pa s a e needed and wha had o be ma ched wi h wha . Since he end goal was o ma ch an employee wi h educa ion ac i i ies, i had o become clea which s eps had o be aken in be ween. I ’s necessa y o i s iden i y he skill gap in ele ance o he employee’s job p o ile, and hen c ea e sugges ions o aining. Eigh s udies ha deal wi h he c ea ion o one o se e al pa s o ma ching o close he skill gap in indus y, we e ca ego ized acco ding o which pa o ma ching hey deal wi h. The ma ching can be desc ibed as a sys em wi h he subsys ems ends, skills, job p o iles, employee, ask, machine and aining i em, as syn hesized om he scanned pape s [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22] and [23]. These sub-sys ems and he ma ching be ween hem occu ed in he pape s, some imes di e en ly, e.g., lea ning p og am ins ead o aining [16]. Also, acco ding o [17] “skills” could be de i ed in o skills, knowledge and compe ences. To simpli y, hese we e summa ized as “skills” in he holis ic pe spec i e. Figu e 1 shows he di e en objec s in he sys em. Figu e 1. Objec s in a ma ching sys em. Pon es e al. [16] included se e al pa s o he ma ching sugges ing ma hema ical solu ions o ma ching ends o job p o iles, and ma ching new skills needed wi h aining p og ams. In hei solu ion hey sugges ed ha he use s o he sys em choose by hemsel es which ends and a ec ed job p o iles a e ele an in hei business con ex , a e hey see he sys em’s sugges ions on ends and a ec ed job p o iles. The use s also need o decide by hemsel es which ones om he sugges ed skills hey need upskilling in. A e deciding which skills need upskilling, aining p og ams a e sugges ed o , in case no aining p og ams abou hese skills a e a ailable, educa ion p o ide s a e con ac ed o in o m hem abou he demand. G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew 681 Ansa i e al. [17] ocused on he in e ac ion o humans and machines and how o ma ch asks o bo h humans and machines. The socio- echnical sys em desc ibed in his pape deals wi h he asks ha a e de i ed in knowledge, skills and compe ences and he ea e he sys em looks o he bes - i jobholde . The sys em also includes he ma ching o new skills o a pe son, making sugges ions o lea ning i ems. Aiming a c ea ing an op imal le el o collabo a ion be ween human and machine, his s udy p oposed s a egies o change managemen . The s udy e e ed o he Job-Know on ology, a model wi h a supply space, a demand space, and a ma ching space.[17] The Job-Know on ology was used ea lie by Khob eh e al. [19] and he misma ch be ween jobs and knowledge, skills and compe ences (KSC) is desc ibed in ou di e en s a es: gap, sho age, su plus and obsole e. Thei ma ching be ween jobs and new skills o lea n, he ma ching be ween skills and aining and he ma ching be ween ends and new lea ning i ems was desc ibed and modelled. As in [17], his s udy in es iga ed he ole o bo h humans and machines and ound ways o moni o ing hei indi idual lea ning cu es. The a icle p oposed a lea ning assis ance sys em ha ecommends ele an lea ning i ems, acco ding o he employee’s se o KSC and hei p oduc i i y cu e. The au ho s c ea ed a model wi h h ee spaces, namely a demand space, a supply space and a ma ching space. The demand space consis s o he job, ask, job desc ip ion, job speci ica ion and job-KSC. The supply space includes he lea ning i ems. To see i he KSCs in he supply space and he equi ed KSCs a e in balance, The ma ching space in be ween hose wo spaces is he link be ween supply and demand. A s udy by Solinas e al. [18] ocused ma ching ends and job p o iles, and ends and skills. He e, he a ge is o iden i y how o use ex -mining echnology o decide i a job p o ile is eady o he new wo kplace in he indus y 4.0 e a, o no . In addi ion, his s udy goes deepe in o he ex -mining echnology Named En i y Recogni ion (NER), and a new way o ex ac ing so skills om ex was c ea ed. De Ma k and Kozy e [20] base hei ma ching on a skills-based a chi ec u e. In hei app oach, jobs a e ma ched wi h new skills, skills wi h aining i ems, ends wi h new aining i ems, people and job p o iles, and people wi h new skills. The au ho s came om a uni e si y pe spec i e, and hei goal was o iden i y new needed skills o speci ic job oles and c ea e lea ning pa hways o he s uden s a he uni e si y ha lead hem o job oles ha companies eques . The au ho s c ea ed hei own skills lib a y o use skill ags in he uni e si y p og am’s cu iculum and o be able o analyse how close he p og am’s skills goals a e o he ma ke needs. The uni e si y s a ed a collabo a ion be ween educa ion, indus y and go e nmen o s a he Open Skills Ne wo k (OSN). Ano he s udy, by Fa e i e al. [21], ocused on job p o iles and how ex -mining echnology can be used o make a di e en ia ion be ween he skills o job p o iles ha a e eady o he indus y 4.0 wo ld, and hose ha a e no . In ha way, he s udy looks a ma ching ends and job p o iles and ma ching ends and skills. This is applied o a case s udy and me a-da a is collec ed o imp o e he algo i hm. Chen and Yang [22] highligh ed he possibili y o using AI o pe sonalized educa ion, o indi idualize lea ning. They also p oposed he use o AI o ma ch people wi h new skills o mee he needs o Indus y 4.0. No conc e e solu ion was p esen ed bu a he a gene al desc ip ion o wha could be done. G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew682 4.2. Findings ques ion 2: How could ma ching help closing he skill gap in indus y? The li e a u e e iew shows di e en easons men ioned why he u ge o close he skill gap in indus y exis s and why ma ching could be a solu ion. Se e al s udies e alua e hei idea h ough cases. All s udies a e p esen solu ions o he indus y sec o . Chen e al. [22] sees an u ge o a solu ion o b idge he skill gap because AI and au oma ion migh ake millions o jobs and he inc easing skill gap is he eason why people’s jobs a e in dange . Ra e al. [23] sees challenges in he “ echnological ad ancemen , shi ing demog aphics and labo o ce, ex ended li e expec ancy and ca ee s, and he co id-19 pandemic.”. [16] sees indus y 4.0 and he dis up i e echnologies o he new e a as he eason o he change in skill se , leading o a ise o high-skilled ac i i ies, and a dec ease o low-skilled ac i i ies. Also [17] sees indus y 4.0 as he main eason o a need o de elop skills, because o he shi ing job p o iles and he inc ease o human- obo collabo a ion. [18] sees he ou h indus ial e olu ion ha ing a big impac on he wo k in indus y, b inging many jobs a isk o disappea , bu a he same ime an oppo uni y o ind human alue in o he hings han ou ine asks. In [19], he au ho s see he shi owa ds indus y 4.0 and he e o e a need o inc ease lea ning, in speci ic, he ocus lies on he p oduc i i y o lea ning. Bo h humans and machines a e iewed as a lea ning wo k o ce. They see lea ning as a li elong p ocess. Since [20] akes he pe spec i e o s uden s a uni e si y, hey discuss ma ching as a possibili y o inc ease hei s uden s’ employabili y in he changing indus y. They also see ma ching and skill-based hi ing as an oppo uni y o gi e s uden s wi h di e en socio-economic backg ounds he same possibili ies on he job ma ke . [21] sees ma ching as an oppo uni y o de ine he impac ha indus y 4.0 has on job p o iles. Se e al in e na ional da abases con ain job p o iles and skills needed in indus y. In some s udies, he use o exis ing da abases is ealized. The da abase O*NET, by he US depa men o labo , is used by [18], [20] and [21]. The ESCO da abase by he Eu opean Commission is used by [18] and [21]. Those wo da abases a e amongs he mos analyzed da abases o skills and jobs. [18] makes a deepe analysis o se e al da abases since he ocus o his s udy is he use o ex -mining echnology o ex ac in o ma ion o he da abases o see i a job is indus y 4.0 eady o no . [16] c ea es hei own da abase, con inuously upda ed by expe s and by o he da abases, such as LinkedIn and Glassdoo . Ansa i e al. [17] also use hei own da abases, spli in a pe sonal cha ac e is ics da abase and a echnology da abase. The ma ching solu ions in he s udies a e in ended o be used by di e en people o g oups in indus y. Table 1 shows how he di e en s udies and pape s a ge hei solu ion and who would use hei ma ching ools. Table 1. Ta ge g oups ha ma ching solu ions a e add essed o. Pape Ta g e g ou p Employe Human esou ces Educa o Ins i u ion Policy make Indi idual/ s uden [16] X X X [18] X X X [20] X X X [21] X [22] X X X [23] X G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew 683 As illus a ed in able 1, [16] add ess hei solu ion o companies om public o p i a e sec o , human esou ces manage s and educa o s. [18] wan hei solu ion o be used by human esou ces, policy make s and educa o s. [20] claim ha hei solu ion could be used by s uden s, ins i u ions, employe s and he economy in gene al. [21] see hei solu ion as a ool o human esou ces. [22] di ec hei p oposal owa ds employe s, indi iduals and policy make s. In hei message, [23] ocuses on policy make s. The a ge g oup o [17] and [19] is no clea , bu hei ool ma ches jobholde s and machines o asks and could be used by di e en people in indus y. To summa ize, he s udies show a la ge a ie y o easons o why i is impo an o ind solu ions o close he skill gap. The pape s sugges di e en people in indus y ha should be in ol ed in closing he skill gap. To build a sys em o indus y, some da abases a e possible o use, since hey con ain indus y skills and job p o iles. 4.3. Findings ques ion 3: How can ma ching be used o mee he need o g een skills de elopmen in indus y? A e s a ing he indings abou ma ching and how his can be used o b idge he skill gap in indus y, ques ion 3 is ocused on how ma ching can help indus y o de elop g een skills. The app oach was o cap u e he di e ence be ween g een and non-g een skills in li e a u e and assess i s impac on ma ching. Since he i s li e a u e sea ch didn’ men ion any g een skills, his ques ion was answe ed by a complemen a y sea ch que y, aiming a inding any cha ac e is ics in g een skills ha di e om non-g een skills. As claimd by [24], no s udies ha e been made abou he co ela ion be ween g een echnologies and skills which is why hey wan ed o in es iga e g een jobs in indus y and how hey di e om non-g een jobs. In his s udy, ocus lies on job p o iles and how he ela ed skills di e . The key ou come o hei s udy was ha people doing g een jobs need skills o a signi ican ly highe abs ac ion le el. They also equi e mo e wo k expe ience, mo e on- he-job aining, and highe educa ion han hose who ha e non- g een jobs. In o de o inc ease he employees’ g een skills, he au ho s [24] p opose lea ning-by-doing ac i i ies. [25] claims ha du ing he ansi ion owa ds g een g ow h, he p inciples a e he same as du ing he indus ial e olu ion. The e is a need o closing he skill gap o g een skills, and “go e nmen s should pa ne wi h indus y and employe s” [25]. In [26], he au ho s come o he conclusion ha g een jobs a e mo e di e se in hei skill equi emen s, “bo h wi h espec o he sophis ica ion o he skills equi ed and hei deg ee o no el y.” [26]. They also claim ha he skill gap connec ed o g een g ow h migh be a esul o “ ailings in educa ion and aining and e lec long- s anding issues such as lack o incen i es o employe s o in es in de eloping he ans e able skills o hei wo k o ces” [26]. The In e na ional Labou O ice [27] s a es ha he g een ans o ma ion will no only change exis ing jobs bu also c ea e new ones. They see he skill gap hinde ing a g een g ow h, and sugges he ollowing solu ions: “social dialogue among all s akeholde s o de ine skills and educa ion policies; a combina ion o op-down and bo om-up app oaches o be e e lec aining p o ision needs; and public-p i a e pa ne ships o skills and capaci y de elopmen .” [27]. The “ma ch o demand and supply o skills”[28], li elong lea ning, eskilling o wo ke s, enhancing policies o de elop skills a e men ioned as pa s o eaching he goal o s aying p oduc i e and c ea ing g een skills. G. B aun e al. / Skills Ma ching o a G eene Indus y 4.0 – A Li e a u e Re iew684