This is a sel -a chi ed e sion o an o iginal a icle. This e sion
may di e om he o iginal in pagina ion and ypog aphic de ails.
Au ho (s):
Ti le:
Yea :
Ve sion:
Copy igh :
Righ s:
Righ s u l:
Please ci e he o iginal e sion:
CC BY 4.0
h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Measu emen o elec ons om beau y-had on decays in pp and Pb-Pb collisions a
√sNN = 5.02 TeV
© 2023 CERN
Published e sion
ALICE Collabo a ion
ALICE Collabo a ion. (2023). Measu emen o elec ons om beau y-had on decays in pp and
Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN = 5.02 TeV. Physical Re iew C, 108, A icle 034906.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1103/PhysRe C.108.034906
2023
PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
Measu emen o elec ons om beau y-had on decays in pp and Pb-Pb collisions
a √sNN =5.02 TeV
S. Acha ya e al.∗
(ALICE Collabo a ion)
(Recei ed 16 Decembe 2022; accep ed 25 July 2023; published 15 Sep embe 2023)
The p oduc ion o elec ons om beau y-had on decays was measu ed a mid apidi y in p o on-p o on (pp)
and cen al Pb-Pb collisions a cen e -o -mass ene gy pe nucleon-nucleon pai √sNN =5.02 TeV, using he
ALICE de ec o a he LHC. The c oss sec ion measu ed in pp collisions in he ans e se momen um in e al
2<pT<8 GeV/cwas compa ed wi h models based on pe u ba i e quan um ch omodynamics calcula ions.
The yield in he 10% mos cen al Pb-Pb collisions, measu ed in he in e al 2 <pT<26 GeV/c, was used
o compu e he nuclea modi ica ion ac o RAA, ex apola ing he pp e e ence c oss sec ion o pTla ge han
8 GeV/c. The measu ed RAA shows signi ican supp ession o he yield o elec ons om beau y-had on decays
a high pTand does no show a signi ican dependence abo e 8 GeV/cwi hin unce ain ies. The esul s a e de-
sc ibed by se e al heo e ical models based on di e en implemen a ions o he in e ac ion o hea y qua ks wi h
a qua k-gluon plasma, which p edic a smalle ene gy loss o beau y qua ks compa ed o ligh and cha m qua ks.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRe C.108.034906
I. INTRODUCTION
The o ma ion o a s ongly coupled colo -decon ined
medium, called qua k-gluon plasma (QGP), is p edic ed by
quan um ch omodynamics (QCD) calcula ions on he la ice
a high ene gy densi y and empe a u e [1–5]. These ex eme
condi ions can be c ea ed in ul a ela i is ic hea y-ion col-
lisions, which we e used o es ablish he o ma ion o he
QGP and o s udy i s p ope ies [6,7] a he SPS [8,9], RHIC
[10–13], and LHC [14,15] accele a o s.
Hea y qua ks (cha m and beau y) a e p edominan ly p o-
duced in he ini ial ha d-sca e ing p ocesses [16], gi en ha
hei mass is la ge compa ed o he he mal ene gy scale
(mc,bkBTQGP, whe e kBis he Bol zmann cons an and
TQGP is he empe a u e o he QGP) and on a imescale
sho e han he QGP o ma ion ime [17](τQGP ≈1 m/c
[18]). Thei mass is also la ge compa ed o he QCD scale
QCD, allowing pe u ba i e calcula ions o hei p oduc ion
c oss sec ion o be applicable down o ze o ans e se mo-
men um (pT)[19–22]. Gi en he ea ly p oduc ion o hea y
qua ks du ing he collision, hey expe ience all he s ages o
he sys em e olu ion [17,23]. They in e ac wi h he medium
cons i uen s ia bo h elas ic (collisional) and inelas ic (gluon
adia ion) p ocesses [24–29], whe e he ela i e con ibu ion
o he la e inc eases wi h pT. As he hea y qua ks om
he ea ly collision a ely annihila e o ge p oduced he mally
∗Full au ho lis gi en a he end o he a icle.
Published by he Ame ican Physical Socie y unde he e ms o he
C ea i e Commons A ibu ion 4.0 In e na ional license. Fu he
dis ibu ion o his wo k mus main ain a ibu ion o he au ho (s)
and he published a icle’s i le, jou nal ci a ion, and DOI.
[17,30,31], he e ec o he in e ac ions wi h he medium
is p ima ily a change in he momen um dis ibu ion o he
qua ks. Qua ks mo ing as e han he su ounding medium
a e ypically slowed down by he in e ac ions ( esul ing in in-
medium ene gy loss), while slow qua ks may ge accele a ed
and pushed along wi h he su ounding medium. Measu ing
he e ec o hese in e ac ions yields insigh s in o he anspo
p ope ies o he QGP [17]. The in e ac ion o pa ons wi h
he medium is expec ed o depend on he colo cha ge and he
mass o he pa on [25–27,32], wi h a s onge in e ac ion o
gluons compa ed o qua ks and o ligh e qua ks compa ed o
hea ie ones o bo h collisional and adia i e p ocesses. The
mass dependence o he adia i e con ibu ion is connec ed o
he dead-cone e ec [25,33], which p edic s gluon adia ion
o be supp essed o angles θ⩽m/E, whe e mand Ea e he
mass and ene gy o he qua k. The measu emen o had on
species wi h di e en qua k con en s o e a la ge pT ange is
he e o e undamen al o shed ligh on he unde lying mecha-
nisms o he in-medium qua k ene gy loss. Measu emen s o
had ons con aining beau y qua ks (beau y had ons) a e pa -
icula ly use ul o es ing he mass dependence o he pa on
ene gy loss up o high ans e se momen a.
The e ec o he medium is usually quan i ied using he nu-
clea modi ica ion ac o RAA, de ined as he a io be ween he
pT-di e en ial pa icle yields in nucleus-nucleus (A-A) col-
lisions (dNAA/dpT) and he co esponding p oduc ion c oss
sec ion in pp collisions (dσpp/dpT) a he same ene gy scaled
by he a e age nuclea o e lap unc ion TAA o he cen ali y
ange unde s udy [34,35]
RAA =1
TAA
dNAA/dpT
dσpp/dpT
.(1)
The p oduc ion c oss sec ion o beau y had ons and hei
decay p oduc s in had onic collisions has been measu ed a
2469-9985/2023/108(3)/034906(24) 034906-1 ©2023 CERN, o he ALICE Collabo a ion
S. ACHARYA e al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
di e en ene gies a RHIC [36,37], Te a on (pp)[38], and
a he LHC [15,39–54]. These measu emen s a e desc ibed
by pe u ba i e quan um ch omodynamics (pQCD) calcula-
ions such as ixed o de plus nex - o-leading-log (FONLL)
[19–21] and gene al-mass a iable la o -numbe scheme
(GM-VFNS) [22] wi hin unce ain ies.
The in e ac ion o hea y qua ks wi h he medium can
be s udied ia he measu emen o cha m had ons, which
can be econs uc ed using hei exclusi e had onic decays.
Measu emen s in Pb-Pb collisions show a signi ican change
in hei momen um dis ibu ion wi h espec o pp collision
da a [55–57]. Toge he wi h measu emen s o he low co-
e icien s [58–62], his can p o ide signi ican cons ain s
o models o he anspo p ope ies o he QGP medium
[15,23,55,63]. To in es iga e he qua k-mass dependence o
he in e ac ion, measu emen s in he beau y sec o a e needed
as well. Due o he small c oss sec ion o beau y-had on
p oduc ion and hei la ge numbe o decay channels, he
ull econs uc ion o beau y had ons is di icul in hea y-ion
collisions. While i is possible o econs uc beau y had ons,
as o example in he B±measu emen h ough he decay
channel B±→J/ψ +K±→μ+μ−+K±[41,45,48,64,65]
wi haBRo (6.12 ±0.19) ×10−5[66], he small b anching
a ios make such measu emen s challenging. Complemen-
a y in o ma ion can be gained using inclusi e measu emen s
o beau y-had on decay p oduc s such as nonp omp J/ψ
[47,67,68], nonp omp Dmesons [52,69–71], o h ough lep-
ons o igina ing om semilep onic decays o hea y- la o
had ons [72–76]. The nuclea modi ica ion ac o o lep ons
om beau y-had on decays has been measu ed by he ALICE
collabo a ion o semielec onic decays in Pb-Pb collisions
a √sNN =2.76 TeV [72] and o semimuonic decays a
√sNN =5.02 TeV wi h pT>4GeV/c[77], while he ellip ic
low coe icien has been measu ed a √sNN =5.02 TeV by
he ALICE [78] and ATLAS [79] collabo a ions. The mea-
su emen o lep ons om hea y- la o decays can p o ide
in o ma ion abou a la ge ange o had on and hea y-qua k
momen a, which can help o gain an unde s anding abou he
in e play o he collisional and adia i e p ocesses.
In his a icle, he ALICE measu emen s o he pT-
di e en ial c oss sec ion o elec ons om beau y-had on
decays in pp collisions a √s=5.02 TeV, he pT-di e en ial
yield in he 10% mos cen al Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =
5.02 TeV, and he co esponding nuclea modi ica ion ac o a
mid apidi y a e p esen ed. The esul s a e discussed oge he
wi h a compa ison o heo e ical models.
II. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND DATA SAMPLES
The ALICE appa a us consis s o a cen al ba el co e ing
he pseudo apidi y egion |η|<0.9 and a muon spec ome e
wi h −4<η<−2.5 co e age. I also con ains o wa d- and
backwa d-pseudo apidi y de ec o s employed o igge ing,
backg ound ejec ion, and e en cha ac e iza ion. The nomi-
nal magne ic ield, pa allel o he beam axis and p o ided by
he solenoid magne in which he cen al ba el de ec o s a e
placed, is 0.5 T. A comple e desc ip ion o he de ec o and an
o e iew o i s pe o mance a e p esen ed in Re s. [80,81].
The cen al-ba el de ec o s used in he analyses p esen ed
in his a icle o cha ged-pa icle econs uc ion and elec on
iden i ica ion a mid apidi y a e he inne acking sys em
(ITS) [82], he ime p ojec ion chambe (TPC) [83], he
ime-o - ligh (TOF) [84] de ec o , and he elec omagne ic
calo ime e (EMCal) [85]. The ITS consis s o six laye s o
silicon de ec o s, wi h he inne mos wo composed o silicon
pixel de ec o s (SPD), wo in e media e laye s o silicon d i
de ec o s, and he wo ou e mos laye s made o double-sided
silicon s ip de ec o s. The ITS is used o econs uc he
p ima y e ex and o acking cha ged pa icles, he la e in
combina ion wi h he TPC. The SPD c ucially also p o ides
e y good spa ial esolu ion down o low ans e se momen-
um, impo an equi emen o he analyses p esen ed in his
pape . The TPC is he main acking de ec o o he cen al
ba el. In addi ion, i allows o pa icle iden i ica ion ia he
measu emen o he pa icle speci ic ene gy loss (dE/dx)in
he de ec o gas. Addi ional in o ma ion o pa icle iden i-
ica ion is p o ided by he TOF [84], ia he measu emen
o he cha ged-pa icle ligh ime om he in e ac ion poin
o he de ec o . The e en collision ime is de e mined using
he TOF i sel o he wo T0 a ays [86], made o qua z
Che enko coun e s and co e ing he accep ance 4.6<η<
4.9 and −3.3<η<−3.0. The EMCal de ec o [85,87]isa
shashlik- ype lead and scin illa o sampling elec omagne ic
calo ime e [88] ha co e s an accep ance o |η|<0.7in
pseudo apidi y and ϕ =107◦in azimu h. The smalles seg-
men a ion o he EMCal is a owe , which has a dimension
o 6 ×6cm2(0.0143 ×0.0143 ad2)in heη×φdi ec ion.
The EMCal is used o elec on iden i ica ion as well as o
igge ing on a e e en s wi h high momen um pa icles in i s
accep ance.
Two scin illa o a ays (V0) [89], placed on each side o
he in e ac ion poin (wi h pseudo apidi y co e age 2.8<η<
5.1 and −3.7<η<−1.7), a e used o de ine a minimum-
bias igge , o ejec o line beam-induced backg ound e en s,
and o e en cha ac e iza ion. The V0 de ec o s along wi h
he wo T0 a ays a e employed o measu e he c oss sec-
ion co esponding o he minimum-bias igge condi ion
[90]. The ze o deg ee calo ime e s [91] loca ed a 112.5 m
on bo h sides o he in e ac ion poin a e used o ejec elec o-
magne ic in e ac ions and beam-induced backg ound in Pb-Pb
collisions.
The hea y-ion collisions we e di ided in o di e en cen-
ali y classes using he signal o he V0 de ec o s [92,93].
The cen ali y e e s o he pe cen ile o he had onic c oss
sec ion co e ed, wi h lowe alues co esponding o mo e
cen al e en s.
The esul s p esen ed in his pape we e ob ained using
da a eco ded by ALICE du ing he LHC Run 2 da a- aking
pe iod in 2017 o pp collisions a cen e -o -mass ene gy
√s=5.02 TeV and in 2015 o Pb-Pb collisions a cen e -o -
mass ene gy pe nucleon-nucleon collision √sNN =5.02 TeV.
To ob ain a uni o m accep ance o he de ec o s, only e en s
wi h a econs uc ed p ima y e ex posi ion along he beam
line loca ed wi hin ±10 cm om he cen e o he de ec o
we e conside ed o bo h pp and Pb-Pb collisions. Addi ion-
ally, e en s we e selec ed a e s anda d quali y checks on
he pe o mance o he de ec o s used in he analyses. The
034906-2
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRONS FROM BEAUTY-HADRON … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
analysis in pp collisions was pe o med using he minimum
bias (MB) igge , which equi es coinciden signals in bo h
scin illa o a ays o he V0 de ec o . In Pb-Pb collisions, he
analysis using TPC and TOF de ec o s was based on a MB
igge ed sample, while he TPC-EMCal analysis employed
he MB and a high-ene gy e en igge based on he ene gy
deposi ed in he EMCal. The EMCal igge (EG) is based
on he sum o ene gy in a sliding window o 4 ×4 owe s
abo e a gi en h eshold, whe e he equi ed ene gy h eshold
o he Pb-Pb da a sample was 10 GeV abo e he backg ound
ene gy om he unde lying e en . The backg ound om he
unde lying e en was ob ained using he median o 16 ×16
owe pa ches in he opposi e side calo ime e e e ed o as
DCAL. The analyzed numbe o MB e en s is 930 ×106
in pp collisions co esponding o an in eg a ed luminosi y
o Lin =18.2±0.4nb
−1[94], and 6.7×106and 4.8×106
e en s o he 10% mos cen al Pb-Pb collisions o he TPC–
TOF and TPC–EMCal analysis, co esponding o in eg a ed
luminosi ies o Lin =8.9±0.2µb
−1and 6.2±0.1µb
−1[92],
espec i ely. The numbe o analyzed EMCal igge ed e en s
is 57 ×104in he 10% mos cen al Pb-Pb collisions, co e-
sponding o an in eg a ed luminosi y o 45.6±3.6µb−1.
III. ANALYSIS OVERVIEW
Th oughou his pape , he e m “elec on” is used o
indica ing bo h elec ons and posi ons. In he momen um
ange pT⩾2GeV/cconside ed in hese analyses, mos o he
elec ons p oduced nea he in e ac ion e ex a mid apidi y
come om he decays o hea y- la o had ons [95]. They
can be p oduced di ec ly o as pa o he decay chain. O he
p ocesses p oducing elec ons ha cons i u e a backg ound in
he measu emen o elec ons om hea y la o decays a e
Dali z and dielec on decays o ligh mesons (π0,η,ρ,ω,
η,φ), pho on con e sions in he de ec o ma e ial, decays o
had ons con aining s ange qua ks, decays o p omp qua ko-
nia, and decays o ec o bosons. Fo hese, he decay chains
o hea ie pa icles may also con ain ligh e elec on sou ces
(e.g., K0
S→π0π0). Gene ally, such con ibu ions a e mo e
signi ican a low pT.
The measu emen s o elec ons om beau y-had on de-
cays can be b oadly spli in o ou s eps: (i) ack selec ion,
(ii) elec on iden i ica ion, (iii) signal ex ac ion o es ima e
he ac ion o elec ons o igina ing om beau y-had on de-
cays, and (i ) a co ec ion o selec ion e iciencies and
geome ical accep ance.
Good quali y acks we e selec ed using he c i e ia de-
ailed in Sec. III A. The elec on iden i ica ion (eID) was
pe o med in wo di e en ways depending on he pa icle pT.
A low pT(2 <pT<8GeV/c)inpp and Pb-Pb collisions,
he eID was based on he combina ion o signals o he TPC
and TOF de ec o s. In Pb-Pb collisions, a second analysis was
pe o med in he in e al 3 <pT<26 GeV/cexploi ing he
combined eID in o ma ion om TPC and EMCal. The TPC-
EMCal analysis was pe o med using MB igge ed e en s
o he pTin e al 3 <pT<12 GeV/cand using EMCal
igge ed e en s o 12 <pT<26 GeV/c o p o i om he
subs an ially la ge in eg a ed luminosi y sampled wi h his
igge in a momen um in e al in which he EG igge selec-
ion is ully e icien . Fo he inal esul s, he yields ob ained
om TPC-EMCal analysis we e used o pT>8GeV/c,
whe eas he o e lapping egion o 3 <pT<8GeV/cwas
used o check he consis ency be ween he TPC–TOF and
TPC–EMCal measu emen s. This choice was mo i a ed by
he p ecision o he measu emen based on s a is ical and sys-
ema ic unce ain ies, as will be u he discussed in Sec. IV.
The signal o elec ons om beau y-had on decays was
sepa a ed om he o he backg ound elec on sou ces ia an
analysis o he ack impac pa ame e (d0) dis ibu ion, ex-
ploi ing he compa a i ely longe li e ime o beau y had ons
(cτ≈500 µm [96]) wi h espec o o he elec on sou ces.
The d0is de ined as he dis ance o closes app oach o he
elec on ack o he econs uc ed in e ac ion e ex in a plane
pe pendicula o he beam di ec ion. I has a posi i e o nega-
i e sign depending on whe he he ack passes on he le o
igh o he p ima y e ex. This alue was mul iplied by he
sign o he cha ge o he ack and by he sign (di ec ion) o
he magne ic ield along he zaxis.
The signal was ex ac ed h ough a Mon e Ca lo (MC)
empla e i o he d0dis ibu ion, using ou empla es in
he case o he TPC-TOF analysis and wo empla es in he
TPC-EMCal analysis as desc ibed in Secs. III C and III D,
espec i ely.
A. T ack selec ion and elec on iden i ica ion
The ack selec ion has wo main goals: assu ing high-
quali y acks and educing he con ibu ion o backg ound
elec ons. In pa icula , equi ing hi s in de ec o s close o he
in e ac ion poin emo es pa o he con ibu ion o elec ons
om pho on con e sions ha occu in he de ec o ma e ial.
Fo he analyses based on TPC-TOF, all acks we e equi ed
o ha e an associa ed hi in each o he wo inne mos laye s
o he ITS. In he high- ack-densi y en i onmen o a cen al
Pb-Pb collision, i is howe e possible o a ack p oduced
a a la ge adius by a pho on con e sion o be associa ed
wi h he hi s o ano he pa icle in he inne laye s. These a e
e e ed o as misassocia ed con e sion elec ons. To educe
his con ibu ion, acks we e equi ed o ha e a mos one
hi in he ITS which is sha ed wi h ano he ack. Fo he
TPC-EMCal analysis, he acks we e equi ed o ha e a leas
one hi in one o he wo inne mos laye s o he ITS. This
educes he impac o he inac i e channels in he i s ITS
laye in he accep ance window o he EMCal.
The TPC ack quali y is ensu ed by se e al selec ions on
he clus e s associa ed o he ack, epo ed in Table I.In
pa icula , he acks a e equi ed o ha e a minimum o al
numbe o clus e s and a minimum ac ion o ound clus e s
ela i e o he expec ed maximum conside ing he ack po-
si ion in he de ec o geome y ( ound/ indable). Addi ional
equi emen s on he numbe o c ossed pad ows a e applied
as in Re . [97].
The esul ing esolu ion o he impac pa ame e o he
selec ed acks wi h pT>2 GeV/c is be e han 60 µm o
he pp measu emen , 50 µm o he TPC-EMCal analysis in
Pb-Pb, and 40 µm o TPC-TOF in Pb-Pb. The comple e lis
o selec ion c i e ia can be ound in Table Iand is simila o
ea lie analyses [95].
034906-3
S. ACHARYA e al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
TABLE I. Selec ion c i e ia o elec on candida es.
pp Pb-Pb Pb-Pb
TPC-TOF TPC-TOF TPC-EMCal
Rapidi y |y|<0.8|y|<0.8|y|<0.6
DCAz<2cm <2cm <1cm
TPC clus e s o acking – ⩾100 ⩾80
TPC c ossed ows o acking ⩾70 – ⩾70
TPC clus e s o dE/dx ⩾80 ⩾80 –
ound/ indable clus e s – >0.6–
c ossed ows/ indable clus e s >0.8– >0.8
max. χ2pe clus e in TPC 4 4 4
max. χ2pe clus e in ITS 36 5 36
numbe o ITS clus e s ⩾4⩾4⩾3
numbe o SPD hi s 2 2 1 o 2
numbe o sha ed ITS clus e s – a mos 1 –
ITS and TPC e i yes yes yes
Rejec kink daugh e s yes yes yes
TPC-EMCal ma ching – – |η|<0.05,|ϕ|<0.05
TPC eID signal −1<nTPC
σ,e<3−0.16 <nTPC
σ,e<3−1<nTPC
σ,e<3
TOF eID signal |nTOF
σ,e|<3|nTOF
σ,e|<3–
EMCal Ecal/p––0.8<Ecal/p<1.2
EMCal showe shape – – 0.01 <σ
2
sho <0.35
Fo elec on iden i ica ion wi h he TPC (TOF), he
measu ed signal was compa ed o he expec ed signal o
elec ons. The selec ion was pe o med on he a iables
nTPC
σ,e(nTOF
σ,e), de ined as he de ia ion o he signal om he
expec a ion o an elec on in uni s o he expec ed esolu ion.
Fo he EMCal, he main a iable used o sepa a ing elec ons
om had ons was Ecal/p: he deposi ed ene gy (Ecal)in he
calo ime e di ided by he econs uc ed pa icle momen um
(p), oge he wi h in o ma ion abou he shape o he elec-
omagne ic showe . The showe shape is cha ac e ized by
he eigen alues o he dispe sion ma ix o he showe shape
ellipse de ined by he ene gy dis ibu ion wi hin he EMCal
clus e [87,98,99]. In his analysis, i was chosen o equi e
he sho axis o he ellipse, σ2
sho [100], wi hin he ange
0.01 <σ
2
sho <0.35, o educe he had on con amina ion. The
lowe h eshold o σ2
sho was chosen o educe he con am-
ina ion caused by neu ons hi ing he eadou elec onics.
All he eID selec ion c i e ia can be ound in Table I.The
low bu ini e emaining had on con amina ion was explici ly
es ima ed and sub ac ed in he me hod employing TPC and
EMCal. I was conside ed as pa o he impac pa ame e i
in he measu emen s based on TPC and TOF as discussed in
Sec. III E 1.
B. Impac pa ame e dis ibu ions o he di e en
elec on sou ces
The elec on candida es o igina e om di e en sou ces,
as desc ibed in Sec. III. As pa o he sepa a ion is based
on he ack impac pa ame e , i is use ul o conside he
di e en shapes o he impac pa ame e dis ibu ions. Elec-
ons om beau y-had on decays ha e a pa icula ly wide
impac pa ame e dis ibu ion due o he la ge decay leng h
o he had ons (cτ≈500 µm [96]). Fo he elec ons om
cha m-had on decays his dis ibu ion is somewha na owe
(40 <cτ<300 µm [96]) hough s ill wide compa ed o many
o he o he backg ound con ibu ions. Ligh mesons like
neu al pions can decay o elec ons di ec ly ia h ee-body
Dali z decays, accoun ing o a signi ican po ion o he
ligh meson backg ound. As hese decays, simila o hose
o qua konia and ec o bosons, essen ially occu a he in-
e ac ion e ex, hei impac pa ame e dis ibu ion is na ow
and is de e mined by he econs uc ed ack esolu ion. Ligh
mesons can also p oduce elec ons ia decays o pho ons ha
con e in he de ec o ma e ial. Elec ons o igina ing om
pho on con e sions ha e a e y small angle wi h espec o
he pho on di ec ion. Howe e , due o he magne ic ield, he
ack acqui es a sizable a e age impac pa ame e when i
is p opaga ed back o he p ima y e ex wi h opposi e sign
o posi ons and elec ons. Mul iplying he impac pa ame e
wi h he sign o he ack cha ge and magne ic ield o ien a ion
makes he dis ibu ion asymme ic, making i easie o dis in-
guish i om he o he sou ces. Mos o he elec ons om
pho on con e sions a la ge adii a e emo ed by he equi e-
men o signals in he inne ITS laye s. The ew emaining
misassocia ed con e sion elec ons ha e a e y wide impac
pa ame e dis ibu ion. Mos o he had ons le in he sample
a e elec on iden i ica ion a e p oduced nea he in e ac ion
e ex. Thus, hei impac pa ame e dis ibu ion is simila o
ha o he Dali z decay elec ons.
The elec ons om Dali z decays and he pho ons con e -
ing in he de ec o ma e ial mos ly come om he decays o
ligh - la o pa icles, and a e p oduced in elec on–posi on
pai s wi h low in a ian mass. Toge he , he elec ons om
hese wo sou ces a e e e ed o as “pho onic elec ons.”
The analyses p esen ed he e ex ac he beau y and cha m
con ibu ions wi h a i o he inclusi e ack impac pa am-
e e dis ibu ion using empla es based on e en and de ec o
simula ions. The app oaches using TPC and TOF de ec o s
also include he con e sion elec ons and emaining sou ces as
034906-4

MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRONS FROM BEAUTY-HADRON … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
empla es and will be e e ed o as he ou - empla e me hod.
The pho onic elec on con ibu ion, which dec eases wi h pT,
can be sub ac ed be o e i ing he d0dis ibu ions u ilizing a
echnique based on elec on–posi on pai s wi h low in a ian
mass. This app oach, e e ed o as he wo- empla e me hod,
was used in he analysis wi h he pa icle iden i ica ion based
on he TPC and EMCal de ec o s. These me hods will be
discussed in mo e de ail in he ollowing sec ions. One e ec
o he sub ac ion o he pho onic elec ons is ha i also
sub ac s a con ibu ion om ligh mesons p oduced in he
decays o beau y had ons. The ou - empla e me hod, ins ead,
includes all elec ons p oduced in he decay chains o beau y
had ons. This was es ima ed o induce a di e ence be ween
he esul s o he wo analysis echniques, which is o he o de
o 2% in he measu ed pT ange and dec eases wi h pT.
The i empla es, as well as he es ima ion o he acking
and pa o he eID e iciencies, a e based on MC simula ions.
The PYTHIA 6.425 e en gene a o wi h Pe ugia 2011 une
[101] was used o simula e ppe en s, HIJING 1.36 [102] o
Pb-Pb e en s, while GEANT3 [103] was used o p opaga e
he gene a ed pa icles h ough he ALICE appa a us. The
condi ions o all he ALICE de ec o s du ing he da a aking,
we e aken in o accoun in he simula ions. Simula ed e en s
we e en iched wi h addi ional elec ons om beau y- and
cha m-had on decays as well as decays o π0and ηmesons o
imp o e he s a is ical p ecision o he signal and he main
backg ound sou ces. Any de ia ion be ween he MC em-
pla es and he da a was co ec ed whene e possible and any
unce ain y in he co ec ion was p opaga ed o he sys ema ic
unce ain ies o he measu emen . Co ec ions we e applied
o he ans e se impac pa ame e esolu ion, he momen um
dis ibu ion o he cha m and beau y had ons, and he ela i e
ac ions o he di e en cha m-had on species (which im-
pac s on he d0 empla es because o he signi ican ly di e en
decay leng hs o D0,D+,D+
s,+
c). Due o he ee ampli udes
o he con ibu ions in he i , only e ec s on he shape o
he impac pa ame e dis ibu ions a e ele an , no he o-
al numbe o en ies in he empla es. E ec s o including
elec ons om s ange-had on decays, he dependence o he
con e sion elec on dis ibu ion on he de ec o occupancy,
and he ela i e con ibu ion o he had on con amina ion we e
conside ed as sys ema ic unce ain ies. These a e discussed in
mo e de ail in Sec. III E.
C. Ex ac ion o elec ons om beau y-had on decays
using he ou - empla e me hod
In his app oach, ou impac pa ame e empla es o he
co esponding elec on sou ces discussed in he p e ious sec-
ion a e cons uc ed based on MC simula ions and a e i ed
o he measu ed inclusi e elec on dis ibu ion using a maxi-
mum likelihood i app oach. The empla e co esponding o
con ibu ions ha a e om nei he beau y, cha m, no pho on
con e sions will be e e ed o as he Dali z empla e. This
p ocedu e was applied in he pTin e al 2 <pT<8GeV/c
wi h an elec on iden i ica ion based on he signals o he TOF
and TPC de ec o s.
The signal ex ac ion is based on he me hod o i ing
ini e-s a is ics empla es p oposed in Re . [104] and was al-
eady used in p e ious ALICE analyses [72]. The basic idea is
o include he luc ua ions in he empla es by in oducing he
expec a ion alues Aji o he empla es o sou ce jin bin ias
ee pa ame e s in addi ion o he o e all ampli udes. The con-
ibu ions om he sou ces a e hen es ima ed om he o e all
maximum likelihood assuming Poissonian luc ua ions.
Co ec ions o he ac ions o he di e en cha m-had on
species and o he momen um dis ibu ions o he cha m and
beau y had ons we e included ia weigh s o he di e en
en ies in he impac pa ame e his og ams. P o i ing om
he ee ampli ude pa ame e s, all scaling unc ions can be
changed by an o e all mul iplica i e ac o . This was used o
keep he weigh s o alues close o uni y o no dis up he
Poisson s a is ics assumed in he maximum likelihood i . Fo
elec ons om beau y- and cha m-had on decays, he unce -
ain ies om s a is ical luc ua ions in he empla es a e much
lowe han hose on he measu ed dis ibu ion (by a ound a
ac o o 3).
Examples o he esul ing i oge he wi h he scaled
empla e dis ibu ions in pp and Pb-Pb collisions a e shown
in Fig. 1. The a io o he da a o he i , is also shown o
demons a e he quali y o he i , which is a ound 1 in he ull
d0 ange conside ed o he i . Due o he la ge decay leng h,
he con ibu ion om beau y-had on decays is mos p ominen
a la ge absolu e impac pa ame e alues and his egion hus
cons ains he magni ude o he beau y con ibu ion he mos .
The s a is ical unce ain y o he i was de e mined by i -
ually epea ing he measu emen using independen samples
c ea ed om he empla es based on measu ed con ibu ions
as inpu as in Re . [72]. In addi ion o he dis inc elec on
sou ces, he e is also a con ibu ion om he emaining had on
con amina ion. As hese had ons mos ly o igina e nea he
in e ac ion e ex, he con ibu ion is abso bed in o he i o
he Dali z decay elec on con ibu ion.
The sligh di e ence in he a e age impac pa ame e and
i s esolu ion be ween da a and he simula ions used o c ea e
he empla es was es ima ed ia he measu emen o cha ged
had on acks and co ec ed o . The emaining esolu ion di -
e ence is <4% and was conside ed as a pa o he sys ema ic
unce ain ies.
Elec ons om he decay o hea y- la o had ons wi hin
a pa icula pTin e al can o igina e om di e en had on
species (e.g., D0,D+,D+
s,+
c o cha m had ons and B0,
B+,B0
s,0
B o beau y had ons, as well as hei an ipa icles)
wi h di e en li e imes and also wi h a wide ange o possible
momen a. Thus, he impac pa ame e dis ibu ions depend
on he momen um dis ibu ions and ela i e abundances o
cha m and beau y had ons. In pa icula , he cha m had ons
ha e signi ican ly di e en li e imes. To co ec o his e ec ,
elec ons om cha m-had on decays we e weigh ed by he
species and momen a o hei mo he s acco ding o he mea-
su ed D0momen um dis ibu ions and he measu ed +
c/D0
[105,106], D+/D0[55,107], and D+
s/D0[57,107] yield a ios,
o ob ain he MC empla es. Fo beau y, he weigh s o he
pT-dis ibu ions o he beau y had ons we e es ima ed ac-
co ding o FONLL calcula ions o he pTdis ibu ions using
an addi ional co ec ion o he nuclea modi ica ion ac o
based on he TAMU model [108] in he Pb-Pb analysis. As
all beau y had ons ha e a simila decay leng h and hus he
034906-5
S. ACHARYA e al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
FIG. 1. Examples o he impac pa ame e i s wi h he ou - empla e i app oach used in he TPC–TOF analyses. The le panel shows a
i wi h empla es o he ou classes o elec on sou ces in pp collisions a √s=5.02 TeV in he lowes pTin e al and he igh panel shows
a i example in Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV in he highes pT ange.
co esponding decay elec ons a e expec ed o ha e simila
impac pa ame e dis ibu ions, no speci ic co ec ion was
made o he ela i e con ibu ions o he di e en beau y
had ons.
The numbe o measu ed pa icles was hen aken om
he in eg al o he scaled i empla es a e pe o ming he
i ing p ocedu e. I was hen co ec ed o he accep ance o
he ALICE de ec o (εgeo) and he e iciency o he elec on
econs uc ion (ε eco) and iden i ica ion (εeID) and no malized
o he numbe o e en s acco ding o Eq. (2). A ac o o 1
2is
included o gi e he a e age o elec ons and posi ons,
d2N
dpTdy =1
2
1
ypT
1
Ne en s
N aw
εgeo ×ε eco ×εeID .(2)
The e iciency o he ack-quali y and TOF eID selec-
ions was es ima ed om MC simula ions. Fo he TPC eID
e iciency, a da a-d i en echnique which is based on a i o
he nTPC
σ,edis ibu ion a e TOF eID, was used o all momen-
um in e als. The elec on peak was i ed using a Gaussian
dis ibu ion. The esul ing mean was a ound −0.16 o all
momen um in e als in Pb-Pb collisions. A selec ion o nTPC
σ,e
om −0.16 o 3 was applied, esul ing in a cons an TPC eID
e iciency o abou 50%. The small co ec ion o he ini e
ans e se momen um esolu ion was done ia a bin-by-bin
co ec ion compa ing gene a ed and measu ed momen a in he
simula ions.
D. Ex ac ion o elec ons om beau y-had on decays
using he wo- empla e me hod
In he second p ocedu e, he con ibu ions om had ons
and pho onic elec ons a e sub ac ed om he d0dis ibu-
ion h ough da a-d i en me hods simila o he ones used in
Re . [109]. The con ibu ions o elec ons om cha m- and
beau y-had on decays a e hen de e mined by i ing he d0
dis ibu ion wi h wo empla es, one o cha m and one o
beau y sou ces, ob ained om MC simula ions. This me hod
was used in he Pb-Pb analysis using eID based on he TPC
and EMCal de ec o s in he pT ange om 3 o 26 GeV/c.The
inclusi e elec on sample was ob ained by selec ing acks and
by applying elec on iden i ica ion c i e ia in he TPC and he
EMCal using nTPC
σ,e,Ecal/p, and σ2
sho , as lis ed in Table I.
1. Da a-d i en backg ound sub ac ion
The had on con amina ion was es ima ed by selec ing
had on acks wi h nTPC
σ,e<−4. The Ecal/pdis ibu ion o
hese pa icles was hen scaled o ma ch he elec on-candida e
Ecal/pdis ibu ion in an in e al ha a ies wi h pTinside he
ange 0.2<Ecal/p<0.6. This had on Ecal/pno maliza ion
ange shi s wi h inc easing pT o accoun o he shi o
he had on signal owa ds Ecal/p=1 wi h inc easing mo-
men um. The elec on- and had on-con amina ion yields we e
ob ained by in eg a ing he Ecal/pdis ibu ions o elec on
candida es and he scaled had on one in 0.8<Ecal/p<1.2.
The had on con amina ion is negligible a low pT, and in-
c eases o a ound 20% a pT=26 GeV/c. The had on d0
dis ibu ion, ob ained by selec ing pa icles wi h nTPC
σ,e<−4,
was also scaled o ma ch his es ima ed had on con amina ion.
I was hen sub ac ed om he inclusi e elec on d0dis ibu-
ion (dNInclE/dd0).
A e he sub ac ion o he had on con amina ion, he
con ibu ion o pho onic elec ons was es ima ed. Pho onic
elec ons a e p oduced in elec on-posi on pai s wi h low
in a ian mass, peaking close o ze o. Thus, hey can be
iden i ied using an in a ian mass analysis o elec on pai s.
In he in a ian mass analysis echnique [110,111], elec on-
posi on pai s a e de ined by pai ing he selec ed elec ons
034906-6
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRONS FROM BEAUTY-HADRON … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
FIG. 2. Example o he impac pa ame e dis ibu ions used in he TPC–EMCal analysis in 0–10% Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV.
The had on con amina ion ( ed), pho onic elec on (pu ple), and inclusi e elec on (black) d0dis ibu ions a e shown in he le panel. The
igh panel shows an example o a i wi h he wo empla e app oach.
wi h opposi e-cha ge elec on pa ne s o o m unlike-sign
(ULS) pai s and calcula ing hei in a ian mass (me+e−).
The pa ne elec ons we e selec ed by applying simila bu
loose ack quali y and pa icle iden i ica ion c i e ia han
hose used o selec ing signal elec ons o inc ease he e i-
ciency o inding he pa ne [111,112]. Hea y- la o decay
elec ons can o m ULS pai s mainly h ough andom combi-
na ions wi h o he elec ons. The combina o ial con ibu ion
was es ima ed om he in a ian mass dis ibu ion o like-sign
elec on (LS) pai s. The d0dis ibu ions o elec ons o ming
ULS (dNULS/dd0) and LS (dNLS/dd0) pai s we e ob ained.
The pho onic backg ound con ibu ion was hen e alua ed
by sub ac ing he LS dis ibu ion om he ULS dis ibu-
ion in he in a ian mass in e al me+e−<0.1GeV/c2.The
e iciency o inding he pa ne elec on, e e ed o as he
agging e iciency (ε ag) om he e on, was es ima ed using
he HIJING [102] MC simula ions wi h added ligh la o sig-
nals a high momen a. The gene a ed pa icles a e p opaga ed
h ough he ALICE appa a us using GEANT3 [103]. The sim-
ula ed pTdis ibu ions o π0and ηmesons we e eweigh ed
o ma ch he unbiased pTdis ibu ion om PYTHIA. The
agging e iciency is ≈50% a 3 GeV/c, inc easing o ≈70%
a pT>20 GeV/c.Thed0dis ibu ion o pho onic elec ons
was co ec ed o wi h he agging e iciency and sub ac ed
om he inclusi e elec on dis ibu ion o ob ain he impac
pa ame e dis ibu ion o elec ons om hea y la o had on
decays (dNHFe/dd0) acco ding o
dNHFe
dd0=dNInclE
dd0−1
ε ag dNULS
dd0−dNLS
dd0.(3)
An example o he d0dis ibu ion o inclusi e elec ons,
es ima ed had on con amina ion, and pho onic elec ons is
shown in he le panel o Fig. 2 o he in e al 3 <pT<
4GeV/c.
Elec ons om s ange-had on decays a e negligible in he
pT ange conside ed [95]. The con ibu ion o elec ons om
J/ψ decays was es ima ed o be less han 5% wi h a maxi-
mum a 2 <pT<3GeV/c[111,112], hence no conside ed
in he analysis. The W±(Z0) boson decays ha e a negligible
con ibu ion o pT<15 GeV/c, inc easing o 20% (10%)
o he hea y- la o decay elec on yield a pT=26 GeV/c
[109]. These con ibu ions we e no sub ac ed bu hei small
e ec on he yield is conside ed in he sys ema ic unce ain y
es ima ion, as desc ibed below.
2. Two- empla e i p ocedu e
The elec ons om beau y-had on decays we e sepa a ed
by i ing wo MC d0 empla es o he hea y- la o elec on
d0dis ibu ion, using a p ocedu e simila o ha de ailed in
Sec. III C. The wo empla es co espond o elec ons om
cha m-had on decays and beau y-had on decays.
Se e al co ec ions we e applied o he MC d0 empla es
o cha m- and beau y-had on decays o ob ain a ealis ic de-
sc ip ion o he da a, be o e using hem o i he measu ed
dis ibu ions. These co ec ions include (i) he pTshape o he
mo he cha m and beau y had ons, (ii) he ela i e ac ion o
he di e en cha m-had on mo he species, and (iii) he mean
and he esolu ion o he d0dis ibu ion. The co ec ions we e
applied using he same p ocedu e desc ibed in Sec. III C.
The co ec ed MC empla es o cha m and beau y decays
we e used o i he hea y- la o elec on d0dis ibu ion om
da a using a weigh ed log-likelihood i [113]. The s a is ical
unce ain ies om he empla es we e no conside ed in he i ,
as he s a is ical unce ain ies o he da a domina e o e hose
o he empla es (app oxima ely six imes la ge ). An example
034906-7
S. ACHARYA e al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
TABLE II. Sys ema ic unce ain ies in he pp and Pb-Pb analyses. Indi idual sou ces o sys ema ic unce ain ies a e pTdependen . The
alues a e p esen ed as a ange co esponding o he lowes and highes pTin e als.
pp Pb-Pb Pb-Pb
TPC-TOF TPC-TOF TPC-EMCal
Sou ce 2 <pT<8 GeV/c2<pT<8 GeV/c3<pT<26 GeV/c
T ack selec ion 1% 3% 2%
ITS-TPC ma ching 2% 3% 3%
TPC-TOF ma ching 2% 5% –
TPC-EMCal ma ching – – 1%
TPC eID 1% 7% –
TOF eID 4%–0% 7%–2% –
TPC-EMCal eID – – 7%–10%
IP esolu ion 6% 5%–0% 2%
Cha m-had on pTspec a 2%–0% 5%–2% 1%–5%
Cha m-had on species 4%–0% 1%–0% 5%
Beau y-had on pTspec a 10%–5% 10%–5% 10%–3%
Had on con amina ion 0%–10% 8%–4% 1%–3%
Fi s abili y 10%–0% 5%–0% 0%
S angeness decay con ibu ion – 3%–1% –
Pa ne elec on selec ion – – 2%–0%
Mul iplici y e ec o con e sions – 4%–1% –
Fi me hod 20% 15% 15%
Closu e es – – 20%–4%
W/Z con ibu ion – – 0%–6%
EMCal igge ejec ion ac o – – 0%–5%
To al 26%–23% 26–18% 28–22%
No maliza ion unce ain y 2.1% – –
o a i is shown in he igh panel o Fig. 2 o he in e al
14 <pT<16 GeV/c. The a io o he da a o he i is also
shown o demons a e he quali y o he i . I is a ound 1 in
he ull d0 ange conside ed o he i .
The aw beau y-decay elec on yield ob ained om he
empla e i was hen co ec ed o he accep ance o he
ALICE de ec o and he e iciency o he elec on econs uc-
ion and iden i ica ion as desc ibed by Eq. (2). This includes
he e iciency co ec ions o he ack quali y selec ions, he
p ocedu e o ma ch acks wi h EMCal ene gy-deposi ion
clus e s, and he selec ions used o iden i y elec ons ( he
Ecal/p,σ2
sho , and nTPC
σ,e equi emen s). The e iciencies we e
es ima ed using MC simula ions, wi h he excep ion o he
nTPC
σ,eand σ2
sho elec on selec ion e iciencies, which was es-
ima ed using da a-d i en p ocedu es.
The nTPC
σ,ee iciency was es ima ed by pa ame izing he
nTPC
σ,edis ibu ions by i ing wi h h ee Gaussians, o he
elec on, he pion, and he combined p o on and kaon signals.
The ob ained e iciency a ies om abou 72% o 76% wi h
inc easing momen um. The ela i e e iciency o σ2
sho was
ob ained using Ecal/pdis ibu ion wi h and wi hou applying
he showe shape selec ion. The esul ing e iciency a ies
om abou 80% o 95% wi h inc easing momen um.
The pe -e en yield ob ained wi h EMCal- igge ed e en s
o pT>12 GeV/cwas no malized using he EMCal igge
ejec ion ac o . The ejec ion ac o exp esses he equi alen
numbe o MB e en s co esponding o a igge ed e en . I
was es ima ed wi h a da a-d i en me hod, using he a io o
he EMCal clus e ene gy dis ibu ion in EG- igge ed da a o
he one in minimum-bias da a (EG/MB), simila o wha is
desc ibed in Re s. [109,111]. This a io o ms a s able pla eau
abo e Eclus e >12 GeV/c. A Fe mi unc ion [114,115]was
used o i he a io and o de e mine he EMCal igge e-
jec ion ac o abo e he igge h eshold. A ejec ion ac o
o 61.7±0.8(s a .)±3.0(sys.) was ob ained. The s a is ical
unce ain y was ob ained by a ying he i unc ion wi hin i s
pa ame e unce ain ies, and he sys ema ic unce ain y was
ob ained by changing he i unc ion using a cons an abo e
he igge h eshold, and also a ying he i ange. The unce -
ain y on he EMCal igge ejec ion ac o was p opaga ed o
he inal measu emen .
E. Sys ema ic unce ain ies
1. Sys ema ic unce ain y es ima ion o he ou - empla e me hod
The sys ema ic unce ain ies in pp and Pb-Pb collisions
wi h TPC–TOF eID a e summa ized in Table II. They can
b oadly be sepa a ed in o unce ain ies on he es ima e o he
e iciency o he ack selec ion and eID and unce ain ies
ela ed o he shape o he i empla es. The di e en sou ces
o unce ain ies we e assumed o be unco ela ed and hus
added in quad a u e. Fo he calcula ion o he RAA, hey we e
conside ed as unco ela ed be ween pp and Pb-Pb. A de ailed
desc ip ion o he con ibu ions is gi en in he ollowing.
The sys ema ic unce ain y o he ack quali y selec ion
e iciency in pp and Pb-Pb collisions is 1% and 3%, espec-
i ely, o elec ons om beau y- and cha m-had on decays
as es ima ed in Re . [109] om a ia ions o he selec ion
c i e ia. The unce ain y es ima ed o hea y- la o decay
elec ons in Re . [109] can be applied in he analysis p esen ed
034906-8
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRONS FROM BEAUTY-HADRON … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
collisional ene gy loss p ocesses p edic simila RAA alues a
high pT, signi ican di e ences among models exis a low pT,
bu mo e p ecise measu emen s a e needed o cons ain he
model pa ame e s u he .
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The ALICE collabo a ion hanks all i s enginee s and
echnicians o hei in aluable con ibu ions o he cons uc-
ion o he expe imen and he CERN accele a o eams o
he ou s anding pe o mance o he LHC complex. The AL-
ICE collabo a ion g a e ully acknowledges he esou ces and
suppo p o ided by all G id cen e s and he Wo ldwide
LHC Compu ing G id (WLCG) collabo a ion. The ALICE
collabo a ion acknowledges he ollowing unding agencies
o hei suppo in building and unning he ALICE de ec-
o : A. I. Alikhanyan Na ional Science Labo a o y (Ye e an
Physics Ins i u e) Founda ion (ANSL), S a e Commi ee o
Science and Wo ld Fede a ion o Scien is s (WFS), A me-
nia; Aus ian Academy o Sciences, Aus ian Science Fund
(FWF): [M 2467-N36] and Na ionals i ung ü Fo schung,
Technologie und En wicklung, Aus ia; Minis y o Commu-
nica ions and High Technologies, Na ional Nuclea Resea ch
Cen e , Aze baijan; Conselho Nacional de Desen ol imen o
Cien í ico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiado a de Es udos
e P oje os (Finep), Fundação de Ampa o à Pesquisa do Es-
ado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Uni e sidade Fede al do
Rio G ande do Sul (UFRGS), B azil; Bulga ian Minis y o
Educa ion and Science, wi hin he Na ional Roadmap o Re-
sea ch In as uc u es 2020–2027 (objec CERN), Bulga ia;
Minis y o Educa ion o China (MOEC), Minis y o Sci-
ence & Technology o China (MSTC) and Na ional Na u al
Science Founda ion o China (NSFC), China; Minis y o
Science and Educa ion and C oa ian Science Founda ion,
C oa ia; Cen o de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desa ollo
Nuclea (CEADEN), Cubaene gía, Cuba; Minis y o Ed-
uca ion, You h and Spo s o he Czech Republic, Czech
Republic; The Danish Council o Independen Resea ch
| Na u al Sciences, he VILLUM FONDEN and Danish
Na ional Resea ch Founda ion (DNRF), Denma k; Helsinki
Ins i u e o Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissa ia à l’Ene gie
A omique (CEA) and Ins i u Na ional de Physique Nu-
cléai e e de Physique des Pa icules (IN2P3) and Cen e
Na ional de la Reche che Scien i ique (CNRS), F ance; Bun-
desminis e ium ü Bildung und Fo schung (BMBF) and
GSI Helmhol zzen um ü Schwe ionen o schung GmbH,
Ge many; Gene al Sec e a ia o Resea ch and Technol-
ogy, Minis y o Educa ion, Resea ch and Religions, G eece;
Na ional Resea ch, De elopmen and Inno a ion O ice, Hun-
ga y; Depa men o A omic Ene gy Go e nmen o India
(DAE), Depa men o Science and Technology, Go e nmen
o India (DST), Uni e si y G an s Commission, Go e nmen
o India (UGC) and Council o Scien i ic and Indus ial
Resea ch (CSIR), India; Na ional Resea ch and Inno a ion
Agency–BRIN, Indonesia; Is i u o Nazionale di Fisica Nucle-
a e (INFN), I aly; Japanese Minis y o Educa ion, Cul u e,
Spo s, Science and Technology (MEXT) and Japan Socie y
o he P omo ion o Science (JSPS) KAKENHI, Japan; Con-
sejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, h ough
Fondo de Coope ación In e nacional en Ciencia y Tecnología
(FONCICYT) and Di ección Gene al de Asun os del Pe sonal
Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nede landse O ganisa ie oo
We enschappelijk Onde zoek (NWO), Ne he lands; The Re-
sea ch Council o No way, No way; Commission on Science
and Technology o Sus ainable De elopmen in he Sou h
(COMSATS), Pakis an; Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ca ólica del
Pe ú, Pe u; Minis y o Educa ion and Science, Na ional
Science Cen e and WUT ID-UB, Poland; Ko ea Ins i u e
o Science and Technology In o ma ion and Na ional Re-
sea ch Founda ion o Ko ea (NRF), Republic o Ko ea;
Minis y o Educa ion and Scien i ic Resea ch, Ins i u e o
A omic Physics, Minis y o Resea ch and Inno a ion and
Ins i u e o A omic Physics and Uni e si y Poli ehnica o
Bucha es , Romania; Minis y o Educa ion, Science, Re-
sea ch and Spo o he Slo ak Republic, Slo akia; Na ional
Resea ch Founda ion o Sou h A ica, Sou h A ica; Swedish
Resea ch Council (VR) and Knu & Alice Wallenbe g Foun-
da ion (KAW), Sweden; Eu opean O ganiza ion o Nuclea
Resea ch, Swi ze land; Su ana ee Uni e si y o Technol-
ogy (SUT), Na ional Science and Technology De elopmen
Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Resea ch and Inno a-
ion (TSRI) and Na ional Science, Resea ch and Inno a ion
Fund (NSRF), Thailand; Tu kish Ene gy, Nuclea and Mine al
Resea ch Agency (TENMAK), Tu key; Na ional Academy
o Sciences o Uk aine, Uk aine; Science and Technology
Facili ies Council (STFC), Uni ed Kingdom; Na ional Science
Founda ion o he Uni ed S a es o Ame ica (NSF) and Uni ed
S a es Depa men o Ene gy, O ice o Nuclea Physics (DOE
NP), Uni ed S a es o Ame ica. In addi ion, indi idual g oups
o membe s ha e ecei ed suppo om: Ma ie Skłodowska
Cu ie, Eu opean Resea ch Council, S ong 2020 - Ho izon
2020 (G an s No. 950692, No. 824093, and No. 896850),
Eu opean Union; Academy o Finland (Cen e o Excellence
in Qua k Ma e ) (G an s No. 346327 and No. 346328), Fin-
land; P og ama de Apoyos pa a la Supe ación del Pe sonal
Académico, UNAM, Mexico; he DST-DAAD P ojec -based
Pe sonnel Exchange P og amme, India.
[1] F. Khey i, M. Khodadi, and H. R. Sepangi, Ho a a-Li shi z
ea ly uni e se phase ansi ion beyond de ailed balance, Eu .
Phys.J.C73, 2286 (2013).
[2] A. Baza o e al., The chi al and decon inemen aspec s o he
QCD ansi ion, Phys. Re . D 85, 054503 (2012).
[3] S. Bo sányi, Z. Fodo , C. Hoelbling, S. D. Ka z, S. K ieg, C.
Ra i, and K. K. Szabo, Recen esul s on he equa ion o s a e
o QCD, PoS LATTICE2014, 224 (2015).
[4] A. Baza o e al. (Ho QCD Collabo a ion), Chi al c osso e
in QCD a ze o and nonze o chemical po en ials, Phys. Le . B
795, 15 (2019).
[5] A. Baza o e al., Equa ion o s a e and QCD ansi ion a
ini e empe a u e, Phys.Re .D80, 014504 (2009).
[6] P. B aun-Munzinge , V. Koch, T. Schä e , and J. S achel,
P ope ies o ho and dense ma e om ela i is ic hea y ion
collisions, Phys. Rep. 621, 76 (2016).
034906-15

S. ACHARYA e al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
[7] E. V. Shu yak, Qua k-gluon plasma and had onic p oduc ion
o lep ons, pho ons, and psions, Phys. Le . B 78, 150 (1978).
[8] T. Csö g˝
o, New o m o ma e a CERN SPS: Qua k ma e
bu no qua k gluon plasma, Nucl. Phys. B P oc. Suppl. 92,62
(2001).
[9] D. Teaney, J. Lau e , and E. V. Shu yak, Flow a he SPS and
RHIC as a Qua k Gluon Plasma Signa u e, Phys.Re .Le .86,
4783 (2001).
[10] I. A sene e al. (BRAHMS Collabo a ion), Qua k gluon
plasma and colo glass condensa e a RHIC? The Pe spec i e
om he BRAHMS expe imen , Nucl. Phys. A 757, 1 (2005).
[11] B. B. Back e al. (PHOBOS Collabo a ion), The PHOBOS
pe spec i e on disco e ies a RHIC, Nucl. Phys. A 757,28
(2005).
[12] J. Adams e al. (STAR Collabo a ion), Expe imen al and he-
o e ical challenges in he sea ch o he qua k gluon plasma:
The STAR Collabo a ion’s c i ical assessmen o he e idence
om RHIC collisions, Nucl. Phys. A 757, 102 (2005).
[13] K. Adcox e al. (PHENIX Collabo a ion), Fo ma ion o dense
pa onic ma e in ela i is ic nucleus-nucleus collisions a
RHIC: Expe imen al e alua ion by he PHENIX collabo a ion,
Nucl. Phys. A 757, 184 (2005).
[14] B. Mülle , J. Schuk a , and B. Wyslouch, Fi s Resul s om
Pb+Pb collisions a he LHC, Annu. Re . Nucl. Pa . Sci. 62,
361 (2012).
[15] ALICE Collabo a ion, The ALICE expe imen —A jou ney
h ough QCD, a Xi :2211.04384.
[16] A. And onic, P. B aun-Munzinge , K. Redlich, and J. S achel,
S a is ical had oniza ion o hea y qua ks in ul a- ela i is ic
nucleus-nucleus collisions, Nucl. Phys. A 789, 334 (2007).
[17] A. And onic e al., Hea y- la ou and qua konium p oduc ion
in he LHC e a: F om p o on-p o on o hea y-ion collisions,
Eu . Phys. J. C 76, 107 (2016).
[18] F.-M. Liu and S.-X. Liu, Qua k-gluon plasma o ma ion ime
and di ec pho ons om hea y ion collisions, Phys.Re .C89,
034906 (2014).
[19] M. Caccia i, M. G eco, and P. Nason, The pTspec um in
hea y la o had op oduc ion, J. High Ene gy Phys. 05 (1998)
007.
[20] M. Caccia i, S. F ixione, and P. Nason, The pTspec um in
hea y la o pho op oduc ion, J. High Ene gy Phys. 03 (2001)
006.
[21] M. Caccia i, S. F ixione, N. Houdeau, M. L. Mangano, P.
Nason, and G. Ridol i, Theo e ical p edic ions o cha m and
bo om p oduc ion a he LHC, J. High Ene gy Phys. 10 (2012)
137.
[22] P. Bolzoni and G. K ame , Inclusi e lep on p oduc ion om
hea y-had on decay in pp collisions a he LHC, Nucl. Phys.
B872, 253 (2013);876, 334(E) (2013).
[23] S. Cao e al., Towa d he de e mina ion o hea y-qua k ans-
po coe icien s in qua k-gluon plasma, Phys. Re . C 99,
054907 (2019).
[24] R. Baie , D. Schi , and B. G. Zakha o , Ene gy loss in pe u -
ba i e QCD, Ann. Re . Nucl. Pa . Sci. 50, 37 (2000).
[25] Y. L. Dokshi ze and D. E. Kha zee , Hea y qua k colo ime y
o QCD ma e , Phys. Le . B 519, 199 (2001).
[26] N. A mes o, C. A. Salgado, and U. A. Wiedemann, Medium
induced gluon adia ion o massi e qua ks ills he dead cone,
Phys.Re .D69, 114003 (2004).
[27] S. Wicks, W. Ho owi z, M. Djo dje ic, and M. Gyulassy,
Hea y qua k je quenching wi h collisional plus adia i e en-
e gy loss and pa h leng h luc ua ions, Nucl. Phys. A 783, 493
(2007).
[28] B.-W. Zhang, E. Wang, and X.-N. Wang, Hea y Qua k En-
e gy Loss in Nuclea Medium, Phys. Re . Le . 93, 072301
(2004).
[29] A. Adil and I. Vi e , Collisional dissocia ion o hea y mesons
in dense QCD ma e , Phys. Le . B 649, 139 (2007).
[30] B.-W. Zhang, C.-M. Ko, and W. Liu, The mal cha m p oduc-
ion in a qua k-gluon plasma in Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =
5.5 TeV, Phys.Re .C77, 024901 (2008).
[31] P. B aun-Munzinge , Qua konium p oduc ion in ul a-
ela i is ic nuclea collisions: Supp ession e sus enhance-
men , J. Phys. G: Nucl. Pa . Phys. 34, S471 (2007).
[32] M. Djo dje ic, M. Gyulassy, and S. Wicks, Open Cha m and
Beau y a Ul a ela i is ic Hea y Ion Collide s, Phys. Re .
Le . 94, 112301 (2005).
[33] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Di ec obse a ion
o he dead-cone e ec in quan um ch omodynamics, Na u e
(London) 605, 440 (2022).
[34] C. Loizides, J. Kamin, and D. d’En e ia, Imp o ed Mon e
Ca lo Glaube p edic ions a p esen and u u e nuclea col-
lide s, Phys.Re .C97, 054910 (2018);99, 019901(E) (2019).
[35] D. d’En e ia and C. Loizides, P og ess in he Glaube model
a collide ene gies, Annu. Re . Nucl. Pa . Sci. 71, 315 (2021).
[36] M. M. Agga wal e al. (STAR Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
he Bo om Con ibu ion o Nonpho onic Elec on P oduc ion
in p+pCollisions a √s=200 GeV, Phys. Re . Le . 105,
202301 (2010).
[37] A. Ada e e al. (PHENIX Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
Bo om Ve sus Cha m as a Func ion o T ans e se Momen-
um wi h Elec on-Had on Co ela ions in p+pCollisions a
√s=200 GeV, Phys.Re .Le .103, 082002 (2009).
[38] D. Acos a e al. (CDF Collabo a ion), Measu emen o he J/ψ
meson and B-had on p oduc ion c oss sec ions in p¯pcollisions
a √s=1960 GeV, Phys. Re . D 71, 032001 (2005).
[39] B. Abele e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
elec ons om beau y had on decays in pp collisions a
√s=7 TeV, Phys. Le . B 721, 13 (2013);763, 507(E)
(2016).
[40] B. Abele e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
elec ons om semilep onic hea y- la o had on decays in pp
collisions a √s=2.76 TeV, Phys.Re .D91, 012001 (2015).
[41] R. Aaij e al. (LHCb Collabo a ion), Measu emen o he B±
p oduc ion c oss-sec ion in pp collisions a √s=7 TeV, J.
High Ene gy Phys. 04 (2012) 093.
[42] G. Aad e al. (ATLAS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o he
di e en ial c oss-sec ions o inclusi e, p omp and nonp omp
J/ψ p oduc ion in p o on-p o on collisions a √s=7 TeV,
Nucl. Phys. B 850, 387 (2011).
[43] B. Abele e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
p omp J/ψ and beau y had on p oduc ion c oss sec ions a
mid- apidi y in pp collisions a √s=7 TeV, J. High Ene gy
Phys. 11 (2012) 065.
[44] G. Aad e al. (ATLAS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o he
B-had on p oduc ion c oss sec ion using decays o D∗μ−X
inal s a es in pp collisions a √s=7 TeV wi h he ATLAS
de ec o , Nucl. Phys. B 864, 341 (2012).
[45] G. Aad e al. (ATLAS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o he
di e en ial c oss-sec ion o B+meson p oduc ion in pp
collisions a √s=7 TeV a ATLAS, J. High Ene gy Phys. 10
(2013) 042.
034906-16
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRONS FROM BEAUTY-HADRON … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
[46] S. Cha chyan e al. (CMS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o he
c oss sec ion o p oduc ion o b¯
bX decaying o muons in pp
collisions a √s=7 TeV, J. High Ene gy Phys. 06 (2012) 110.
[47] V. Khacha yan e al. (CMS Collabo a ion), P omp and non-
p omp J/ψ p oduc ion in pp collisions a √s=7 TeV, Eu .
Phys.J.C71, 1575 (2011).
[48] V. Khacha yan e al. (CMS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
he B+P oduc ion C oss Sec ion in pp Collisions a √s=
7 TeV, Phys. Re . Le . 106, 112001 (2011).
[49] S. Cha chyan e al. (CMS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o he
B0P oduc ion C oss Sec ion in pp Collisions a √s=7 TeV,
Phys. Re . Le . 106, 252001 (2011).
[50] S. Cha chyan e al. (CMS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o he
B0
sp oduc ion c oss sec ion wi h B0
s→J/ψφ decays in pp
collisions a √s=7TeV, Phys.Re .D84, 052008 (2011).
[51] V. Khacha yan e al. (CMS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
he o al and di e en ial inclusi e B+had on c oss sec ions
in pp collisions a √s=13 TeV, Phys. Le . B 771, 435
(2017).
[52] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
beau y and cha m p oduc ion in pp collisions a √s=
5.02 TeV ia nonp omp and p omp Dmesons, J. High
Ene gy Phys. 05 (2021) 220.
[53] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), P omp and non-
p omp J/ψp oduc ion c oss sec ions a mid apidi y in
p o on-p o on collisions a √s=5.02 and 13 TeV, J. High
Ene gy Phys. 03 (2022) 190.
[54] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Dielec on and
hea y-qua k p oduc ion in inelas ic and high-mul iplici y
p o on-p o on collisions a √sNN =13 TeV, Phys. Le . B 788,
505 (2019).
[55] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), P omp D0,D
+,and
D∗+ p oduc ion in Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV, J.
High Ene gy Phys. 01 (2022) 174.
[56] A. M. Si unyan e al. (CMS Collabo a ion), Nuclea modi-
ica ion ac o o D0mesons in Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =
5.02 TeV, Phys. Le . B 782, 474 (2018).
[57] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
p omp D+
s-meson p oduc ion and azimu hal aniso opy in Pb-
Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV, Phys. Le . B 827, 136986
(2022).
[58] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), D-Meson Az-
imu hal Aniso opy in Midcen al Pb-Pb Collisions a √sNN =
5.02 TeV, Phys. Re . Le . 120, 102301 (2018).
[59] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), T ans e se-
momen um and e en -shape dependence o Dmeson low
ha monics in Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV, Phys.
Le . B 813, 136054 (2021).
[60] A. Ada e e al. (PHENIX Collabo a ion), Hea y qua k p o-
duc ion in p+pand ene gy loss and low o hea y qua ks
in Au+Au collisions a √sNN =200 GeV, Phys.Re .C84,
044905 (2011).
[61] L. Adamczyk e al. (STAR Collabo a ion), Ellip ic low o
elec ons om hea y- la o had on decays in Au + Au col-
lisions a √sNN =200, 62.4, and 39 GeV, Phys.Re .C95,
034907 (2017).
[62] L. Adamczyk e al. (STAR Collabo a ion), Measu emen o D0
Azimu hal Aniso opy a Mid apidi y in Au+Au Collisions a
√sNN=200 GeV, Phys. Re . Le . 118, 212301 (2017).
[63] A. Be audo e al., Ex ac ion o hea y- la o anspo coe i-
cien s in QCD ma e , Nucl. Phys. A 979, 21 (2018).
[64] A. M. Si unyan e al. (CMS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
he B±Meson Nuclea Modi ica ion Fac o in Pb-Pb Collis-
ions a √sNN =5.02 TeV, Phys. Re . Le . 119, 152301 (2017).
[65] M. Aaboud e al. (ATLAS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
he ela i e B±
c/B±p oduc ion c oss sec ion wi h he AT-
LAS de ec o a √s=8 TeV, Phys.Re .D104, 012010
(2021).
[66] P. Zyla e al. (Pa icle Da a G oup Collabo a ion), Re iew o
pa icle physics, PTEP 2020, 083C01 (2020).
[67] M. Aaboud e al. (ATLAS Collabo a ion), P omp and
nonp omp J/ψ and ψ(2S) supp ession a high ans e se
momen um in 5.02TeV Pb+Pb collisions wi h he ATLAS
expe imen , Eu .Phys.J.C78, 762 (2018).
[68] A. M. Si unyan e al. (CMS Collabo a ion), Measu emen
o p omp and nonp omp cha monium supp ession in PbPb
collisions a 5.02 TeV, Eu .Phys.J.C78, 509 (2018).
[69] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
beau y p oduc ion ia nonp omp D0mesons in Pb-Pb colli-
sions a √sNN =5.02 TeV, J. High Ene gy Phys. 12 (2022)
126.
[70] A. M. Si unyan e al. (CMS Collabo a ion), S udies o Beau y
Supp ession Via Nonp omp D0Mesons in Pb-Pb Collisions
a Q2=4GeV2,Phys.Re .Le .123, 022001 (2019).
[71] ALICE Collabo a ion, Measu emen o beau y-s ange meson
p oduc ion in Pb −Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV ia
nonp omp Ds+mesons, a Xi :2204.10386.
[72] J. Adam e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o elec-
ons om beau y-had on decays in p-Pb collisions a √sNN =
5.02 TeV and Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =2.76 TeV, J. High
Ene gy Phys. 07 (2017) 052.
[73] A. Ada e e al. (PHENIX Collabo a ion), Single elec on
yields om semilep onic cha m and bo om had on decays
in Au+Au collisions a √sNN =200 GeV, Phys.Re .C93,
034904 (2016).
[74] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), P oduc ion o muons
om hea y- la o had on decays a high ans e se momen-
um in Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 and 2.76 TeV, Phys.
Le . B 820, 136558 (2021).
[75] M. S. Abdallah e al. (STAR Collabo a ion), E idence o mass
o de ing o cha m and bo om qua k ene gy loss in Au+Au
collisions a RHIC, Eu . Phys. J. C 82, 1150 (2022);83, 455(E)
(2023).
[76] U. A. Acha ya e al. (PHENIX Collabo a ion), Cha m- and
bo om-qua k p oduc ion in Au+Au collisions a √sNN =
200 GeV, a Xi :2203.17058.
[77] G. Aad e al. (ATLAS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o he
nuclea modi ica ion ac o o muons om cha m and bo om
had ons in Pb+Pb collisions a 5.02 TeV wi h he ATLAS
de ec o , Phys. Le . B 829, 137077 (2022).
[78] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Ellip ic Flow o
Elec ons om Beau y-Had on Decays in Pb-Pb Collisions a
√sNN =5.02 TeV, Phys.Re .Le .126, 162001 (2021).
[79] G. Aad e al. (ATLAS Collabo a ion), Measu emen o az-
imu hal aniso opy o muons om cha m and bo om had ons
in Pb+Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV wi h he ATLAS
de ec o , Phys. Le . B 807, 135595 (2020).
[80] K. Aamod e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), The ALICE expe i-
men a he CERN LHC, JINST 3, S08002 (2008).
[81] B. Abele e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Pe o mance o he
ALICE Expe imen a he CERN LHC, In . J. Mod. Phys. A
29, 1430044 (2014).
034906-17
S. ACHARYA e al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
[82] K. Aamod e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Alignmen o he
ALICE inne acking sys em wi h cosmic- ay acks, JINST
5, P03003 (2010).
[83] J. Alme e al., The ALICE TPC, a la ge 3-dimensional ack-
ing de ice wi h as eadou o ul a-high mul iplici y e en s,
Nucl. Ins um. Me hods Phys. Res., Sec . A 622, 316 (2010).
[84] A. Akindino e al., The commissioning o he ALICE ime-
o - ligh de ec o and esul s om he 2008 cosmic- ay da a
aking, Nucl. Ins um. Me hods Phys. Res., Sec . A 615,37
(2010).
[85] P. Co ese e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), ALICE Elec o-
magne ic Calo ime e Technical Design Repo , Tech. Rep.
CERN-LHCC-2008-014. ALICE-TDR-14 (Aug. 2008), h p:
//cds.ce n.ch/ eco d/1121574.
[86] J. Adam e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), De e mina ion o he
e en collision ime wi h he ALICE de ec o a he LHC, Eu .
Phys. J. Plus 132, 99 (2017).
[87] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Pe o mance o
he ALICE Elec omagne ic Calo ime e , JINST,18, P08007
(2023.
[88] G. S. A oian e al., Lead scin illa o elec omagne ic calo ime-
e wi h wa eleng h shi ing ibe eadou , Nucl. Ins um.
Me hods Phys. Res., Sec . A 320, 144 (1992).
[89] E. Abbas e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Pe o mance o he
ALICE VZERO sys em, J. Ins . 8, P10016 (2013).
[90] ALICE Collabo a ion, ALICE luminosi y de e mina ion o
Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV, a Xi :2204.10148.
[91] P. Co ese (ALICE Collabo a ion), Pe o mance o he ALICE
ze o deg ee calo ime e s and upg ade s a egy, J. Phys.: Con .
Se . 1162, 012006 (2019).
[92] ALICE Collabo a ion, Cen ali y de e mina ion in hea y ion
collisions, ALICE-PUBLIC-2018-011 (Aug. 2018), h p://cds.
ce n.ch/ eco d/2636623.
[93] B. Abele e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Cen ali y de e mi-
na ion o Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =2.76 TeV wi h ALICE,
Phys.Re .C88, 044909 (2013).
[94] ALICE Collabo a ion, ALICE 2017 luminosi y de e mina ion
o pp collisions a √s=5 TeV, ALICE-PUBLIC-2018-014
(No . 2018), h p://cds.ce n.ch/ eco d/2648933.
[95] B. Abele e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
elec ons om semilep onic hea y- la ou had on decays in
pp collisions a √s=7 TeV, Phys. Re . D 86, 112007
(2012).
[96] M. Tanabashi e al. (Pa icle Da a G oup Collabo a ion), Re-
iew o pa icle physics, Phys. Re . D 98, 030001 (2018).
[97] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), P oduc ion o ligh -
la o had ons in pp collisions a √s=7and√s=13 TeV,
Eu . Phys. J. C 81, 256 (2021).
[98] T. C. Awes, F. E. Obenshain, F. Plasil, S. Saini, S. P. So ensen,
and G. R. Young, A Simple me hod o showe localiza ion
and iden i ica ion in la e ally segmen ed calo ime e s, Nucl.
Ins um. Me hods Phys. Res., Sec . A 311, 130 (1992).
[99] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), P oduc ion o π0and
ηmesons up o high ans e se momen um in pp collisions a
2.76 TeV, Eu .Phys.J.C77, 339 (2017).
[100] C. W. Fabjan e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), ALICE: Physics
pe o mance epo , J. Phys. G: Nucl. Pa . Phys. 32, 1295
(2006).
[101] T. Sjös and, S. M enna, and P. Z. Skands, PYTHIA 6.4
physics and manual, J. High Ene gy Phys. 05 (2006)
026.
[102] X.-N. Wang and M. Gyulassy, HIJING: A Mon e Ca lo model
o mul iple je p oduc ion in pp,pA,andAA collisions, Phys.
Re . D 44, 3501 (1991).
[103] R. B un, F. B uyan , M. Mai e, A. C. McPhe son, and P.
Zana ini, GEANT 3: Use ’s Guide Gean 3.10, Gean 3.11;
e . e sion (CERN, Gene a, 1987), h ps://cds.ce n.ch/ eco d/
1119728.
[104] R. Ba low and C. Bees on, Fi ing using ini e Mon e Ca lo
samples, Compu . Phys. Commun. 77, 219 (1993).
[105] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), +
cp oduc ion in
Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV, Phys. Le . B 793, 212
(2019).
[106] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Cons aining
had oniza ion mechanisms wi h +
c/D0p oduc ion a ios in
Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV, Phys. Le . B 839,
137796 (2023).
[107] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o D0,
D+,D
∗+,andD
+
sp oduc ion in Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =
5.02 TeV, J. High Ene gy Phys. 10 (2018) 174.
[108] M. He, R. J. F ies, and R. Rapp, Hea y la o a he la ge
had on collide in a s ong coupling app oach, Phys. Le . B
735, 445 (2014).
[109] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o
elec ons om semilep onic hea y- la ou had on decays a
mid apidi y in pp and Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV,
Phys. Le . B 804, 135377 (2020).
[110] J. Adam e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o elec-
ons om hea y- la o had on decays in p-Pb collisions a
√sNN =5.02 TeV, Phys. Le . B 754, 81 (2016).
[111] J. Adam e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen o he
p oduc ion o high-pTelec ons om hea y- la ou had on
decays in Pb-Pb collisions a √sNN =2.76 TeV, Phys. Le .
B771, 467 (2017).
[112] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Measu emen s o
low-pTelec ons om semilep onic hea y- la ou had on
decays a mid- apidi y in pp and Pb-Pb collisions a
√sNN =2.76 TeV, J. High Ene gy Phys. 10 (2018)
061.
[113] F. James, S a is ical Me hods in Expe imen al Physics, 2nd ed.
(Wo ld Scien i ic, Singapo e, 2006).
[114] E. Fe mi, An a emp o a heo y o be a adia ion, Z. Phys. 88,
161 (1934).
[115] F. L. Wilson, Fe mi’s heo y o be a decay, Am. J. Phys. 36,
1150 (1968).
[116] S. Acha ya e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), P oduc ion o
cha ged pions, kaons, and (an i)p o ons in Pb-Pb and inelas ic
pp collisions a √sNN =5.02 TeV, Phys.Re .C101, 044907
(2020).
[117] R. Aaij e al. (LHCb Collabo a ion), Measu emen o B-
had on ac ions in 13 TeV pp collisions, Phys.Re .D100,
031102 (2019).
[118] B. Aube e al. (BaBa Collabo a ion), Measu emen o he
elec on ene gy spec um and i s momen s in inclusi e B→
Xeνdecays, Phys.Re .D69, 111104 (2004).
[119] B. A. Kniehl, G. K ame , I. Schienbein, and H. Spiesbe ge ,
Inclusi e B-meson p oduc ion a he LHC in he GM-VFN
scheme, Phys. Re . D 84, 094026 (2011).
[120] M. Djo dje ic and M. Djo dje ic, P edic ions o hea y-
la o supp ession a 5.1 TeV Pb + Pb collisions a he
CERN La ge Had on Collide , Phys. Re . C 92, 024918
(2015).
034906-18
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRONS FROM BEAUTY-HADRON … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
[121] B. Abele e al. (ALICE Collabo a ion), Beau y p oduc ion in
pp collisions a √s=2.76 TeV measu ed ia semi-elec onic
decays, Phys. Le . B 738, 97 (2014).
[122] D. Zigic, I. Salom, J. Au inen, M. Djo dje ic, and M.
Djo dje ic, DREENA-B amewo k: i s p edic ions o RAA
and 2wi hin dynamical ene gy loss o malism in e ol ing
QCD medium, Phys. Le . B 791, 236 (2019).
[123] C. A. G. P ado, J. No onha-Hos le , R. Ka z, A. A. P. Suaide,
J. No onha, and M. G. Munhoz, E en -by-e en co ela ions
be ween so had ons and D0mesons in 5.02 TeV PbPb col-
lisions a he CERN La ge Had on Collide , Phys.Re .C96,
064903 (2017).
[124] M. Nah gang, J. Aichelin, P. B. Gossiaux, and K. We ne ,
In luence o had onic bound s a es abo e Tcon hea y-
qua k obse ables in Pb + Pb collisions a a he
CERN La ge Had on Collide , Phys.Re .C89, 014905
(2014).
[125] T. Song, H. Be eh ah, D. Cab e a, J. M. To es-Rincon,
L. Tolos, W. Cassing, and E. B a ko skaya, Tomog aphy o
he qua k-gluon-plasma by cha m qua ks, Phys.Re .C92,
014910 (2015).
[126] W. Ke, Y. Xu, and S. A. Bass, Linea ized Bol zmann-
Lange in model o hea y qua k anspo in ho
and dense QCD ma e , Phys. Re . C 98, 064901
(2018).
[127] F. P ino and R. Rapp, Open hea y la o in QCD ma e and
in nuclea collisions, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Pa . Phys. 43, 093002
(2016).
S. Acha ya ,125 D. Adamo á,86 A. Adle ,69 G. Aglie i Rinella ,32 M. Agnello ,29 N. Ag awal ,50 Z. Ahammed ,132
S. Ahmad ,15 S. U. Ahn ,70 I. Ahuja ,37 A. Akindino ,140 M. Al-Tu any ,97 D. Aleksand o ,140 B. Alessand o ,55
H. M. Al anda ,6R. Al a o Molina ,66 B. Ali ,15 A. Alici ,25 N. Alizadeh andchali ,114 A. Alkin ,32 J. Alme ,20
G. Alocco ,51 T. Al ,63 I. Al sybee ,140 M. N. Anaam ,6C. And ei ,45 A. And onic ,135 V. Anguelo ,94
F. An ino i ,53 P. An onioli ,50 N. Apadula ,74 L. Aphece che ,103 H. Appelshäuse ,63 C. A a a ,73 S. A celli ,25
M. A es i ,51 R. A naldi ,55 I. C. A sene ,19 M. A slandok ,137 A. Augus inus ,32 R. A e beck ,97 M. D. Azmi ,15
A. Badalà,52 J. Bae ,104 Y. W. Baek ,40 X. Bai ,118 R. Bailhache ,63 Y. Bailung ,47 A. Balbino ,29 A. Baldisse i ,128
B. Balis ,2D. Bane jee ,4Z. Banoo ,91 R. Ba be a ,26 F. Ba ile ,31 L. Ba ioglio ,95 M. Ba lou,78 G. G. Ba na öldi ,136
L. S. Ba nby ,85 V. Ba e ,125 L. Ba e o ,110 C. Ba els ,117 K. Ba h ,32 E. Ba sch ,63 F. Ba u aldi ,27 N. Bas id ,125
S. Basu ,75 G. Ba igne ,103 D. Ba is ini ,95 B. Ba yunya ,141 D. Bau i,46 J. L. Bazo Alba ,101 I. G. Bea den ,83
C. Bea ie ,137 P. Bech ,97 D. Behe a ,47 I. Beliko ,127 A. D. C. Bell Hecha a ia ,135 F. Bellini ,25 R. Bellwied ,114
S. Beloku o a ,140 V. Belyae ,140 G. Bencedi ,136 S. Beole ,24 A. Be cuci ,45 Y. Be dniko ,140 A. Be dniko a ,94
L. Be gmann ,94 M. G. Besoiu ,62 L. Be e ,32 P. P. Bhadu i ,132 A. Bhasin ,91 M. A. Bha ,4B. Bha acha jee ,41
L. Bianchi ,24 N. Bianchi ,48 J. Bielˇ
cík ,35 J. Bielˇ
cíko á,86 J. Bie na ,107 A. P. Bigo ,127 A. Bilandzic ,95 G. Bi o ,136
S. Biswas ,4N. Bize ,103 J. T. Blai ,108 D. Blau ,140 M. B. Blida u ,97 N. Bluhme,38 C. Blume ,63 G. Boca ,21,54
F. Bock ,87 T. Bodo a ,20 A. Bogdano ,140 S. Boi ,22 J. Bok ,57 L. Boldizsá ,136 A. Bolozdynya ,140 M. Bomba a ,37
P. M. Bond ,32 G. Bonomi ,131,54 H. Bo el ,128 A. Bo isso ,140 A. G. Bo quez Ca camo ,94 H. Bossi ,137 E. Bo a ,24
Y. E. M. Bouziani ,63 L. B a ud ,63 P. B aun-Munzinge ,97 M. B egan ,110 M. B oz ,35 G. E. B uno ,96,31
D. Budniko ,140 H. Buesching ,63 S. Bu alino ,29 O. Bugnon,103 P. Buhle ,102 Z. Bu helezi ,67,121 S. A. Bysiak,107
M. Cai ,6H. Caines ,137 A. Cali a ,97 E. Cal o Villa ,101 J. M. M. Camacho ,109 P. Came ini ,23 F. D. M. Canedo ,110
M. Ca abas ,124 A. A. Ca ballo ,32 F. Ca nesecchi ,32 R. Ca on ,126 J. Cas illo Cas ellanos ,128 F. Ca alano ,24,29
C. Ceballos Sanchez ,141 I. Chakabe ia ,74 P. Chak abo y ,46 S. Chand a ,132 S. Chapeland ,32 M. Cha ie ,117
S. Cha opadhyay ,132 S. Cha opadhyay ,99 T. G. Cha ez ,44 T. Cheng ,97,6C. Cheshko ,126 B. Cheynis ,126
V. Chiban e Ba oso ,32 D. D. Chinella o ,111 E. S. Chizzali ,95,*J. Cho ,57 S. Cho ,57 P. Chochula ,32
P. Ch is akoglou ,84 C. H. Ch is ensen ,83 P. Ch is iansen ,75 T. Chujo ,123 M. Ciacco ,29 C. Cicalo ,51 F. Cindolo ,50
M. R. Ciupek,97 G. Clai,50,†F. Colama ia ,49 J. S. Colbu n,100 D. Colella ,96,31 M. Colocci ,32 M. Concas ,55,‡
G. Conesa Balbas e ,73 Z. Conesa del Valle ,72 G. Con in ,23 J. G. Con e as ,35 M. L. Coque ,128 T. M. Co mie ,87,§
P. Co ese ,130,55 M. R. Cosen ino ,112 F. Cos a ,32 S. Cos anza ,21,54 J. C ko ská,94 P. C oche ,125 R. C uz-To es ,74
E. Cuau le,64 P. Cui ,6A. Dainese ,53 M. C. Danisch ,94 A. Danu ,62 P. Das ,80 P. Das ,4S. Das ,4A. R. Dash ,135
S. Dash ,46 A. De Ca o ,28 G. de Ca aldo ,49 J. de Cu eland,38 A. De Falco ,22 D. De G u ola ,28 N. De Ma co ,55
C. De Ma in ,23 S. De Pasquale ,28 S. Deb ,47 R. J. Debski ,2K. R. Deja,133 R. Del G ande ,95 L. Dello S i o ,28
W. Deng ,6P. Dhankhe ,18 D. Di Ba i ,31 A. Di Mau o ,32 R. A. Diaz ,141,7T. Die el ,113 Y. Ding ,126,6R. Di ià,32
D. U. Dixi ,18 Ø. Dju sland,20 U. Dmi ie a ,140 A. Dob in ,62 B. Dönigus ,63 J. M. Dubinski,133 A. Dubla ,97
S. Dudi ,90 P. Dupieux ,125 M. Du kac,106 N. Dzalaio a,12 T. M. Ede ,135 R. J. Ehle s ,87 V. N. Eikeland,20
F. Eisenhu ,63 D. Elia ,49 B. E azmus ,103 F. E colessi ,25 F. E ha d ,89 M. R. E sdal,20 B. Espagnon ,72 G. Eulisse ,32
D. E ans ,100 S. E dokimo ,140 L. Fabbie i ,95 M. Faggin ,27 J. Fai e ,73 F. Fan ,6W. Fan ,74 A. Fan oni ,48
M. Fasel ,87 P. Fecchio,29 A. Feliciello ,55 G. Feo ilo ,140 A. Fe nández Téllez ,44 L. Fe andi ,110 M. B. Fe e ,32
A. Fe e o ,128 C. Fe e o ,55 A. Fe e i ,24 V. J. G. Feuilla d ,94 V. Filo a,35 D. Finogee ,140 F. M. Fionda ,51
F. Flo ,114 A. N. Flo es ,108 S. Foe sch ,67 I. Fokin ,94 S. Fokin ,140 E. F agiacomo ,56 E. F ajna ,136 U. Fuchs ,32
N. Funicello ,28 C. Fu ge ,73 A. Fu s ,140 T. Fusayasu ,98 J. J. Gaa dhøje ,83 M. Gaglia di ,24 A. M. Gago ,101
C. D. Gal an ,109 D. R. Gangadha an ,114 P. Gano i ,78 C. Ga aba os ,97 J. R. A. Ga cia ,44 E. Ga cia-Solis ,9
034906-19
S. ACHARYA e al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
K. Ga g ,103 C. Ga giulo ,32 A. Ga ibli,81 K. Ga ne ,135 P. Gasik ,97 E. F. Gauge ,108 A. Gau am ,116
M. B. Gay Duca i ,65 M. Ge main ,103 C. Ghosh,132 M. Giacalone ,25 P. Giubellino ,97,55 P. Giubila o ,27
A. M. C. Glaenze ,128 P. Glässel ,94 E. Glimos,120 D. J. Q. Goh,76 V. Gonzalez ,134 L. H. González-T ueba ,66
M. Go gon ,2S. Go o ac,33 V. G abski ,66 L. K. G aczykowski ,133 E. G ecka ,86 A. G elli ,58 C. G igo as ,32
V. G igo ie ,140 S. G igo yan ,141,1F. G osa ,32 J. F. G osse-Oe inghaus ,32 R. G osso ,97 D. G und ,35
G. G. Gua diano ,111 R. Gue nane ,73 M. Guilbaud ,103 K. Gulb andsen ,83 T. Gundem ,63 T. Gunji ,122 W. Guo ,6
A. Gup a ,91 R. Gup a ,91 S. P. Guzman ,44 L. Gyulai ,136 M. K. Habib,97 C. Hadjidakis ,72 F. U. Haide ,91
H. Hamagaki ,76 A. Hamdi ,74 M. Hamid,6Y. Han ,138 R. Hannigan ,108 M. R. Haque ,133 J. W. Ha is ,137
A. Ha on ,9H. Hassan ,87 D. Ha zi o iadou ,50 P. Haue ,42 L. B. Ha ene ,137 S. T. Heckel ,95 E. Hellbä ,97
H. Hels up ,34 M. Hemme ,63 T. He man ,35 G. He e a Co al ,8F. He mann,135 S. He mann ,126 K. F. He land ,34
B. Heybeck ,63 H. Hillemanns ,32 C. Hills ,117 B. Hippoly e ,127 B. Ho man ,58 B. Hohlwege ,84 G. H. Hong ,138
M. Ho s ,95 A. Ho zyk ,2R. Hosokawa,14 Y. Hou ,6P. H is o ,32 C. Hughes ,120 P. Huhn,63 L. M. Huh a ,115
C. V. Hulse ,72 T. J. Humanic ,88 A. Hu son ,114 D. Hu e ,38 J. P. Iddon ,117 R. Ilkae ,140 H. Ilyas ,13 M. Inaba ,123
G. M. Innocen i ,32 M. Ippoli o ,140 A. Isako ,86 T. Isido i ,116 M. S. Islam ,99 M. I ano ,12 M. I ano ,97
V. I ano ,140 M. Jablonski ,2B. Jacak ,74 N. Jacazio ,32 P. M. Jacobs ,74 S. Jadlo ska,106 J. Jadlo sky,106 S. Jaelani ,82
L. Ja e,38 C. Jahnke,111 M. J. Jakubowska ,133 M. A. Janik ,133 T. Janson,69 M. Je cic,89 S. Jia ,10 A. A. P. Jimenez ,64
F. Jonas ,87 J. M. Jowe ,32,97 J. Jung ,63 M. Jung ,63 A. Junique ,32 A. Jusko ,100 M. J. Kabus ,32,133 J. Kaewjai,105
P. Kalinak ,59 A. S. Kal eye ,97 A. Kalwei ,32 V. Kaplin ,140 A. Ka asu Uysal ,71 D. Ka a o ic ,89 O. Ka a iche ,140
T. Ka a iche a ,140 P. Ka czma czyk ,133 E. Ka peche ,140 U. Kebschull ,69 R. Keidel ,139 D. L. D. Keijdene ,58
M. Keil ,32 B. Ke ze ,42 A. M. Khan ,6S. Khan ,15 A. Khanzadee ,140 Y. Kha lo ,140 A. Kha un ,116,15
A. Khun ia ,107 M. B. Kidson,113 B. Kileng ,34 B. Kim ,16 C. Kim ,16 D. J. Kim ,115 E. J. Kim ,68 J. Kim ,138
J. S. Kim ,40 J. Kim ,94 J. Kim ,68 M. Kim ,18,94 S. Kim ,17 T. Kim ,138 K. Kimu a ,92 S. Ki sch ,63 I. Kisel ,38
S. Kisele ,140 A. Kisiel ,133 J. P. Ki owski ,2J. L. Klay ,5J. Klein ,32 S. Klein ,74 C. Klein-Bösing ,135 M. Kleine ,63
T. Klemenz ,95 A. Kluge ,32 A. G. Knospe ,114 C. Kobdaj ,105 T. Kollegge ,97 A. Kond a ye ,141 E. Kond a yuk ,140
J. Konig ,63 S. A. Konigs o e ,95 P. J. Konopka ,32 G. Ko nako ,133 S. D. Ko yciak ,2A. Ko lia o ,86
V. Ko alenko ,140 M. Kowalski ,107 V. Kozhuha o ,36 I. K álik ,59 A. K a ˇ
cáko á,37 L. K eis,97 M. K i da ,100,59
F. K izek ,86 K. K izko a Gajdoso a ,35 M. K oesen ,94 M. K üge ,63 D. M. K upo a ,35 E. K yshen ,140 V. Ku ˇ
ce a ,32
C. Kuhn ,127 P. G. Kuije ,84 T. Kumaoka,123 D. Kuma ,132 L. Kuma ,90 N. Kuma ,90 S. Kuma ,31 S. Kundu ,32
P. Ku ash ili ,79 A. Ku epin ,140 A. B. Ku epin ,140 A. Ku yakin ,140 S. Kushpil ,86 J. K apil ,100 M. J. Kweon ,57
J. Y. Kwon ,57 Y. Kwon ,138 S. L. La Poin e ,38 P. La Rocca ,26 Y. S. Lai,74 A. Lak a hok,105 M. Lamanna ,32
R. Langoy ,119 P. La iono ,32 E. Laudi ,32 L. Lau ne ,32,95 R. La icka ,102 T. Laza e a ,140 R. Lea ,131,54 H. Lee ,104
G. Leg as ,135 J. Leh bach ,38 R. C. Lemmon ,85 I. León Monzón ,109 M. M. Lesch ,95 E. D. Lesse ,18 M. Le ich,95
P. Lé ai ,136 X. Li,10 X. L. Li,6J. Lien ,119 R. Lie a a ,100 B. Lim ,24,16 S. H. Lim ,16 V. Lindens u h ,38 A. Lindne ,45
C. Lippmann ,97 A. Liu ,18 D. H. Liu ,6J. Liu ,117 I. M. Lo nes ,20 C. Loizides ,87 S. Lokos ,107 P. Lonca ,33
J. A. Lopez ,94 X. Lopez ,125 E. López To es ,7P. Lu ,97,118 J. R. Luhde ,135 M. Luna don ,27 G. Lupa ello ,56
Y. G. Ma ,39 A. Mae skaya,140 M. Mage ,32 T. Mahmoud,42 A. Mai e ,127 M. V. Maka ie ,36 M. Malae ,140
G. Mal a o e ,25 N. M. Malik ,91 Q. W. Malik,19 S. K. Malik ,91 L. Malinina ,141,D. Mal’Ke ich ,140 D. Mallick ,80
N. Mallick ,47 G. Mandaglio ,30,52 V. Manko ,140 F. Manso ,125 V. Manza i ,49 Y. Mao ,6G. V. Ma gaglio i ,23
A. Ma go i ,50 A. Ma ín ,97 C. Ma ke ,108 P. Ma inengo ,32 J. L. Ma inez,114 M. I. Ma ínez ,44
G. Ma ínez Ga cía ,103 S. Masciocchi ,97 M. Mase a ,24 A. Masoni ,51 L. Massac ie ,72 A. Mas ose io ,129,49
A. M. Ma his ,95 O. Ma onoha ,75 P. F. T. Ma uoka,110 A. Ma yja ,107 C. Maye ,107 A. L. Mazuecos ,32 F. Mazzaschi ,24
M. Mazzilli ,32 J. E. Mdhluli ,121 A. F. Mechle ,63 Y. Melikyan ,43,140 A. Menchaca-Rocha ,66 E. Meninno ,102,28
A. S. Menon ,114 M. Me es ,12 S. Mhlanga,113,67 Y. Miake,123 L. Michele i ,55 L. C. Miglio in,126 D. L. Mihaylo ,95
K. Mikhaylo ,141,140 A. N. Mish a ,136 D. Mi´
skowiec ,97 A. Modak ,4A. P. Mohan y ,58 B. Mohan y ,80
M. Mohisin Khan ,15,¶M. A. Molande ,43 Z. Mo a co a ,83 C. Mo dasini ,95 D. A. Mo ei a De Godoy ,135
I. Mo ozo ,140 A. Mo sch ,32 T. M nja ac ,32 V. Mucci o a ,48 S. Muhu i ,132 J. D. Mulligan ,74 A. Mulli i,22
M. G. Munhoz ,110 R. H. Munze ,63 H. Mu akami ,122 S. Mu ay ,113 L. Musa ,32 J. Musinsky ,59 J. W. My cha ,133
B. Naik ,121 A. I. Namb a h ,18 B. K. Nandi,46 R. Nania ,50 E. Nappi ,49 A. F. Nassi pou ,75 A. Na h ,94
C. Na ass ,120 M. N. Naydeno ,36 A. Neagu,19 A. Neg u,124 L. Nellen ,64 S. V. Nesbo,34 G. Nesko ic ,38
D. Nes e o ,140 B. S. Nielsen ,83 E. G. Nielsen ,83 S. Nikolae ,140 S. Nikulin ,140 V. Nikulin ,140 F. No e ini ,50
S. Noh ,11 P. Nomokono ,141 J. No man ,117 N. No i zky ,123 P. Nowakowski ,133 A. Nyanin ,140 J. Nys and ,20
M. Ogino ,76 A. Ohlson ,75 V. A. Oko oko ,140 J. Oleniacz ,133 A. C. Oli ei a Da Sil a ,120 M. H. Oli e ,137
A. Onne s ad ,115 C. Oppedisano ,55 A. O iz Velasquez ,64 J. O winowski ,107 M. Oya,92 K. Oyama ,76
Y. Pachmaye ,94 S. Padhan ,46 D. Pagano ,131,54 G. Pai´
c,64 A. Palasciano ,49 S. Panebianco ,128 H. Pa k ,123
H. Pa k ,104 J. Pa k ,57 J. E. Pa kkila ,32 R. N. Pa a,91 B. Paul ,22 H. Pei ,6T. Pei zmann ,58 X. Peng ,6M. Pennisi ,24
L. G. Pe ei a ,65 D. Pe esunko ,140 G. M. Pe ez ,7S. Pe in ,128 Y. Pes o ,140 V. Pe áˇ
cek ,35 V. Pe o ,140
M. Pe o ici ,45 R. P. Pezzi ,103,65 S. Piano ,56 M. Pikna ,12 P. Pillo ,103 O. Pinazza ,50,32 L. Pinsky,114 C. Pin o ,95
S. Pisano ,48 M. Płosko´
n,74 M. Planinic,89 F. Plique ,63 M. G. Poghosyan ,87 B. Polich chouk ,140 S. Poli ano ,29
034906-20

MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRONS FROM BEAUTY-HADRON … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
N. Poljak ,89 A. Pop ,45 S. Po eboeu -Houssais ,125 V. Pozdniako ,141 K. K. P adhan ,47 S. K. P asad ,4S. P asad ,47
R. P eghenella ,50 F. P ino ,55 C. A. P uneau ,134 I. Pshenichno ,140 M. Puccio ,32 S. Pucillo ,24 Z. Pugelo a,106
S. Qiu ,84 L. Quaglia ,24 R. E. Quishpe,114 S. Ragoni ,14,100 A. Rako oza ind abe ,128 L. Ramello ,130,55 F. Rami ,127
S. A. R. Rami ez ,44 T. A. Rancien,73 M. Rasa ,26 S. S. Räsänen ,43 R. Ra h ,50,47 M. P. Rauch ,20 I. Ra asenga ,84
K. F. Read ,87,120 C. Reckziegel ,112 A. R. Redelbach ,38 K. Redlich ,79,** A. Rehman,20 F. Reid ,32
H. A. Reme-Ness ,34 Z. Rescako a,37 K. Reyge s ,94 A. Riabo ,140 V. Riabo ,140 R. Ricci ,28 M. Rich e ,19
A. A. Riedel ,95 W. Riegle ,32 C. Ris ea ,62 S. P. Rode ,141 M. Rod íguez Cahuan zi ,44 K. Røed ,19 R. Rogale ,140
E. Rogochaya ,141 T. S. Rogoschinski ,63 D. Roh ,32 D. Röh ich ,20 P. F. Rojas,44 S. Rojas To es ,35 P. S. Roki a ,133
G. Romanenko ,141 F. Ronche i ,48 A. Rosano ,30,52 E. D. Rosas,64 A. Rossi ,53 A. Roy ,47 S. Roy,46 N. Rubini ,25
O. V. Rueda ,114,75 D. Ruggiano ,133 R. Rui ,23 B. Rumyan se ,141 P. G. Russek ,2R. Russo ,84 A. Rus amo ,81
E. Ryabinkin ,140 Y. Ryabo ,140 A. Rybicki ,107 H. Ry konen ,115 W. Rzesa ,133 O. A. M. Saa imaki ,43 R. Sadek ,103
S. Sadhu ,31 S. Sado sky ,140 J. Sae e ,20 K. Ša aˇ
ík ,35 S. K. Saha ,4S. Saha ,80 B. Sahoo ,46 R. Sahoo ,47
S. Sahoo,60 D. Sahu ,47 P. K. Sahu ,60 J. Saini ,132 K. Sajdako a,37 S. Sakai ,123 M. P. Sal an ,97 S. Sambyal ,91
I. Sanna ,32,95 T. B. Sa amela,110 D. Sa ka ,134 N. Sa ka ,132 P. Sa ma,41 V. Sa i zu ,22 V. M. Sa i ,95 M. H. P. Sas ,137
J. Schambach ,87 H. S. Scheid ,63 C. Schiaua ,45 R. Schicke ,94 A. Schmah,94 C. Schmid ,97 H. R. Schmid ,93
M. O. Schmid ,32 M. Schmid ,93 N. V. Schmid ,87 A. R. Schmie ,120 R. Scho e ,127 A. Sch ö e ,38 J. Schuk a ,32
K. Schwa z,97 K. Schweda ,97 G. Scioli ,25 E. Scompa in ,55 J. E. Sege ,14 Y. Sekiguchi,122 D. Sekiha a ,122
I. Selyuzhenko ,97,140 S. Senyuko ,127 J. J. Seo ,57 D. Se eb yako ,140 L. Še kšny ˙
e,95 A. Se cenco ,62 T. J. Shaba ,67
A. Shabe ai ,103 R. Shahoyan,32 A. Shanga ae ,140 A. Sha ma,90 B. Sha ma ,91 D. Sha ma ,46 H. Sha ma ,107
M. Sha ma ,91 S. Sha ma ,76 S. Sha ma ,91 U. Sha ma ,91 A. Sha a ,72 O. Sheibani,114 K. Shigaki ,92 M. Shimomu a,77
J. Shin,11 S. Shi inkin ,140 Q. Shou ,39 Y. Sibi iak ,140 S. Siddhan a ,51 T. Siemia czuk ,79 T. F. Sil a ,110
D. Sil e my ,75 T. Siman a hammakul,105 R. Simeono ,36 B. Singh,91 B. Singh ,95 R. Singh ,80 R. Singh ,91
R. Singh ,47 S. Singh ,15 V. K. Singh ,132 V. Singhal ,132 T. Sinha ,99 B. Si a ,12 M. Si a ,130,55 T. B. Skaali,19
G. Sko odumo s ,94 M. Slupecki ,43 N. Smi no ,137 R. J. M. Snellings ,58 E. H. Solheim ,19 J. Song ,114
A. Songmoolnak,105 F. So amel ,27 R. Spijke s ,84 I. Spu owska ,107 J. S aa ,75 J. S achel ,94 I. S an ,62
P. J. S e anic ,120 S. F. S ie elmaie ,94 D. S occo ,103 I. S o ehaug ,19 P. S a mann ,135 S. S azzi ,25 C. P. S ylianidis,84
A. A. P. Suaide ,110 C. Sui e ,72 M. Sukhano ,140 M. Suljic ,32 R. Sul ano ,140 V. Sumbe ia ,91 S. Sumowidagdo ,82
S. Swain,60 I. Sza ka ,12 S. F. Tagha i ,95 G. Taillepied ,97 J. Takahashi ,111 G. J. Tamba e ,20 S. Tang ,125,6
Z. Tang ,118 J. D. Tapia Takaki ,116 N. Tapus,124 L. A. Ta aso ico a ,135 M. G. Ta zila ,45 G. F. Tassielli ,31 A. Tau o ,32
G. Tejeda Muñoz ,44 A. Telesca ,32 L. Te lizzi ,24 C. Te e oli ,114 G. Te simono ,3S. Thaku ,4D. Thomas ,108
A. Tikhono ,140 A. R. Timmins ,114 M. Tkacik,106 T. Tkacik ,106 A. Toia ,63 R. Tokumo o,92 N. Topilskaya ,140
M. Toppi ,48 F. To ales-Acos a,18 T. To k ,72 A. G. To es Ramos ,31 A. T i i ó,30,52 A. S. T iolo ,30,52 S. T ipa hy ,50
T. T ipa hy ,46 S. T ogolo ,32 V. T ubniko ,3W. H. T zaska ,115 T. P. T zcinski ,133 A. Tumkin ,140 R. Tu isi ,53
T. S. T e e ,19 K. Ullaland ,20 B. Uluku lu ,95 A. U as ,126 M. U ioni ,54,131 G. L. Usai ,22 M. Vala,37 N. Valle ,21
L. V. R. an Do emalen,58 M. an Leeuwen ,84 C. A. an Veen ,94 R. J. G. an Weelden ,84 P. Vande Vy e ,32
D. Va ga ,136 Z. Va ga ,136 M. Vasileiou ,78 A. Vasilie ,140 O. Vázquez Doce ,48 V. Veche nin ,140 E. Ve cellin ,24
S. Ve ga a Limón,44 L. Ve mun ,97 R. Vé esi ,136 M. Ve weij ,58 L. Vicko ic,33 Z. Vilakazi,121 O. Villalobos Baillie ,100
G. Vino ,49 A. Vinog ado ,140 T. Vi gili ,28 V. Visla icius,83 A. Vodopyano ,141 B. Volkel ,32 M. A. Völkl ,94
K. Voloshin,140 S. A. Voloshin ,134 G. Volpe ,31 B. on Halle ,32 I. Vo obye ,95 N. Vozniuk ,140 J. V láko á,37
C. Wang ,39 D. Wang,39 Y. Wang ,39 A. Weg zynek ,32 F. T. Weiglho e ,38 S. C. Wenzel ,32 J. P. Wessels ,135
S. L. Weyhmille ,137 J. Wiechula ,63 J. Wikne ,19 G. Wilk ,79 J. Wilkinson ,97 G. A. Willems ,135 B. Windelband,94
M. Winn ,128 J. R. W igh ,108 W. Wu,39 Y. Wu ,118 R. Xu ,6A. Yada ,42 A. K. Yada ,132 S. Yalcin ,71
Y. Yamaguchi,92 K. Yamakawa,92 S. Yang,20 S. Yano ,92 Z. Yin ,6I.-K. Yoo ,16 J. H. Yoon ,57 S. Yuan,20 A. Yuncu ,94
V. Zaccolo ,23 C. Zampolli ,32 F. Zanone ,94 N. Za dosh i ,32,100 A. Za ochen se ,140 P. Zá ada ,61 N. Za iyalo ,140
M. Zhalo ,140 B. Zhang ,6L. Zhang ,39 S. Zhang ,39 X. Zhang ,6Y. Zhang,118 Z. Zhang ,6M. Zhao ,10
V. Zhe ebche skii ,140 Y. Zhi,10 D. Zhou ,6Y. Zhou ,83 J. Zhu ,97,6Y. Zhu,6S. C. Zug a el ,55 and N. Zu lo 131,54
(ALICE Collabo a ion)
1A.I. Alikhanyan Na ional Science Labo a o y (Ye e an Physics Ins i u e) Founda ion, Ye e an, A menia
2AGH Uni e si y o Science and Technology, C acow, Poland
3Bogolyubo Ins i u e o Theo e ical Physics, Na ional Academy o Sciences o Uk aine, Kie , Uk aine
4Bose Ins i u e, Depa men o Physics and Cen e o As opa icle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolka a, India
5Cali o nia Poly echnic S a e Uni e si y, San Luis Obispo, Cali o nia, USA
6Cen al China No mal Uni e si y, Wuhan, China
7Cen o de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desa ollo Nuclea (CEADEN), Ha ana, Cuba
8Cen o de In es igación y de Es udios A anzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico Ci y and Mé ida, Mexico
9Chicago S a e Uni e si y, Chicago, Illinois, USA
034906-21
S. ACHARYA e al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
10China Ins i u e o A omic Ene gy, Beijing, China
11Chungbuk Na ional Uni e si y, Cheongju, Republic o Ko ea
12Comenius Uni e si y B a isla a, Facul y o Ma hema ics, Physics and In o ma ics, B a isla a, Slo ak Republic
13COMSATS Uni e si y Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakis an
14C eigh on Uni e si y, Omaha, Neb aska, USA
15Depa men o Physics, Aliga h Muslim Uni e si y, Aliga h, India
16Depa men o Physics, Pusan Na ional Uni e si y, Pusan, Republic o Ko ea
17Depa men o Physics, Sejong Uni e si y, Seoul, Republic o Ko ea
18Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Cali o nia, Be keley, Cali o nia, USA
19Depa men o Physics, Uni e si y o Oslo, Oslo, No way
20Depa men o Physics and Technology, Uni e si y o Be gen, Be gen, No way
21Dipa imen o di Fisica, Uni e si à di Pa ia, Pa ia, I aly
22Dipa imen o di Fisica dell’Uni e si à and Sezione INFN, Caglia i, I aly
23Dipa imen o di Fisica dell’Uni e si à and Sezione INFN, T ies e, I aly
24Dipa imen o di Fisica dell’Uni e si à and Sezione INFN, Tu in, I aly
25Dipa imen o di Fisica e As onomia dell’Uni e si à and Sezione INFN, Bologna, I aly
26Dipa imen o di Fisica e As onomia dell’Uni e si à and Sezione INFN, Ca ania, I aly
27Dipa imen o di Fisica e As onomia dell’Uni e si à and Sezione INFN, Pado a, I aly
28Dipa imen o di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell’Uni e si à and G uppo Collega o INFN, Sale no, I aly
29Dipa imen o DISAT del Poli ecnico and Sezione INFN, Tu in, I aly
30Dipa imen o di Scienze MIFT, Uni e si à di Messina, Messina, I aly
31Dipa imen o In e a eneo di Fisica ‘M. Me lin’ and Sezione INFN, Ba i, I aly
32Eu opean O ganiza ion o Nuclea Resea ch (CERN), Gene a, Swi ze land
33Facul y o Elec ical Enginee ing, Mechanical Enginee ing and Na al A chi ec u e, Uni e si y o Spli , Spli , C oa ia
34Facul y o Enginee ing and Science, Wes e n No way Uni e si y o Applied Sciences, Be gen, No way
35Facul y o Nuclea Sciences and Physical Enginee ing, Czech Technical Uni e si y in P ague, P ague, Czech Republic
36Facul y o Physics, So ia Uni e si y, So ia, Bulga ia
37Facul y o Science, P.J. Ša á ik Uni e si y, Košice, Slo ak Republic
38F ank u Ins i u e o Ad anced S udies, Johann Wol gang Goe he-Uni e si ä F ank u , F ank u , Ge many
39Fudan Uni e si y, Shanghai, China
40Gangneung-Wonju Na ional Uni e si y, Gangneung, Republic o Ko ea
41Gauha i Uni e si y, Depa men o Physics, Guwaha i, India
42Helmhol z-Ins i u ü S ahlen- und Ke nphysik, Rheinische F ied ich-Wilhelms-Uni e si ä Bonn, Bonn, Ge many
43Helsinki Ins i u e o Physics (HIP), Helsinki, Finland
44High Ene gy Physics G oup, Uni e sidad Au ónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
45Ho ia Hulubei Na ional Ins i u e o Physics and Nuclea Enginee ing, Bucha es , Romania
46Indian Ins i u e o Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, India
47Indian Ins i u e o Technology Indo e, Indo e, India
48INFN, Labo a o i Nazionali di F asca i, F asca i, I aly
49INFN, Sezione di Ba i, Ba i, I aly
50INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, I aly
51INFN, Sezione di Caglia i, Caglia i, I aly
52INFN, Sezione di Ca ania, Ca ania, I aly
53INFN, Sezione di Pado a, Pado a, I aly
54INFN, Sezione di Pa ia, Pa ia, I aly
55INFN, Sezione di To ino, Tu in, I aly
56INFN, Sezione di T ies e, T ies e, I aly
57Inha Uni e si y, Incheon, Republic o Ko ea
58Ins i u e o G a i a ional and Suba omic Physics (GRASP), U ech Uni e si y/Nikhe , U ech , Ne he lands
59Ins i u e o Expe imen al Physics, Slo ak Academy o Sciences, Košice, Slo ak Republic
60Ins i u e o Physics, Homi Bhabha Na ional Ins i u e, Bhubaneswa , India
61Ins i u e o Physics o he Czech Academy o Sciences, P ague, Czech Republic
62Ins i u e o Space Science (ISS), Bucha es , Romania
63Ins i u ü Ke nphysik, Johann Wol gang Goe he-Uni e si ä F ank u , F ank u , Ge many
64Ins i u o de Ciencias Nuclea es, Uni e sidad Nacional Au ónoma de México, Mexico Ci y, Mexico
65Ins i u o de Física, Uni e sidade Fede al do Rio G ande do Sul (UFRGS), Po o Aleg e, B azil
66Ins i u o de Física, Uni e sidad Nacional Au ónoma de México, Mexico Ci y, Mexico
67iThemba LABS, Na ional Resea ch Founda ion, Some se Wes , Sou h A ica
68Jeonbuk Na ional Uni e si y, Jeonju, Republic o Ko ea
034906-22
MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRONS FROM BEAUTY-HADRON … PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
69Johann-Wol gang-Goe he Uni e si ä F ank u Ins i u ü In o ma ik, Fachbe eich In o ma ik und Ma hema ik, F ank u , Ge many
70Ko ea Ins i u e o Science and Technology In o ma ion, Daejeon, Republic o Ko ea
71KTO Ka a ay Uni e si y, Konya, Tu key
72Labo a oi e de Physique des 2 In inis, I ène Jolio -Cu ie, O say, F ance
73Labo a oi e de Physique Suba omique e de Cosmologie, Uni e si é G enoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, G enoble, F ance
74Law ence Be keley Na ional Labo a o y, Be keley, Cali o nia, USA
75Lund Uni e si y Depa men o Physics, Di ision o Pa icle Physics, Lund, Sweden
76Nagasaki Ins i u e o Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan
77Na a Women’s Uni e si y (NWU), Na a, Japan
78Na ional and Kapodis ian Uni e si y o A hens, School o Science, Depa men o Physics, A hens, G eece
79Na ional Cen e o Nuclea Resea ch, Wa saw, Poland
80Na ional Ins i u e o Science Educa ion and Resea ch, Homi Bhabha Na ional Ins i u e, Ja ni, India
81Na ional Nuclea Resea ch Cen e , Baku, Aze baijan
82Na ional Resea ch and Inno a ion Agency - BRIN, Jaka a, Indonesia
83Niels Boh Ins i u e, Uni e si y o Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denma k
84Nikhe , Na ional ins i u e o suba omic physics, Ams e dam, Ne he lands
85Nuclea Physics G oup, STFC Da esbu y Labo a o y, Da esbu y, Uni ed Kingdom
86Nuclea Physics Ins i u e o he Czech Academy o Sciences, Husinec- ˇ
Rež, Czech Republic
87Oak Ridge Na ional Labo a o y, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
88Ohio S a e Uni e si y, Columbus, Ohio, USA
89Physics depa men , Facul y o science, Uni e si y o Zag eb, Zag eb, C oa ia
90Physics Depa men , Panjab Uni e si y, Chandiga h, India
91Physics Depa men , Uni e si y o Jammu, Jammu, India
92Physics P og am and In e na ional Ins i u e o Sus ainabili y wi h Kno ed Chi al Me a Ma e (SKCM2),
Hi oshima Uni e si y, Hi oshima, Japan
93Physikalisches Ins i u , Ebe ha d-Ka ls-Uni e si ä Tübingen, Tübingen, Ge many
94Physikalisches Ins i u , Rup ech -Ka ls-Uni e si ä Heidelbe g, Heidelbe g, Ge many
95Physik Depa men , Technische Uni e si ä München, Munich, Ge many
96Poli ecnico di Ba i and Sezione INFN, Ba i, I aly
97Resea ch Di ision and Ex eMe Ma e Ins i u e EMMI, GSI Helmhol zzen um ü Schwe ionen o schung GmbH, Da ms ad , Ge many
98Saga Uni e si y, Saga, Japan
99Saha Ins i u e o Nuclea Physics, Homi Bhabha Na ional Ins i u e, Kolka a, India
100School o Physics and As onomy, Uni e si y o Bi mingham, Bi mingham, Uni ed Kingdom
101Sección Física, Depa amen o de Ciencias, Pon i icia Uni e sidad Ca ólica del Pe ú, Lima, Pe u
102S e an Meye Ins i u ü Suba oma e Physik (SMI), Vienna, Aus ia
103SUBATECH, IMT A lan ique, Nan es Uni e si é, CNRS-IN2P3, Nan es, F ance
104Sungkyunkwan Uni e si y, Suwon Ci y, Republic o Ko ea
105Su ana ee Uni e si y o Technology, Nakhon Ra chasima, Thailand
106Technical Uni e si y o Košice, Košice, Slo ak Republic
107The Hen yk Niewodniczanski Ins i u e o Nuclea Physics, Polish Academy o Sciences, C acow, Poland
108The Uni e si y o Texas a Aus in, Aus in, Texas, USA
109Uni e sidad Au ónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
110Uni e sidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, B azil
111Uni e sidade Es adual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, B azil
112Uni e sidade Fede al do ABC, San o And e, B azil
113Uni e si y o Cape Town, Cape Town, Sou h A ica
114Uni e si y o Hous on, Hous on, Texas, USA
115Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Jy äskylä, Finland
116Uni e si y o Kansas, Law ence, Kansas, USA
117Uni e si y o Li e pool, Li e pool, Uni ed Kingdom
118Uni e si y o Science and Technology o China, He ei, China
119Uni e si y o Sou h-Eas e n No way, Kongsbe g, No way
120Uni e si y o Tennessee, Knox ille, Tennessee, USA
121Uni e si y o he Wi wa e s and, Johannesbu g, Sou h A ica
122Uni e si y o Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
123Uni e si y o Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
124Uni e si y Poli ehnica o Bucha es , Bucha es , Romania
125Uni e si é Cle mon Au e gne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Cle mon -Fe and, F ance
126Uni e si é de Lyon, CNRS/IN2P3, Ins i u de Physique des 2 In inis de Lyon, Lyon, F ance
034906-23
S. ACHARYA e al. PHYSICAL REVIEW C 108, 034906 (2023)
127Uni e si é de S asbou g, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 S asbou g, F ance, S asbou g, F ance
128Uni e si é Pa is-Saclay Cen e d’E udes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Dépa men de Physique Nucléai e (DPhN), Saclay, F ance
129Uni e si à degli S udi di Foggia, Foggia, I aly
130Uni e si à del Piemon e O ien ale, Ve celli, I aly
131Uni e si à di B escia, B escia, I aly
132Va iable Ene gy Cyclo on Cen e, Homi Bhabha Na ional Ins i u e, Kolka a, India
133Wa saw Uni e si y o Technology, Wa saw, Poland
134Wayne S a e Uni e si y, De oi , Michigan, USA
135Wes älische Wilhelms-Uni e si ä Müns e , Ins i u ü Ke nphysik, Müns e , Ge many
136Wigne Resea ch Cen e o Physics, Budapes , Hunga y
137Yale Uni e si y, New Ha en, Connec icu , USA
138Yonsei Uni e si y, Seoul, Republic o Ko ea
139Zen um ü Technologie und T ans e (ZTT), Wo ms, Ge many
140A ilia ed wi h an ins i u e co e ed by a coope a ion ag eemen wi h CERN
141A ilia ed wi h an in e na ional labo a o y co e ed by a coope a ion ag eemen wi h CERN
*Also a Max-Planck-Ins i u ü Physik, Munich, Ge many.
†Also a I alian Na ional Agency o New Technologies, Ene gy and Sus ainable Economic De elopmen (ENEA), Bologna, I aly.
‡Also a Dipa imen o DET del Poli ecnico di To ino, Tu in, I aly.
§Deceased.
Also a An ins i u ion co e ed by a coope a ion ag eemen wi h CERN.
¶Also a Depa men o Applied Physics, Aliga h Muslim Uni e si y, Aliga h, India.
**Also a Ins i u e o Theo e ical Physics, Uni e si y o W oclaw, Poland.
034906-24