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Towa ds a Wellbeing-d i en Sys em Design o In e gene a ional Collabo a i e
Inno a ion : A Li e a u e Re iew
© The Au ho s, 2020
Published e sion
Nu has, I awan; Geisle , S e an; Ojala, A o; Pawlowski, Jan M.
Nu has, I., Geisle , S., Ojala, A., & Pawlowski, J. M. (2020). Towa ds a Wellbeing-d i en Sys em
Design o In e gene a ional Collabo a i e Inno a ion : A Li e a u e Re iew. In P oceedings o
he 53 d Hawaii In e na ional Con e ence on Sys em Sciences (HICSS 2020) (pp. 502-511).
Uni e si y o Hawai'i a Manoa. P oceedings o he Annual Hawaii In e na ional Con e ence on
Sys em Sciences. h ps://doi.o g/10.24251/HICSS.2020.062
2020
Towa ds a Wellbeing-d i en Sys em Design o In e gene a ional
Collabo a i e Inno a ion: A Li e a u e Re iew
I awan Nu has
Hochschule Ruh Wes and
Uni e si y o Jy äskylä
i awan.nu has@hs-
uh wes .de
S e an Geisle
Ins i u e o Posi i e
Compu ing, Hochschule
Ruh Wes
s e an.geisle @hs-
uh wes .de
A o Ojala
Facul y o In o ma ion
Technology
Uni e si y o Jy äskylä
a o.k.ojala@jyu. i
Jan M. Pawlowski
Hochschule Ruh Wes and
Uni e si y o Jy äskylä
jan.pawlowski@hs-
uh wes .de
Abs ac
Resea che s ha e p e iously u ilized he ad an ages
o a design d i en by well-being and in e gene a ional
collabo a ion (IGC) o success ul inno a ion.
Un o una ely, scan in o ma ion exis s ega ding
ba ie dimensions and co ela ed design solu ions in
he in o ma ion sys ems (IS) domain, which can se e as
a s a ing poin o a design o ien ed owa d well-being
in an IGC sys em. The e o e, in his s udy, we applied
he posi i e compu ing app oach o guide ou analysis
in a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew and de eloped a
amewo k o ien ed owa d well-being o a sys em wi h
a mul i-gene a ional eam. Ou s udy con ibu es o he
IS communi y by p o iding i e dimensions o ba ie s
o IGC and he co esponding well-being de e minan s
o posi i e sys em design. In addi ion, we p opose
u he esea ch di ec ions o close he esea ch gap
based on he e iew ou comes.
1. In oduc ion
The impo ance o he global issue o well-being
among he aging wo k o ce o in e gene a ional
inno a ion has been highligh ed in se e al s udies [21,
37, 39]. Fo ins ance, Fo bes [20] no ed ha add essing
in e gene a ional issues in di e si y managemen is one
o he key ac o s o success ul global o ganiza ions and
s a -up inno a ion. In ac , c oss-gene a ional issues
ha e become one o he key conce ns o oday’s
wo k o ce, whe e employees o a single company migh
span up o ou gene a ions [20]. This s udy de ines
in e gene a ional inno a ion as a g oup o adul s o
mo e han one gene a ion wo king oge he in he
c ea i e p ocess o explo e and apply aluable business
ideas [4, 47]. The main goal o his pape is o
unde s and he ba ie s and e ec s o in e gene a ional
collabo a ion, pa icula ly wi h ega d o collabo a ion
o global s a ups.
Al hough se e al s udies in in o ma ion sys ems (IS)
p opose he in eg a ion o well-being o imp o e IS
design and suppo collabo a i e inno a ion p ocesses
[13, 44, 49], a lack o in-dep h unde s anding o ba ie s
and how o embed well-being in o he IS design o
in e gene a ional collabo a ion (IGC) emains [47].
Fu he mo e, we ound no publica ions p o iding
in o ma ion on dimension ba ie s o IGC o a
amewo k ha in eg a es well-being in o IGC sys em
design. Using he keywo d “in e gene a ional”
p oduced only 44 publica ions in he Associa ion o
In o ma ion Sys ems (AIS) digi al lib a y (based on an
inqui y un on Ma ch 15, 2019). F om hose 44
publica ions, wo pape s ela ed o well-being ocused
only on p o iding IS design o senio adul s [13, 17],
no o se e al gene a ions in an IGC con ex .
The e o e, we aim o p o ide an o e iew and basis
o a p oblem-based app oach o sys em design, an
analysis o ba ie s o ICG, and he co ela ed well-
being de e minan s o in e gene a ional inno a ion.
Based on he s udy objec i es, we ha e conduc ed a
wo-s age li e a u e e iew [27, 58] leading o a
concep ual model o designing suppo sys ems in he
con ex o in e gene a ional inno a ion. Sys ema ically
e iewing he li e a u e [27, 58] on he ba ie s o IGC
helped us o unde s and di e en ypes o ba ie s and
design s a egies co ela ed wi h echnology- ela ed
well-being de e minan s in in e gene a ional
inno a ion. Fo his pu pose, we u ilized he posi i e
compu ing (PoCo) app oach o he upcoming ends in
he ields o human-compu e in e ac ion and IS design
[11, 49].
The pape is s uc u ed in i e addi ional sec ions:
he heo e ical ounda ion; he me hodological sec ion,
comp ising da a collec ion and analysis; he esul s
sec ion, comp ising ba ie dimensions and he a ge ed
well-being de e minan s; discussion; and inally, he
conclusions o he s udy.
P oceedings o he 53 d Hawaii In e na ional Con e ence on Sys em Sciences | 2020
Page 502
URI: h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10125/63801
978-0-9981331-3-3
(CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
2. Founda ion o he li e a u e e iew
2.1. In e gene a ional inno a ion
As he knowledge-based socie y has g own, he
abili y o collabo a e ac oss con inen s and cul u es has
become an essen ial p e equisi e o in e na ional
companies. A global economy and demog aphic
changes a e also c ea ing new oppo uni ies o a ac
young alen om di e en coun ies o collabo a e and
imp o e global inno a ion p ocesses. In addi ion, mo e
expe ienced inno a o s can bene i om young ainees
and ac i ely pa icipa e in he global inno a ion p ocess
while imp o ing hei own well-being and social
connec edness [63]. In e ms o inno a ion p ocesses,
IGC can s eng hen exploi a ion and comme cializa ion
p ocesses by c ea ing new oppo uni ies [26].
We adop ed he de ini ion o gene a ions based on
Hilman [23]; he gene a ional age di e ence is a leas
20 yea s, which can be calcula ed om he di e ence in
he median age o gene a ions wi hin one pe iod o
classi ica ion (e.g., he median age o Gene a ion Y less
he median age o Gene a ion X). The e o e, we de ine
younge adul s as adul s aged 18–30 yea s and senio
adul s as 50 yea s and olde .
The concep o in e gene a ional inno a ion is an
in e gene a ional knowledge collabo a ion wi hin he
inno a ion p ocess in which olde and younge adul s
can exchange expe ience and knowledge ela ed o he
inno a ion p ocess o o p ocesses de i ed om
idea ion, design, o de elopmen . These exchanges a e
ela ed o he comme cializa ion o aluable ideas [13,
47]. On he one hand, senio adul s a e po en ial
esou ces o inno a ion aining and counseling o
younge adul s in a global en i onmen . Con e sely,
ba ie s o in e gene a ional collabo a ion in digi al
lea ning seem o hampe collabo a ion [18]. We begin
wi h h ee main p ocesses o inno a ion o e iew he
exis ing de e minan s o well-being o o e come he
ba ie s o in e gene a ional collabo a ion in he
inno a ion p ocess.
2.2. Ba ie dimensions o collabo a ion
The pe cep ion o IGC depends on age di e ences
[55], bu s udies show ha when con lic s do occu , hey
a e due o di e ences in sys em in e ac ion and
ope a ional s yles a he han age di e ences [32]. I a
sys em is designed o he younge gene a ion, he
de elope s may lose he olde audience and ice e sa.
Age is no a ac o in he success o in e ac ion and
lea ning [32], bu is ins ead a demo i a ing elemen o
bo h gene a ions in using echnology [33]. Ba ie s o
in e gene a ional se ings can demo i a e he
collabo a ion p ocess. Se e al impo an ba ie s ha e
al eady been s udied by Edge [16] and Nu has e al.
[47], including, o ins ance, gene a ional us , lack o
suppo i e en i onmen , and di e en gene a ional
a ibu es.
We chose a classi ica ion o ba ie dimensions om
Adams [1] and Li z [36] because hey co e a wide
ange o ba ie s o he c ea i e collabo a ion p ocess [1,
47]. The i s dimension is he in ellec ual dimension,
which is ela ed o ba ie s caused by in o ma ion, he
belie s o expe s, and s yle. The second dimension is
he pe cep ion dimension, which is caused by
s e eo yping. Fo example, pe cep ions o o he s based
on gende , cul u e and physical cha ac e is ics. The
hi d is he emo ional dimension, which a ises mainly
om emba assmen , discom o , o ea o ailu e. Las
is he cul u al and en i onmen al dimension, which
includes ou side suppo and how o add ess a si ua ion
[1]. These ba ie classi ica ions can be used as a
s a ing poin o classi y he dimension o he ba ie s o
IGC in inno a ion p ocess.
The e o e, based on he dimension o he ba ie s o
c ea i e collabo a ion [1], his li e a u e e iew
add esses he i s guideline esea ch ques ion, “Wha
ba ie s (and dimensions) exis in in e gene a ional
collabo a ion?”
2.3. Posi i e compu ing app oach
As echnology p o ides new oppo uni ies o
media e IGC, esea che s ha e begun o s udy age
di e ences in digi al en i onmen s, wi h a ocus on IGC
in inno a ion p ocesses [10, 23, 28, 47]. Focusing on he
use o digi al echnology by he senio adul s in IGC,
Ama o e al. [2] ound ha senio adul s a e no
echnophobic and ha hey inno a i ely use IGC o
main ain meaning ul ela ions ac oss bo de s [46].
Cal o and Pe e s [11] in oduced he concep o
PoCo, which p omo es well-being de e minan s and
enhances human po en ial h ough digi al in e ac ion. In
his s udy, we used he PoCo app oach as he basis o a
design o a collabo a i e lea ning sys em be ween
younge and olde adul s in he pe sonal dimension. We
used he PoCo app oach because we belie e ha his
app oach will help us mo i a e olde people o
pa icipa e by gi ing hem a meaning ul ask ( o
ins ance: sha ing expe iences, li e wisdom o ma ke ing
s a egies o speci ic a ge ma ke s) and helping
younge use s by conside ing using he ela edness
de e minan o i s ull po en ial and hus becoming mo e
success ul. The PoCo p ocess also equi es he
iden i ica ion and conside a ion o ba ie s and
challenges du ing echnology design. Mo eo e , he
p o ided well-being de e minan s o he PoCo app oach
Page 503
ocus on he pe sonal le el a he han on he
o ganiza ional le el. Those ad an ages o PoCo i ou
esea ch objec i e.
The PoCo app oach is no limi ed o he use
in e ace, bu also co e s he o e all p ocess o design
o he IS [49]. PoCo can a ec he en i e p ocess o
sys em design, om ini ializa ion and use s udy o
de elopmen and e alua ion [49]. Cal o and Pe e s [11]
in oduced h ee classi ica ions o de e minan s ha can
be used o imp o e well-being and can simul aneously
be con e ed o echnological design in e en ions. The
g oups o de e minan s consis o h ee g oups o
de e minan s [11]:
The i s g oup o de e minan s is ela ed o he sel
o he in ape sonal. This g oup p ima ily ocuses on
design ea u es ha suppo he pe sonal in e ac ion o
he use wi h he sys em, including joy ulness, in e es
in explo ing and lea ning, p ide in achie emen s, sel -
iews, lo e o eeling sa e, and close ela ionships), sel -
awa eness, engagemen , mind ulness, and esilience.
The well-being d i en echnological in e en ions co e
displeasing ac i i ies o e lain wi h enjoyable
in e ac ion expe iences.
The second g oup o de e minan s is ela ed o he
social o in e pe sonal. The de e minan s in his
ca ego y p o ide in e en ions ha suppo social
connec edness among use s and di e en social oles in
he sys em. De e minan s in his ca ego y include
g a i ude and empa hy. The in e en ions include
ea u es o suppo exp essions o app ecia ion;
communica ion ea u es aim o acili a e an exp ession
o emo ion using he na a i es and g aphics.
The las g oup o well-being de e minan s ela es o
he anscenden o ex a-pe sonal. This ca ego y
emphasizes in e en ion o i ue o ocusing on
pe o ming meaning ul social ac ions. Cal o and Pe e s
[11] ca ego ized compassion and al uism in his g oup.
Di e en ypes o echnological in e en ions include a
design o g oup empa hy, echnological ea u es o
minimize blame and judgmen , and sys em de elopmen
o inspi a ion ha suppo s he abili y o ans o m
empa hy in o ac ion.
In eg a ing well-being in o a sys em’s design
p ocess can occu on ou le els o implemen a ion [11]:
The i s le el is no in eg a ion o well-being. The
second le el is p e en i e implemen a ion (add essing
ba ie s). The hi d le el is an ac i e app oach (using
well-being de e minan s o IS design), and las is he
design o a sys em in which he o e all goal is o os e
a ge ed echnology-o ien ed de e minan s o well-
being and human po en ial. This s udy mainly ocuses
on he second and hi d le els.
The e o e, based on he PoCo app oach, he well-
being de e minan s can be used as keywo ds o con en
analysis. Hence, he second ques ion o ou e iew is
“Which well-being de e minan s a e employed o os e
IGC in inno a ion p ocesses?”
3. Me hodology
Ou li e a u e e iew ollows he sys ema ic p ocess
[27, 58], ha desc ibed a me hod o e iewing ele an
a icles based on clea ly o mula ed esea ch ques ions,
opics, o phenomena. An ini ial sea ch esul ed in 601
publica ions, and 57 publica ions we e selec ed o
analysis based on he s udy scope [7] and he inclusion
and exclusion c i e ia. The o e all s uc u ed p ocess o
he e iew is summa ized in Figu e 1.
Figu e 1. Selec ion p ocess o publica ions
3.1. Da a selec ion
3.1.1. Keywo ds and Da abase. We employed a web-
based au oma ed sea ch h ough digi al lib a ies [27,
64]. o IGC-based s udies published in scien i ic
da abases. The selec ion o he da abase was based on a
p oposed lis o he op da abases o so wa e and
echnology enginee ing [64]. The selec ed da abases
we e IEEE Xplo e (IEEE), ACM Digi al Lib a y
(ACM), Science Di ec (SD), Taylo and F ancis Online
(TnD), and ISI Web o Sciences (WoS). The p oposed
da abases included all eliable publica ions in a wide
a ea o esea ch om s ong echnically-o ien ed
jou nals o mo e socio- echnical ields such as IS
jou nals and p oceedings om he Associa ion o
In o ma ion Sys ems (AIS) Elec onic Lib a y. We
belie e ha adding mo e da abases would only p o ide
duplica e esul s and inc ease he di icul y o alida ing
he quali y o publica ion p ocesses.
We u ilized a us ed da abase o he schola ly
publica ion channel wi hou limi ing ou scope o
speci ic jou nals o p oceedings because he opic is
discussed in mul idisciplina y esea ch a eas. To ind
co ela ed publica ions in selec ed da abases, we applied
wo di e en g oups o keywo ds; we applied a se o
keywo ds on Feb ua y 26, 2018, wi hou limi ing he
ime in e al. The i s g oup o keywo ds was o
echnology-speci ic da abases. In he i s ca ego y we
Page 504
ound minimal sou ces i we speci ied he keywo ds;
he e o e, we in oduced a mo e gene al sea ch, ela ed
only o ba ie s o in e gene a ional collabo a ion and
no speci ically ela ed o echnology.
The keywo ds o ou IEEE and ACM sea ches we e
(“in e gene a ional”) OR (“in e gene a ional” AND
[“ba ie ” OR “collabo a ion”]) OR
(“in e gene a ional” AND [“ba ie ” OR “p oblem”
OR “challenge” OR “GAP” OR “obs acle”]).
Mo eo e , o non- echnology ocused da abases, we
de ailed he keywo ds o designing a digi al echnology
o suppo IGC in he wo kspace (“in e gene a ional”
AND [“digi al” OR “compu e ” OR “ echnology”]
AND [“gap” OR “ba ie ”] AND [“wo kspace” OR
“wo kplace”]).
3.1.2. Inclusion and exclusion c i e ia. A
publica ion was selec ed as a sou ce o he analy ical
p ocess i he p oposed inclusion c i e ia we e me ; a
publica ion was emo ed om he e e ence lis i i me
he p ede ined exclusion c i e ia. Adhe ing o he
esea ch ques ions and guidelines o e iewing pape s
and scoping he s udy on IGC [7], he applied inclusion
and exclusion c i e ia a e p esen ed in Table 1. Fo ou
s udy, we also excluded publica ions ha ocus only on
collabo a ion be ween senio adul s and child en (age
below 18 yea s) wi hou cla i ying he ba ie s and he
po en ial esea ch bene i s o younge adul s and senio
adul s.
Table 1. C i e ia o inclusion and exclusion
Inclusion
Exclusion
• Pee - e iewed pape (jou nal
o con e ence p oceeding)
• Explici men ion o
in e gene a ional- ela ed
e ms in he abs ac , i le, o
keywo ds
• Collabo a ion be ween
gene a ions ela ed o he
inno a ion p ocess
• No w i en in
English
• No explici ly
s a ed ba ie s
o IGC
• Pape
incomple e o
esea ch in
p og ess.
3.2. Da a analysis
To p o ide a design amewo k o IGC o ien ed
owa d well-being, we used he concep ma ix [58] o
c ea e a ma ix o ba ie s o IGC. We hen syn hesized
he con en o each selec ed publica ion, eco ded he
ba ie s, and combined he edundan ba ie s based on
hei associa ed e b and objec . We i s ca ego ized he
ba ie s in o ou ba ie dimensions ollowing he
classi ica ion by Adams [1]. Any ba ie ha did no
ma ch one o he p ede ined classi ica ions emained
unca ego ized.
We ede ined he p e ious dimensions based on he
ba ie s ha co esponded o each; we desc ibed he
pe cep ual dimension as hinking o opinion ha ocuses
on he image o he o he and enamed i an empa hic
dimension. We desc ibed he emo ional dimension as a
eeling ha ocuses on sel -image. Bo h a e ela ed o
he concep o sel s. o he . We expanded he
in ellec ual ba ie s o include echnical and ope a ional
ba ie s since he iden i ied ba ie s a e co ela ed wi h
knowledge ega ding echnological use and ope a ional
managemen .
In addi ion, some ba ie s in his dimension a e also
highly co ela ed wi h he new de ini ion o he o he
wo dimensions (poin o iew). Finally, he cul u al-
en i onmen al dimension was di ided acco ding o he
ules and equi emen s, ega dless o whe he he
ba ie s we e o ganiza ional (o icially w i en ules and
equi emen s) o cul u al (uno icially w i en).
Fu he mo e, we eca ego ized he unca ego ized
ba ie s ha co esponded o he newly de ined
dimensions. Possible disag eemen s ega ding he
ca ego iza ion we e esol ed h ough discussions wi h
he co-au ho s.
Al hough he ba ie s do no appea o be mu ually
exclusi e, p ecise cha ac e is ics and de ini ions can be
used o di e en ia e hem and iden i y a endency
owa d g oup-speci ic ba ie s. The p oposed ba ie
dimensions occu in he in e ac ions among use ,
sys em, and en i onmen . Pe cep ual and emo ional
cha ac e is ics ocus on he use ’s in e nal dimension,
which is mo e in angible; he en i onmen al o
in angible ex e nal dimension o he use is cul u al and
ins i u ional; and he sys em ba ie is ela ed o he
echnological and ope a ional dimension o ex e nal
angible.
In he second s age o he analysis and e iew o he
well-being de e minan s, we i s de e mined he ype o
collabo a ion ac i i y in ol ed, such as idea ion, design,
and de elopmen o comme cializa ion [4, 35].
Publica ions we e g ouped in o collabo a i e and non-
collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies. O he collabo a i e
inno a ion ac i i ies, we analyzed 23 (idea ion: wo
publica ions; design and de elopmen : 12 publica ions;
explo a ion: eigh publica ions; and comme cializa ion:
one publica ion) o iden i y he well-being de e minan s
o he PoCo app oach o collabo a i e inno a ion
ac i i y. Fi e pape s we e emo ed because hey did no
men ion well-being o co ela e o he de e minan s o
he PoCo app oach, lea ing only 18 publica ions.
We analyzed he emaining 18 publica ions looking
o h ee main ac i i ies in he inno a ion p ocess, using
manual con en analysis o ind he de e minan s. We
used he keywo ds based on he well-being de e minan s
Page 505

o PoCo app oach and ca e ully ead he selec ed pape s
o iden i y he co esponding de e minan s. Simila ly,
we can iden i y he co ela ed well-being de e minan s
o collabo a i e inno a ion p ocesses [4, 35].
4. Findings
Ex ac ing he da a based on yea o publica ion o
he e iewed pape s (Figu e 2, op) shows ha
esea che s’ in e es in he IGC co esponden ba ie s
has inc eased in he las i e yea s. In 2016 and 2017,
s udies conduc ed on his opic mo e han doubled
compa ed wi h he h ee p e ious yea s. Based on s udy
o igins, he global mo emen o he s udy o IGC
includes e e y con inen excep A ica (Asia: 10%;
Sou h Ame ica: 6%; Aus alia/Oceania: 10% Eu ope:
27%; No h Ame ica: 42%; collabo a ion be ween
No h Ame ica and Eu ope: 5%). The esul s o he
analysis o he s udy o igins pa allel he g owing
numbe o indi iduals in he aging popula ion on bo h
con inen s [62].
Figu e 2. Mapping he Publica ions
Rega ding he indus y con ex wi hin which he
s udy was conduc ed (see igu e 2, bo om), he s udy o
IGC- ela ed ba ie s usually ocuses on neu al
indus ies (o can be implemen ed ac oss indus ies).
Howe e , educa ion and heal hca e a e he wo
dominan indus ies in which ba ie s o IGC a e
commonly ound. In e es ingly, ew s udies ocused on
banking, e ail, hospi ali y, o go e nmen .
4.1. Ba ie dimensions o in e gene a ional
collabo a i e inno a ion
The concep ual classi ica ion o he ba ie
dimensions o in e gene a ional inno a ion comp ises
i e dimensions.
4.1.1. Empha ic/Pe cep ual dimension. We de ined
he empa hic dimension as he nega i e iewpoin o a
gene a ion owa d di e en gene a ions. This s ong
nega i e iewpoin hinde s IGC because o someone’s
expe ience in he pas . Ba ie s ela ed o pe cep ions o
o he s include age disc imina ion [3, 34, 53], a di e en
mindse [16, 53] and in e es s [8, 24], and gene a ional
esis ance [3, 18, 53]. Mo eo e , a lack o unde s anding
o IGC [5, 32], a lack o awa eness o di e ences
be ween gene a ions [16, 18, 50], a lack o empa hy [10,
53], building in e pe sonal us [15, 16] and a lack o
espec [10, 53] a e challenges o c oss-gene a ional
collabo a ion.
4.1.2. Cul u al dimension. The cul u al dimension
ep esen s ex e nal en i onmen - ela ed ba ie s ha
conce n in o mal codes and no ms. One o he main
issues o global collabo a ion is he subs an ial
di e ences in cul u al adi ions compa ed wi h o he
gene a ions [8, 12]. Ba ie s also a ise in his ca ego y
because people a e unawa e ha hey can wo k wi h
someone who is cul u ally di e en [43, 46].
Fu he mo e, o he ba ie s in his dimension ha can
hinde IGC a e a lack o social suppo [8, 12, 16] and a
lack o sensi i i y o echnological design ha in e e es
wi h he cul u al backg ound o a pa icula gene a ion
[6, 46].
4.1.3. Emo ional dimension. The emo ional dimension
is a collec ion o ba ie s associa ed wi h eelings and a
nega i e sel - iew o egocen ici y. These ba ie s a e
ela ed o how one gene a ion concei es o wo king
wi h ano he gene a ion. Ba ie s in his ca ego y a e
eeling unde app ecia ed o unapp ecia ed [6, 8, 16, 53]
and eeling ha o he s a e slow o unde s and [10, 42].
Fea o echnology [5, 8, 9], unc ional limi a ions [3, 5,
46], lack o mo i a ion [5, 6] and eeling isola ed [3] a e
ba ie s ela ed o he emo ional dimension.
4.1.4. Technological and ope a ional dimension. The
echnological and ope a ional dimension co e s ba ie s
ela ed o knowledge and esou ces ega ding
echnology and ope a ional use. Ba ie s in his ca ego y
include lack o independence [2, 28, 29], he high cos
o echnology in es men [3, 8, 15], he complexi y o
i ual p esence managemen [9, 15], and gene a ional
di e ences in echnological backg ounds [6, 8, 10, 12,
15]. O he ba ie s a e lack o joy ul ac i i ies [8, 41]
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ha can be in eg a ed in o eal-li e collabo a ion [3] he
lack o echnical aining o digi al collabo a ion [15],
insu icien echnological access [15] wi hou a
suppo i e echnological en i onmen [31, 57], and he
complexi y o echnology [9, 15, 22]. In some cases,
collabo a ion be ween he wo gene a ions could also be
challenging because he e is no igh ime o an
appoin men [6, 16, 51, 60] and he di e ences in
ou ine pa e ns a e unclea [36, 45].
4.1.5. Ins i u ional dimension. The ins i u ional
dimension is de ined as adminis a i e ba ie s ha
ocus on o ganized ules and equi emen s, including
ba ie s o sha ed esou ces [45, 46, 57], geog aphical
dis ance [6, 45] be ween coope a ion pa ne s and high
ma ke unce ain y in p oduc ma ke s [43] o
inno a ion pa ne ships. Issues o da a p o ec ion [15]
and di e ences in educa ional le els [3, 8, 15] can
complica e echnology-media ed in e gene a ional
collabo a i e inno a ion.
4.2. Well-being de e minan s o IGC sys ems
The collec ed publica ions did no explici ly men ion
he ype o collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i y wi hin he
con ex o IGC. Some publica ions add essed o e all
collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies [24, 36, 43],
including explo a ion (idea ion + design and
de elopmen ) and comme cializa ion o ma ke
exploi a ion [35, 47]. Al hough IGC can s eng hen
inno a ion, we ound only one publica ion [43] on IGC-
ela ed ba ie s ha suppo ed collabo a ion in
comme cial ac i i ies. The co ela ed well-being
de e minan s and associa ed collabo a i e inno a ion
ac i i ies, wi h hei sou ces, a e p esen ed in he
ollowing subsec ions.
4.2.1. Posi i e emo ions o joy and play ulness in
in e gene a ional knowledge exchanges. These
posi i e emo ions a e eelings o exp essions ela ed o
he emo ional expe ience o pleasu e ha is in eg a ed
in o IGC. One should eel joy ul when using an IGC
sys em. This de e minan was iden i ied in design and
de elopmen [12, 52, 54, 56, 59] and explo a ion [28,
36, 38]. The ypes o in e en ions ela ed o joy ulness
a e he use o hyb id echnology by combining he eal
and digi al wo lds in a collabo a i e ac i i y [12, 54],
he use o pe suasi e echnology, and loca ion-based
gami ica ion [28, 37, 38, 54, 56].
4.2.2. Posi i e emo ions o in e es in and explo a ion
o a p oblem-based lea ning scena io. These eelings
o exp essions a e ela ed o he emo ional expe ience o
cu iosi y in he lea ning p ocess ha is in eg a ed in o
IGC. These eelings o en occu in unp edic able
scena ios. Twel e pape s indica ed he use ’s in e es in
and explo a ion o sys em design. The de e minan was
iden i ied in he ollowing collabo a i e inno a ion
ac i i ies: idea ion [25, 30], design and de elopmen [2,
12, 19, 29, 54, 56, 59], and explo a ion [28, 36, 38].
Compe ence de elopmen p og ams using blended
lea ning o IGC we e in eg a ed [12, 36] o suppo he
in e es s o collabo a o s. Ins uc ional guidance o
echnological use, in eg a ing hub ac o s, and
gami ica ion h ough assis i e sys ems o obo s a e also
u ilized [25, 54].
4.2.3. Posi i e emo ions o p ide and achie emen o
collec i e goals. These a e eelings o exp essions
ela ed o he emo ional expe ience o achie ing
meaning ul goals, such as accomplishing a lis . These
emo ions a e ound in explo a ion [28, 36, 38]. The
ypes o in e en ions ound in he li e a u e a e he
digi aliza ion o social p esence, he use o pe suasi e
echnology [28, 38] and compe ence-based assessmen
[36].
4.2.4. Posi i e emo ion o compe ence-based
con en men and sel - iews. These emo ions a e
eelings o exp essions ela ed o he emo ional
expe ience o high ce ain y and low e o based on
sel -e alua ion. They a e ound in he collabo a i e
inno a ion ac i i ies o idea ion [25] and explo a ion
[28, 40]. The ypes o in e en ions in he li e a u e a e
ea u es o suppo compe ence exchange and
compe ence building o IGC [25], he use o in e ac i e
s o y elling, and scheduled IGC e alua ion and
assessmen p og ams [28, 40]
4.2.5. Mo i a ion and Engagemen (ME). Mo i a ion
and engagemen o he IGC communi y a e a low o
expe iences o he momen a y condi ion ha balances
challenges and compe ence, s imula ing eage ness,
owne ship, and possession. ME was ound in 10 o 18
pape s in he ollowing collabo a i e inno a ion
ac i i ies: idea ion [30], design and de elopmen [2, 12,
19, 29, 52, 54, 56, 59, 61], and
explo a ion/comme cializa ion [28]. Gami ica ion [54,
56], pe suasi e echnology [28], sel -assessmen and
e alua ion ins umen s [29], compe ence acquisi ion
h ough ole-playing, and in e gene a ional communi y
building [61] apply o his de e minan .
4.2.6. App en iceship-based social ela edness
(empa hy, compassion, al uism). This de e minan
conce ns he ac o helping o he s. I p o ides
unc ionali y ha can suppo social in e ac ion and
ac ualiza ion o help o he s. Men o ship and
companionship a e examples o ela edness ound in he
Page 507
collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i y o explo a ion [24].
Some publica ions ela ed he well-being de e minan o
“ ela edness” o ME in he a eas o idea ion [30] and
explo a ion [10, 38]. IGC aims o imp o e ela edness
be ween younge adul s and senio adul s h ough
pe suasi e echnology o he co-c ea ion o inno a i e
p oduc s [24], hyb id/blended lea ning [30], and
loca ion-based game [30], Wo kshop o compe ence
de elopmen [30], digi ize social p esence and
in e ac ion [10].
5. Discussion
De e mining ba ie s and co ela ed well-being
de e minan s help o de elop a concep ual amewo k
o he posi i e design o IGC wi hin he con ex o
inno a ion ac i i ies. Wi hin he p e en a i e app oach
o PoCo [11], which minimizes ac o s ha hinde IGC
while in e ac ing wi h echnology, we iden i ied i e
dimensional ba ie s. Those ba ie dimensions apply
gene ally o collabo a ion in a global con ex because
he ba ie s we e collec ed om a ious con inen s and
include he cul u al dimension.
Compa ed wi h p e ious dimensions [1, 36], in
e ms o IGC, ou ba ie dimensions suppo he cu en
s udy on ba ie s o in e gene a ional inno a ion ha
con ain speci ic dimensions o echnological and
ope a ional knowledge [47]. These ba ie dimensions
also ep esen he na u e o echnology-media ed
collabo a ion and he p oblem aced by di e en
gene a ions when in e ac ing wi h echnology.
Mo eo e , we de ined he empa hic dimension as a
ba ie conce ning in e pe sonal and ex a-pe sonal
issues.
Rega ding ba ie s in he PoCo amewo k, Cal o
and Pe e s [11] p oposed ha g a i ude and empa hy
may help connec in e pe sonal aspec s and echnology
ea u es. We ound empa hy, compassion, and al uism
(ECA) wi hin he con ex o collabo a i e inno a ion
ac i i ies bu no g a i ude. ECA is associa ed wi h
ela edness o social connec edness [11]. The e o e, we
p opose ela edness as he well-being goal o IGC o as
he dedica ed app oach o IGC design o ien ed owa d
well-being. Ba ie dimensions in IGC ela ed o he
empa hic and he pe cep ual can be add essed h ough
he use o obo s, cha bo s, o digi al media o s ha can
media e and educe di icul ies in communica ion and
unde s anding one ano he [25, 54].
I seems ha g a i ude, as one o he s onges
p edic o s o well-being [61], can be used as an
al e na i e de e minan o well-being in a dedica ed
app oach o designing IGC sys ems. Suppo ing
ela edness can be used in synch onous and
asynch onous communica ion channels wi hin he
con ex o IGC lea ning [12, 38, 59]. Mo eo e , IGC can
be designed o suppo coping abili ies o ans o m
empa hy in o ac ion ha can add ess judgmen and
blame [11]. A ole play be ween gene a ions in a local
ac i i y [28, 37, 38, 54, 56] could inc ease connec ions
and empa hy among collabo a o s and add ess cul u al,
pe cep ual, and empa he ic ba ie dimensions.
We also ound ha compa ed wi h o he well-being
de e minan s, mo i a ion and engagemen a e a p ima y
ocus in IGC publica ions (occu ing in mo e han 55%
o selec ed pape s). Sys em designe s should he e o e
conside in e en ions ela ed o he de e minan
mo i a ion and engagemen o suppo IGC design.
Mo eo e , i is essen ial o p o ide a common
meaning ul goal, empowe c ea i i y, and elici
app op ia e eedback h ough i ual goods ha can
mo i a e [14] bo h he senio and younge adul s.
We did no ind any pape s ha men ioned “posi i e
emo ion.” Ins ead, we no ed ha joy and in e es we e
men ioned in 66% o IGC publica ions ega ding
inno a ion ac i i ies. The e o e, we included joy and
in e es as de e minan s ha can be used o suppo IGC
and p oposed he posi i e emo ions as a ocus
de e minan o well-being in he ac i e app oach o
PoCo. Mo eo e , he low o expe ience can be
in eg a ed in o posi i e emo ions o co e pleasan
ac i i ies such as se ious games o gami ica ion [36, 38,
54, 56].
Appa en ly, cul u al, ins i u ional, echnical, and
ope a ional ba ie s a e common in he design o IS [48,
58] and also appea in he IGC sys em. We included
p ide and con en men among he al e na i e
de e minan s o an ac i e app oach o well-being [11].
Despi e being wo elemen s o posi i e emo ion, hey
we e a ely men ioned. Ne e heless, p ide o
achie emen can be used in he explo a ion p ocess. Fo
ins ance, a sys em designe can use a p og ess ba , ixed
ac ion ewa ds, a leade boa d, and badges o acili a e
bo h con en men and p ide [14].
Rela ed o ins i u ional ba ie s, using he
de e minan o p ide o achie emen , he IGC sys em
designe can in eg a e he compe ence-based sel -
assessmen sys em in o he ma ching p ocess o he IGC
sys em. IGC collabo a o s can assess hei skills and
achie emen s [29], which may o e come ba ie s,
pa icula ly in he ins i u ional dimension. The sel -
assessmen sys em can au oma ically ma ch
collabo a o s o help iden i y he igh pe son wi h
whom o collabo a e. A hyb id echnology [30] ha
combines angible and in angible echnologies can also
lead o he deli e y o a sys em ha can be adap ed
acco ding o use s’ physical and cogni i e capabili ies
and p e e ences.
Page 508
6. Conclusions
Following he analysis, we buil a concep ual model
( igu e 3) o an IGC sys em designed o add ess he
ba ie dimensions o IGC in he inno a ion p ocess. We
achie ed his by in eg a ing de e minan s ha a e
classi ied in o dedica ed and ac i e app oaches o he
PoCo amewo k.
Ou indings e eal mo i a ion, engagemen , and
posi i e emo ion (in e es and joy) and can be ound in
all h ee collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies. This inding
indica es ha hese de e minan s play an essen ial ole
in IGC. Conce ning mo i a ion and engagemen , asks
wi hin inno a ion ac i i ies equi e speci ic
compe encies, e.g., p oblem-sol ing and c ea i e
hinking. The sys em can p o ide a low o expe iences
o mo i a e bo h he senio and younge adul s by
p o iding a meaning ul common goal o bo h
gene a ions, and he asks in he IGC sys em mus be
sui able o he use s’ physical s a es as well as hei
physiological and cogni i e abili ies o a oid echno-
s ess.
Figu e 3. Wellbeing-o ien ed IS design o IGC
In e spe sing he asks wi h joy ul expe iences can
help use s o e come ba ie s (p ima ily in he empa hic
and emo ional ba ie s dimension) and p o ide a low o
expe ience in echnology-media ed IGC. We ound ha
IGC is no only a global issue bu is also a ac ing
inc easing a en ion om esea che s ac oss con inen s
ha can be use ul in many indus ies, especially in he
aining and educa ion indus ies.
Based on ou e iew, we c ea ed a concep ual model
ha in eg a es he indings in o a sys em design o
inno a ion ac i i ies o IGC d i en by well-being.
Figu e 3 depic s he concep ual model o a sys em
design o in e gene a ional collabo a i e inno a ion
ha is o ien ed owa d well-being. We hope ha u he
s udies on echnology-media ed IGC will open up new
possibili ies o obse e and de elop he p oposed
amewo k.
The esul s o ou e iew will also be used o de elop
u he esea ch ques ions ha can be u ilized o suppo
IS esea ch on a sys em design o in e gene a ional
inno a ion o ien ed owa d well-being (Table 2). The
ques ions can be used as a baseline o add ess he gaps
in ecen IGC s udies, and esea che s can modi y hese
ques ions o be e i hei speci ic esea ch p oblems.
Mo eo e , a need emains o analyze he ba ie s based
on geog aphic dis ibu ion and u he a ibu es; such
in o ma ion can be used o design a global IGC sys em.
Table 2: P oposed esea ch ques ions
Topic
P oposed ques ions
Ba ie
How does he ba ie amewo k a ec he
choice o echnology and app oaches in
in e gene a ional sys em design?
How do bo h gene a ions pe cei e he
le el o ba ie s o collabo a i e
inno a ion?
Which ba ie s do bo h gene a ions
belie e will ha e he mos signi ican
impac on each o he mo e speci ic
collabo a i e inno a ion p ocesses?
Well
-
being ac o s
Which well-being de e minan s o PoCo
can p omo e IGC in he
comme cializa ion p ocess?
How and wha ype o human po en ial in
he global inno a ion p ocess can be
suppo ed by he dedica ed design
app oach o IGC?
Me hod
How can a well-being-o ien ed design
app oach o an IGC sys em be e alua ed?
7. Re e ences
[1] Adams, J.L., Concep ual blockbus ing: A guide o be e
ideas, WW No on & Company, 1980.
[2] Ama o, A.C., L. Oli ei a, and A.I. Veloso, "“Le 's Build
ou Family T ee!”: G andpa en s and G andchild en Using
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