Towards a Wellbeing-driven System Design for Intergenerational Collaborative Innovation : A Literature Review

This is a sel -a chi ed e sion o an o iginal a icle. This e sion may di e om he o iginal in pagina ion and ypog aphic de ails. Au ho (s): Ti le: Yea : Ve sion: Copy igh : Righ s: Righ s u l: Please ci e he o iginal e sion: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Towa ds a Wellbeing-d i en Sys em Design o In e gene a ional Collabo a i e Inno a ion : A Li e a u e Re iew © The Au ho s, 2020 Published e sion Nu has, I awan; Geisle , S e an; Ojala, A o; Pawlowski, Jan M. Nu has, I., Geisle , S., Ojala, A., & Pawlowski, J. M. (2020). Towa ds a Wellbeing-d i en Sys em Design o In e gene a ional Collabo a i e Inno a ion : A Li e a u e Re iew. In P oceedings o he 53 d Hawaii In e na ional Con e ence on Sys em Sciences (HICSS 2020) (pp. 502-511). Uni e si y o Hawai'i a Manoa. P oceedings o he Annual Hawaii In e na ional Con e ence on Sys em Sciences. h ps://doi.o g/10.24251/HICSS.2020.062 2020 Towa ds a Wellbeing-d i en Sys em Design o In e gene a ional Collabo a i e Inno a ion: A Li e a u e Re iew I awan Nu has Hochschule Ruh Wes and Uni e si y o Jy äskylä i awan.nu has@hs- uh wes .de S e an Geisle Ins i u e o Posi i e Compu ing, Hochschule Ruh Wes s e an.geisle @hs- uh wes .de A o Ojala Facul y o In o ma ion Technology Uni e si y o Jy äskylä a o.k.ojala@jyu. i Jan M. Pawlowski Hochschule Ruh Wes and Uni e si y o Jy äskylä jan.pawlowski@hs- uh wes .de Abs ac Resea che s ha e p e iously u ilized he ad an ages o a design d i en by well-being and in e gene a ional collabo a ion (IGC) o success ul inno a ion. Un o una ely, scan in o ma ion exis s ega ding ba ie dimensions and co ela ed design solu ions in he in o ma ion sys ems (IS) domain, which can se e as a s a ing poin o a design o ien ed owa d well-being in an IGC sys em. The e o e, in his s udy, we applied he posi i e compu ing app oach o guide ou analysis in a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew and de eloped a amewo k o ien ed owa d well-being o a sys em wi h a mul i-gene a ional eam. Ou s udy con ibu es o he IS communi y by p o iding i e dimensions o ba ie s o IGC and he co esponding well-being de e minan s o posi i e sys em design. In addi ion, we p opose u he esea ch di ec ions o close he esea ch gap based on he e iew ou comes. 1. In oduc ion The impo ance o he global issue o well-being among he aging wo k o ce o in e gene a ional inno a ion has been highligh ed in se e al s udies [21, 37, 39]. Fo ins ance, Fo bes [20] no ed ha add essing in e gene a ional issues in di e si y managemen is one o he key ac o s o success ul global o ganiza ions and s a -up inno a ion. In ac , c oss-gene a ional issues ha e become one o he key conce ns o oday’s wo k o ce, whe e employees o a single company migh span up o ou gene a ions [20]. This s udy de ines in e gene a ional inno a ion as a g oup o adul s o mo e han one gene a ion wo king oge he in he c ea i e p ocess o explo e and apply aluable business ideas [4, 47]. The main goal o his pape is o unde s and he ba ie s and e ec s o in e gene a ional collabo a ion, pa icula ly wi h ega d o collabo a ion o global s a ups. Al hough se e al s udies in in o ma ion sys ems (IS) p opose he in eg a ion o well-being o imp o e IS design and suppo collabo a i e inno a ion p ocesses [13, 44, 49], a lack o in-dep h unde s anding o ba ie s and how o embed well-being in o he IS design o in e gene a ional collabo a ion (IGC) emains [47]. Fu he mo e, we ound no publica ions p o iding in o ma ion on dimension ba ie s o IGC o a amewo k ha in eg a es well-being in o IGC sys em design. Using he keywo d “in e gene a ional” p oduced only 44 publica ions in he Associa ion o In o ma ion Sys ems (AIS) digi al lib a y (based on an inqui y un on Ma ch 15, 2019). F om hose 44 publica ions, wo pape s ela ed o well-being ocused only on p o iding IS design o senio adul s [13, 17], no o se e al gene a ions in an IGC con ex . The e o e, we aim o p o ide an o e iew and basis o a p oblem-based app oach o sys em design, an analysis o ba ie s o ICG, and he co ela ed well- being de e minan s o in e gene a ional inno a ion. Based on he s udy objec i es, we ha e conduc ed a wo-s age li e a u e e iew [27, 58] leading o a concep ual model o designing suppo sys ems in he con ex o in e gene a ional inno a ion. Sys ema ically e iewing he li e a u e [27, 58] on he ba ie s o IGC helped us o unde s and di e en ypes o ba ie s and design s a egies co ela ed wi h echnology- ela ed well-being de e minan s in in e gene a ional inno a ion. Fo his pu pose, we u ilized he posi i e compu ing (PoCo) app oach o he upcoming ends in he ields o human-compu e in e ac ion and IS design [11, 49]. The pape is s uc u ed in i e addi ional sec ions: he heo e ical ounda ion; he me hodological sec ion, comp ising da a collec ion and analysis; he esul s sec ion, comp ising ba ie dimensions and he a ge ed well-being de e minan s; discussion; and inally, he conclusions o he s udy. P oceedings o he 53 d Hawaii In e na ional Con e ence on Sys em Sciences | 2020 Page 502 URI: h ps://hdl.handle.ne /10125/63801 978-0-9981331-3-3 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) 2. Founda ion o he li e a u e e iew 2.1. In e gene a ional inno a ion As he knowledge-based socie y has g own, he abili y o collabo a e ac oss con inen s and cul u es has become an essen ial p e equisi e o in e na ional companies. A global economy and demog aphic changes a e also c ea ing new oppo uni ies o a ac young alen om di e en coun ies o collabo a e and imp o e global inno a ion p ocesses. In addi ion, mo e expe ienced inno a o s can bene i om young ainees and ac i ely pa icipa e in he global inno a ion p ocess while imp o ing hei own well-being and social connec edness [63]. In e ms o inno a ion p ocesses, IGC can s eng hen exploi a ion and comme cializa ion p ocesses by c ea ing new oppo uni ies [26]. We adop ed he de ini ion o gene a ions based on Hilman [23]; he gene a ional age di e ence is a leas 20 yea s, which can be calcula ed om he di e ence in he median age o gene a ions wi hin one pe iod o classi ica ion (e.g., he median age o Gene a ion Y less he median age o Gene a ion X). The e o e, we de ine younge adul s as adul s aged 18–30 yea s and senio adul s as 50 yea s and olde . The concep o in e gene a ional inno a ion is an in e gene a ional knowledge collabo a ion wi hin he inno a ion p ocess in which olde and younge adul s can exchange expe ience and knowledge ela ed o he inno a ion p ocess o o p ocesses de i ed om idea ion, design, o de elopmen . These exchanges a e ela ed o he comme cializa ion o aluable ideas [13, 47]. On he one hand, senio adul s a e po en ial esou ces o inno a ion aining and counseling o younge adul s in a global en i onmen . Con e sely, ba ie s o in e gene a ional collabo a ion in digi al lea ning seem o hampe collabo a ion [18]. We begin wi h h ee main p ocesses o inno a ion o e iew he exis ing de e minan s o well-being o o e come he ba ie s o in e gene a ional collabo a ion in he inno a ion p ocess. 2.2. Ba ie dimensions o collabo a ion The pe cep ion o IGC depends on age di e ences [55], bu s udies show ha when con lic s do occu , hey a e due o di e ences in sys em in e ac ion and ope a ional s yles a he han age di e ences [32]. I a sys em is designed o he younge gene a ion, he de elope s may lose he olde audience and ice e sa. Age is no a ac o in he success o in e ac ion and lea ning [32], bu is ins ead a demo i a ing elemen o bo h gene a ions in using echnology [33]. Ba ie s o in e gene a ional se ings can demo i a e he collabo a ion p ocess. Se e al impo an ba ie s ha e al eady been s udied by Edge [16] and Nu has e al. [47], including, o ins ance, gene a ional us , lack o suppo i e en i onmen , and di e en gene a ional a ibu es. We chose a classi ica ion o ba ie dimensions om Adams [1] and Li z [36] because hey co e a wide ange o ba ie s o he c ea i e collabo a ion p ocess [1, 47]. The i s dimension is he in ellec ual dimension, which is ela ed o ba ie s caused by in o ma ion, he belie s o expe s, and s yle. The second dimension is he pe cep ion dimension, which is caused by s e eo yping. Fo example, pe cep ions o o he s based on gende , cul u e and physical cha ac e is ics. The hi d is he emo ional dimension, which a ises mainly om emba assmen , discom o , o ea o ailu e. Las is he cul u al and en i onmen al dimension, which includes ou side suppo and how o add ess a si ua ion [1]. These ba ie classi ica ions can be used as a s a ing poin o classi y he dimension o he ba ie s o IGC in inno a ion p ocess. The e o e, based on he dimension o he ba ie s o c ea i e collabo a ion [1], his li e a u e e iew add esses he i s guideline esea ch ques ion, “Wha ba ie s (and dimensions) exis in in e gene a ional collabo a ion?” 2.3. Posi i e compu ing app oach As echnology p o ides new oppo uni ies o media e IGC, esea che s ha e begun o s udy age di e ences in digi al en i onmen s, wi h a ocus on IGC in inno a ion p ocesses [10, 23, 28, 47]. Focusing on he use o digi al echnology by he senio adul s in IGC, Ama o e al. [2] ound ha senio adul s a e no echnophobic and ha hey inno a i ely use IGC o main ain meaning ul ela ions ac oss bo de s [46]. Cal o and Pe e s [11] in oduced he concep o PoCo, which p omo es well-being de e minan s and enhances human po en ial h ough digi al in e ac ion. In his s udy, we used he PoCo app oach as he basis o a design o a collabo a i e lea ning sys em be ween younge and olde adul s in he pe sonal dimension. We used he PoCo app oach because we belie e ha his app oach will help us mo i a e olde people o pa icipa e by gi ing hem a meaning ul ask ( o ins ance: sha ing expe iences, li e wisdom o ma ke ing s a egies o speci ic a ge ma ke s) and helping younge use s by conside ing using he ela edness de e minan o i s ull po en ial and hus becoming mo e success ul. The PoCo p ocess also equi es he iden i ica ion and conside a ion o ba ie s and challenges du ing echnology design. Mo eo e , he p o ided well-being de e minan s o he PoCo app oach Page 503 ocus on he pe sonal le el a he han on he o ganiza ional le el. Those ad an ages o PoCo i ou esea ch objec i e. The PoCo app oach is no limi ed o he use in e ace, bu also co e s he o e all p ocess o design o he IS [49]. PoCo can a ec he en i e p ocess o sys em design, om ini ializa ion and use s udy o de elopmen and e alua ion [49]. Cal o and Pe e s [11] in oduced h ee classi ica ions o de e minan s ha can be used o imp o e well-being and can simul aneously be con e ed o echnological design in e en ions. The g oups o de e minan s consis o h ee g oups o de e minan s [11]: The i s g oup o de e minan s is ela ed o he sel o he in ape sonal. This g oup p ima ily ocuses on design ea u es ha suppo he pe sonal in e ac ion o he use wi h he sys em, including joy ulness, in e es in explo ing and lea ning, p ide in achie emen s, sel - iews, lo e o eeling sa e, and close ela ionships), sel - awa eness, engagemen , mind ulness, and esilience. The well-being d i en echnological in e en ions co e displeasing ac i i ies o e lain wi h enjoyable in e ac ion expe iences. The second g oup o de e minan s is ela ed o he social o in e pe sonal. The de e minan s in his ca ego y p o ide in e en ions ha suppo social connec edness among use s and di e en social oles in he sys em. De e minan s in his ca ego y include g a i ude and empa hy. The in e en ions include ea u es o suppo exp essions o app ecia ion; communica ion ea u es aim o acili a e an exp ession o emo ion using he na a i es and g aphics. The las g oup o well-being de e minan s ela es o he anscenden o ex a-pe sonal. This ca ego y emphasizes in e en ion o i ue o ocusing on pe o ming meaning ul social ac ions. Cal o and Pe e s [11] ca ego ized compassion and al uism in his g oup. Di e en ypes o echnological in e en ions include a design o g oup empa hy, echnological ea u es o minimize blame and judgmen , and sys em de elopmen o inspi a ion ha suppo s he abili y o ans o m empa hy in o ac ion. In eg a ing well-being in o a sys em’s design p ocess can occu on ou le els o implemen a ion [11]: The i s le el is no in eg a ion o well-being. The second le el is p e en i e implemen a ion (add essing ba ie s). The hi d le el is an ac i e app oach (using well-being de e minan s o IS design), and las is he design o a sys em in which he o e all goal is o os e a ge ed echnology-o ien ed de e minan s o well- being and human po en ial. This s udy mainly ocuses on he second and hi d le els. The e o e, based on he PoCo app oach, he well- being de e minan s can be used as keywo ds o con en analysis. Hence, he second ques ion o ou e iew is “Which well-being de e minan s a e employed o os e IGC in inno a ion p ocesses?” 3. Me hodology Ou li e a u e e iew ollows he sys ema ic p ocess [27, 58], ha desc ibed a me hod o e iewing ele an a icles based on clea ly o mula ed esea ch ques ions, opics, o phenomena. An ini ial sea ch esul ed in 601 publica ions, and 57 publica ions we e selec ed o analysis based on he s udy scope [7] and he inclusion and exclusion c i e ia. The o e all s uc u ed p ocess o he e iew is summa ized in Figu e 1. Figu e 1. Selec ion p ocess o publica ions 3.1. Da a selec ion 3.1.1. Keywo ds and Da abase. We employed a web- based au oma ed sea ch h ough digi al lib a ies [27, 64]. o IGC-based s udies published in scien i ic da abases. The selec ion o he da abase was based on a p oposed lis o he op da abases o so wa e and echnology enginee ing [64]. The selec ed da abases we e IEEE Xplo e (IEEE), ACM Digi al Lib a y (ACM), Science Di ec (SD), Taylo and F ancis Online (TnD), and ISI Web o Sciences (WoS). The p oposed da abases included all eliable publica ions in a wide a ea o esea ch om s ong echnically-o ien ed jou nals o mo e socio- echnical ields such as IS jou nals and p oceedings om he Associa ion o In o ma ion Sys ems (AIS) Elec onic Lib a y. We belie e ha adding mo e da abases would only p o ide duplica e esul s and inc ease he di icul y o alida ing he quali y o publica ion p ocesses. We u ilized a us ed da abase o he schola ly publica ion channel wi hou limi ing ou scope o speci ic jou nals o p oceedings because he opic is discussed in mul idisciplina y esea ch a eas. To ind co ela ed publica ions in selec ed da abases, we applied wo di e en g oups o keywo ds; we applied a se o keywo ds on Feb ua y 26, 2018, wi hou limi ing he ime in e al. The i s g oup o keywo ds was o echnology-speci ic da abases. In he i s ca ego y we Page 504 ound minimal sou ces i we speci ied he keywo ds; he e o e, we in oduced a mo e gene al sea ch, ela ed only o ba ie s o in e gene a ional collabo a ion and no speci ically ela ed o echnology. The keywo ds o ou IEEE and ACM sea ches we e (“in e gene a ional”) OR (“in e gene a ional” AND [“ba ie ” OR “collabo a ion”]) OR (“in e gene a ional” AND [“ba ie ” OR “p oblem” OR “challenge” OR “GAP” OR “obs acle”]). Mo eo e , o non- echnology ocused da abases, we de ailed he keywo ds o designing a digi al echnology o suppo IGC in he wo kspace (“in e gene a ional” AND [“digi al” OR “compu e ” OR “ echnology”] AND [“gap” OR “ba ie ”] AND [“wo kspace” OR “wo kplace”]). 3.1.2. Inclusion and exclusion c i e ia. A publica ion was selec ed as a sou ce o he analy ical p ocess i he p oposed inclusion c i e ia we e me ; a publica ion was emo ed om he e e ence lis i i me he p ede ined exclusion c i e ia. Adhe ing o he esea ch ques ions and guidelines o e iewing pape s and scoping he s udy on IGC [7], he applied inclusion and exclusion c i e ia a e p esen ed in Table 1. Fo ou s udy, we also excluded publica ions ha ocus only on collabo a ion be ween senio adul s and child en (age below 18 yea s) wi hou cla i ying he ba ie s and he po en ial esea ch bene i s o younge adul s and senio adul s. Table 1. C i e ia o inclusion and exclusion Inclusion Exclusion • Pee - e iewed pape (jou nal o con e ence p oceeding) • Explici men ion o in e gene a ional- ela ed e ms in he abs ac , i le, o keywo ds • Collabo a ion be ween gene a ions ela ed o he inno a ion p ocess • No w i en in English • No explici ly s a ed ba ie s o IGC • Pape incomple e o esea ch in p og ess. 3.2. Da a analysis To p o ide a design amewo k o IGC o ien ed owa d well-being, we used he concep ma ix [58] o c ea e a ma ix o ba ie s o IGC. We hen syn hesized he con en o each selec ed publica ion, eco ded he ba ie s, and combined he edundan ba ie s based on hei associa ed e b and objec . We i s ca ego ized he ba ie s in o ou ba ie dimensions ollowing he classi ica ion by Adams [1]. Any ba ie ha did no ma ch one o he p ede ined classi ica ions emained unca ego ized. We ede ined he p e ious dimensions based on he ba ie s ha co esponded o each; we desc ibed he pe cep ual dimension as hinking o opinion ha ocuses on he image o he o he and enamed i an empa hic dimension. We desc ibed he emo ional dimension as a eeling ha ocuses on sel -image. Bo h a e ela ed o he concep o sel s. o he . We expanded he in ellec ual ba ie s o include echnical and ope a ional ba ie s since he iden i ied ba ie s a e co ela ed wi h knowledge ega ding echnological use and ope a ional managemen . In addi ion, some ba ie s in his dimension a e also highly co ela ed wi h he new de ini ion o he o he wo dimensions (poin o iew). Finally, he cul u al- en i onmen al dimension was di ided acco ding o he ules and equi emen s, ega dless o whe he he ba ie s we e o ganiza ional (o icially w i en ules and equi emen s) o cul u al (uno icially w i en). Fu he mo e, we eca ego ized he unca ego ized ba ie s ha co esponded o he newly de ined dimensions. Possible disag eemen s ega ding he ca ego iza ion we e esol ed h ough discussions wi h he co-au ho s. Al hough he ba ie s do no appea o be mu ually exclusi e, p ecise cha ac e is ics and de ini ions can be used o di e en ia e hem and iden i y a endency owa d g oup-speci ic ba ie s. The p oposed ba ie dimensions occu in he in e ac ions among use , sys em, and en i onmen . Pe cep ual and emo ional cha ac e is ics ocus on he use ’s in e nal dimension, which is mo e in angible; he en i onmen al o in angible ex e nal dimension o he use is cul u al and ins i u ional; and he sys em ba ie is ela ed o he echnological and ope a ional dimension o ex e nal angible. In he second s age o he analysis and e iew o he well-being de e minan s, we i s de e mined he ype o collabo a ion ac i i y in ol ed, such as idea ion, design, and de elopmen o comme cializa ion [4, 35]. Publica ions we e g ouped in o collabo a i e and non- collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies. O he collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies, we analyzed 23 (idea ion: wo publica ions; design and de elopmen : 12 publica ions; explo a ion: eigh publica ions; and comme cializa ion: one publica ion) o iden i y he well-being de e minan s o he PoCo app oach o collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i y. Fi e pape s we e emo ed because hey did no men ion well-being o co ela e o he de e minan s o he PoCo app oach, lea ing only 18 publica ions. We analyzed he emaining 18 publica ions looking o h ee main ac i i ies in he inno a ion p ocess, using manual con en analysis o ind he de e minan s. We used he keywo ds based on he well-being de e minan s Page 505 o PoCo app oach and ca e ully ead he selec ed pape s o iden i y he co esponding de e minan s. Simila ly, we can iden i y he co ela ed well-being de e minan s o collabo a i e inno a ion p ocesses [4, 35]. 4. Findings Ex ac ing he da a based on yea o publica ion o he e iewed pape s (Figu e 2, op) shows ha esea che s’ in e es in he IGC co esponden ba ie s has inc eased in he las i e yea s. In 2016 and 2017, s udies conduc ed on his opic mo e han doubled compa ed wi h he h ee p e ious yea s. Based on s udy o igins, he global mo emen o he s udy o IGC includes e e y con inen excep A ica (Asia: 10%; Sou h Ame ica: 6%; Aus alia/Oceania: 10% Eu ope: 27%; No h Ame ica: 42%; collabo a ion be ween No h Ame ica and Eu ope: 5%). The esul s o he analysis o he s udy o igins pa allel he g owing numbe o indi iduals in he aging popula ion on bo h con inen s [62]. Figu e 2. Mapping he Publica ions Rega ding he indus y con ex wi hin which he s udy was conduc ed (see igu e 2, bo om), he s udy o IGC- ela ed ba ie s usually ocuses on neu al indus ies (o can be implemen ed ac oss indus ies). Howe e , educa ion and heal hca e a e he wo dominan indus ies in which ba ie s o IGC a e commonly ound. In e es ingly, ew s udies ocused on banking, e ail, hospi ali y, o go e nmen . 4.1. Ba ie dimensions o in e gene a ional collabo a i e inno a ion The concep ual classi ica ion o he ba ie dimensions o in e gene a ional inno a ion comp ises i e dimensions. 4.1.1. Empha ic/Pe cep ual dimension. We de ined he empa hic dimension as he nega i e iewpoin o a gene a ion owa d di e en gene a ions. This s ong nega i e iewpoin hinde s IGC because o someone’s expe ience in he pas . Ba ie s ela ed o pe cep ions o o he s include age disc imina ion [3, 34, 53], a di e en mindse [16, 53] and in e es s [8, 24], and gene a ional esis ance [3, 18, 53]. Mo eo e , a lack o unde s anding o IGC [5, 32], a lack o awa eness o di e ences be ween gene a ions [16, 18, 50], a lack o empa hy [10, 53], building in e pe sonal us [15, 16] and a lack o espec [10, 53] a e challenges o c oss-gene a ional collabo a ion. 4.1.2. Cul u al dimension. The cul u al dimension ep esen s ex e nal en i onmen - ela ed ba ie s ha conce n in o mal codes and no ms. One o he main issues o global collabo a ion is he subs an ial di e ences in cul u al adi ions compa ed wi h o he gene a ions [8, 12]. Ba ie s also a ise in his ca ego y because people a e unawa e ha hey can wo k wi h someone who is cul u ally di e en [43, 46]. Fu he mo e, o he ba ie s in his dimension ha can hinde IGC a e a lack o social suppo [8, 12, 16] and a lack o sensi i i y o echnological design ha in e e es wi h he cul u al backg ound o a pa icula gene a ion [6, 46]. 4.1.3. Emo ional dimension. The emo ional dimension is a collec ion o ba ie s associa ed wi h eelings and a nega i e sel - iew o egocen ici y. These ba ie s a e ela ed o how one gene a ion concei es o wo king wi h ano he gene a ion. Ba ie s in his ca ego y a e eeling unde app ecia ed o unapp ecia ed [6, 8, 16, 53] and eeling ha o he s a e slow o unde s and [10, 42]. Fea o echnology [5, 8, 9], unc ional limi a ions [3, 5, 46], lack o mo i a ion [5, 6] and eeling isola ed [3] a e ba ie s ela ed o he emo ional dimension. 4.1.4. Technological and ope a ional dimension. The echnological and ope a ional dimension co e s ba ie s ela ed o knowledge and esou ces ega ding echnology and ope a ional use. Ba ie s in his ca ego y include lack o independence [2, 28, 29], he high cos o echnology in es men [3, 8, 15], he complexi y o i ual p esence managemen [9, 15], and gene a ional di e ences in echnological backg ounds [6, 8, 10, 12, 15]. O he ba ie s a e lack o joy ul ac i i ies [8, 41] Page 506 ha can be in eg a ed in o eal-li e collabo a ion [3] he lack o echnical aining o digi al collabo a ion [15], insu icien echnological access [15] wi hou a suppo i e echnological en i onmen [31, 57], and he complexi y o echnology [9, 15, 22]. In some cases, collabo a ion be ween he wo gene a ions could also be challenging because he e is no igh ime o an appoin men [6, 16, 51, 60] and he di e ences in ou ine pa e ns a e unclea [36, 45]. 4.1.5. Ins i u ional dimension. The ins i u ional dimension is de ined as adminis a i e ba ie s ha ocus on o ganized ules and equi emen s, including ba ie s o sha ed esou ces [45, 46, 57], geog aphical dis ance [6, 45] be ween coope a ion pa ne s and high ma ke unce ain y in p oduc ma ke s [43] o inno a ion pa ne ships. Issues o da a p o ec ion [15] and di e ences in educa ional le els [3, 8, 15] can complica e echnology-media ed in e gene a ional collabo a i e inno a ion. 4.2. Well-being de e minan s o IGC sys ems The collec ed publica ions did no explici ly men ion he ype o collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i y wi hin he con ex o IGC. Some publica ions add essed o e all collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies [24, 36, 43], including explo a ion (idea ion + design and de elopmen ) and comme cializa ion o ma ke exploi a ion [35, 47]. Al hough IGC can s eng hen inno a ion, we ound only one publica ion [43] on IGC- ela ed ba ie s ha suppo ed collabo a ion in comme cial ac i i ies. The co ela ed well-being de e minan s and associa ed collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies, wi h hei sou ces, a e p esen ed in he ollowing subsec ions. 4.2.1. Posi i e emo ions o joy and play ulness in in e gene a ional knowledge exchanges. These posi i e emo ions a e eelings o exp essions ela ed o he emo ional expe ience o pleasu e ha is in eg a ed in o IGC. One should eel joy ul when using an IGC sys em. This de e minan was iden i ied in design and de elopmen [12, 52, 54, 56, 59] and explo a ion [28, 36, 38]. The ypes o in e en ions ela ed o joy ulness a e he use o hyb id echnology by combining he eal and digi al wo lds in a collabo a i e ac i i y [12, 54], he use o pe suasi e echnology, and loca ion-based gami ica ion [28, 37, 38, 54, 56]. 4.2.2. Posi i e emo ions o in e es in and explo a ion o a p oblem-based lea ning scena io. These eelings o exp essions a e ela ed o he emo ional expe ience o cu iosi y in he lea ning p ocess ha is in eg a ed in o IGC. These eelings o en occu in unp edic able scena ios. Twel e pape s indica ed he use ’s in e es in and explo a ion o sys em design. The de e minan was iden i ied in he ollowing collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies: idea ion [25, 30], design and de elopmen [2, 12, 19, 29, 54, 56, 59], and explo a ion [28, 36, 38]. Compe ence de elopmen p og ams using blended lea ning o IGC we e in eg a ed [12, 36] o suppo he in e es s o collabo a o s. Ins uc ional guidance o echnological use, in eg a ing hub ac o s, and gami ica ion h ough assis i e sys ems o obo s a e also u ilized [25, 54]. 4.2.3. Posi i e emo ions o p ide and achie emen o collec i e goals. These a e eelings o exp essions ela ed o he emo ional expe ience o achie ing meaning ul goals, such as accomplishing a lis . These emo ions a e ound in explo a ion [28, 36, 38]. The ypes o in e en ions ound in he li e a u e a e he digi aliza ion o social p esence, he use o pe suasi e echnology [28, 38] and compe ence-based assessmen [36]. 4.2.4. Posi i e emo ion o compe ence-based con en men and sel - iews. These emo ions a e eelings o exp essions ela ed o he emo ional expe ience o high ce ain y and low e o based on sel -e alua ion. They a e ound in he collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies o idea ion [25] and explo a ion [28, 40]. The ypes o in e en ions in he li e a u e a e ea u es o suppo compe ence exchange and compe ence building o IGC [25], he use o in e ac i e s o y elling, and scheduled IGC e alua ion and assessmen p og ams [28, 40] 4.2.5. Mo i a ion and Engagemen (ME). Mo i a ion and engagemen o he IGC communi y a e a low o expe iences o he momen a y condi ion ha balances challenges and compe ence, s imula ing eage ness, owne ship, and possession. ME was ound in 10 o 18 pape s in he ollowing collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies: idea ion [30], design and de elopmen [2, 12, 19, 29, 52, 54, 56, 59, 61], and explo a ion/comme cializa ion [28]. Gami ica ion [54, 56], pe suasi e echnology [28], sel -assessmen and e alua ion ins umen s [29], compe ence acquisi ion h ough ole-playing, and in e gene a ional communi y building [61] apply o his de e minan . 4.2.6. App en iceship-based social ela edness (empa hy, compassion, al uism). This de e minan conce ns he ac o helping o he s. I p o ides unc ionali y ha can suppo social in e ac ion and ac ualiza ion o help o he s. Men o ship and companionship a e examples o ela edness ound in he Page 507 collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i y o explo a ion [24]. Some publica ions ela ed he well-being de e minan o “ ela edness” o ME in he a eas o idea ion [30] and explo a ion [10, 38]. IGC aims o imp o e ela edness be ween younge adul s and senio adul s h ough pe suasi e echnology o he co-c ea ion o inno a i e p oduc s [24], hyb id/blended lea ning [30], and loca ion-based game [30], Wo kshop o compe ence de elopmen [30], digi ize social p esence and in e ac ion [10]. 5. Discussion De e mining ba ie s and co ela ed well-being de e minan s help o de elop a concep ual amewo k o he posi i e design o IGC wi hin he con ex o inno a ion ac i i ies. Wi hin he p e en a i e app oach o PoCo [11], which minimizes ac o s ha hinde IGC while in e ac ing wi h echnology, we iden i ied i e dimensional ba ie s. Those ba ie dimensions apply gene ally o collabo a ion in a global con ex because he ba ie s we e collec ed om a ious con inen s and include he cul u al dimension. Compa ed wi h p e ious dimensions [1, 36], in e ms o IGC, ou ba ie dimensions suppo he cu en s udy on ba ie s o in e gene a ional inno a ion ha con ain speci ic dimensions o echnological and ope a ional knowledge [47]. These ba ie dimensions also ep esen he na u e o echnology-media ed collabo a ion and he p oblem aced by di e en gene a ions when in e ac ing wi h echnology. Mo eo e , we de ined he empa hic dimension as a ba ie conce ning in e pe sonal and ex a-pe sonal issues. Rega ding ba ie s in he PoCo amewo k, Cal o and Pe e s [11] p oposed ha g a i ude and empa hy may help connec in e pe sonal aspec s and echnology ea u es. We ound empa hy, compassion, and al uism (ECA) wi hin he con ex o collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies bu no g a i ude. ECA is associa ed wi h ela edness o social connec edness [11]. The e o e, we p opose ela edness as he well-being goal o IGC o as he dedica ed app oach o IGC design o ien ed owa d well-being. Ba ie dimensions in IGC ela ed o he empa hic and he pe cep ual can be add essed h ough he use o obo s, cha bo s, o digi al media o s ha can media e and educe di icul ies in communica ion and unde s anding one ano he [25, 54]. I seems ha g a i ude, as one o he s onges p edic o s o well-being [61], can be used as an al e na i e de e minan o well-being in a dedica ed app oach o designing IGC sys ems. Suppo ing ela edness can be used in synch onous and asynch onous communica ion channels wi hin he con ex o IGC lea ning [12, 38, 59]. Mo eo e , IGC can be designed o suppo coping abili ies o ans o m empa hy in o ac ion ha can add ess judgmen and blame [11]. A ole play be ween gene a ions in a local ac i i y [28, 37, 38, 54, 56] could inc ease connec ions and empa hy among collabo a o s and add ess cul u al, pe cep ual, and empa he ic ba ie dimensions. We also ound ha compa ed wi h o he well-being de e minan s, mo i a ion and engagemen a e a p ima y ocus in IGC publica ions (occu ing in mo e han 55% o selec ed pape s). Sys em designe s should he e o e conside in e en ions ela ed o he de e minan mo i a ion and engagemen o suppo IGC design. Mo eo e , i is essen ial o p o ide a common meaning ul goal, empowe c ea i i y, and elici app op ia e eedback h ough i ual goods ha can mo i a e [14] bo h he senio and younge adul s. We did no ind any pape s ha men ioned “posi i e emo ion.” Ins ead, we no ed ha joy and in e es we e men ioned in 66% o IGC publica ions ega ding inno a ion ac i i ies. The e o e, we included joy and in e es as de e minan s ha can be used o suppo IGC and p oposed he posi i e emo ions as a ocus de e minan o well-being in he ac i e app oach o PoCo. Mo eo e , he low o expe ience can be in eg a ed in o posi i e emo ions o co e pleasan ac i i ies such as se ious games o gami ica ion [36, 38, 54, 56]. Appa en ly, cul u al, ins i u ional, echnical, and ope a ional ba ie s a e common in he design o IS [48, 58] and also appea in he IGC sys em. We included p ide and con en men among he al e na i e de e minan s o an ac i e app oach o well-being [11]. Despi e being wo elemen s o posi i e emo ion, hey we e a ely men ioned. Ne e heless, p ide o achie emen can be used in he explo a ion p ocess. Fo ins ance, a sys em designe can use a p og ess ba , ixed ac ion ewa ds, a leade boa d, and badges o acili a e bo h con en men and p ide [14]. Rela ed o ins i u ional ba ie s, using he de e minan o p ide o achie emen , he IGC sys em designe can in eg a e he compe ence-based sel - assessmen sys em in o he ma ching p ocess o he IGC sys em. IGC collabo a o s can assess hei skills and achie emen s [29], which may o e come ba ie s, pa icula ly in he ins i u ional dimension. The sel - assessmen sys em can au oma ically ma ch collabo a o s o help iden i y he igh pe son wi h whom o collabo a e. A hyb id echnology [30] ha combines angible and in angible echnologies can also lead o he deli e y o a sys em ha can be adap ed acco ding o use s’ physical and cogni i e capabili ies and p e e ences. Page 508 6. Conclusions Following he analysis, we buil a concep ual model ( igu e 3) o an IGC sys em designed o add ess he ba ie dimensions o IGC in he inno a ion p ocess. We achie ed his by in eg a ing de e minan s ha a e classi ied in o dedica ed and ac i e app oaches o he PoCo amewo k. Ou indings e eal mo i a ion, engagemen , and posi i e emo ion (in e es and joy) and can be ound in all h ee collabo a i e inno a ion ac i i ies. This inding indica es ha hese de e minan s play an essen ial ole in IGC. Conce ning mo i a ion and engagemen , asks wi hin inno a ion ac i i ies equi e speci ic compe encies, e.g., p oblem-sol ing and c ea i e hinking. The sys em can p o ide a low o expe iences o mo i a e bo h he senio and younge adul s by p o iding a meaning ul common goal o bo h gene a ions, and he asks in he IGC sys em mus be sui able o he use s’ physical s a es as well as hei physiological and cogni i e abili ies o a oid echno- s ess. Figu e 3. Wellbeing-o ien ed IS design o IGC In e spe sing he asks wi h joy ul expe iences can help use s o e come ba ie s (p ima ily in he empa hic and emo ional ba ie s dimension) and p o ide a low o expe ience in echnology-media ed IGC. We ound ha IGC is no only a global issue bu is also a ac ing inc easing a en ion om esea che s ac oss con inen s ha can be use ul in many indus ies, especially in he aining and educa ion indus ies. Based on ou e iew, we c ea ed a concep ual model ha in eg a es he indings in o a sys em design o inno a ion ac i i ies o IGC d i en by well-being. Figu e 3 depic s he concep ual model o a sys em design o in e gene a ional collabo a i e inno a ion ha is o ien ed owa d well-being. We hope ha u he s udies on echnology-media ed IGC will open up new possibili ies o obse e and de elop he p oposed amewo k. The esul s o ou e iew will also be used o de elop u he esea ch ques ions ha can be u ilized o suppo IS esea ch on a sys em design o in e gene a ional inno a ion o ien ed owa d well-being (Table 2). The ques ions can be used as a baseline o add ess he gaps in ecen IGC s udies, and esea che s can modi y hese ques ions o be e i hei speci ic esea ch p oblems. Mo eo e , a need emains o analyze he ba ie s based on geog aphic dis ibu ion and u he a ibu es; such in o ma ion can be used o design a global IGC sys em. Table 2: P oposed esea ch ques ions Topic P oposed ques ions Ba ie How does he ba ie amewo k a ec he choice o echnology and app oaches in in e gene a ional sys em design? How do bo h gene a ions pe cei e he le el o ba ie s o collabo a i e inno a ion? Which ba ie s do bo h gene a ions belie e will ha e he mos signi ican impac on each o he mo e speci ic collabo a i e inno a ion p ocesses? Well - being ac o s Which well-being de e minan s o PoCo can p omo e IGC in he comme cializa ion p ocess? How and wha ype o human po en ial in he global inno a ion p ocess can be suppo ed by he dedica ed design app oach o IGC? Me hod How can a well-being-o ien ed design app oach o an IGC sys em be e alua ed? 7. Re e ences [1] Adams, J.L., Concep ual blockbus ing: A guide o be e ideas, WW No on & Company, 1980. [2] Ama o, A.C., L. Oli ei a, and A.I. Veloso, "“Le 's Build ou Family T ee!”: G andpa en s and G andchild en Using Page 509