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Building T us in he Sha ing Economy : Cu en App oaches and Fu u e Conside a ions
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Accep ed e sion (Final d a )
Räisänen, Jaana; Ojala, A o; Tuo inen, Te o
Räisänen, J., Ojala, A., & Tuo inen, T. (2021). Building T us in he Sha ing Economy : Cu en
App oaches and Fu u e Conside a ions. Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, 279, A icle 123724.
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2020.123724
2021
Jou nal P e-p oo
Building T us in he Sha ing Economy: Cu en App oaches and Fu u e
Conside a ions
Jaana Räisänen, A o Ojala, Te o Tuo inen
PII: S0959-6526(20)33769-0
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Please ci e his a icle as: Räisänen J, Ojala A, Tuo inen T, Building T us in he Sha ing Economy:
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© 2020 Published by Else ie L d.
Building T us in he Sha ing Economy: Cu en App oaches and Fu u e
Conside a ions
Au ho s: Jaana Räisänen
1
*, A o Ojala
2
, Te o Tuo inen
3
Abs ac
The sha ing economy could be an answe o he challenge o sus ainabili y; i can acili a e
he sha ing and euse o esou ces, c ea e new ways o ea ning money, and enhance social
connec ions. Fo example, by educing he use o na u al esou ces wi hou ha ing o acqui e
o own e e y hing, he sha ing economy can posi i ely a ec sus ainabili y. A he co e o
his ype o economy lies us among use s and be ween use s and he pla o m— he sys em
canno each i s ull po en ial wi hou us . In ac , businesses o o ganiza ions in he sha ing
economy can e en ail due o us issues, al hough mo e in o ma ion is needed o make
be e use o he exis ing pla o ms. The aim o his sys ema ic li e a u e e iew is o s udy
how us is buil in he sha ing economy. Fo his pu pose, we in oduce 28 solu ions o
suppo us in sha ing economy pla o ms, de elop a p elimina y model o e alua ing us
in his con ex , and p esen a ew conside a ions o u u e esea ch. Pla o m de elope s and
manage s can use ou p elimina y model o iden i y us issues in hei pla o ms.
Keywo ds: Sha ing economy; Sys ema ic li e a u e e iew; Sus ainabili y; T us
1
*Co esponding au ho . Facul y o In o ma ion Technology, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014
Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland. Email: jaana.k. aisanen@jyu. i
2
School o Ma ke ing and Communica ion, Uni e si y o Vaasa, PL 700, FI-65101 Vaasa, Finland. Email:
a o.oja[email p o ec ed]
3
School o Technology, JAMK Jy äskylä Uni e si y o Applied Science, P.O. Box 207, 40101, Jy äskylä, Finland.
Email: e o. uo inen@jamk. i & Facul y o In o ma ion Technology, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-
40014 Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland. Email: e o. uo inen@jyu. i
Jou nal P e-p oo
Jou nal P e-p oo
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Building T us in he Sha ing Economy: Cu en App oaches and Fu u e
Conside a ions
wo dcoun : 10 401
1. In oduc ion
The wo ld's popula ion is inc easing, and his mean an inc ease in he use o
esou ces. Acco dingly, he e is a need o solu ions o suppo a mo e sus ainable way o
li ing and doing business. The sha ing economy can be one solu ion o p omo ing
sus ainabili y. The sha ing economy enables he use o expensi e physical asse s wi hou a
need o pu chase. Fo example, ashion has a signi ican en i onmen al impac , and en ing o
loaning high-end ashion i ems can educe he e ec s on he en i onmen (Zamani e al.,
2017). The sha ing economy can also make p oduc s and asse s mo e a o dable (Leung e
al., 2019; Scho , 2016) and o e new ways o ea ning money (Scho , 2016). Fu he , i can
educe in o ma ion asymme y (Thie e e al., 2016; Zlo eanu e al., 2018) h ough digi al
pla o ms, be mo e democ a ically o ganized (Scho , 2016), and ecological han adi ional
businesses (Bocken e al., 2014; Ma in e al., 2019). Rela ed o sus ainable business models,
Bocken e al. (2014) iden i ied di e en a che ypes, such as unde -u ilized asse s and
capabili ies, ma ke places o second-hand goods, social en e p ises, and collabo a i e
models. These a che ypes o m an impo an pa o he sha ing economy. Howe e , whils
he sha ing economy ce ainly p o ides se e al bene i s, he ques ion emains why i is no
mo e widely used, and why some sha ing economy o ganiza ions o companies ail.
Cohen and Munoz (2016) examined a pe sonalized bus se ice (named Ku suplus)
ha was launched by he ci y o Helsinki in Finland, which was a hyb id adi ional bus
se ice and ide-sha ing scheme. The idea seemed good, suppo ed sus ainabili y, and o e ed
a mo e cus omized se ice. Howe e , i ailed wi hin he same yea , because economic
p o i abili y did no ise in line wi h popula i y du ing he expe imen (Ku suplus-kokeilun
loppu apo i, 2016). Ano he example o a ailed scheme is Dua a T a els, which was a new
kind o a el agency whe e a ele s could s ay in illages in de eloping coun ies and li e
wi h and like local people. The company ensu ed ha all he amilies and illages engaged in
he scheme we e sa e o ou is s and conduc ed all he ma ke ing and booking. P ices we e
ai , and hos amilies ecei ed 40 % o he paymen . Despi e seeming e ec i e o
suppo ing esponsible ou ism in de eloping coun ies, Dua a T a els ailed, as i did no
es ablish a su icien cus ome base (Dua a T a els, 2020.) The easons o hese ailed
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p ojec s ha e led se e al au ho s o sugges ha dis us o companies in he sha ing economy
(and hei se ices/p oduc s) hinde s i s posi i e e ec and may lead o ailu es (Chasin e al.,
2018; Che y and Pidgeon, 2018). In o he wo ds, by inc easing us owa d sha ing
economy pla o ms, companies can inc ease he posi i e e ec s and s eng hen indi iduals'
decisions o use such pla o ms (A eaga-Sánchez e al., 2018; Edb ing e al., 2016;
Hawli schek e al., 2018b). S ill, he signi icance and mechanisms o us de elopmen
wi hin he sha ing economy a e la gely unexplo ed (Cohen & Munoz, 2016).
To iden i y he ac o s ha a ec us in sha ing economy pla o ms, we conduc ed a
sys ema ic li e a u e e iew. Mo e speci ically, we aimed o iden i y 1) how exis ing s udies
de ine he concep o us , 2) which aspec s o us in he sha ing economy ha e been
s udied, 3) which echnology solu ions ha e been used o build us in sha ing economy
pla o ms, and 4) how o e alua e us in he sha ing economy. By in es iga ing hese issues,
we aim o cla i y he ac o s ha acili a e he building o us in sha ing economy pla o ms
and o e sugges ions o u u e s udies on he opic. Mo eo e , we answe he call by
Bijlsma-F ankema and Rousseau (2015) o p o ide a be e o e iew and syn hesis o he
exis ing esea ch on us . The no el y o his s udy lies in i s collec ion, compa ison, and
syn hesis o he ele an li e a u e.
The pape is s uc u ed as ollows. The in oduc ion p o ides he a ionale o he
s udy and in oduces key ocabula y. Sec ion 2 ou lines he esea ch me hod and explains
how he esea ch was conduc ed. In Sec ion 3, he esea ch indings a e p esen ed. In he inal
chap e , we discuss he esul s and p esen conclusions on hei signi icance, p ac ical
implica ions, and u u e esea ch opics o help o he esea che s ocus on he mos ele an
issues pe aining o he sha ing economy.
1.1 Sha ing economy
The sha ing economy is he e o s ay. I s economic alue has been p edic ed o g ow
om US$ 15 billion in 2014 o US$ 335 billion by 2025 (S a is a, 2019). Fo example, he
well-known accommoda ion pla o m Ai bnb made a p o i o US$ 93 million in 2017, om
o al e enues o US$ 2.6 million (Bo , 2018). The sha ing economy has been s udied o
some ex en , bu de ining i emains a subjec o deba e (Che y & Pidgeon, 2018). One poin
o uni e sal ag eemen is ha he sha ing economy in ol es in e ac ion be ween people
(Ba nes & Ma son, 2016; Ca bone e al., 2018; Fu u e o Money Resea ch Collabo a i e,
2018; Hou, 2018; Ma e al., 2019), o example, in he con ex o collabo a i e consump ion
i can be seen ei he as a subse o he sha ing economy (Belk, 2014; Hama i e al., 2016) o
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as a synonym o i (Ma in e al., 2019). Te ms ela ed o he sha ing economy include he
gig economy, pee - o-pee economy, on-demand economy (Hou, 2018; E z & Leblanc-
P oulx, 2018; Fu u e o Money Resea ch Collabo a i e, 2018; Ma in, 2016; Tsui, 2016),
access-based consump ion, and c owd-based capi alism (E z & Leblanc-P oulx 2018). Thus,
he axonomy used o cap u e he sha ing economy is unclea , and he ela ionships be ween
subse s o e ms in ol ed emain ague.
The sha ing economy can be hough o as a business o supply chain model ha uses
digi al pla o ms o connec consume s (Hou, 2018). The pu poses o hese pla o ms include
sho - e m en als, ide-sha ing, o he sha ing o in o ma ion (Hou, 2018). Scho (2016)
sugges s ha bo h pla o ms and he p ess de ine who is conside ed pa o he sha ing
economy. Roos and Hahn (2019, p. 681) p opose he ollowing de ini ion: "collabo a i e
consump ion is based on he e ec i e managemen o collabo a i e, sha ed use o used,
common, o idle esou ces (i.e., p oduc s, asse s, o se ices)."
The sha ing economy can be di ided in o ou ca ego ies: " eci cula ion o goods,
inc eased u iliza ion o du able asse s, exchange o se ices, and sha ing o p oduc i e asse s"
(Scho , 2016, p. 2). Fu he , i can be ca ego ized acco ding o g oups o inno a ions: 1)
accommoda ion sha ing pla o ms, 2) ca and ide sha ing pla o ms, 3) pee - o-pee
employmen ma ke s, and 4) pee - o-pee pla o ms o sha ing and ci cula ing esou ces
(Ma in, 2016). Sha ing economy pla o ms can also be assigned o one o ou models:
chape ones (p o o ypical example: Ai bnb); anchise s (p o o ypical example: Ube );
ga dene s (p o o ypical example: Couchsu ing); and p incipals (p o o ypical example:
Handy). Chape one and anchise pla o ms exhibi a high le el o i al y among
pa icipan s, wi h loose con ol by chape one pla o m owne s compa ed wi h igh con ol
exe ed by anchise pla o m owne s. The e is low i al y among pa icipan s in ga dene
pla o ms, wi h only loose con ol used by pla o m owne s. Finally, low i al y exis s among
pa icipan s in p incipal pla o ms, whe e pla o m owne s exe igh con ol (Cons an iou e
al., 2017.)
Wi hin he con ex o his s udy, we de ine he sha ing economy as a way o sha ing a
esou ce (know-how, asse s, o in o ma ion) sa ely, wi h o wi hou paymen , wi h o he
people h ough a digi al pla o m. Impo an aspec s o his de ini ion a e ha access o
esou ces is empo a y and ha sha ing happens ela i ely sa ely. Usually, he sa e y o
ansac ions is ensu ed using echnological solu ions.
1.2 T us in he sha ing economy
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The sha ing economy is inc easing apidly p o iding use s wi h ce ain bene i s;
howe e , some c ucial aspec s emain unde s udied. In pa icula , he signi icance and
mechanisms o us de elopmen among he sha ing economy a e la gely unexplo ed (Cohen
& Munoz, 2016). While people ha e always sha ed esou ces, his mainly occu s in
in e ac ion wi h s ange s wi hin he sha ing economy (F enken & Scho , 2017). These
in e ac ions wi h unknown pa ies can be highly isky, po en ially esul ing in inancial and
o he losses (Luhmann, 2000). Consequen ly, us is an essen ial elemen wi hin sha ing
economy pla o ms, as no ed by he Fu u e o Money Resea ch Collabo a i e (2018).
Essen ially, us -based issues wi hin he sha ing economy a e bo n ou o dis us o
old ins i u ions (Lub e al., 2016). Be o e he indus ial e a, us was de eloped p ima ily
among amily membe s. Howe e , a e he indus ial e olu ion, his sys em was supe seded
by us buil be ween s ange s h ough he use o licenses (Hou, 2018). T us issues in
socie y, such as undamen al dis us (Lub e al., 2016) and us in he in e ne economy
(Hou, 2018), enabled new kinds o businesses and supply chains o eme ge. Recen
gene a ions also concep ualize alues and a i udes di e en ly: owne ship is less impo an o
hem han access (Lub e al., 2016). In ligh o hese ac o s, an accu a e unde s anding o he
di e en aspec s a ec ing us -building wi hin he sha ing economy is essen ial. This
unde s anding will acili a e he de elopmen o be e and sa e pla o ms, help in o m he
public abou isks o a oid a alse sense o secu i y, assis in he building o be e business
plans, and p omo e imp o ed s a egic decision-making wi hin he sha ing economy.
2. Resea ch Me hod
To conduc a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew, we ollowed ecommenda ions by Webs e
and Wa son (2000). P io sys ema ic li e a u e e iews can be di ided in o wo di e en
ypes: con en ional s udies (which may employ me a-analysis) and mapping s udies
(Ki chenham e al., 2010). This s udy applies a mapping app oach o disco e wha is known
abou a ce ain phenomenon— us in he sha ing economy. By ecognizing and ca ego izing
elemen s ha a ec us , we can ind ways o be e suppo us among sha ing economy
pla o ms.
2.1 Sea ch p ocess
We ollowed an es ablished p o ocol o minimize bias in he sys ema ic li e a u e
e iew (B e e on e al., 2007). We i s selec ed he mos ele an keywo ds o he e iew,
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which included “ us ,” "sha ing economy," "pee - o-pee economy," and "gig economy." On
ini ial e iew o he exis ing li e a u e, we no ed he agmen ed na u e o a ailable li e a u e.
Fo his eason, we chose no o cons ain ou scope in he s udy o any speci ic jou nals,
esea ch me hod, o scien i ic ields. This li e a u e e iew p esen s ansdisciplina y esea ch
in which esea che s y o ind a "mo e gene al and common body o knowledge beyond he
disciplines" (Sakao & B ambila-Macias, 2018). Those s udies e iewed we e om he ields
o sus ainabili y, in o ma ion sys ems, economics/business, sociology, ou ism, and law.
The second s ep was o selec ele an da abases o he que ies. Because o he
agmen ed na u e o he li e a u e, we chose i e widely ecognized and eliable da abases,
which we conside o con ain a good sample o he sou ces in e ms o b ead h and dep h, as
ollows: Academic Sea ch Eli e (EBSCO), Science Di ec , SAGE Jou nals Online – SAGE
P emie (SAGE), Associa ion o In o ma ion Sys ems Elec onic Lib a y (AIS eLib a y),
and P oQues – Science Da abase (P oQues ). The ollowing esea ch s ings we e used o
he sea ch o ind he mos ele an li e a u e: us AND ("sha ing economy" OR "pee - o-
pee economy" OR "gig economy" OR Ube OR Ai bnb).
T us was a e m used in all he sea ches because i was a key elemen . The sha ing
economy has many subse s and synonyms, which is why "pee - o-pee economy" and "gig
economy" we e included as sea ch s ings. We we e also awa e ha o he synonyms such as
pee - o-pee en al ma ke s, c owd-based capi alism, on-demand economy, access-based
consump ion, and collabo a i e consump ion also exis . Howe e , hese we e disca ded as
hey we e a ely used and had li le impac on sea ch esul s. Because he sea ch e ms
"sha ing economy," "pee - o-pee economy," and "gig economy" p oduced insu icien
esul s in ma e o olume, we added he e ms Ai bnb and Ube . These wo pla o ms ha e
been ca alys s o he g owing in e es in he sha ing economy (Ma in e al., 2017), and a e
hough o be dominan pla o ms (Geissinge e al., 2019).
2.2 Inclusion and exclusion c i e ia
The sea ch was limi ed o pee - e iewed academic jou nal a icles. We excluded
con e ence publica ions as hei eliabili y is mo e challenging o assess. We also se English
as a c i e ion o he language o ensu e alid in e p e a ion. Ou sea ch was conduc ed
wi hou including any empo al c i e ia. The keywo ds we e sea ched mainly om abs ac s;
howe e , in some cases, his esul ed in e y ew o no sea ch esul s. In hese cases, he
sea ch c i e ia we e expanded o include he body ex . This p o ided mo e esul s bu o en
led o esul s ha we e ou side he esea ch scope. Fo ins ance, his was e iden in cases
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The a icles in his ca ego y (n = 11) conside ed use s' us in sha ing economy
pla o ms o companies. Ins i u ional us can lead o us in he sha ing economy (Wu &
Shen, 2018). Fo example, wi h ega d o Ai bnb, s udies sugges ha sys em quali y (Wang
e al., 2019) and secu i y and p i acy (Yang e al., 2018) s ongly in luence he o ma ion o
us . Pe sonal quali ies such as inno a i eness (Wang & Jeong, 2018) seem o a ec how
us wo hy Ai bnb is hough o be. Howe e , he e a e some con adic o y esea ch indings:
Liang e al. (2018) sugges ha us in Ai bnb did no di ec ly a ec us in an indi idual
hos ; howe e , Teubne e al. (2019) p opose ha us among use s may be enhanced
because use s us he pla o m.
3.2.4 T us as he co e o he sha ing economy
A icles in his ca ego y we e no as consis en as in o he ca ego ies, as hey
conside ed di e en aspec s o pe spec i es ega ding us as he co e o he sha ing
economy. Nine a icles ocused on his a ea. The sha ing economy has i s o igins in dis us
o olde mo e adi ional ins i u ions (Lub e al. 2016); hus, us is essen ial in his new
economic con ex (Hi a, 2017; Leung e al., 2019). Fo example, B escia (2016) p oposes ha
he sha ing economy would su e i i we e o e ly egula ed. Howe e , he p esen s udy
ound ha whils conside ing us as he co e o he sha ing economy, he a icles do no deal
wi h ac o s ha a ec us as such. Ins ead, hey conside why us is essen ial o he
sha ing economy.
The e is no single solu ion o enable us -building. Thie e e al. (2016) indica e ha
ee compe i ion in he ma ke leads o good solu ions. S ill, hese solu ions build us o he
pla o m, no among use s (Thie e e al., 2016). The sha ing economy is abo e all an
in e media y: i mi iga es isks and builds us (Cons an iou e al., 2017). Pa o he business
model o he sha ing economy is o keep p ices low, and o do his pla o ms usually do no
o e o mal aining o se ice p o ide s, which can lead o a low le el o quali y con ol o
se ices (Tausche & Kie zmann, 2017). Chasin e al. (2018) p opose ha because sha ing
economy pla o ms ha e weak con ol o e hei quali y o se ice, us and sa e y a e
consequen ly he easons o hei ailu e. On he con a y, Tsui (2016) asse s ha us is no
he cause o business ailu e. I seems ha he esea ch is unanimous abou he impo ance o
us in he sha ing economy, bu he deg ee o which i a ec s he success o a pla o m
emains unclea .
3.3
Di e en echnology solu ions o build us in he sha ing economy
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Based on ou e iew, we ound 28 echnological solu ions hough o build use s' us
in sha ing economy pla o ms (o o he use s), as p esen ed in Table 5. Repu a ion sys ems
we e one o he mos s udied us -building solu ions. Ab ahao e al. (2017) sugges ha hey
can educe he impac o social bias, o example, h ough us in o he s who a e simila
(homophily). A s udy by Rekhi ias ili and Sgibne (2018) seems o suppo his: hey did no
s udy epu a ion sys ems as such bu ound ha echnological solu ions can compensa e o
in e pe sonal us . Hou (2018) no iced ha epu a ion sys ems help o build us be ween
s ange s, and he Fu u e o Money Resea ch Collabo a i e (2018) asse s ha epu a ion has
he mos powe ul impac on use s' us . Repu a ion no only builds us bu also seems o
ha e a posi i e e ec on sales and p ices ( e Huu ne e al., 2018). Based on hese s udies, we
can conclude ha he use o epu a ion sys ems o us -building among sha ing economy
pla o ms is bo h jus i ied and a good choice; howe e , hese sys ems a e sensi i e o small
a ia ions. Fo example, Ben e e al. (2014) p opose ha he di e ence be ween h ee and
ou s a s ( a ing) is enough o inc ease sales.
As o he ques ion o how echnological solu ions should be used o bes suppo
us -building, he answe is no so cohe en . Fo example, a s udy by Zlo eanu e al. (2018)
sugges s ha use judgmen can be a ec ed by seeing a leas h ee pieces o in o ma ion
ela ing o us and epu a ion; howe e , i is una ec ed by seeing any addi ional pieces. In
u n, E e al. (2016) p opose ha use s will use any in o ma ion hey can o make a decision;
howe e , hey a e unclea abou how much us and epu a ion in o ma ion use s need o
make hei decision o us .
Pla o ms may in eg a e wi h social media (Ba ness & Ma son, 2016). Howe e , hey
should s ill main ain hei us and epu a ion sys ems because i may be bes ha us and
epu a ion in o ma ion is p oduced "locally" wi hin he pla o m (Zlo eanu e al., 2018). Thus,
i may be ha in eg a ion wi h social media should be ca e ully conside ed, as i emains
unclea whe he social media in eg a ion suppo s us -building among sha ing economy
pla o ms. Fu he mo e, i seems easonable ha in o ma ion should be gene a ed locally
wi hin pla o ms; o he wise, he pu pose o he pla o ms and hei us sys ems could esul
di e en ly making hem di icul o compa e.
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Table 5. Technological solu ions o building us . 28 solu ions we e ound om he li e a u e
e iew how us can be suppo ed in he sha ing economy.
Technological solu ion Re e ences
Backg ound check Ami kiaee & E angelopoulos, 2018; E zioni, 2019; Thie e e al., 2015;
Xie e al., 2019
Back-up insu ance Hawli schek e al., 2018b; Puschmann & Al , 2016; Zhu e al., 2018
Big da a analy ics Thie e e al., 2015
Communica ion h ough he
pla o m Bhappu & Schul ze, 2018; Thie e e al., 2015
C edi -sco ing sys em o use s'
sel - egula ion Lan e al., 2017
D i e 's and passenge s' dynamic
in o ma ion (loca ion & ime) Zhu e al., 2018
Fil e o unquali ied d i e s Zhu e al., 2018
F iend link Molz, 2013
Iden i y e i ica ion De Ri e a e al., 2017; E zioni, 2019; Zhu e al., 2018; Zlo eanu e al.,
2018; Xie e al., 2019
In o ming you iends/ amily o
he ca numbe Kashyap & Bha ia, 2018
In eg a ion wi h social media Ba nes & Ma sson, 2016; Lee e al., 2018
Laws and egula ions Bokyeong & Cho, 2016
Numbe o ollowe s Hou, 2018
Numbe o e iews Ab ahao e al., 2017; Hou, 2018; Zlo eanu e al., 2018
Pho os De Ri e a e al., 2017; Hawli schek e al., 2018b; Molz, 2013; Xie e al.,
2019; Zhang e al., 2018
P o iles/pe sonal in o ma ion Bhappu & Schul ze, 2018; De Ri e a e al., 2017; Hawli schek e al.,
2018b;
Molz, 2013; Ta e al., 2018; Thie e e al., 2015; Tussyadiah &
Pa k, 2018; Zhang e al., 2018; Zhu e al., 2018
Ra ing sys ems
Ab ahao e al., 2017; Ami kiaee & E angelopoulos, 2018; Ba nes &
Ma sson, 2016; De Ri e a e al., 2017; E zioni, 2019; Fu u e o Money
Resea ch Collabo a i e, 2018; Hawli schek e al., 2018b; Hi a, 2017;
Hou, 2018; Lee e al., 2018; Thie e e al., 2015;
Tsui, 2016; Xie e al.,
2019; Zhu e al., 2018; Zlo eanu e al., 2018;
Repo ing o o he use s'
iola ions o he ules Lan e al., 2017
Repu a ion sys ems Ab ahao e al., 2017; Ben e e al., 2014; Cheng e al., 2019; Cos a e al.,
2017; E e al., 2016; Hou, 2018; Mikołajewska-Zając, 2018; Molz, 2013;
e Huu ne e al., 2018; Thie e e al., 2015; Zlo eanu e al., 2018
Re iews Ami kiaee & E angelopoulos, 2018; Chang & Wang, 2018; De Ri e a e
al., 2017; Hawli schek e al., 2018b; Kaka e al., 2018;
Thie e e al.,
2015; Xie e al., 2019; Yang e al., 2018; Zlo eanu e al., 2018
Rules and s anda ds Cons an iou e al., 2017; Wu e al., 2017
Sea ch unc ion Gleim e al., 2019
Secu e paymen sys ems Ba nes & Ma sson, 2016; Hawli schek e al., 2018b; Thie e e al., 2015
Selle in o ma ion Kaka e al., 2018
Supe hos badge Xie & Mao, 2017
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Time o depa u e (Ube & Ola) Kashyap & Bha ia, 2018
T acking ea u e (Ube & Ola) Kashyap & Bha ia, 2018
Vouching Molz, 2013
3.4 E alua ing us in he sha ing economy
The sha ing economy canno each i s po en ial wi hou us . T us in o he use s can
p edic pla o m usage (Hawli schek e al., 2018b), is essen ial o epea ed use o he
pla o m (A eaga-Sánchez e al., 2018), and is a c ucial ac o a ec ing he decision o use,
o example, ide-sha ing (Ami kiaee & E angelopoulos, 2018). This is why pla o m
de elope s and companies could use he easy- o-use ool o e alua ing use us . The
sha ing economy includes o -p o i and non-p o i o ganiza ions, o which non-p o i
o ganiza ions ha e less money o de eloping he pla o m. A ligh weigh solu ion could
se e such o ganiza ions in pa icula .
Based on his comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew and i s indings, we c ea ed a
p elimina y model (Figu e 1) o e alua ing use s' us in he sha ing economy pla o m.
We aimed o c ea e a ool o sha ing economy pla o m de elope s/managemen o use o
e alua ing use us . In his pape , we desc ibe ou p elimina y model om ha ool. I has
no ye been es ed, and i s de elopmen con inues wi h design science esea ch. We
encou age he es o he academic communi y o e alua e, es , and u he de elop his
model. We plan o conduc design science esea ch om his subsequen ly.
The ool consis s o ou sec ions: 1) pla o ms' solu ions o suppo he us o use s,
2) us and in e ac ion be ween use s, 3) use s us o he pla o m, and 4) use s us o he
company/o ganiza ion. E alua ion occu s wi h a sliding scale om he cen e owa ds he
co ne s. The close o he cen e , he less he aspec has been conside ed wi hin he pla o m.
Measu emen can be conduc ed in p ac ice, o example, wi h a ada cha (Figu e 2) using a
scale o 0–5 (whe e 0 is he aspec ha has no been conside ed a all and i e means he
elemen has been conside ed well). The ool is in ended o e alua ing use us in he
sha ing economy pla o m and o iden i y p oblem a eas in ela ion o us . I pla o m
de elope s o manage s ecognize a eas whe e use us is no well suppo ed, hey can make
imp o emen s acco dingly.
Jou nal P e-p oo
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Figu e 1. P elimina y model o e alua ing use s' us in he sha ing economy
pla o m.
Figu e 2. Example o ada cha based on he p elimina y model.
4. Discussion, Fu u e Resea ch Di ec ions, and Limi a ions
4.1 Discussion and sugges ions o u he esea ch
The sha ing economy is o ecas o g ow signi ican ly (S a is a, 2019), and migh
o e a signi ican answe o sus ainabili y challenges (Che y & Pidgeon, 2018). Mo eo e ,
us plays an essen ial ole in he sha ing economy (Fu u e o Money Resea ch
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Collabo a i e, 2018); he e o e, i is c ucial o unde s and i be e . We used a sys ema ic
li e a u e e iew o examine he ollowing esea ch ques ions: 1) How us is de ined in he
esea ch? 2) Which aspec s o us wi hin he sha ing economy ha e been s udied? 3) Which
echnology solu ions ha e been employed wi hin he sha ing economy? and 4) How can us
in he sha ing economy be e alua ed? By answe ing hese ques ions, we lea ned which
essen ial aspec s should be u he s udied in he u u e, wha should be conside ed by
indi iduals when us ing o he s in sha ing economy pla o ms, and wha should be aken in o
accoun when de eloping new pla o ms o he sha ing economy.
We iden i ied de iciencies in he de ini ion o he e m us in he e iewed a icles.
Only hal (n = 36) o he s udies e iewed p o ided a de ini ion o he concep o us . This
was a somewha wo isome inding, as i is challenging o in es iga e he ma e wi h only
ague de ini ions (o no de ini ion a all) o he cen al e m. We ecommend ha esea che s
conside which e ms equi e de ini ion, o i he e ms a e so well-known and uni e sally
unde s ood ha hey can be le wi hou a de ini ion. I would also be wise o e iew he
de ini ion o key e ms occasionally, as i an au ho does no de ine e ms ha a e ambiguous
o di icul o unde s and, his could lead o di icul ies in hei comp ehension and usage. Fo
example, i we do no know how a esea che has unde s ood a e m, i may hen be di icul
o e iew he s udy and compa e wi h simila s udies. I should also be no ed ha esea ch on
us in he sha ing economy is mul idisciplina y, and, in some ields i s applica ion is no
pa icula ly in ui i e, o he nomencla u e o hei ield is used. We conclude ha de ining he
meaning o us explici ly is essen ial o a oid misunde s andings. We hope ha hese
indings will inspi e esea che s o conside how o de ine us in u u e s udies.
We also iden i ied ha he e m sha ing economy is unde s ood in sligh ly di e en
ways. I has synonyms and subse s— o example, gig economy, pee - o-pee economy, and
on-demand economy (Hou, 2018; E z & Leblanc-P oulx, 2018; Fu u e o Money Resea ch
Collabo a i e, 2018; Ma in, 2016; Tsui, 2016)—whose ela ionships and usage a e unclea .
The use o hese and ela ed e ms should be esea ched and cla i ied in u u e. Di e en
ields o s udy use di e en e ms, which can in luence he esea ch amed (Sakao &
B ambila-Macias, 2018). I he e a e no common e ms be ween esea ch ields, i may be
ha d o c ea e sha ed knowledge beyond speci ic esea ch ields. Fo example, Sakao and
B ambila-Macias (2018) a gue ha he quali y o en i onmen al sus ainabili y will bene i
om ansdisciplina y esea ch.
Pe sonal cha ac e is ics ( o example, pe sonal inno a i eness; see Wang & Jeong,
2018) and beha io s ( o example, how use s po ay hemsel es in a pla o m; see
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Tussyadiah & Pa k, 2018) in luence how us wo hy indi iduals a e seen o be wi hin
sha ing economy pla o ms. Nei he o hese has been esea ched in su icien dep h. Fo
ins ance, he e is a lack o s udies ocusing on indi idual social skills and hei e ec on
pe cei ed us wo hiness. Fo example, digi al pla o ms may disc imina e people based on
hei social skills. Thus, pla o ms should be de eloped so ha such social bias can be
educed. We al eady know ha indi idual beha io can ei he enhance o diminish us in
sha ing economy pla o ms. Howe e , i emains unclea how easily people a e able o
manipula e o he people’s belie s and c ea e us unde alse p e enses. I migh be possible
o p e en his ia speci ic echnological solu ions. This would inc ease equali y and suppo
he social dimension o sus ainabili y. Social bias in sha ing economy pla o ms may lead o
inequali y: pe sonal cha ac e is ics and beha io may a ec he ex en o which indi iduals
can bene i om he sha ing economy. Thus, i seems ha he sha ing economy may impac
he social dimension o sus ainabili y in pa icula . T anspa ency is o en g ea e in he
sha ing economy when in o ma ion is p o ided no only by he se ice p o ide bu also by
use s.
Based on his e iew, he e seems o be a sha ed unde s anding ha us is he co e o
he sha ing economy, as wi hou us , he e is no sha ing. Howe e , he deg ee o which
sha ing economy companies ake us in o accoun in hei business s a egy and hei alues
emains unclea . Fo ins ance, whe he sha ing economy companies unde s and he
impo ance o us and how much use s' us a ec s hei success a e essen ial aspec s o
explo e in u u e s udies. Fu he mo e, we ound e idence ha use us in a company can
lead use s o us o he use s (Teubne e al., 2019). T us among use s may ha e a posi i e
impac on pla o m usage, and in u n, a posi i e impac on he success o he pla o m. This
exci ing aspec seems o equi e mo e a en ion and s udies o e ine he con adic o y
indings ela ed o i s impo ance o companies' pe o mance. Fo example, Chasin e al.
(2018) sugges ha " us and sa e y a e . . . easons o ailu es o sha ing economy
[companies]," while con e sely, Tsui (2016) sugges s a lack o us does no seem o be he
eason why some sha ing economy companies end up ailing.
Sha ing economy businesses do no always exis in a conduci e poli ical en i onmen
(see, e.g., Zhu, Li, & Zhou, 2018, ega ding he Didi ide-hailing pla o m). Fo ins ance,
laws and egula ions a y om coun y o coun y, and egula ions can some imes change a
a as pace—pa icula ly he case o in e na ional o global companies, as his may hinde
he expansion o a business. Resea ch is he e o e equi ed ha accoun s o and desc ibes he
en i onmen in which he sha ing economy company ope a es. Fo example, geog aphical
Jou nal P e-p oo
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a ea, laws, egula ions, and cul u e should be conside ed as hey can signi ican ly in luence
he success (o o he wise) o a business.
La ge, global companies like Ai bnb and Ube ha e been s udied ex ensi ely, and
hese s udies ha e p o ided a g ea deal o in o ma ion on us -building in he sha ing
economy. Howe e , hei la ge size may lead o a dis o ed pic u e o he sha ing economy
when conside ing smalle i ms and s a -ups. In addi ion, mos o hese s udies ha e ocused
on comme cial pla o ms, whe eas he e seems o be a lack o s udies on us -building wi hin
non-comme cial ope a ions. Non-comme cial and smalle sha ing economy pla o ms could
be s udied in he u u e, as hei business models and impac o us on such businesses migh
di e conside ably. We also pe cei e a need o compa a i e s udies be ween he sha ing
economy and adi ional business o examine he ex en o which echnological solu ions,
pe sonal cha ac e is ics, and pe sonal beha io a ec us -building wi hin hese wo di e en
business models. We u he no iced ha some esea che s (see Ma in e al., 2019) say ha
he sha ing economy seems mo e sus ainable han adi ional businesses. S ill, we did no
encoun e su icien e idence o suppo his.
Fu he mo e, we ound ha in o ma ion sha ing is an in eg al pa o he sha ing
economy; howe e , i is ba ely add essed in exis ing s udies. A a ie y o pla o ms could be
aken as a esea ch sample o ob ain he b oades possible pic u e. O he solu ions could be o
s udy di e en kinds o sha ing economy pla o ms sepa a ely, and hen combine and
compa e in o ma ion om hese s udies wi h he help o a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew o gain
a b oade pe spec i e on he pla o ms.
In his s udy, we iden i ied 28 di e en echnological solu ions o suppo ing us -
building among sha ing economy pla o ms. Many s udies suppo ed he use o epu a ion
sys ems, a ing sys ems, and e iews, bu i would be essen ial o assess which echnology
solu ions a e op imal o building us . The ac ha some echnological solu ions ha e been
used o esea ched less does no necessa ily mean ha hey a e less e ec i e. In addi ion,
he e is con lic ing in o ma ion on he op imal numbe o echnological solu ions o use. This
would be wo h esea ching u he , as i is no always economically iable o use mul iple
solu ions. This would help sha ing economy companies o be mo e sus ainable by no using
unds o some hing hey do no need.
A majo esea ch opic o he u u e is o e alua e he impac o he sha ing economy
on di e en dimensions o sus ainable de elopmen , o example see Ma in e al. (2019),
Scho (2016), and Ze as e al. (2017). The e migh be a nega i e en i onmen al impac
when sha ing economy se ices a e added o adi ional p oduc s. One example o his is how
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IKEA in London uses he TaskRabbi sha ing economy pla o m o help cus ome s wi h
p oduc assembly; in his way, hey aim o sell mo e p oduc s. Howe e , e alua ing he
sus ainabili y o he sha ing economy is no a simple ask. I also has many posi i e e ec s;
o example, i can inc ease social connec ions and employmen op ions (Ciulli & Kolk,
2019). Because he sha ing economy is a di e se g oup o pla o ms, one way o unde s and
i s impac on sus ainabili y could be o iew one pla o m om se e al di e en pe spec i es,
such as en i onmen al, economic, social, and cul u al poin s o iew. Subsequen ly, i migh
be easie o unde s and how o esea ch he sus ainabili y o he sha ing economy on a la ge
scale.
In ou li e a u e e iew, we no ed he ela i ely ecen publica ion o mos o he
a icles. The bounda ies o he sha ing economy a e di icul o d aw, and i is s ill unce ain
wha economic, ecological, and social impac s he sha ing economy will ha e (Ne e e al.,
2019). We do no know enough abou he sha ing economy ye , and ques ions conce ning i s
con en , i s e ec on sus ainabili y (economic, ecologic, social, and cul u al aspec s), and how
can we suppo i s sus ainable aspec s a e s ill mos ly unanswe ed o need cla i ica ion.
4.2 Implica ions o heo y and p ac ice
As Bocken e al. (2014, p. 42) w i e: "A holis ic app oach is equi ed o ackle he challenges
o a sus ainable u u e: esponses o en i onmen al changes will necessa ily need o be in
pa allel wi h economic and social change." The sha ing economy can include en i onmen al,
economic, and social aspec s o sus ainabili y. In addi ion, Che y and Pidgeon (2018)
sugges ha ackling us issues should be no ed when designing sha ing economy concep s
and deli e y. The sha ing economy s uggles o ind he op imal balance be ween secu i y,
us , and ease o use. Sa e y- and us - ela ed solu ions may complica e he use o he asse s;
whils a he same ime, ease o use is essen ial, so we should y o unde s and mo e abou
us -building. This pape p esen s wha we ha e iden i ied ela ing o us in he con ex o
sha ing economy.
T us is a ema kable eason why sha ing economy pla o ms ail (Chasin e al.
2018). Based on his li e a u e e iew, we de eloped a p elimina y model o e alua e he us
o use s. This model could especially help small and non-p o i sha ing economy pla o ms.
Fo example, Ma in e al. (2019) p opose ha local sha ing economy pla o ms can be mo e
sus ainable han adi ional businesses. By suppo ing he de elopmen o local, small, and
non-p o i sha ing economy, we can p omo e sus ainabili y.
Jou nal P e-p oo
21
4.2 Limi a ions
As Ki chenham e al. (2010, p. 804) no e ega ding sys ema ic li e a u e e iews, "one
o he majo p oblems… is inding all he ele an s udies." This li e a u e e iew is no
excep ion, and i should be no ed ha he e migh be ele an s udies ha we did no ind in
ou sea ch. In addi ion, how we chose ou keywo ds a ec ed he esul s. Ou exclusion
c i e ia migh be oo limi ing, since we excluded con e ence pape s. Howe e , e en hough
his is a limi a ion, we eel he alidi y o he s udy was inc eased as i can be challenging o
e alua e he quali y o con e ences. Fu he mo e, in his pape we c ea ed a heo e ical model
o how us can be assessed in he sha ing economy; un o una ely, he model has no ye
been es ed in p ac ice and equi es u he empi ical alida ion. In p inciple, he model is
sui able o bo h esea ch and he de elopmen o pla o ms.
The us esea ch domain is no amilia wi h he au ho s. Au ho s ha e s udied us
be o e om he pe spec i e o in o ma ion sys ems. In his sys ema ic li e a u e e iew, he
ield o s udy was no ixed o only one esea ch ield. This can ei he be a posi i e ea u e
( o b ead h o ocus) o con e sely i can lead o a agmen ed iew. This possible limi a ion
should be no ed, bu he au ho s s ill belie e ha he e is a need o his ype o esea ch.
5. Summa y and Conclusions
T us in he sha ing economy has been s udied om di e en pe spec i es. In his
pape , he e iewed s udies we e di ided in o ou ca ego ies: 1) how sha ing economy
pla o ms suppo us -building, 2) he impac o us be ween use s on pla o m usage, 3)
use s' us o he sha ing economy, and 4) us as he co e o he sha ing economy. F om
he e iew, 28 echnology solu ions o build us we e gleaned. Repu a ion sys ems, a ings,
and e iews we e he mos used echnological solu ions o his pu pose. O he 60 pape s
s udied, 24 de ined us , 15 de ined i adi ionally, and 9 s udies de ined us in he digi al
en i onmen in pa icula . O he o al o 60 pape s, 36 did no de ine us a all.
T us in he sha ing economy is a cu en esea ch opic, and mos o he s udies we e
w i en in ecen yea s. I is a c i ical esea ch opic, because in he u u e, he sha ing
economy could be one way o suppo sus ainabili y. T us in he sha ing economy should be
s udied u he ; o example, non-comme cial pla o ms in he sha ing economy ha e no
been s udied enough o ob ain a clea pic u e. Many echnological solu ions ha e been
ecognized, bu hei oles a e no ye clea . Fo example, i is no known how many o hese
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Highligh s
• The sha ing economy can suppo sus ainabili y.
• T us a ec s he use o he sha ing economy
• The sys ema ic li e a u e e iew syn hesizes cu en knowledge o us in he sha ing
economy
• 28 us building solu ions we e ecognized
• The p elimina y model was de eloped o iden i ying us issues in he pla o m
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Decla a ion o in e es s
☒
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships
ha could ha e appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape .
☐The au ho s decla e he ollowing inancial in e es s/pe sonal ela ionships which may be conside ed
as po en ial compe ing in e es s:
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