Building Trust in the Sharing Economy : Current Approaches and Future Considerations

This is a sel -a chi ed e sion o an o iginal a icle. This e sion may di e om he o iginal in pagina ion and ypog aphic de ails. Au ho (s): Ti le: Yea : Ve sion: Copy igh : Righ s: Righ s u l: Please ci e he o iginal e sion: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Building T us in he Sha ing Economy : Cu en App oaches and Fu u e Conside a ions © 2020 Else ie L d. All igh s ese ed. Accep ed e sion (Final d a ) Räisänen, Jaana; Ojala, A o; Tuo inen, Te o Räisänen, J., Ojala, A., & Tuo inen, T. (2021). Building T us in he Sha ing Economy : Cu en App oaches and Fu u e Conside a ions. Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, 279, A icle 123724. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2020.123724 2021 Jou nal P e-p oo Building T us in he Sha ing Economy: Cu en App oaches and Fu u e Conside a ions Jaana Räisänen, A o Ojala, Te o Tuo inen PII: S0959-6526(20)33769-0 DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2020.123724 Re e ence: JCLP 123724 To appea in: Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion Recei ed Da e: 14 Janua y 2020 Re ised Da e: 31 July 2020 Accep ed Da e: 10 Augus 2020 Please ci e his a icle as: Räisänen J, Ojala A, Tuo inen T, Building T us in he Sha ing Economy: Cu en App oaches and Fu u e Conside a ions, Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/ j.jclep o.2020.123724. This is a PDF ile o an a icle ha has unde gone enhancemen s a e accep ance, such as he addi ion o a co e page and me ada a, and o ma ing o eadabili y, bu i is no ye he de ini i e e sion o eco d. This e sion will unde go addi ional copyedi ing, ypese ing and e iew be o e i is published in i s inal o m, bu we a e p o iding his e sion o gi e ea ly isibili y o he a icle. Please no e ha , du ing he p oduc ion p ocess, e o s may be disco e ed which could a ec he con en , and all legal disclaime s ha apply o he jou nal pe ain. © 2020 Published by Else ie L d. Building T us in he Sha ing Economy: Cu en App oaches and Fu u e Conside a ions Au ho s: Jaana Räisänen 1 *, A o Ojala 2 , Te o Tuo inen 3 Abs ac The sha ing economy could be an answe o he challenge o sus ainabili y; i can acili a e he sha ing and euse o esou ces, c ea e new ways o ea ning money, and enhance social connec ions. Fo example, by educing he use o na u al esou ces wi hou ha ing o acqui e o own e e y hing, he sha ing economy can posi i ely a ec sus ainabili y. A he co e o his ype o economy lies us among use s and be ween use s and he pla o m— he sys em canno each i s ull po en ial wi hou us . In ac , businesses o o ganiza ions in he sha ing economy can e en ail due o us issues, al hough mo e in o ma ion is needed o make be e use o he exis ing pla o ms. The aim o his sys ema ic li e a u e e iew is o s udy how us is buil in he sha ing economy. Fo his pu pose, we in oduce 28 solu ions o suppo us in sha ing economy pla o ms, de elop a p elimina y model o e alua ing us in his con ex , and p esen a ew conside a ions o u u e esea ch. Pla o m de elope s and manage s can use ou p elimina y model o iden i y us issues in hei pla o ms. Keywo ds: Sha ing economy; Sys ema ic li e a u e e iew; Sus ainabili y; T us 1 *Co esponding au ho . Facul y o In o ma ion Technology, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland. Email: jaana.k. aisanen@jyu. i 2 School o Ma ke ing and Communica ion, Uni e si y o Vaasa, PL 700, FI-65101 Vaasa, Finland. Email: a o.oja[email p o ec ed] 3 School o Technology, JAMK Jy äskylä Uni e si y o Applied Science, P.O. Box 207, 40101, Jy äskylä, Finland. Email: e o. uo inen@jamk. i & Facul y o In o ma ion Technology, Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI- 40014 Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland. Email: e o. uo inen@jyu. i Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo 1 Building T us in he Sha ing Economy: Cu en App oaches and Fu u e Conside a ions wo dcoun : 10 401 1. In oduc ion The wo ld's popula ion is inc easing, and his mean an inc ease in he use o esou ces. Acco dingly, he e is a need o solu ions o suppo a mo e sus ainable way o li ing and doing business. The sha ing economy can be one solu ion o p omo ing sus ainabili y. The sha ing economy enables he use o expensi e physical asse s wi hou a need o pu chase. Fo example, ashion has a signi ican en i onmen al impac , and en ing o loaning high-end ashion i ems can educe he e ec s on he en i onmen (Zamani e al., 2017). The sha ing economy can also make p oduc s and asse s mo e a o dable (Leung e al., 2019; Scho , 2016) and o e new ways o ea ning money (Scho , 2016). Fu he , i can educe in o ma ion asymme y (Thie e e al., 2016; Zlo eanu e al., 2018) h ough digi al pla o ms, be mo e democ a ically o ganized (Scho , 2016), and ecological han adi ional businesses (Bocken e al., 2014; Ma in e al., 2019). Rela ed o sus ainable business models, Bocken e al. (2014) iden i ied di e en a che ypes, such as unde -u ilized asse s and capabili ies, ma ke places o second-hand goods, social en e p ises, and collabo a i e models. These a che ypes o m an impo an pa o he sha ing economy. Howe e , whils he sha ing economy ce ainly p o ides se e al bene i s, he ques ion emains why i is no mo e widely used, and why some sha ing economy o ganiza ions o companies ail. Cohen and Munoz (2016) examined a pe sonalized bus se ice (named Ku suplus) ha was launched by he ci y o Helsinki in Finland, which was a hyb id adi ional bus se ice and ide-sha ing scheme. The idea seemed good, suppo ed sus ainabili y, and o e ed a mo e cus omized se ice. Howe e , i ailed wi hin he same yea , because economic p o i abili y did no ise in line wi h popula i y du ing he expe imen (Ku suplus-kokeilun loppu apo i, 2016). Ano he example o a ailed scheme is Dua a T a els, which was a new kind o a el agency whe e a ele s could s ay in illages in de eloping coun ies and li e wi h and like local people. The company ensu ed ha all he amilies and illages engaged in he scheme we e sa e o ou is s and conduc ed all he ma ke ing and booking. P ices we e ai , and hos amilies ecei ed 40 % o he paymen . Despi e seeming e ec i e o suppo ing esponsible ou ism in de eloping coun ies, Dua a T a els ailed, as i did no es ablish a su icien cus ome base (Dua a T a els, 2020.) The easons o hese ailed Jou nal P e-p oo 2 p ojec s ha e led se e al au ho s o sugges ha dis us o companies in he sha ing economy (and hei se ices/p oduc s) hinde s i s posi i e e ec and may lead o ailu es (Chasin e al., 2018; Che y and Pidgeon, 2018). In o he wo ds, by inc easing us owa d sha ing economy pla o ms, companies can inc ease he posi i e e ec s and s eng hen indi iduals' decisions o use such pla o ms (A eaga-Sánchez e al., 2018; Edb ing e al., 2016; Hawli schek e al., 2018b). S ill, he signi icance and mechanisms o us de elopmen wi hin he sha ing economy a e la gely unexplo ed (Cohen & Munoz, 2016). To iden i y he ac o s ha a ec us in sha ing economy pla o ms, we conduc ed a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew. Mo e speci ically, we aimed o iden i y 1) how exis ing s udies de ine he concep o us , 2) which aspec s o us in he sha ing economy ha e been s udied, 3) which echnology solu ions ha e been used o build us in sha ing economy pla o ms, and 4) how o e alua e us in he sha ing economy. By in es iga ing hese issues, we aim o cla i y he ac o s ha acili a e he building o us in sha ing economy pla o ms and o e sugges ions o u u e s udies on he opic. Mo eo e , we answe he call by Bijlsma-F ankema and Rousseau (2015) o p o ide a be e o e iew and syn hesis o he exis ing esea ch on us . The no el y o his s udy lies in i s collec ion, compa ison, and syn hesis o he ele an li e a u e. The pape is s uc u ed as ollows. The in oduc ion p o ides he a ionale o he s udy and in oduces key ocabula y. Sec ion 2 ou lines he esea ch me hod and explains how he esea ch was conduc ed. In Sec ion 3, he esea ch indings a e p esen ed. In he inal chap e , we discuss he esul s and p esen conclusions on hei signi icance, p ac ical implica ions, and u u e esea ch opics o help o he esea che s ocus on he mos ele an issues pe aining o he sha ing economy. 1.1 Sha ing economy The sha ing economy is he e o s ay. I s economic alue has been p edic ed o g ow om US$ 15 billion in 2014 o US$ 335 billion by 2025 (S a is a, 2019). Fo example, he well-known accommoda ion pla o m Ai bnb made a p o i o US$ 93 million in 2017, om o al e enues o US$ 2.6 million (Bo , 2018). The sha ing economy has been s udied o some ex en , bu de ining i emains a subjec o deba e (Che y & Pidgeon, 2018). One poin o uni e sal ag eemen is ha he sha ing economy in ol es in e ac ion be ween people (Ba nes & Ma son, 2016; Ca bone e al., 2018; Fu u e o Money Resea ch Collabo a i e, 2018; Hou, 2018; Ma e al., 2019), o example, in he con ex o collabo a i e consump ion i can be seen ei he as a subse o he sha ing economy (Belk, 2014; Hama i e al., 2016) o Jou nal P e-p oo 3 as a synonym o i (Ma in e al., 2019). Te ms ela ed o he sha ing economy include he gig economy, pee - o-pee economy, on-demand economy (Hou, 2018; E z & Leblanc- P oulx, 2018; Fu u e o Money Resea ch Collabo a i e, 2018; Ma in, 2016; Tsui, 2016), access-based consump ion, and c owd-based capi alism (E z & Leblanc-P oulx 2018). Thus, he axonomy used o cap u e he sha ing economy is unclea , and he ela ionships be ween subse s o e ms in ol ed emain ague. The sha ing economy can be hough o as a business o supply chain model ha uses digi al pla o ms o connec consume s (Hou, 2018). The pu poses o hese pla o ms include sho - e m en als, ide-sha ing, o he sha ing o in o ma ion (Hou, 2018). Scho (2016) sugges s ha bo h pla o ms and he p ess de ine who is conside ed pa o he sha ing economy. Roos and Hahn (2019, p. 681) p opose he ollowing de ini ion: "collabo a i e consump ion is based on he e ec i e managemen o collabo a i e, sha ed use o used, common, o idle esou ces (i.e., p oduc s, asse s, o se ices)." The sha ing economy can be di ided in o ou ca ego ies: " eci cula ion o goods, inc eased u iliza ion o du able asse s, exchange o se ices, and sha ing o p oduc i e asse s" (Scho , 2016, p. 2). Fu he , i can be ca ego ized acco ding o g oups o inno a ions: 1) accommoda ion sha ing pla o ms, 2) ca and ide sha ing pla o ms, 3) pee - o-pee employmen ma ke s, and 4) pee - o-pee pla o ms o sha ing and ci cula ing esou ces (Ma in, 2016). Sha ing economy pla o ms can also be assigned o one o ou models: chape ones (p o o ypical example: Ai bnb); anchise s (p o o ypical example: Ube ); ga dene s (p o o ypical example: Couchsu ing); and p incipals (p o o ypical example: Handy). Chape one and anchise pla o ms exhibi a high le el o i al y among pa icipan s, wi h loose con ol by chape one pla o m owne s compa ed wi h igh con ol exe ed by anchise pla o m owne s. The e is low i al y among pa icipan s in ga dene pla o ms, wi h only loose con ol used by pla o m owne s. Finally, low i al y exis s among pa icipan s in p incipal pla o ms, whe e pla o m owne s exe igh con ol (Cons an iou e al., 2017.) Wi hin he con ex o his s udy, we de ine he sha ing economy as a way o sha ing a esou ce (know-how, asse s, o in o ma ion) sa ely, wi h o wi hou paymen , wi h o he people h ough a digi al pla o m. Impo an aspec s o his de ini ion a e ha access o esou ces is empo a y and ha sha ing happens ela i ely sa ely. Usually, he sa e y o ansac ions is ensu ed using echnological solu ions. 1.2 T us in he sha ing economy Jou nal P e-p oo 4 The sha ing economy is inc easing apidly p o iding use s wi h ce ain bene i s; howe e , some c ucial aspec s emain unde s udied. In pa icula , he signi icance and mechanisms o us de elopmen among he sha ing economy a e la gely unexplo ed (Cohen & Munoz, 2016). While people ha e always sha ed esou ces, his mainly occu s in in e ac ion wi h s ange s wi hin he sha ing economy (F enken & Scho , 2017). These in e ac ions wi h unknown pa ies can be highly isky, po en ially esul ing in inancial and o he losses (Luhmann, 2000). Consequen ly, us is an essen ial elemen wi hin sha ing economy pla o ms, as no ed by he Fu u e o Money Resea ch Collabo a i e (2018). Essen ially, us -based issues wi hin he sha ing economy a e bo n ou o dis us o old ins i u ions (Lub e al., 2016). Be o e he indus ial e a, us was de eloped p ima ily among amily membe s. Howe e , a e he indus ial e olu ion, his sys em was supe seded by us buil be ween s ange s h ough he use o licenses (Hou, 2018). T us issues in socie y, such as undamen al dis us (Lub e al., 2016) and us in he in e ne economy (Hou, 2018), enabled new kinds o businesses and supply chains o eme ge. Recen gene a ions also concep ualize alues and a i udes di e en ly: owne ship is less impo an o hem han access (Lub e al., 2016). In ligh o hese ac o s, an accu a e unde s anding o he di e en aspec s a ec ing us -building wi hin he sha ing economy is essen ial. This unde s anding will acili a e he de elopmen o be e and sa e pla o ms, help in o m he public abou isks o a oid a alse sense o secu i y, assis in he building o be e business plans, and p omo e imp o ed s a egic decision-making wi hin he sha ing economy. 2. Resea ch Me hod To conduc a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew, we ollowed ecommenda ions by Webs e and Wa son (2000). P io sys ema ic li e a u e e iews can be di ided in o wo di e en ypes: con en ional s udies (which may employ me a-analysis) and mapping s udies (Ki chenham e al., 2010). This s udy applies a mapping app oach o disco e wha is known abou a ce ain phenomenon— us in he sha ing economy. By ecognizing and ca ego izing elemen s ha a ec us , we can ind ways o be e suppo us among sha ing economy pla o ms. 2.1 Sea ch p ocess We ollowed an es ablished p o ocol o minimize bias in he sys ema ic li e a u e e iew (B e e on e al., 2007). We i s selec ed he mos ele an keywo ds o he e iew, Jou nal P e-p oo 5 which included “ us ,” "sha ing economy," "pee - o-pee economy," and "gig economy." On ini ial e iew o he exis ing li e a u e, we no ed he agmen ed na u e o a ailable li e a u e. Fo his eason, we chose no o cons ain ou scope in he s udy o any speci ic jou nals, esea ch me hod, o scien i ic ields. This li e a u e e iew p esen s ansdisciplina y esea ch in which esea che s y o ind a "mo e gene al and common body o knowledge beyond he disciplines" (Sakao & B ambila-Macias, 2018). Those s udies e iewed we e om he ields o sus ainabili y, in o ma ion sys ems, economics/business, sociology, ou ism, and law. The second s ep was o selec ele an da abases o he que ies. Because o he agmen ed na u e o he li e a u e, we chose i e widely ecognized and eliable da abases, which we conside o con ain a good sample o he sou ces in e ms o b ead h and dep h, as ollows: Academic Sea ch Eli e (EBSCO), Science Di ec , SAGE Jou nals Online – SAGE P emie (SAGE), Associa ion o In o ma ion Sys ems Elec onic Lib a y (AIS eLib a y), and P oQues – Science Da abase (P oQues ). The ollowing esea ch s ings we e used o he sea ch o ind he mos ele an li e a u e: us AND ("sha ing economy" OR "pee - o- pee economy" OR "gig economy" OR Ube OR Ai bnb). T us was a e m used in all he sea ches because i was a key elemen . The sha ing economy has many subse s and synonyms, which is why "pee - o-pee economy" and "gig economy" we e included as sea ch s ings. We we e also awa e ha o he synonyms such as pee - o-pee en al ma ke s, c owd-based capi alism, on-demand economy, access-based consump ion, and collabo a i e consump ion also exis . Howe e , hese we e disca ded as hey we e a ely used and had li le impac on sea ch esul s. Because he sea ch e ms "sha ing economy," "pee - o-pee economy," and "gig economy" p oduced insu icien esul s in ma e o olume, we added he e ms Ai bnb and Ube . These wo pla o ms ha e been ca alys s o he g owing in e es in he sha ing economy (Ma in e al., 2017), and a e hough o be dominan pla o ms (Geissinge e al., 2019). 2.2 Inclusion and exclusion c i e ia The sea ch was limi ed o pee - e iewed academic jou nal a icles. We excluded con e ence publica ions as hei eliabili y is mo e challenging o assess. We also se English as a c i e ion o he language o ensu e alid in e p e a ion. Ou sea ch was conduc ed wi hou including any empo al c i e ia. The keywo ds we e sea ched mainly om abs ac s; howe e , in some cases, his esul ed in e y ew o no sea ch esul s. In hese cases, he sea ch c i e ia we e expanded o include he body ex . This p o ided mo e esul s bu o en led o esul s ha we e ou side he esea ch scope. Fo ins ance, his was e iden in cases Jou nal P e-p oo 12 The a icles in his ca ego y (n = 11) conside ed use s' us in sha ing economy pla o ms o companies. Ins i u ional us can lead o us in he sha ing economy (Wu & Shen, 2018). Fo example, wi h ega d o Ai bnb, s udies sugges ha sys em quali y (Wang e al., 2019) and secu i y and p i acy (Yang e al., 2018) s ongly in luence he o ma ion o us . Pe sonal quali ies such as inno a i eness (Wang & Jeong, 2018) seem o a ec how us wo hy Ai bnb is hough o be. Howe e , he e a e some con adic o y esea ch indings: Liang e al. (2018) sugges ha us in Ai bnb did no di ec ly a ec us in an indi idual hos ; howe e , Teubne e al. (2019) p opose ha us among use s may be enhanced because use s us he pla o m. 3.2.4 T us as he co e o he sha ing economy A icles in his ca ego y we e no as consis en as in o he ca ego ies, as hey conside ed di e en aspec s o pe spec i es ega ding us as he co e o he sha ing economy. Nine a icles ocused on his a ea. The sha ing economy has i s o igins in dis us o olde mo e adi ional ins i u ions (Lub e al. 2016); hus, us is essen ial in his new economic con ex (Hi a, 2017; Leung e al., 2019). Fo example, B escia (2016) p oposes ha he sha ing economy would su e i i we e o e ly egula ed. Howe e , he p esen s udy ound ha whils conside ing us as he co e o he sha ing economy, he a icles do no deal wi h ac o s ha a ec us as such. Ins ead, hey conside why us is essen ial o he sha ing economy. The e is no single solu ion o enable us -building. Thie e e al. (2016) indica e ha ee compe i ion in he ma ke leads o good solu ions. S ill, hese solu ions build us o he pla o m, no among use s (Thie e e al., 2016). The sha ing economy is abo e all an in e media y: i mi iga es isks and builds us (Cons an iou e al., 2017). Pa o he business model o he sha ing economy is o keep p ices low, and o do his pla o ms usually do no o e o mal aining o se ice p o ide s, which can lead o a low le el o quali y con ol o se ices (Tausche & Kie zmann, 2017). Chasin e al. (2018) p opose ha because sha ing economy pla o ms ha e weak con ol o e hei quali y o se ice, us and sa e y a e consequen ly he easons o hei ailu e. On he con a y, Tsui (2016) asse s ha us is no he cause o business ailu e. I seems ha he esea ch is unanimous abou he impo ance o us in he sha ing economy, bu he deg ee o which i a ec s he success o a pla o m emains unclea . 3.3 Di e en echnology solu ions o build us in he sha ing economy Jou nal P e-p oo 13 Based on ou e iew, we ound 28 echnological solu ions hough o build use s' us in sha ing economy pla o ms (o o he use s), as p esen ed in Table 5. Repu a ion sys ems we e one o he mos s udied us -building solu ions. Ab ahao e al. (2017) sugges ha hey can educe he impac o social bias, o example, h ough us in o he s who a e simila (homophily). A s udy by Rekhi ias ili and Sgibne (2018) seems o suppo his: hey did no s udy epu a ion sys ems as such bu ound ha echnological solu ions can compensa e o in e pe sonal us . Hou (2018) no iced ha epu a ion sys ems help o build us be ween s ange s, and he Fu u e o Money Resea ch Collabo a i e (2018) asse s ha epu a ion has he mos powe ul impac on use s' us . Repu a ion no only builds us bu also seems o ha e a posi i e e ec on sales and p ices ( e Huu ne e al., 2018). Based on hese s udies, we can conclude ha he use o epu a ion sys ems o us -building among sha ing economy pla o ms is bo h jus i ied and a good choice; howe e , hese sys ems a e sensi i e o small a ia ions. Fo example, Ben e e al. (2014) p opose ha he di e ence be ween h ee and ou s a s ( a ing) is enough o inc ease sales. As o he ques ion o how echnological solu ions should be used o bes suppo us -building, he answe is no so cohe en . Fo example, a s udy by Zlo eanu e al. (2018) sugges s ha use judgmen can be a ec ed by seeing a leas h ee pieces o in o ma ion ela ing o us and epu a ion; howe e , i is una ec ed by seeing any addi ional pieces. In u n, E e al. (2016) p opose ha use s will use any in o ma ion hey can o make a decision; howe e , hey a e unclea abou how much us and epu a ion in o ma ion use s need o make hei decision o us . Pla o ms may in eg a e wi h social media (Ba ness & Ma son, 2016). Howe e , hey should s ill main ain hei us and epu a ion sys ems because i may be bes ha us and epu a ion in o ma ion is p oduced "locally" wi hin he pla o m (Zlo eanu e al., 2018). Thus, i may be ha in eg a ion wi h social media should be ca e ully conside ed, as i emains unclea whe he social media in eg a ion suppo s us -building among sha ing economy pla o ms. Fu he mo e, i seems easonable ha in o ma ion should be gene a ed locally wi hin pla o ms; o he wise, he pu pose o he pla o ms and hei us sys ems could esul di e en ly making hem di icul o compa e. Jou nal P e-p oo 14 Table 5. Technological solu ions o building us . 28 solu ions we e ound om he li e a u e e iew how us can be suppo ed in he sha ing economy. Technological solu ion Re e ences Backg ound check Ami kiaee & E angelopoulos, 2018; E zioni, 2019; Thie e e al., 2015; Xie e al., 2019 Back-up insu ance Hawli schek e al., 2018b; Puschmann & Al , 2016; Zhu e al., 2018 Big da a analy ics Thie e e al., 2015 Communica ion h ough he pla o m Bhappu & Schul ze, 2018; Thie e e al., 2015 C edi -sco ing sys em o use s' sel - egula ion Lan e al., 2017 D i e 's and passenge s' dynamic in o ma ion (loca ion & ime) Zhu e al., 2018 Fil e o unquali ied d i e s Zhu e al., 2018 F iend link Molz, 2013 Iden i y e i ica ion De Ri e a e al., 2017; E zioni, 2019; Zhu e al., 2018; Zlo eanu e al., 2018; Xie e al., 2019 In o ming you iends/ amily o he ca numbe Kashyap & Bha ia, 2018 In eg a ion wi h social media Ba nes & Ma sson, 2016; Lee e al., 2018 Laws and egula ions Bokyeong & Cho, 2016 Numbe o ollowe s Hou, 2018 Numbe o e iews Ab ahao e al., 2017; Hou, 2018; Zlo eanu e al., 2018 Pho os De Ri e a e al., 2017; Hawli schek e al., 2018b; Molz, 2013; Xie e al., 2019; Zhang e al., 2018 P o iles/pe sonal in o ma ion Bhappu & Schul ze, 2018; De Ri e a e al., 2017; Hawli schek e al., 2018b; Molz, 2013; Ta e al., 2018; Thie e e al., 2015; Tussyadiah & Pa k, 2018; Zhang e al., 2018; Zhu e al., 2018 Ra ing sys ems Ab ahao e al., 2017; Ami kiaee & E angelopoulos, 2018; Ba nes & Ma sson, 2016; De Ri e a e al., 2017; E zioni, 2019; Fu u e o Money Resea ch Collabo a i e, 2018; Hawli schek e al., 2018b; Hi a, 2017; Hou, 2018; Lee e al., 2018; Thie e e al., 2015; Tsui, 2016; Xie e al., 2019; Zhu e al., 2018; Zlo eanu e al., 2018; Repo ing o o he use s' iola ions o he ules Lan e al., 2017 Repu a ion sys ems Ab ahao e al., 2017; Ben e e al., 2014; Cheng e al., 2019; Cos a e al., 2017; E e al., 2016; Hou, 2018; Mikołajewska-Zając, 2018; Molz, 2013; e Huu ne e al., 2018; Thie e e al., 2015; Zlo eanu e al., 2018 Re iews Ami kiaee & E angelopoulos, 2018; Chang & Wang, 2018; De Ri e a e al., 2017; Hawli schek e al., 2018b; Kaka e al., 2018; Thie e e al., 2015; Xie e al., 2019; Yang e al., 2018; Zlo eanu e al., 2018 Rules and s anda ds Cons an iou e al., 2017; Wu e al., 2017 Sea ch unc ion Gleim e al., 2019 Secu e paymen sys ems Ba nes & Ma sson, 2016; Hawli schek e al., 2018b; Thie e e al., 2015 Selle in o ma ion Kaka e al., 2018 Supe hos badge Xie & Mao, 2017 Jou nal P e-p oo 15 Time o depa u e (Ube & Ola) Kashyap & Bha ia, 2018 T acking ea u e (Ube & Ola) Kashyap & Bha ia, 2018 Vouching Molz, 2013 3.4 E alua ing us in he sha ing economy The sha ing economy canno each i s po en ial wi hou us . T us in o he use s can p edic pla o m usage (Hawli schek e al., 2018b), is essen ial o epea ed use o he pla o m (A eaga-Sánchez e al., 2018), and is a c ucial ac o a ec ing he decision o use, o example, ide-sha ing (Ami kiaee & E angelopoulos, 2018). This is why pla o m de elope s and companies could use he easy- o-use ool o e alua ing use us . The sha ing economy includes o -p o i and non-p o i o ganiza ions, o which non-p o i o ganiza ions ha e less money o de eloping he pla o m. A ligh weigh solu ion could se e such o ganiza ions in pa icula . Based on his comp ehensi e li e a u e e iew and i s indings, we c ea ed a p elimina y model (Figu e 1) o e alua ing use s' us in he sha ing economy pla o m. We aimed o c ea e a ool o sha ing economy pla o m de elope s/managemen o use o e alua ing use us . In his pape , we desc ibe ou p elimina y model om ha ool. I has no ye been es ed, and i s de elopmen con inues wi h design science esea ch. We encou age he es o he academic communi y o e alua e, es , and u he de elop his model. We plan o conduc design science esea ch om his subsequen ly. The ool consis s o ou sec ions: 1) pla o ms' solu ions o suppo he us o use s, 2) us and in e ac ion be ween use s, 3) use s us o he pla o m, and 4) use s us o he company/o ganiza ion. E alua ion occu s wi h a sliding scale om he cen e owa ds he co ne s. The close o he cen e , he less he aspec has been conside ed wi hin he pla o m. Measu emen can be conduc ed in p ac ice, o example, wi h a ada cha (Figu e 2) using a scale o 0–5 (whe e 0 is he aspec ha has no been conside ed a all and i e means he elemen has been conside ed well). The ool is in ended o e alua ing use us in he sha ing economy pla o m and o iden i y p oblem a eas in ela ion o us . I pla o m de elope s o manage s ecognize a eas whe e use us is no well suppo ed, hey can make imp o emen s acco dingly. Jou nal P e-p oo 16 Figu e 1. P elimina y model o e alua ing use s' us in he sha ing economy pla o m. Figu e 2. Example o ada cha based on he p elimina y model. 4. Discussion, Fu u e Resea ch Di ec ions, and Limi a ions 4.1 Discussion and sugges ions o u he esea ch The sha ing economy is o ecas o g ow signi ican ly (S a is a, 2019), and migh o e a signi ican answe o sus ainabili y challenges (Che y & Pidgeon, 2018). Mo eo e , us plays an essen ial ole in he sha ing economy (Fu u e o Money Resea ch Jou nal P e-p oo 17 Collabo a i e, 2018); he e o e, i is c ucial o unde s and i be e . We used a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew o examine he ollowing esea ch ques ions: 1) How us is de ined in he esea ch? 2) Which aspec s o us wi hin he sha ing economy ha e been s udied? 3) Which echnology solu ions ha e been employed wi hin he sha ing economy? and 4) How can us in he sha ing economy be e alua ed? By answe ing hese ques ions, we lea ned which essen ial aspec s should be u he s udied in he u u e, wha should be conside ed by indi iduals when us ing o he s in sha ing economy pla o ms, and wha should be aken in o accoun when de eloping new pla o ms o he sha ing economy. We iden i ied de iciencies in he de ini ion o he e m us in he e iewed a icles. Only hal (n = 36) o he s udies e iewed p o ided a de ini ion o he concep o us . This was a somewha wo isome inding, as i is challenging o in es iga e he ma e wi h only ague de ini ions (o no de ini ion a all) o he cen al e m. We ecommend ha esea che s conside which e ms equi e de ini ion, o i he e ms a e so well-known and uni e sally unde s ood ha hey can be le wi hou a de ini ion. I would also be wise o e iew he de ini ion o key e ms occasionally, as i an au ho does no de ine e ms ha a e ambiguous o di icul o unde s and, his could lead o di icul ies in hei comp ehension and usage. Fo example, i we do no know how a esea che has unde s ood a e m, i may hen be di icul o e iew he s udy and compa e wi h simila s udies. I should also be no ed ha esea ch on us in he sha ing economy is mul idisciplina y, and, in some ields i s applica ion is no pa icula ly in ui i e, o he nomencla u e o hei ield is used. We conclude ha de ining he meaning o us explici ly is essen ial o a oid misunde s andings. We hope ha hese indings will inspi e esea che s o conside how o de ine us in u u e s udies. We also iden i ied ha he e m sha ing economy is unde s ood in sligh ly di e en ways. I has synonyms and subse s— o example, gig economy, pee - o-pee economy, and on-demand economy (Hou, 2018; E z & Leblanc-P oulx, 2018; Fu u e o Money Resea ch Collabo a i e, 2018; Ma in, 2016; Tsui, 2016)—whose ela ionships and usage a e unclea . The use o hese and ela ed e ms should be esea ched and cla i ied in u u e. Di e en ields o s udy use di e en e ms, which can in luence he esea ch amed (Sakao & B ambila-Macias, 2018). I he e a e no common e ms be ween esea ch ields, i may be ha d o c ea e sha ed knowledge beyond speci ic esea ch ields. Fo example, Sakao and B ambila-Macias (2018) a gue ha he quali y o en i onmen al sus ainabili y will bene i om ansdisciplina y esea ch. Pe sonal cha ac e is ics ( o example, pe sonal inno a i eness; see Wang & Jeong, 2018) and beha io s ( o example, how use s po ay hemsel es in a pla o m; see Jou nal P e-p oo 18 Tussyadiah & Pa k, 2018) in luence how us wo hy indi iduals a e seen o be wi hin sha ing economy pla o ms. Nei he o hese has been esea ched in su icien dep h. Fo ins ance, he e is a lack o s udies ocusing on indi idual social skills and hei e ec on pe cei ed us wo hiness. Fo example, digi al pla o ms may disc imina e people based on hei social skills. Thus, pla o ms should be de eloped so ha such social bias can be educed. We al eady know ha indi idual beha io can ei he enhance o diminish us in sha ing economy pla o ms. Howe e , i emains unclea how easily people a e able o manipula e o he people’s belie s and c ea e us unde alse p e enses. I migh be possible o p e en his ia speci ic echnological solu ions. This would inc ease equali y and suppo he social dimension o sus ainabili y. Social bias in sha ing economy pla o ms may lead o inequali y: pe sonal cha ac e is ics and beha io may a ec he ex en o which indi iduals can bene i om he sha ing economy. Thus, i seems ha he sha ing economy may impac he social dimension o sus ainabili y in pa icula . T anspa ency is o en g ea e in he sha ing economy when in o ma ion is p o ided no only by he se ice p o ide bu also by use s. Based on his e iew, he e seems o be a sha ed unde s anding ha us is he co e o he sha ing economy, as wi hou us , he e is no sha ing. Howe e , he deg ee o which sha ing economy companies ake us in o accoun in hei business s a egy and hei alues emains unclea . Fo ins ance, whe he sha ing economy companies unde s and he impo ance o us and how much use s' us a ec s hei success a e essen ial aspec s o explo e in u u e s udies. Fu he mo e, we ound e idence ha use us in a company can lead use s o us o he use s (Teubne e al., 2019). T us among use s may ha e a posi i e impac on pla o m usage, and in u n, a posi i e impac on he success o he pla o m. This exci ing aspec seems o equi e mo e a en ion and s udies o e ine he con adic o y indings ela ed o i s impo ance o companies' pe o mance. Fo example, Chasin e al. (2018) sugges ha " us and sa e y a e . . . easons o ailu es o sha ing economy [companies]," while con e sely, Tsui (2016) sugges s a lack o us does no seem o be he eason why some sha ing economy companies end up ailing. Sha ing economy businesses do no always exis in a conduci e poli ical en i onmen (see, e.g., Zhu, Li, & Zhou, 2018, ega ding he Didi ide-hailing pla o m). Fo ins ance, laws and egula ions a y om coun y o coun y, and egula ions can some imes change a a as pace—pa icula ly he case o in e na ional o global companies, as his may hinde he expansion o a business. Resea ch is he e o e equi ed ha accoun s o and desc ibes he en i onmen in which he sha ing economy company ope a es. Fo example, geog aphical Jou nal P e-p oo 19 a ea, laws, egula ions, and cul u e should be conside ed as hey can signi ican ly in luence he success (o o he wise) o a business. La ge, global companies like Ai bnb and Ube ha e been s udied ex ensi ely, and hese s udies ha e p o ided a g ea deal o in o ma ion on us -building in he sha ing economy. Howe e , hei la ge size may lead o a dis o ed pic u e o he sha ing economy when conside ing smalle i ms and s a -ups. In addi ion, mos o hese s udies ha e ocused on comme cial pla o ms, whe eas he e seems o be a lack o s udies on us -building wi hin non-comme cial ope a ions. Non-comme cial and smalle sha ing economy pla o ms could be s udied in he u u e, as hei business models and impac o us on such businesses migh di e conside ably. We also pe cei e a need o compa a i e s udies be ween he sha ing economy and adi ional business o examine he ex en o which echnological solu ions, pe sonal cha ac e is ics, and pe sonal beha io a ec us -building wi hin hese wo di e en business models. We u he no iced ha some esea che s (see Ma in e al., 2019) say ha he sha ing economy seems mo e sus ainable han adi ional businesses. S ill, we did no encoun e su icien e idence o suppo his. Fu he mo e, we ound ha in o ma ion sha ing is an in eg al pa o he sha ing economy; howe e , i is ba ely add essed in exis ing s udies. A a ie y o pla o ms could be aken as a esea ch sample o ob ain he b oades possible pic u e. O he solu ions could be o s udy di e en kinds o sha ing economy pla o ms sepa a ely, and hen combine and compa e in o ma ion om hese s udies wi h he help o a sys ema ic li e a u e e iew o gain a b oade pe spec i e on he pla o ms. In his s udy, we iden i ied 28 di e en echnological solu ions o suppo ing us - building among sha ing economy pla o ms. Many s udies suppo ed he use o epu a ion sys ems, a ing sys ems, and e iews, bu i would be essen ial o assess which echnology solu ions a e op imal o building us . The ac ha some echnological solu ions ha e been used o esea ched less does no necessa ily mean ha hey a e less e ec i e. In addi ion, he e is con lic ing in o ma ion on he op imal numbe o echnological solu ions o use. This would be wo h esea ching u he , as i is no always economically iable o use mul iple solu ions. This would help sha ing economy companies o be mo e sus ainable by no using unds o some hing hey do no need. A majo esea ch opic o he u u e is o e alua e he impac o he sha ing economy on di e en dimensions o sus ainable de elopmen , o example see Ma in e al. (2019), Scho (2016), and Ze as e al. (2017). The e migh be a nega i e en i onmen al impac when sha ing economy se ices a e added o adi ional p oduc s. One example o his is how Jou nal P e-p oo 20 IKEA in London uses he TaskRabbi sha ing economy pla o m o help cus ome s wi h p oduc assembly; in his way, hey aim o sell mo e p oduc s. Howe e , e alua ing he sus ainabili y o he sha ing economy is no a simple ask. I also has many posi i e e ec s; o example, i can inc ease social connec ions and employmen op ions (Ciulli & Kolk, 2019). Because he sha ing economy is a di e se g oup o pla o ms, one way o unde s and i s impac on sus ainabili y could be o iew one pla o m om se e al di e en pe spec i es, such as en i onmen al, economic, social, and cul u al poin s o iew. Subsequen ly, i migh be easie o unde s and how o esea ch he sus ainabili y o he sha ing economy on a la ge scale. In ou li e a u e e iew, we no ed he ela i ely ecen publica ion o mos o he a icles. The bounda ies o he sha ing economy a e di icul o d aw, and i is s ill unce ain wha economic, ecological, and social impac s he sha ing economy will ha e (Ne e e al., 2019). We do no know enough abou he sha ing economy ye , and ques ions conce ning i s con en , i s e ec on sus ainabili y (economic, ecologic, social, and cul u al aspec s), and how can we suppo i s sus ainable aspec s a e s ill mos ly unanswe ed o need cla i ica ion. 4.2 Implica ions o heo y and p ac ice As Bocken e al. (2014, p. 42) w i e: "A holis ic app oach is equi ed o ackle he challenges o a sus ainable u u e: esponses o en i onmen al changes will necessa ily need o be in pa allel wi h economic and social change." The sha ing economy can include en i onmen al, economic, and social aspec s o sus ainabili y. In addi ion, Che y and Pidgeon (2018) sugges ha ackling us issues should be no ed when designing sha ing economy concep s and deli e y. The sha ing economy s uggles o ind he op imal balance be ween secu i y, us , and ease o use. Sa e y- and us - ela ed solu ions may complica e he use o he asse s; whils a he same ime, ease o use is essen ial, so we should y o unde s and mo e abou us -building. This pape p esen s wha we ha e iden i ied ela ing o us in he con ex o sha ing economy. T us is a ema kable eason why sha ing economy pla o ms ail (Chasin e al. 2018). Based on his li e a u e e iew, we de eloped a p elimina y model o e alua e he us o use s. This model could especially help small and non-p o i sha ing economy pla o ms. Fo example, Ma in e al. (2019) p opose ha local sha ing economy pla o ms can be mo e sus ainable han adi ional businesses. By suppo ing he de elopmen o local, small, and non-p o i sha ing economy, we can p omo e sus ainabili y. Jou nal P e-p oo 21 4.2 Limi a ions As Ki chenham e al. (2010, p. 804) no e ega ding sys ema ic li e a u e e iews, "one o he majo p oblems… is inding all he ele an s udies." This li e a u e e iew is no excep ion, and i should be no ed ha he e migh be ele an s udies ha we did no ind in ou sea ch. In addi ion, how we chose ou keywo ds a ec ed he esul s. Ou exclusion c i e ia migh be oo limi ing, since we excluded con e ence pape s. Howe e , e en hough his is a limi a ion, we eel he alidi y o he s udy was inc eased as i can be challenging o e alua e he quali y o con e ences. Fu he mo e, in his pape we c ea ed a heo e ical model o how us can be assessed in he sha ing economy; un o una ely, he model has no ye been es ed in p ac ice and equi es u he empi ical alida ion. In p inciple, he model is sui able o bo h esea ch and he de elopmen o pla o ms. The us esea ch domain is no amilia wi h he au ho s. Au ho s ha e s udied us be o e om he pe spec i e o in o ma ion sys ems. In his sys ema ic li e a u e e iew, he ield o s udy was no ixed o only one esea ch ield. This can ei he be a posi i e ea u e ( o b ead h o ocus) o con e sely i can lead o a agmen ed iew. This possible limi a ion should be no ed, bu he au ho s s ill belie e ha he e is a need o his ype o esea ch. 5. Summa y and Conclusions T us in he sha ing economy has been s udied om di e en pe spec i es. In his pape , he e iewed s udies we e di ided in o ou ca ego ies: 1) how sha ing economy pla o ms suppo us -building, 2) he impac o us be ween use s on pla o m usage, 3) use s' us o he sha ing economy, and 4) us as he co e o he sha ing economy. F om he e iew, 28 echnology solu ions o build us we e gleaned. Repu a ion sys ems, a ings, and e iews we e he mos used echnological solu ions o his pu pose. O he 60 pape s s udied, 24 de ined us , 15 de ined i adi ionally, and 9 s udies de ined us in he digi al en i onmen in pa icula . O he o al o 60 pape s, 36 did no de ine us a all. T us in he sha ing economy is a cu en esea ch opic, and mos o he s udies we e w i en in ecen yea s. I is a c i ical esea ch opic, because in he u u e, he sha ing economy could be one way o suppo sus ainabili y. T us in he sha ing economy should be s udied u he ; o example, non-comme cial pla o ms in he sha ing economy ha e no been s udied enough o ob ain a clea pic u e. Many echnological solu ions ha e been ecognized, bu hei oles a e no ye clea . Fo example, i is no known how many o hese Jou nal P e-p oo 28 Pappas, N. (2017). The complexi y o pu chasing in en ions in pee - o-pee accommoda ion. In e na ional Jou nal o Con empo a y Hospi ali y Managemen , 29(9), 2302-2321. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2016-0429 Puschmann, T., & Al , R. (2016). Sha ing economy. Business & In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing, 58(1), 93-99. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12599-015-0420-2 Rekh iash ili, L., & Sgibne , W. (2018). Ube , Ma sh u kas and socially (dis-) embedded mobili ies. The Jou nal o T anspo His o y, 39(1), 72–91. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/0022526618757203 Roos, D., & Hahn, R. (2019). Unde s anding collabo a i e consump ion: An ex ension o he heo y o planned beha io wi h alue-based pe sonal no ms. Jou nal o Business E hics, 158(3), 679-697. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s10551-017-3675-3 Sabi ze , T., Ha l, B., Ma h, S., Ho mann, E., & Penz, E. (2018). P e en ing con lic s in sha ing communi ies as a means o p omo ing sus ainabili y. Sus ainabili y, 10(8), 2828. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su10082828 Sakao, T., & B ambila-Macias, S. A. (2018). Do we sha e an unde s anding o ansdisciplina i y in en i onmen al sus ainabili y esea ch? Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion, 170, 1399-1403. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2017.09.226 Scho , J. (2016). Deba ing he sha ing economy. Jou nal o Sel -Go e nance and Managemen Economics, 4(3), 7–22. h ps://doi.o g/10.22381/jsme4320161 S a is a. (2019). Value o he sha ing economy wo ldwide in 2014 and 2025 (in billion U.S. dolla s). Accessed: 29 No embe 2019. Link: h ps://www.s a is a.com/s a is ics/830986/ alue-o - he-global-sha ing-economy/ Ta, H., Espe , T. L., & Ho e , A. R. (2018). Designing c owdsou ced deli e y sys ems: The e ec o d i e disclosu e and e hnic simila i y. Jou nal o Ope a ions Managemen , 60, 19-33. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jom.2018.06.001 Tausche , K., & Kie zmann, J. (2017). Lea ning om Failu es in he Sha ing Economy. MIS Qua e ly Execu i e, 16(4), 2. A ailable a : h ps://aisel.aisne .o g/misqe/ ol16/iss4/2 Te Huu ne, M., Ron el ap, A., Co en, R., & Buskens, V. (2017). An eceden s o us in he sha ing economy: A sys ema ic e iew. Jou nal o Consume Beha iou , 16(6), 485- 498. h ps://doi.o g/10.1002/cb.1667 Te Huu ne, M., Ron el ap, A., Guo, C., Co en, R., & Buskens, V. (2018). Repu a ion e ec s in socially d i en sha ing economy ansac ions. Sus ainabili y, 10(8), 2674. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su10082674 Teubne , T., & Fla h, C. M. (2015). The economics o mul i-hop ide sha ing. Business & In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing, 57(5), 311-324. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12599- 015-0396-y Jou nal P e-p oo 29 Teubne , T., Hawli schek, F., & Adam, M. T. (2019). Repu a ion ans e . Business & In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing, 61(2), 229-235. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s12599- 018-00574-z Thie e , A. D., Koopman, C., Hobson, A., & Kuipe , C. (2016). How he In e ne , he sha ing economy, and epu a ional eedback mechanisms sol e he 'Lemons P oblem'. Uni . Miami Law Re ., 70(3). A ailable a : h p:// eposi o y.law.miami.edu/uml / ol70/iss3/6 Todolí-Signes, A. (2017). The 'gig economy': employee, sel -employed o he need o a special employmen egula ion? T ans e : Eu opean Re iew o Labou and Resea ch, 23(2), 193-205. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/1024258917701381 Tsui, K. K. (2016). Economic explana ion: F om sha ec opping o he sha ing economy. Man and he Economy, 3(1), 77–96. h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1515/me-2016-0005 Tussyadiah, I. P., & Pa k, S. (2018). When gues s us hos s o hei wo ds: Hos desc ip ion and us in sha ing economy. Tou ism Managemen , 67, 261-272. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. ou man.2018.02.002 Wang, C. R., & Jeong, M. (2018). Wha makes you choose Ai bnb again? An examina ion o use s’ pe cep ions owa d he websi e and hei s ay. In e na ional Jou nal o Hospi ali y Managemen , 74, 162-170. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.04.006 Wang, Y., Asaad, Y., & Filie i, R. (2019). Wha makes hos s us Ai bnb? An eceden s o hos s' us owa d Ai bnb and i s impac on con inuance in en ion. Jou nal o T a el Resea ch, 59(4), 686-703. h ps://doi.o g/10.1177/0047287519855135 Webs e , J., & Wa son, R. T. (2002). Analyzing he pas o p epa e o he u u e: W i ing a li e a u e e iew. MIS qua e ly, 26(2), xiii–xxiii. S able URL: h p://www.js o .o g/s able/4132319 Wu, J., Zeng, M., & Xie, K. L. (2017). Chinese a ele s' beha io al in en ions owa d oom- sha ing pla o ms: The in luence o mo i a ions, pe cei ed us , and pas expe ience. In e na ional Jou nal o Con empo a y Hospi ali y Managemen , 29(10), 2688–2707. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/IJCHM-08-2016-0481 Wu, X., & Shen, J. (2018). A s udy on Ai bnb's us mechanism and he e ec s o cul u al alues—Based on a su ey o Chinese consume s. Sus ainabili y, 10(9), 3041. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su10093041 Xie, K., & Mao, Z. (2017). The impac s o quali y and quan i y a ibu es o Ai bnb hos s on lis ing pe o mance. In e na ional Jou nal o Con empo a y Hospi ali y Managemen , 29(9), 2240-2260. h ps://doi.o g/10.1108/IJCHM-07-2016-0345 Xie, K., Mao, Z. E., & Wu, J. (2019). Lea ning om pee s: he e ec o sales his o y disclosu e on pee - o-pee sho - e m en al pu chases. In e na ional Jou nal o Hospi ali y Managemen , 76, 173-183. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.007 Jou nal P e-p oo 30 Yang, S. B., Lee, K., Lee, H., & Koo, C. (2019). In Ai bnb we us : Unde s anding consume s' us -a achmen building mechanisms in he sha ing economy. In e na ional Jou nal o Hospi ali y Managemen , 83, 198-209. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.016 Ye, S., Ying, T., Zhou, L., & Wang, T. (2019). Enhancing cus ome us in pee - o-pee accommoda ion: A "so " s a egy ia social p esence. In e na ional Jou nal o Hospi ali y Managemen , 79, 1-10. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.11.017 Zamani, B., Sandin, G., & Pe e s, G. M. (2017). Li e cycle assessmen o clo hing lib a ies: can collabo a i e consump ion educe he en i onmen al impac o as ashion? Jou nal o cleane p oduc ion, 162, 1368-1375. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jclep o.2017.06.128 Ze as, G., P ose pio, D., & Bye s, J. W. (2017). The ise o he sha ing economy: Es ima ing he impac o Ai bnb on he ho el indus y. Jou nal o ma ke ing esea ch, 54(5), 687-705. h ps://doi.o g/10.1509/jm .15.0204 Zhang, L., Yan, Q., & Zhang, L. (2018). A compu a ional amewo k o unde s anding an eceden s o gues s' pe cei ed us owa ds hos s on Ai bnb. Decision Suppo Sys ems, 115, 105-116. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.dss.2018.10.002 Zhu, G., Li, H., & Zhou, L. (2018). Enhancing he de elopmen o sha ing economy o mi iga e he ca bon emission: a case s udy o online ide-hailing de elopmen in China. Na u al Haza ds, 91(2), 611-633. h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/s11069-017-3146-2 Zlo eanu, M., Ha ey, N., Tucke , D., & Li an, G. (2018). Digi al Iden i y: The e ec o us and epu a ion in o ma ion on use judgemen in he Sha ing Economy. PLoS ONE 13(12): e0209071. h ps://doi.o g/10.1371/jou nal.pone.0209071 Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Jou nal P e-p oo Highligh s • The sha ing economy can suppo sus ainabili y. • T us a ec s he use o he sha ing economy • The sys ema ic li e a u e e iew syn hesizes cu en knowledge o us in he sha ing economy • 28 us building solu ions we e ecognized • The p elimina y model was de eloped o iden i ying us issues in he pla o m Jou nal P e-p oo Decla a ion o in e es s ☒ The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no known compe ing inancial in e es s o pe sonal ela ionships ha could ha e appea ed o in luence he wo k epo ed in his pape . ☐The au ho s decla e he ollowing inancial in e es s/pe sonal ela ionships which may be conside ed as po en ial compe ing in e es s: Jou nal P e-p oo