203
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The Finnish Socie y o Fo es Science · The Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e
SI LV A FE N N I C A
Sil a Fennica 44(2) esea ch a icles
The Volume and Composi ion o Dead
Wood on T adi ional and Fo es Fuel
Ha es ed Clea -Cu s
Sini E äjää, Panu Halme, Janne S. Ko iaho, Anni Ma kkanen and Te o Toi anen
E äjää, S., Halme, P., Ko iaho, J.S., Ma kkanen, A. & Toi anen, T. 2010. The olume and composi-
ion o dead wood on adi ional and o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s. Sil a Fennica 44(2):
203–211.
Logging esidue and cu s umps a e inc easingly used as a enewable ene gy sou ce known
as o es uel. Fo es uel ha es ing ob iously educes he olume o dead wood and is
likely o al e he dead wood composi ion, bu he magni ude o he change is no known.
Such in o ma ion is impo an o he e alua ion o he e ec s o o es uel ha es ing on
biodi e si y because a la ge p opo ion o o es dwelling species a e di ec ly dependen on
dead wood. We measu ed he olume and cha ac e is ics o all dead wood uni s wi h a mini-
mum diame e o 2 cm and a minimum leng h o 20 cm on 10 o es - uel ha es ed and 10
adi ional (con ol) clea -cu s. The o al olume o dead wood a o es uel ha es ed and
con ol clea -cu s was 26.0 and 42.3 m3/ha, espec i ely. The olumes we e much g ea e han
expec ed sugges ing ha he olume o dead wood on clea -cu s has been unde es ima ed in
p e ious s udies. Fo es uel ha es ed clea -cu s had 42% less b anches and 81% less cu
s umps han con ol clea -cu s bu he e we e no di e ences in he olume o logs and pieces
o logs, snags o oo s. The olume o ine woody deb is was nega i ely a ec ed by o es
uel ha es ing. We conclude ha ine woody deb is and cu s umps o m a conside able
esou ce on clea -cu s ha is educed by o es uel ha es ing. These componen s o dead
wood ha e po en ial o be o impo ance in managed o es s and hus dese e mo e a en ion
in u u e biodi e si y s udies.
Keywo ds dead wood, o es uel ha es ing, ine woody deb is (FWD), clea -cu
Add esses Depa men o Biological and En i onmen al Science, P.O. Box 35,
40014 Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland.
E-mail [email p o ec ed]
Recei ed 22 June 2009 Re ised 24 Feb ua y 2010 Accep ed 17 Ma ch 2010
A ailable a h p://www.me la. i/sil a ennica/ ull/s 44/s 442203.pd
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Sil a Fennica 44(2), 2010 esea ch a icles
1 In oduc ion
One o he g ea es di e ences be ween managed
and na u al o es s is he olume and composi ion
o decaying wood (Sii onen 2001a, Gibb e al.
2005, Jönsson and Jonsson 2007). The olume o
coa se woody deb is (CWD) in na u al o es s can
be up o 25–30 imes highe compa ed o ha in
managed o es s. In con as , he olume o ine
woody deb is (FWD) wi h a diame e less han 10
cm may be e en highe in managed han in na u al
o es s (Sii onen e al. 2000, Sii onen 2001b).
So a , he majo i y o esea ch has ocused
on he olume and impo ance o CWD. This is
because he occu ence o se e al endange ed
species is associa ed o high olumes o CWD
and o la ge-diame e logs and snags (Sii onen
2001a, 2001b). Recen ly, some s udies ha e also
poin ed ou he impo ance o FWD o bio-
di e si y (K uys and Jonsson 1999, K uys e al.
1999, No den e al. 2004, Selonen e al. 2005,
Kü e e al. 2008). When he o e all olume
o dead wood is low, he same olume o dead
wood composed o smalle bu mo e nume ous
pieces may ac ually suppo mo e species han
dead wood composed o ew la ge pieces (K uys
and Jonsson 1999). The e o e, he impo ance o
FWD is likely o be pa icula ly high in managed
o es s whe e a ypical amoun o CWD (acco d-
ing o he Na ional Fo es In en o ies o Sweden
and Finland) is abou 5 m3/ha. FWD is unlikely
o subs i u e CWD when some specialized a e
o ed-lis ed species a e conce ned (K uys and
Jonsson 1999), bu i may ha bo some species
ha do no occu on CWD (Kü e e al. 2008).
Thus, FWD is also likely o ha e an independen
biodi e si y alue.
Cu en clima e and ene gy poli ics as well as
he in e es s o o es y companies a e all plac-
ing mo e p essu e o inc ease he use o wood-
based, enewable ene gy sou ces (Hakkila 2004,
Kois inen and Äijälä 2005). The g ea es u u e
po en ial is seen in o es chips (Hakkila 2004)
which a e p oduced om logging esidue om he
clea -cu s and small-diame e wood om o es
hinnings. De elopmen o o es uel echnolo-
gies has also inc eased he emo al o s umps and
oo s om clea -cu s (Hakkila 2004).
So a , li le esea ch has been conduc ed on he
e ec s o inc easing o es uel ha es ing on he
olume, composi ion and di e si y o dead wood.
The e ec s ha e been s udied mos ly om he
pe spec i e o o es managemen and hus espe-
cially he long e m e ec s on he o es ecosys-
ems a e poo ly known (Hakkila 2004, Kois inen
and Äijälä 2005, Rudolphi and Gus a sson 2005,
Äijälä e al. 2005).
On Swedish clea -cu s, Rudolphi and Gus a s-
son (2005) es ima ed ha o es uel ha es ing
esul ed in emo al o 65% o he olume o
b anches and ee ops and 29% o he olume o
logs. The g ea majo i y o emo ed logs we e o
small diame e (<15 cm); only 17% o logs wi h
la ge diame e (>15 cm) we e emo ed in o es
uel ha es ing.
I seems ha in Fennoscandian o es s he
majo i y o he dead wood emo ed om he
clea cu s in o es uel ha es ing consis s o ine
woody deb is. FWD also o ms he majo i y o
he dead wood in gene al bo h on clea -cu s and
in ma u e managed o es s (Gibb e al. 2005).
In Swedish ma u e, managed coni e ous o es s,
whe e all pieces o dead wood wi h a minimum
diame e o 5 cm and a minimum leng h o 30 cm
we e measu ed, 63% o he pieces we e FWD
(K uys e al. 1999).
The e ec s o emo ing s umps a e e en mo e
poo ly known han hose o emo ing logging
esidue. The po en ial olume o wood gain om
s umps has been es ima ed o each e en 100
m3/ha (including below g ound olume). How-
e e , he exac olume o s umps is s ill poo ly
known (Hakkila 2004).
Ou aim was o de e mine he e ec s o o es
uel ha es ing on he olume and composi ion o
dead wood on clea -cu s. The s udy was pa icu-
la ly designed o ob ain de ailed in o ma ion on
he dead wood ypes (cu s umps and ine woody
deb is) ha a e mos likely o be a ec ed by o es
uel ha es ing. The aim was also o p o ide
de ailed in o ma ion conce ning he occu ence
o hese dead wood ypes a o es egene a ion
a eas in gene al.
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E äjää, Halme, Ko iaho, Ma kkanen and Toi anen The Volume and Composi ion o Dead Wood on T adi ional and ... Clea -Cu s
2 Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1 S udy Si es
The esea ch a ea was loca ed in he municipali ies
o Längelmäki, Ko pilah i, Pe äjä esi, Jy äskylä
and Uu ainen in Cen al Finland (Fig. 1). The
s udied o es s we e owned by Me sähalli us
(Finnish Fo es and Pa k Se ice), o es company
UPM and ci y o Jy äskylä. The s udy si es we e
No way sp uce (Picea abies) domina ed mesic
o es s which had a his o y o s anda d comme -
cial managemen and which had been clea -cu
ei he in 2001 o in 2002. The si es selec ed we e
ou o i e yea s old because he s udy epo ed
he e was a pa o a la ge esea ch p ojec in
which he ungal di e si y a clea -cu s was also
explo ed (Anni Ma kkanen, Te o Toi anen, Janne
S. Ko iaho and Panu Halme, manusc ip ).
The s udy was conduc ed on 20 si es. F om he
pool o clea -cu s p o ided by he land-owne s
( ep esen ing co ec o es ype and logging
yea ), we selec ed andomly 10 clea -cu s om
which logging esidue and s umps had been
ha es ed and 10 adi ional (con ol) clea -cu s
whe e no o es uel ha es ing had aken place.
Many o he la e si es had been p epa ed by
mounding ea men (Su on 1993) a e cu ing.
The size o he clea -cu s a ied om 0.5 o
5 ha. A e clea -cu ing, o es companies had no
e ained in o ma ion abou he p e-logging s and
s uc u e, bu based on he size (mean diame e
24.7 cm) and numbe o cu s umps (on a e age
662 s umps / ha) a he con ol clea -cu s, he
si es had been ypical ma u e managed o es s
o sou he n Finland (Sii onen e al. 2000). The
a e age diame e o cu s umps on o es uel
ha es ed si es was 19.9 cm due o o es uel
ha es ing being biased owa ds la ge s umps
while small s umps a e usually e ained. The
olume o old dead wood (see below and esul s)
did no di e be ween o es uel ha es ed and
con ol clea -cu s indica ing ha he si es had a
simila managemen his o y.
2.2 Sample Plo s and Measu emen s o Dead
Wood
Field wo k o he esea ch was conduc ed in
May–June 2006. On each o he 20 s udy si es,
ou sample plo s o 10 m × 10 m we e andomly
alloca ed. Thus, on each s udy si e he olume
o dead wood was measu ed om an a ea o
400 m2.
To es ablish he sample plo s, a ocal poin was
i s es ablished on he cen e o he clea -cu .
F om he ocal poin , ou compass di ec ions
(1–360º) we e andomly selec ed. Depending on
he size o he clea -cu , ei he 30 o 50 m we e
walked o he andomly selec ed compass di ec-
ion. A he end poin o he 30/50 m line, a sample
plo was es ablished so ha he end poin became
he no h-eas co ne o he plo . I he shape o he
clea -cu did no allow es ablishing ou sample
Fig. 1. The loca ion o s udy si es and he numbe o he
o es - uel ha es ed (FFH) and adi ional clea -
cu s pe di e en municipali ies. (© Na ional land
su ey o Finland 315/MML/10).
206
Sil a Fennica 44(2), 2010 esea ch a icles
plo s om one ocal poin , we used wo ocal
poin s wi h wo plo s es ablished om each poin .
The sample plo s we e no es ablished on loca-
ions ha dis inc ly di e ed om he su ound-
ing clea -cu , such as on oads o on ocks. The
sample plo s also did no o e lap o ouch each
o he . I a plo was abou o be placed on dis inc ly
di e en g ound o o ouch ano he plo o he
edge o he clea cu , a new compass di ec ion was
selec ed and he whole p ocess was epea ed un il
all ou plo s we e app op ia ely placed.
On he 10 x 10 me e s sample plo s, we mea-
su ed all pieces o dead wood which had a mini-
mum la ge-end diame e o 2 cm and a minimum
leng h o 20 cm. Only he pieces whose la ge end
was loca ed inside he sample plo we e measu ed.
These pieces we e measu ed as a whole ega d-
less o he loca ion o hei smalle end. S umps
s anding on he bo de o he sample plo we e
included. Indi idual pieces o dead wood ha
had sunk unde he g ound due o he mechanical
ea men o he clea -cu o ha we e bound o
he g ound we e no measu ed.
The dead wood pieces we e di ided in o six
di e en ca ego ies and measu ed acco dingly;
1) b anches, 2) logs and pieces o logs (also
including ee ops), 3) s umps, 4) pieces o
c ushed s umps, 5) oo s and pieces o oo s,
6) s anding dead ees (snags) and high s umps.
O b anches, logs, small s anding ees and
oo s o egula shape, he diame e o bo h ends
and leng h was measu ed. O s umps, he heigh
om he g ound le el and diame e o he whole
s ump a he cu ing su ace was measu ed. The e
we e also some unb oken s umps ha we e pulled
o he g ound, being ob iously le o e s om
he o es uel ha es ing. These we e measu ed
in a simila way, es ima ing hei heigh om he
g ound le el. I s umps had been c ushed so ha
hei cu ing su ace had b oken in o wedges he
diame e o a whole cu ing su ace was es ima ed
as well as he p opo ion o he wedge ( o exam-
ple 1/3). Dead wood pieces ha we e di icul o
measu e accu a ely (due o hei i egula shape)
we e weighed wi h an accu acy o 0.01 kg wi h a
digi al balance. The diame e o big s anding dead
ees was measu ed a b eas heigh (1.3 m) and
he heigh was es ima ed wi h a hypsome e .
In addi ion, we measu ed he decay s age o he
dead wood pieces acco ding o Ren all (1995).
Based on he decay s age, we classi ied whe he
he dead wood o igina ed om he p e-clea -cu
pe iod (“old dead wood”) o om he cu en
clea -cu o he pos -clea -cu pe iod (some allen
e en ion ees). Pieces ep esen ing decay s ages
3–5 we e in e p e ed o ep esen old dead wood.
Howe e , in he case o b anches, oo s and pieces
o oo s, ha may decay as e han he la ge -
diame e dead wood, all pieces we e classi ied as
o igina ing om he cu en clea -cu since he e
we e no easons o assume o he wise.
2.3 Calcula ions and S a is ical Analyses
In o al, mo e han 11 000 pieces o dead wood
we e measu ed. Based on he measu emen s aken
in he ield, we calcula ed he olume o di e -
en dead wood pieces. The olume o s umps
was calcula ed wi h he o mula o a cylinde
(V = π × h × ², in which h = heigh and = op diam-
e e ) and he olume o b anches, oo s, pieces o
logs and small s anding dead ees was calcula ed
wi h he o mula o a unca ed ci cula cone (V =
1/3 × π × h × ( 1² + 1 × 2 + 2²), in which h = leng h/
heigh , 1 = hick-end diame e , and 2 = hin-end
diame e ). The olume o big s anding dead ees
and unb oken logs was calcula ed based on hei
DBH and heigh using he species-speci ic olume
equa ions (Laasasenaho 1982).
The olume o weighed pieces o dead wood
was calcula ed using he a e age densi y o he
wood pieces. The alue used was 509.5 kg/m3.
The a e age densi y was calcula ed by measu -
ing he olume o 13 andomly chosen weighed
pieces o dead wood. This measu e was aken by
sinking hese pieces one a a ime in o a wa e ank
and measu ing he olume ha i eplaced.
The olume and composi ion o dead wood
we e compa ed be ween o es uel ha es ed
and con ol clea -cu s. I da a ollowed no mal
dis ibu ion and g oup a iances did no di e ,
we used independen samples - es ; o he wise
Mann-Whi ney U- es was used. We used SPSS
15.0 – o Windows so wa e in he analyses.
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E äjää, Halme, Ko iaho, Ma kkanen and Toi anen The Volume and Composi ion o Dead Wood on T adi ional and ... Clea -Cu s
3 Resul s
3.1 To al Volume o Dead Wood
The o al olume o dead wood was ela i ely high
a bo h o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s
(Table 1). Mo eo e , he olumes a e s ill likely
o be unde es ima es because ou s ump measu e-
men s included only he abo e-g ound pa . A
he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s, on a e age
72.0% ( ange 59–89%) o dead wood consis ed
o CWD (≥10 cm diame e ) and 28.0% ( ange
11–41%) o FWD (<10 cm diame e ) (Table 1).
A he con ol clea -cu s, he p opo ion o CWD
was 71.6% ( ange 50–88%) and he p opo ion o
FWD 28.4% ( ange 12–50%) (Table 1). Howe e ,
he olume o CWD ha ul illed he c i e ia used
in he majo i y o dead wood s udies and na ional
o es in en o ies (≥10 cm diame e and ≥1.3m
leng h; hus excluding s umps and mos pieces o
logs) was subs an ially lowe (Table 1).
The o al olume o dead wood ended o be
lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s han
a he con ol clea -cu s and he olume o FWD
was signi ican ly lowe a he o es uel ha es ed
clea -cu s han a con ol clea -cu s. The olume
o CWD did no signi ican ly di e be ween
he o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s
(Table 1).
3.2 The O igin o Dead Wood
The majo i y o he dead wood was classi ied
as esh dead wood (decay s ages 1–2). F esh
dead wood accoun ed o 82% o he dead wood
olume a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s and
89% a he con ol clea -cu s. This componen o
dead wood was likely o o igina e om he cu en
clea -cu (e.g. esidual logs, s umps and b anches)
o o be o med a e he clea -cu ( allen e en ion
ees). The olume o esh dead wood was sig-
ni ican ly lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea -
cu s han a he con ol clea -cu s (Table 1).
Old dead wood ma e ial ha ep esen ed decay
s ages 3–5 accoun ed o 18% o he olume o
dead wood a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s
and 11% a he con ol clea -cu s. This componen
consis ed mainly o old logs. The olume o old
dead wood did no di e be ween he o es uel
ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s (Table 1).
Table 1. The olume (m3/ha; means and s anda d de ia ions) o di e en dead wood ypes a he
o es uel ha es ed (FFH) and adi ional clea -cu s and es s a is ics o he e ec s o o es
uel ha es ing. Tes s a is ics e e o independen samples - es ( 18) o o Mann-Whi ney U- es
(Z, N1 = N2 = 10). S a is ical es s we e no pe o med conside ing snags due o he low numbe
o hei occu ences in he da a.
Type o dead wood FFH Con ol Tes s a is ics p
clea -cu s clea -cu s
To al 26.0 ± 19.8 42.3 ± 29.5 Z = –1.663 0.096
Logs and pieces o logs 16.8 ± 18.9 20.8 ± 26.9 Z = –0.454 0.650
S umps 2.29 ± 1.97 12.0 ± 3.74 18 = 7.292 < 0.001
B anches 2.40 ± 1.50 3.97 ± 1.56 18 = 2.306 0.033
S ump pieces 1.22 ± 0.79 1.40 ± 1.09 18 = 0.310 0.760
Roo s 3.00 ± 1.48 3.52 ± 2.72 18 = 0.533 0.601
Snags and high s umps 0.33 ± 1.02 0.70 ± 2.10
FWD 5.93 ± 2.67 9.67 ± 3.38 18 = 2.749 0.013
CWD 20.1 ± 17.8 32.7 ± 27.9 Z = –1.512 0.131
CWD as de ined by NFI 13.8 ± 17.0 15.6 ± 25.1 Z = –0.454 0.650
F esh dead wood 21.3 ± 19.4 39.3 ± 30.5 Z = –2.268 0.023
Old dead wood 4.77 ± 5.44 3.01 ± 2.47 Z = –0.076 0.940

208
Sil a Fennica 44(2), 2010 esea ch a icles
3.3 The Composi ion o Dead Wood
In he o al olume o dead wood, logs and pieces
o logs played he mos impo an ole o m-
ing on a e age 47% o he dead wood a he
o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s and 36% a he
con ol clea -cu s (Fig. 2). The olume o logs
did no di e be ween he o es uel ha es ed
and con ol clea -cu s (Table 1). Al hough CWD
logs accoun ed o he majo i y o he olume o
logs (76% a he o es uel ha es ed and 61%
a he con ol clea -cu s), mos o he logs we e
o FWD (81% o he numbe o logs a he o es
uel ha es ed and 88% a he con ol clea -cu s).
The numbe o FWD logs was signi ican ly lowe
a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s ( 18 = 2.339,
p = 0.031) and he olume o FWD logs ended
o be lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s
( 18 = 1.930, p = 0.070).
A he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s, only
10% o dead wood consis ed o s umps bu a he
con ol clea -cu s he p opo ion o s umps was
35% (Fig. 2). The olume o s umps was signi i-
can ly lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s
(Table 1) being only 19% o ha a he con ol
clea -cu s. The a e age olume o b anches was
lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s (Table
1) being only 58% o ha a he con ol clea -cu s.
The olume o oo s and pieces o s umps did no
di e be ween he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s
and con ol clea -cu s (Table 1).
4 Discussion
In his s udy, he olume o dead wood a clea -
cu s was subs an ially highe han expec ed (26.0
m3/ha a o es uel ha es ed and 42.3 m3/ha a
con ol clea -cu s). Howe e , i we had measu ed
he olume acco ding o he c i e ia o na ional
o es in en o ies, he alues would ha e been
d ama ically lowe (13.8 and 15.6 m3/ha, espec-
i ely) and oughly equal o hose measu ed a
clea -cu s in Sweden (Gibb e al. 2005). The e-
o e, i appea s ha he esul s o dead wood
measu emen s a e s ongly a ec ed by he accu-
acy o he me hod, and ha he olume o dead
wood a clea -cu s (and a he ollowing ea ly suc-
cessional s ages) is much highe han p e iously
hough . The e ec o neglec ing pieces ha a e
o <10 cm diame e and <1.3 m leng h is likely
o be pa icula ly s ong a clea -cu s, because cu
s umps, sho pieces o logs and FWD a e likely o
comp ise a subs an ially la ge p opo ion o he
dead wood on clea -cu s han in ma u e o es s.
The smalles pieces o dead wood ha e e-
quen ly been neglec ed in he esea ch ocusing
on he olume and di e si y o dead wood in
bo eal o es s (e.g. Sii onen e al. 2000, Lilja e
al. 2005, Sii onen e al. 2009). Howe e , FWD,
such as small-diame e logs, b anches and oo s,
had a subs an ial con ibu ion o he o al olume
o dead wood: on a e age 28% o he dead wood
was o <10 cm diame e and a some si es he
p opo ion o FWD was e en 50%. The olume
o FWD, as well as he olume o b anches which
a e he mos impo an componen o FWD, was
lowe a he o es uel ha es ed si es.
So a he e is s ill li le e idence on he impo -
ance o FWD o biodi e si y. FWD may no be a
c ucial esou ce o a e o endange ed species bu
i could s ill be impo an o he mo e common
species ha ne e heless play a key ole in he
unc ioning o he ecosys em (K yus and Jonsson
1999). Some o he common species may e en
Fig. 2. The pe cen ages (%) o di e en dead wood
ca ego ies a he o es uel ha es ed and con ol
clea -cu s. Da a p esen ed a e means and s anda d
de ia ions.
209
E äjää, Halme, Ko iaho, Ma kkanen and Toi anen The Volume and Composi ion o Dead Wood on T adi ional and ... Clea -Cu s
be specialized on u ilizing FWD (Kü e e al.
2008). FWD is an e enly sp ead esou ce and hus
empo a ily a ailable e e ywhe e a he clea -
cu bu small pieces o dead wood a e likely o
decay as e han la ge ones (Hy önen e al. 2000,
Holeksa e al. 2008). Howe e , due o absence o
long- e m moni o ing and modeling wo k i is di -
icul o p edic he long e m pe sis ence o FWD
on clea -cu s. The long- e m impo ance o FWD
o biodi e si y should be mo e ca e ully consid-
e ed in u u e s udies, especially when in es iga -
ing he e ec s o o es uel ha es ing.
I has been shown ha FWD o ms an impo -
an nu ien sou ce on he clea -cu s a e he
needles, which a e a nu ien - ich bu sho las -
ing esou ce, ha e decayed (Hy önen e al. 2000,
Thi aul e al. 2006). In some condi ions, he
emo al o logging was e seems o nega i ely
a ec he g ow h o he nex ee gene a ion
(Egnell and Lejon 1997, Jacobson e al. 2000).
Conside ing he ela i ely high olume o FWD
obse ed in his s udy, dec eased nu ien s a us
due o i s emo al appea s likely.
A signi ican p opo ion o dead wood was
o med by he abo e g ound biomass o s umps,
pa icula ly a he con ol clea -cu s. In addi ion,
ou me hod o calcula ing he olume o s umps
is likely o unde es ima e hei olume, and hei
con ibu ion o he o al dead wood olume may
be e en highe han es ima ed he e. The olume
o s umps was d ama ically educed by ha es -
ing and hus hei impo ance in sus aining bio-
di e si y in managed o es s should be be e
unde s ood be o e s ump emo al becomes a
widesp ead p ac ice. The e seems no o be much
species showing a p e e ence o cu s umps (Ho -
ola 2009), bu he s umps a e likely o p o ide
an impo an esou ce in managed o es s whe e
e.g. la ge logs a e i ually absen .
The majo i y o he dead wood a bo h o es
uel ha es ed clea -cu s (47%) and con ol clea -
cu s (36%) consis ed o logs. The ca ego y also
includes ee ops and smalle pieces o logs and
hus mos o he dead wood pieces in he ca -
ego y we e s ill o small diame e . Howe e , he
ew la ge logs, ha ypically ep esen ed allen
e en ion ees, made a majo con ibu ion o he
olume es ima es. The olume o logs did no
di e be ween he o es uel ha es ed and he
con ol clea -cu s, bu he e was a la ge a ia-
ion among s udy si es. La ge logs a e ypically
sca cely dis ibu ed on clea -cu s, and he a ia-
ion in he olume es ima es was u he inc eased
by he small size o ou sample plo s (a la ge log
o 1 m3 olume would ha e made a con ibu ion
o 25 m3/ha o he es ima e).
The a ia ion caused by la ge logs also explains
he esul ha o al olume o dead wood only
ended o di e be ween he o es uel ha es ed
and con ol clea -cu s. Howe e , he main aim o
ou s udy was o explo e he olume and compo-
si ion o hose dead wood ypes ha a e likely o
be emo ed in o es uel ha es ing (i.e. s umps,
b anches and small logs). The sample plo s we e
designed o ob ain ealis ic and de ailed esul s o
hese pa icula dead wood ypes. The a ia ion
among s udy si es was no ably lowe in hese dead
wood ca ego ies, and o es uel ha es ing had
dis inc e ec s on hese esou ces.
The olume o old dead wood was gene ally
low a he s udy si es and did no di e be ween
he o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s.
The olumes (4.7 m3/ha a he o es uel ha -
es ed and 3.0 m3/ha a he con ol clea -cu s)
a e ai ly ypical o managed o es s o sou he n
Finland. Howe e , he olumes be o e he clea -
cu ha e p obably been sligh ly la ge , because
some old dead wood is o en des oyed du ing
clea -cu ing (Hau ala e al. 2004) and because he
oldes ac ion o dead wood may ha e comple ely
decayed du ing he i e yea s be ween he clea -
cu and ou in en o ies. Fo es uel ha es ing
could po en ially ha e a nega i e e ec on he
olume o old dead wood, because mo e ac i i y
on he clea -cu means mo e damage o he em-
nan dead wood. Howe e , we did no ind such
a di e ence. This may be due o he ini ially low
olume o dead wood and la ge a ia ion, which
oge he make i di icul o de ec signi ican
e ec s. In addi ion, o es uel ha es ing may no
ha e so d ama ic e ec s on he old dead wood as
e.g. soil sca i ica ion (Hau ala e al. 2004), and i
is unlikely o lead o comple e loss o he old logs,
al hough hey may deg ade in o smalle pieces
du ing he ac i i ies.
To conclude, he e is a high olume o dead
wood a ailable du ing he i s yea s ollowing
clea -cu ing. Howe e , i is s ill only a small
ac ion o ha o med by na u al s and- eplacing
dis u bances (Sii onen 2001a) o which sap oxylic
210
Sil a Fennica 44(2), 2010 esea ch a icles
species p e e ing open habi a s ha e adap ed.
The e o e, he dead wood on clea -cu s may no
suppo subs an ial numbe s o a e o ed-lis ed
species, bu i is ne e heless likely o be an
essen ial esou ce o hose sap oxylic species ha
a e s ill common in managed o es s. A e o es
uel ha es ing, he olume o dead wood is s ill
ela i ely high, bu he e is an ob ious educ ion
in he dead wood componen s ha a e he main
a ge s o ha es ing: s umps, b anches and ine
woody deb is in gene al. This calls o de ailed
s udies on he impo ance o s umps and b anches
o di e en sap oxylic species g oups.
Acknowledgemen s
We a e g a e ul o Niklas Bjö kq is om Me sä-
halli us and Ma kku R. Halonen om UPM-
Kymmene o co-ope a ion conside ing he
s udy si es. Anu Käppi, Emmi Lehkonen, Elisa
Ma kkanen and Ka iina Pel onen assis ed in he
ield wo k. This esea ch was unded by Minis-
y o Ag icul u e and Fo es y, Koneen sää iö
Founda ion, Socie as Biologica Fennica Vanamo,
Me sämies en sää iö ounda ion, he Academy o
Finland and he Cen e o Excellence in E olu-
iona y Resea ch.
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