The volume and composition of dead wood on traditional and forest fuel harvested clear-cuts

203 www.me la. i/sil a ennica · ISSN 0037-5330 The Finnish Socie y o Fo es Science · The Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e SI LV A FE N N I C A Sil a Fennica 44(2) esea ch a icles The Volume and Composi ion o Dead Wood on T adi ional and Fo es Fuel Ha es ed Clea -Cu s Sini E äjää, Panu Halme, Janne S. Ko iaho, Anni Ma kkanen and Te o Toi anen E äjää, S., Halme, P., Ko iaho, J.S., Ma kkanen, A. & Toi anen, T. 2010. The olume and composi- ion o dead wood on adi ional and o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s. Sil a Fennica 44(2): 203–211. Logging esidue and cu s umps a e inc easingly used as a enewable ene gy sou ce known as o es uel. Fo es uel ha es ing ob iously educes he olume o dead wood and is likely o al e he dead wood composi ion, bu he magni ude o he change is no known. Such in o ma ion is impo an o he e alua ion o he e ec s o o es uel ha es ing on biodi e si y because a la ge p opo ion o o es dwelling species a e di ec ly dependen on dead wood. We measu ed he olume and cha ac e is ics o all dead wood uni s wi h a mini- mum diame e o 2 cm and a minimum leng h o 20 cm on 10 o es - uel ha es ed and 10 adi ional (con ol) clea -cu s. The o al olume o dead wood a o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s was 26.0 and 42.3 m3/ha, espec i ely. The olumes we e much g ea e han expec ed sugges ing ha he olume o dead wood on clea -cu s has been unde es ima ed in p e ious s udies. Fo es uel ha es ed clea -cu s had 42% less b anches and 81% less cu s umps han con ol clea -cu s bu he e we e no di e ences in he olume o logs and pieces o logs, snags o oo s. The olume o ine woody deb is was nega i ely a ec ed by o es uel ha es ing. We conclude ha ine woody deb is and cu s umps o m a conside able esou ce on clea -cu s ha is educed by o es uel ha es ing. These componen s o dead wood ha e po en ial o be o impo ance in managed o es s and hus dese e mo e a en ion in u u e biodi e si y s udies. Keywo ds dead wood, o es uel ha es ing, ine woody deb is (FWD), clea -cu Add esses Depa men o Biological and En i onmen al Science, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Uni e si y o Jy äskylä, Finland. E-mail [email p o ec ed] Recei ed 22 June 2009 Re ised 24 Feb ua y 2010 Accep ed 17 Ma ch 2010 A ailable a h p://www.me la. i/sil a ennica/ ull/s 44/s 442203.pd 204 Sil a Fennica 44(2), 2010 esea ch a icles 1 In oduc ion One o he g ea es di e ences be ween managed and na u al o es s is he olume and composi ion o decaying wood (Sii onen 2001a, Gibb e al. 2005, Jönsson and Jonsson 2007). The olume o coa se woody deb is (CWD) in na u al o es s can be up o 25–30 imes highe compa ed o ha in managed o es s. In con as , he olume o ine woody deb is (FWD) wi h a diame e less han 10 cm may be e en highe in managed han in na u al o es s (Sii onen e al. 2000, Sii onen 2001b). So a , he majo i y o esea ch has ocused on he olume and impo ance o CWD. This is because he occu ence o se e al endange ed species is associa ed o high olumes o CWD and o la ge-diame e logs and snags (Sii onen 2001a, 2001b). Recen ly, some s udies ha e also poin ed ou he impo ance o FWD o bio- di e si y (K uys and Jonsson 1999, K uys e al. 1999, No den e al. 2004, Selonen e al. 2005, Kü e e al. 2008). When he o e all olume o dead wood is low, he same olume o dead wood composed o smalle bu mo e nume ous pieces may ac ually suppo mo e species han dead wood composed o ew la ge pieces (K uys and Jonsson 1999). The e o e, he impo ance o FWD is likely o be pa icula ly high in managed o es s whe e a ypical amoun o CWD (acco d- ing o he Na ional Fo es In en o ies o Sweden and Finland) is abou 5 m3/ha. FWD is unlikely o subs i u e CWD when some specialized a e o ed-lis ed species a e conce ned (K uys and Jonsson 1999), bu i may ha bo some species ha do no occu on CWD (Kü e e al. 2008). Thus, FWD is also likely o ha e an independen biodi e si y alue. Cu en clima e and ene gy poli ics as well as he in e es s o o es y companies a e all plac- ing mo e p essu e o inc ease he use o wood- based, enewable ene gy sou ces (Hakkila 2004, Kois inen and Äijälä 2005). The g ea es u u e po en ial is seen in o es chips (Hakkila 2004) which a e p oduced om logging esidue om he clea -cu s and small-diame e wood om o es hinnings. De elopmen o o es uel echnolo- gies has also inc eased he emo al o s umps and oo s om clea -cu s (Hakkila 2004). So a , li le esea ch has been conduc ed on he e ec s o inc easing o es uel ha es ing on he olume, composi ion and di e si y o dead wood. The e ec s ha e been s udied mos ly om he pe spec i e o o es managemen and hus espe- cially he long e m e ec s on he o es ecosys- ems a e poo ly known (Hakkila 2004, Kois inen and Äijälä 2005, Rudolphi and Gus a sson 2005, Äijälä e al. 2005). On Swedish clea -cu s, Rudolphi and Gus a s- son (2005) es ima ed ha o es uel ha es ing esul ed in emo al o 65% o he olume o b anches and ee ops and 29% o he olume o logs. The g ea majo i y o emo ed logs we e o small diame e (<15 cm); only 17% o logs wi h la ge diame e (>15 cm) we e emo ed in o es uel ha es ing. I seems ha in Fennoscandian o es s he majo i y o he dead wood emo ed om he clea cu s in o es uel ha es ing consis s o ine woody deb is. FWD also o ms he majo i y o he dead wood in gene al bo h on clea -cu s and in ma u e managed o es s (Gibb e al. 2005). In Swedish ma u e, managed coni e ous o es s, whe e all pieces o dead wood wi h a minimum diame e o 5 cm and a minimum leng h o 30 cm we e measu ed, 63% o he pieces we e FWD (K uys e al. 1999). The e ec s o emo ing s umps a e e en mo e poo ly known han hose o emo ing logging esidue. The po en ial olume o wood gain om s umps has been es ima ed o each e en 100 m3/ha (including below g ound olume). How- e e , he exac olume o s umps is s ill poo ly known (Hakkila 2004). Ou aim was o de e mine he e ec s o o es uel ha es ing on he olume and composi ion o dead wood on clea -cu s. The s udy was pa icu- la ly designed o ob ain de ailed in o ma ion on he dead wood ypes (cu s umps and ine woody deb is) ha a e mos likely o be a ec ed by o es uel ha es ing. The aim was also o p o ide de ailed in o ma ion conce ning he occu ence o hese dead wood ypes a o es egene a ion a eas in gene al. 205 E äjää, Halme, Ko iaho, Ma kkanen and Toi anen The Volume and Composi ion o Dead Wood on T adi ional and ... Clea -Cu s 2 Ma e ials and Me hods 2.1 S udy Si es The esea ch a ea was loca ed in he municipali ies o Längelmäki, Ko pilah i, Pe äjä esi, Jy äskylä and Uu ainen in Cen al Finland (Fig. 1). The s udied o es s we e owned by Me sähalli us (Finnish Fo es and Pa k Se ice), o es company UPM and ci y o Jy äskylä. The s udy si es we e No way sp uce (Picea abies) domina ed mesic o es s which had a his o y o s anda d comme - cial managemen and which had been clea -cu ei he in 2001 o in 2002. The si es selec ed we e ou o i e yea s old because he s udy epo ed he e was a pa o a la ge esea ch p ojec in which he ungal di e si y a clea -cu s was also explo ed (Anni Ma kkanen, Te o Toi anen, Janne S. Ko iaho and Panu Halme, manusc ip ). The s udy was conduc ed on 20 si es. F om he pool o clea -cu s p o ided by he land-owne s ( ep esen ing co ec o es ype and logging yea ), we selec ed andomly 10 clea -cu s om which logging esidue and s umps had been ha es ed and 10 adi ional (con ol) clea -cu s whe e no o es uel ha es ing had aken place. Many o he la e si es had been p epa ed by mounding ea men (Su on 1993) a e cu ing. The size o he clea -cu s a ied om 0.5 o 5 ha. A e clea -cu ing, o es companies had no e ained in o ma ion abou he p e-logging s and s uc u e, bu based on he size (mean diame e 24.7 cm) and numbe o cu s umps (on a e age 662 s umps / ha) a he con ol clea -cu s, he si es had been ypical ma u e managed o es s o sou he n Finland (Sii onen e al. 2000). The a e age diame e o cu s umps on o es uel ha es ed si es was 19.9 cm due o o es uel ha es ing being biased owa ds la ge s umps while small s umps a e usually e ained. The olume o old dead wood (see below and esul s) did no di e be ween o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s indica ing ha he si es had a simila managemen his o y. 2.2 Sample Plo s and Measu emen s o Dead Wood Field wo k o he esea ch was conduc ed in May–June 2006. On each o he 20 s udy si es, ou sample plo s o 10 m × 10 m we e andomly alloca ed. Thus, on each s udy si e he olume o dead wood was measu ed om an a ea o 400 m2. To es ablish he sample plo s, a ocal poin was i s es ablished on he cen e o he clea -cu . F om he ocal poin , ou compass di ec ions (1–360º) we e andomly selec ed. Depending on he size o he clea -cu , ei he 30 o 50 m we e walked o he andomly selec ed compass di ec- ion. A he end poin o he 30/50 m line, a sample plo was es ablished so ha he end poin became he no h-eas co ne o he plo . I he shape o he clea -cu did no allow es ablishing ou sample Fig. 1. The loca ion o s udy si es and he numbe o he o es - uel ha es ed (FFH) and adi ional clea - cu s pe di e en municipali ies. (© Na ional land su ey o Finland 315/MML/10). 206 Sil a Fennica 44(2), 2010 esea ch a icles plo s om one ocal poin , we used wo ocal poin s wi h wo plo s es ablished om each poin . The sample plo s we e no es ablished on loca- ions ha dis inc ly di e ed om he su ound- ing clea -cu , such as on oads o on ocks. The sample plo s also did no o e lap o ouch each o he . I a plo was abou o be placed on dis inc ly di e en g ound o o ouch ano he plo o he edge o he clea cu , a new compass di ec ion was selec ed and he whole p ocess was epea ed un il all ou plo s we e app op ia ely placed. On he 10 x 10 me e s sample plo s, we mea- su ed all pieces o dead wood which had a mini- mum la ge-end diame e o 2 cm and a minimum leng h o 20 cm. Only he pieces whose la ge end was loca ed inside he sample plo we e measu ed. These pieces we e measu ed as a whole ega d- less o he loca ion o hei smalle end. S umps s anding on he bo de o he sample plo we e included. Indi idual pieces o dead wood ha had sunk unde he g ound due o he mechanical ea men o he clea -cu o ha we e bound o he g ound we e no measu ed. The dead wood pieces we e di ided in o six di e en ca ego ies and measu ed acco dingly; 1) b anches, 2) logs and pieces o logs (also including ee ops), 3) s umps, 4) pieces o c ushed s umps, 5) oo s and pieces o oo s, 6) s anding dead ees (snags) and high s umps. O b anches, logs, small s anding ees and oo s o egula shape, he diame e o bo h ends and leng h was measu ed. O s umps, he heigh om he g ound le el and diame e o he whole s ump a he cu ing su ace was measu ed. The e we e also some unb oken s umps ha we e pulled o he g ound, being ob iously le o e s om he o es uel ha es ing. These we e measu ed in a simila way, es ima ing hei heigh om he g ound le el. I s umps had been c ushed so ha hei cu ing su ace had b oken in o wedges he diame e o a whole cu ing su ace was es ima ed as well as he p opo ion o he wedge ( o exam- ple 1/3). Dead wood pieces ha we e di icul o measu e accu a ely (due o hei i egula shape) we e weighed wi h an accu acy o 0.01 kg wi h a digi al balance. The diame e o big s anding dead ees was measu ed a b eas heigh (1.3 m) and he heigh was es ima ed wi h a hypsome e . In addi ion, we measu ed he decay s age o he dead wood pieces acco ding o Ren all (1995). Based on he decay s age, we classi ied whe he he dead wood o igina ed om he p e-clea -cu pe iod (“old dead wood”) o om he cu en clea -cu o he pos -clea -cu pe iod (some allen e en ion ees). Pieces ep esen ing decay s ages 3–5 we e in e p e ed o ep esen old dead wood. Howe e , in he case o b anches, oo s and pieces o oo s, ha may decay as e han he la ge - diame e dead wood, all pieces we e classi ied as o igina ing om he cu en clea -cu since he e we e no easons o assume o he wise. 2.3 Calcula ions and S a is ical Analyses In o al, mo e han 11 000 pieces o dead wood we e measu ed. Based on he measu emen s aken in he ield, we calcula ed he olume o di e - en dead wood pieces. The olume o s umps was calcula ed wi h he o mula o a cylinde (V = π × h × ², in which h = heigh and = op diam- e e ) and he olume o b anches, oo s, pieces o logs and small s anding dead ees was calcula ed wi h he o mula o a unca ed ci cula cone (V = 1/3 × π × h × ( 1² + 1 × 2 + 2²), in which h = leng h/ heigh , 1 = hick-end diame e , and 2 = hin-end diame e ). The olume o big s anding dead ees and unb oken logs was calcula ed based on hei DBH and heigh using he species-speci ic olume equa ions (Laasasenaho 1982). The olume o weighed pieces o dead wood was calcula ed using he a e age densi y o he wood pieces. The alue used was 509.5 kg/m3. The a e age densi y was calcula ed by measu - ing he olume o 13 andomly chosen weighed pieces o dead wood. This measu e was aken by sinking hese pieces one a a ime in o a wa e ank and measu ing he olume ha i eplaced. The olume and composi ion o dead wood we e compa ed be ween o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s. I da a ollowed no mal dis ibu ion and g oup a iances did no di e , we used independen samples - es ; o he wise Mann-Whi ney U- es was used. We used SPSS 15.0 – o Windows so wa e in he analyses. 207 E äjää, Halme, Ko iaho, Ma kkanen and Toi anen The Volume and Composi ion o Dead Wood on T adi ional and ... Clea -Cu s 3 Resul s 3.1 To al Volume o Dead Wood The o al olume o dead wood was ela i ely high a bo h o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s (Table 1). Mo eo e , he olumes a e s ill likely o be unde es ima es because ou s ump measu e- men s included only he abo e-g ound pa . A he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s, on a e age 72.0% ( ange 59–89%) o dead wood consis ed o CWD (≥10 cm diame e ) and 28.0% ( ange 11–41%) o FWD (<10 cm diame e ) (Table 1). A he con ol clea -cu s, he p opo ion o CWD was 71.6% ( ange 50–88%) and he p opo ion o FWD 28.4% ( ange 12–50%) (Table 1). Howe e , he olume o CWD ha ul illed he c i e ia used in he majo i y o dead wood s udies and na ional o es in en o ies (≥10 cm diame e and ≥1.3m leng h; hus excluding s umps and mos pieces o logs) was subs an ially lowe (Table 1). The o al olume o dead wood ended o be lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s han a he con ol clea -cu s and he olume o FWD was signi ican ly lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s han a con ol clea -cu s. The olume o CWD did no signi ican ly di e be ween he o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s (Table 1). 3.2 The O igin o Dead Wood The majo i y o he dead wood was classi ied as esh dead wood (decay s ages 1–2). F esh dead wood accoun ed o 82% o he dead wood olume a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s and 89% a he con ol clea -cu s. This componen o dead wood was likely o o igina e om he cu en clea -cu (e.g. esidual logs, s umps and b anches) o o be o med a e he clea -cu ( allen e en ion ees). The olume o esh dead wood was sig- ni ican ly lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea - cu s han a he con ol clea -cu s (Table 1). Old dead wood ma e ial ha ep esen ed decay s ages 3–5 accoun ed o 18% o he olume o dead wood a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s and 11% a he con ol clea -cu s. This componen consis ed mainly o old logs. The olume o old dead wood did no di e be ween he o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s (Table 1). Table 1. The olume (m3/ha; means and s anda d de ia ions) o di e en dead wood ypes a he o es uel ha es ed (FFH) and adi ional clea -cu s and es s a is ics o he e ec s o o es uel ha es ing. Tes s a is ics e e o independen samples - es ( 18) o o Mann-Whi ney U- es (Z, N1 = N2 = 10). S a is ical es s we e no pe o med conside ing snags due o he low numbe o hei occu ences in he da a. Type o dead wood FFH Con ol Tes s a is ics p clea -cu s clea -cu s To al 26.0 ± 19.8 42.3 ± 29.5 Z = –1.663 0.096 Logs and pieces o logs 16.8 ± 18.9 20.8 ± 26.9 Z = –0.454 0.650 S umps 2.29 ± 1.97 12.0 ± 3.74 18 = 7.292 < 0.001 B anches 2.40 ± 1.50 3.97 ± 1.56 18 = 2.306 0.033 S ump pieces 1.22 ± 0.79 1.40 ± 1.09 18 = 0.310 0.760 Roo s 3.00 ± 1.48 3.52 ± 2.72 18 = 0.533 0.601 Snags and high s umps 0.33 ± 1.02 0.70 ± 2.10 FWD 5.93 ± 2.67 9.67 ± 3.38 18 = 2.749 0.013 CWD 20.1 ± 17.8 32.7 ± 27.9 Z = –1.512 0.131 CWD as de ined by NFI 13.8 ± 17.0 15.6 ± 25.1 Z = –0.454 0.650 F esh dead wood 21.3 ± 19.4 39.3 ± 30.5 Z = –2.268 0.023 Old dead wood 4.77 ± 5.44 3.01 ± 2.47 Z = –0.076 0.940 208 Sil a Fennica 44(2), 2010 esea ch a icles 3.3 The Composi ion o Dead Wood In he o al olume o dead wood, logs and pieces o logs played he mos impo an ole o m- ing on a e age 47% o he dead wood a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s and 36% a he con ol clea -cu s (Fig. 2). The olume o logs did no di e be ween he o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s (Table 1). Al hough CWD logs accoun ed o he majo i y o he olume o logs (76% a he o es uel ha es ed and 61% a he con ol clea -cu s), mos o he logs we e o FWD (81% o he numbe o logs a he o es uel ha es ed and 88% a he con ol clea -cu s). The numbe o FWD logs was signi ican ly lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s ( 18 = 2.339, p = 0.031) and he olume o FWD logs ended o be lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s ( 18 = 1.930, p = 0.070). A he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s, only 10% o dead wood consis ed o s umps bu a he con ol clea -cu s he p opo ion o s umps was 35% (Fig. 2). The olume o s umps was signi i- can ly lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s (Table 1) being only 19% o ha a he con ol clea -cu s. The a e age olume o b anches was lowe a he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s (Table 1) being only 58% o ha a he con ol clea -cu s. The olume o oo s and pieces o s umps did no di e be ween he o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s and con ol clea -cu s (Table 1). 4 Discussion In his s udy, he olume o dead wood a clea - cu s was subs an ially highe han expec ed (26.0 m3/ha a o es uel ha es ed and 42.3 m3/ha a con ol clea -cu s). Howe e , i we had measu ed he olume acco ding o he c i e ia o na ional o es in en o ies, he alues would ha e been d ama ically lowe (13.8 and 15.6 m3/ha, espec- i ely) and oughly equal o hose measu ed a clea -cu s in Sweden (Gibb e al. 2005). The e- o e, i appea s ha he esul s o dead wood measu emen s a e s ongly a ec ed by he accu- acy o he me hod, and ha he olume o dead wood a clea -cu s (and a he ollowing ea ly suc- cessional s ages) is much highe han p e iously hough . The e ec o neglec ing pieces ha a e o <10 cm diame e and <1.3 m leng h is likely o be pa icula ly s ong a clea -cu s, because cu s umps, sho pieces o logs and FWD a e likely o comp ise a subs an ially la ge p opo ion o he dead wood on clea -cu s han in ma u e o es s. The smalles pieces o dead wood ha e e- quen ly been neglec ed in he esea ch ocusing on he olume and di e si y o dead wood in bo eal o es s (e.g. Sii onen e al. 2000, Lilja e al. 2005, Sii onen e al. 2009). Howe e , FWD, such as small-diame e logs, b anches and oo s, had a subs an ial con ibu ion o he o al olume o dead wood: on a e age 28% o he dead wood was o <10 cm diame e and a some si es he p opo ion o FWD was e en 50%. The olume o FWD, as well as he olume o b anches which a e he mos impo an componen o FWD, was lowe a he o es uel ha es ed si es. So a he e is s ill li le e idence on he impo - ance o FWD o biodi e si y. FWD may no be a c ucial esou ce o a e o endange ed species bu i could s ill be impo an o he mo e common species ha ne e heless play a key ole in he unc ioning o he ecosys em (K yus and Jonsson 1999). Some o he common species may e en Fig. 2. The pe cen ages (%) o di e en dead wood ca ego ies a he o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s. Da a p esen ed a e means and s anda d de ia ions. 209 E äjää, Halme, Ko iaho, Ma kkanen and Toi anen The Volume and Composi ion o Dead Wood on T adi ional and ... Clea -Cu s be specialized on u ilizing FWD (Kü e e al. 2008). FWD is an e enly sp ead esou ce and hus empo a ily a ailable e e ywhe e a he clea - cu bu small pieces o dead wood a e likely o decay as e han la ge ones (Hy önen e al. 2000, Holeksa e al. 2008). Howe e , due o absence o long- e m moni o ing and modeling wo k i is di - icul o p edic he long e m pe sis ence o FWD on clea -cu s. The long- e m impo ance o FWD o biodi e si y should be mo e ca e ully consid- e ed in u u e s udies, especially when in es iga - ing he e ec s o o es uel ha es ing. I has been shown ha FWD o ms an impo - an nu ien sou ce on he clea -cu s a e he needles, which a e a nu ien - ich bu sho las - ing esou ce, ha e decayed (Hy önen e al. 2000, Thi aul e al. 2006). In some condi ions, he emo al o logging was e seems o nega i ely a ec he g ow h o he nex ee gene a ion (Egnell and Lejon 1997, Jacobson e al. 2000). Conside ing he ela i ely high olume o FWD obse ed in his s udy, dec eased nu ien s a us due o i s emo al appea s likely. A signi ican p opo ion o dead wood was o med by he abo e g ound biomass o s umps, pa icula ly a he con ol clea -cu s. In addi ion, ou me hod o calcula ing he olume o s umps is likely o unde es ima e hei olume, and hei con ibu ion o he o al dead wood olume may be e en highe han es ima ed he e. The olume o s umps was d ama ically educed by ha es - ing and hus hei impo ance in sus aining bio- di e si y in managed o es s should be be e unde s ood be o e s ump emo al becomes a widesp ead p ac ice. The e seems no o be much species showing a p e e ence o cu s umps (Ho - ola 2009), bu he s umps a e likely o p o ide an impo an esou ce in managed o es s whe e e.g. la ge logs a e i ually absen . The majo i y o he dead wood a bo h o es uel ha es ed clea -cu s (47%) and con ol clea - cu s (36%) consis ed o logs. The ca ego y also includes ee ops and smalle pieces o logs and hus mos o he dead wood pieces in he ca - ego y we e s ill o small diame e . Howe e , he ew la ge logs, ha ypically ep esen ed allen e en ion ees, made a majo con ibu ion o he olume es ima es. The olume o logs did no di e be ween he o es uel ha es ed and he con ol clea -cu s, bu he e was a la ge a ia- ion among s udy si es. La ge logs a e ypically sca cely dis ibu ed on clea -cu s, and he a ia- ion in he olume es ima es was u he inc eased by he small size o ou sample plo s (a la ge log o 1 m3 olume would ha e made a con ibu ion o 25 m3/ha o he es ima e). The a ia ion caused by la ge logs also explains he esul ha o al olume o dead wood only ended o di e be ween he o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s. Howe e , he main aim o ou s udy was o explo e he olume and compo- si ion o hose dead wood ypes ha a e likely o be emo ed in o es uel ha es ing (i.e. s umps, b anches and small logs). The sample plo s we e designed o ob ain ealis ic and de ailed esul s o hese pa icula dead wood ypes. The a ia ion among s udy si es was no ably lowe in hese dead wood ca ego ies, and o es uel ha es ing had dis inc e ec s on hese esou ces. The olume o old dead wood was gene ally low a he s udy si es and did no di e be ween he o es uel ha es ed and con ol clea -cu s. The olumes (4.7 m3/ha a he o es uel ha - es ed and 3.0 m3/ha a he con ol clea -cu s) a e ai ly ypical o managed o es s o sou he n Finland. Howe e , he olumes be o e he clea - cu ha e p obably been sligh ly la ge , because some old dead wood is o en des oyed du ing clea -cu ing (Hau ala e al. 2004) and because he oldes ac ion o dead wood may ha e comple ely decayed du ing he i e yea s be ween he clea - cu and ou in en o ies. Fo es uel ha es ing could po en ially ha e a nega i e e ec on he olume o old dead wood, because mo e ac i i y on he clea -cu means mo e damage o he em- nan dead wood. Howe e , we did no ind such a di e ence. This may be due o he ini ially low olume o dead wood and la ge a ia ion, which oge he make i di icul o de ec signi ican e ec s. In addi ion, o es uel ha es ing may no ha e so d ama ic e ec s on he old dead wood as e.g. soil sca i ica ion (Hau ala e al. 2004), and i is unlikely o lead o comple e loss o he old logs, al hough hey may deg ade in o smalle pieces du ing he ac i i ies. To conclude, he e is a high olume o dead wood a ailable du ing he i s yea s ollowing clea -cu ing. Howe e , i is s ill only a small ac ion o ha o med by na u al s and- eplacing dis u bances (Sii onen 2001a) o which sap oxylic 210 Sil a Fennica 44(2), 2010 esea ch a icles species p e e ing open habi a s ha e adap ed. The e o e, he dead wood on clea -cu s may no suppo subs an ial numbe s o a e o ed-lis ed species, bu i is ne e heless likely o be an essen ial esou ce o hose sap oxylic species ha a e s ill common in managed o es s. 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