Fo es s 2012, 3, 864-880; doi:10.3390/ 3040864
o es s
ISSN 1999-4907
www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ o es s
A icle
Indus ial Round-Wood Damage and Ope a ional E iciency
Losses Associa ed wi h he Main enance o a Single-G ip
Ha es e Head Model: A Case S udy in Russia
Yu i Ge asimo 1,*, Alexande Seli e s o 2 and Vladimi Syune 2
1 Joensuu Resea ch Uni , Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e, Yliopis oka u 6, Box 68,
Joensuu 80101, Finland
2 Fo es Enginee ing Facul y, Pe oza odsk S a e Uni e si y, A. Ne skogo a . 58, Pe oza odsk
185030, Russia; E-Mails: [email p o ec ed]. u (A.S.); sioune @psu.ka elia. u (V.S.)
* Au ho o whom co espondence should be add essed; E-Mail: yu i.ge asimo @me la. i;
Tel.: +358-408-015-162; Fax: +358-102-113-251.
Recei ed: 5 July 2012; in e ised o m: 26 Augus 2012 / Accep ed: 20 Sep embe 2012 /
Published: 27 Sep embe 2012
Abs ac : A ield-based s udy was pe o med o b oaden ou knowledge o ope a ional
e iciency losses associa ed wi h he neglec o he p ope main enance o he delimbing
and eeding mechanisms o a ha es e . The pos -ha es assessmen s o indus ial
ound-wood (IRW) p ocessing damage, uel consump ion and p oduc i i y we e examined
in clea cu ing ope a ions. Obse a ions we e made o se en combina ions o wea le els
o eed olle s (A—hea y, B—medium, C and C’—wi hou wea ) and sha pening s a es o
delimbing kni es (1—inco ec , 2—co ec ), depending on he deg ee o eed olle wea
and ma ching o angles o kni e blades o he echnical equi emen s. The p ocessing
de ec s o IRW we e b oken down in o unp ocessed b anches, ba k s ipping, and damage
caused by eed olle spikes. The esul s we e hen compa ed wi h he e ec i e quali y
equi emen s, and he IRW losses in e ms o he ejec a es (RR) we e de e mined in he
con ex o he echnical condi ion. The mos equen damage was by unp ocessed b anches.
The ha es e wi h co ec ly sha pened kni es p oduced he minimum RR
(4% o pine, 6% o sp uce and 6% bi ch logs). The quali y o IRW ha es ed unde B1 and
C1 esul ed in 6%, 6% and 8%. A1 u ned ou o be he lowes (12%, 10% and 8%).
Imp o emen in he main enance o delimbing kni es can educe he RR o IRW by 5%.
Timely es o a ion o wo n-ou olle s can inc ease p oduc i i y by 2% and educe uel
consump ion by 5%.
OPEN ACCESS
Fo es s 2012, 3
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Keywo ds: cu - o-leng h; wood damage; uel consump ion; p oduc i i y; ha es e head
1. In oduc ion
The ully mechanized cu - o-leng h (CTL) wood ha es ing sys em based on a single-g ip ha es e
is now widely used by he logging indus y in empe a e and bo eal o es s, pa icula ly in he
No dic coun ies. Today almos 100% o logging in Sweden and Finland is ca ied ou by he
ha es e - o wa de sys em [1]. In Russia, pa icula ly i s no he n Eu opean pa , he e has also been a
mo emen owa ds mechanized CTL [2]. A ema kable g ow h in Russian o es machine ma ke s is
an icipa ed in he long e m, mainly because o he need o enewal o cu en wood ha es ing
machines and because o he huge ha es po en ial o Russian o es s [3]. CTL ha es ing was
in oduced in he Russian egions along he Finnish bo de in he 1990s, mainly because Finnish
en ep eneu s and o es machines om Finland ope a ed in his c oss-bo de a ea. The CTL me hod
has become e en mo e common in he 2000s, along wi h an inc ease in he impo o ha es e s and
o wa de s. The p opo ion o ha es ing ca ied ou using CTL sys ems has inc eased, especially in
No hwes Russia, whe e mo e han 50% o ha es ed wood is al eady logged wi h he CTL me hod [4].
The domes ic p oduc ion o ha es e s is qui e low in Russia, and mos o he machines in use (o e
300 ha es e s pe yea ) a e expo ed o Russia om Finland, Sweden, Canada and he USA [2].
O e 20 yea s o expe ience wi h he ope a ion o CTL ha es ing machines has demons a ed hei
e ec i eness o logging companies in Russia; i.e., be e labo condi ions in e ms o e gonomics and
sa e y, less en i onmen al damage, and eliabili y in combina ion wi h con enien ope a ion and
main enance. The p oduc i i y o wo k and quali y o indus ial ound-wood (IRW) wi h CTL
ha es ing can be conside ed accep able, e en hough hey could s ill be imp o ed. P e ious ield
s udies conduc ed a a numbe o la ge logging en e p ises in Russia showed ha he companies o en
could no achie e high ou pu [4] and quali y o IRW [5]. Mixed s ands wi h a ious na u al de ec s in
wood and abno mali ies in s em shape domina e in Russia, which needs o be aken in o accoun in he
design o ha es e heads [6]. When buying a whole ha es e o a ha es e head o he a ailable
base machine ( he exca a o , o ins ance), he echnical ea u es o he equipmen should i
ope a ional condi ions o a oid unnecessa y impai men o i s e ec i eness. Many de elopmen s ha e
been made owa ds imp o emen o ully mechanized CTL in he ield o ha es e p oduc i i y and
cos s [1,7–12], which a e dependen upon he sil icul u al sys em, ope a ional phase, ambien
empe a u e, ou come p oduc , s and ac o s, ope a o ac o s and machine ac o s, e ain and clima ic
condi ions, as well as g owing s ock pe hec a e acco ding o a egion [13].
The igh choice o equipmen plays a signi ican , bu no he only, ole in achie ing e ec i e
ha es e use. The second ac o o success is co ec main enance, which implies he use o oil and
echnical liquids ecommended by he manu ac u e and ollowing he sequence and olume o
main enance ope a ions. Special a en ion should be paid o he main enance o he saw and delimbing
mechanism. In pa icula , i is necessa y o co ec ly adjus and egula e he delimbing and eeding
mechanisms, sha pen delimbing kni es, and clean ba k and wood emnan s om he eed olle s. The
o e all ield-based s udies and in e iews conduc ed by Syune e al. [6] and Seli e s o e al. [14] a
Fo es s 2012, 3
866
15 logging companies in No hwes Russia exposed he ac ha mos o he ha es e s did no mee
he equi emen s o he manuals o sha pening delimbing kni es du ing main enance. The delimbing
kni es we e sha pened nei he egula ly no co ec ly. The expe ience o using ha es e s in Russia
shows ha while ha es e ope a o s pay p ope a en ion o he sha pening o saw chains, he e is a
challenge wi h he main enance o delimbing mechanisms. As delimbing is done by eeding he s em
h ough he head a high speed (up o 5 m/s), he e a e high quali y demands on he delimbing kni es
in e ms o hei du abili y and abili y o e ain he op imal geome y o he cu ing edge and sides o
he kni e. Blun ing o he cu ing edges and changes in he geome y o hei shape educe he capaci y
o he machines and lowe he quali y o IRW. The kni es wea ou as e du ing he snow- ee ime,
when he b anches ca y mine al subs ances and pa icles o soil du ing ha es ing. Mos o he uppe
mo able kni es in es iga ed (Figu e 1) demons a ed inco ec sha pening o cu ing edges o
delimbing o hick s ems. The eason was ha , due o wea , he geome y o he cu ing edge changed
and was no co ec ed du ing subsequen sha pening. Besides he inco ec main enance o delimbing
kni es, some cases o ailu e o obse e ope a ional equi emen s we e egis e ed ha esul ed in
mechanical damage o kni es. Qui e o en, when wo king wi h a ee, he uppe suppo ing kni e is
bumped in o he machine ame. Such collisions lead o damage o he kni e ha has o be epai ed
(Figu e 2). Mo eo e , he inco ec main enance and ope a ion o he kni es and he poo condi ion o
he eed olle s in luence bo h he ope a ional e iciency and he quali y o delimbing. Acco ding o
ou obse a ions (Figu e 3), damage o he spikes was he mos common o m o wea on mo able
eed olle s.
Figu e 1. Uppe mo able kni e: (a) co ec angle o cu ing b anches om hick s ems; (b)
inco ec angle o cu ing b anches om hick s ems.
Figu e 2. Damaged op o suppo ing kni e.
Fo es s 2012, 3
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Figu e 3. Damaged spikes o he mo able eed olle .
The in oduc ion o he ad anced and expensi e CTL echnology in Russia has shown ha se ious
inancial losses can be incu ed i he main enance o a ha es e is no done co ec ly. A su ey o
John Dee e machine ailu es in he Republic o Ka elia in 2003–2006 [15,16] epo ed ha poo
ope a o and echnician aining sys ems, ine icien wo k c ew o ganisa ion, lack o main enance
suppo and ubiqui ous ailu e o comply wi h he ope a ing ins uc ions a e p oblems o sol e be o e
CTL can p ospe in Russia. Acco ding o Sali onik and Shilo sky [16], a ha es e head is one o he
mos weak and c i ical elemen s o ha es e echnical se ice. The eby, he necessi y o s udy he
e ec s o he main enance o he ha es e head on i s pe o mance is ob ious in Russia oday. This
ield-based s udy was pe o med o b oaden ou knowledge o IRW damage and ope a ional e iciency
losses associa ed wi h he neglec o he p ope main enance o he delimbing and eeding mechanisms
o a single-g ip ha es e .
2. Ma e ial and Me hods
This s udy was conduc ed wi h he o e all objec i e o desc ibing he e ec s o eed olle wea and
sha pening o delimbing kni es on (i) uel consump ion; (ii) p oduc i i y; and (iii) wood damage. S em
olume g oups and ee species ha e been aken in o accoun as co a ia es. Many o he con ounding
ac o s, such as machines and ope a o s, ha e been a oided h ough app op ia e planning o he
expe imen s. Mo e speci ically, he ha es e model, he ha es e head model, he numbe and
speci ica ions o he logs we e he same o all ea men s. The eeding p essu es o he ha es ing
head co esponded o hei echnical equi emen s.
The expe imen s we e ca ied ou in ypical wo king condi ions nea he own o Vedloze o in he
Republic o Ka elia in he la e win e and summe 2009–2010, and Vyshny Volochek in he T e
egion in 2010. A midsized-wheeled John Dee e 1270D ha es e wi h an engine ou pu powe o
160 kW and ope a ing weigh o 17 ons was used on all s udy si es. All he ha es e s s udied we e
equipped wi h he JD 758 HD ha es e head. This model has ou eed olle s, one bea ing and ou
sidelong mo able delimbing kni es. The lowe and highe clamping p essu es (7.5/16.0 MPa o
sidelong mo able olle s, 6.0/13.0 MPa o uppe kni es and 3.0/7.5 MPa o lowe kni es) we e
Fo es s 2012, 3
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checked and co ec ed i necessa y [17]. Field s udy da a in Ka elia we e ob ained om wo single-g ip
ha es e s p oduced in 2006 and 2008. Bo h ha es e s ope a ed in he same logging company and
bo h ope a o s had he same quali ica ions and expe ience ( i e yea s). The ha es e s udied in he
T e ield s udy was p oduced in 2007. The ope a o had i e yea s o expe ience wi h CTL ha es ing,
including h ee yea s wi h his ha es e . Thus, as a as possible, he well-known and some imes
subs an ial in luence o wo king en i onmen , machine and ope a o on he wo k ou pu in wood
ha es ing was a oided. Ha es ed o es s ands had no been hinned be o e he inal elling.
A ypical s udy s and was o mixed ee age and species. The ee species included sp uce
[Picea abies (L.) Ka s .], pine (Pinus syl es is L.), bi ch (Be ula pubescens), and aspen (Populus
emula). The a e age s em olumes o he ha es ing si es a ied be ween 0.20 m3 and 0.30 m3 u.b.
(unde ba k). The g owing s ock o ha es ed s ands a ied be ween 200 m3/ha and 325 m3/ha. Typical
soils in he es a eas we e loam, clay loam, and sandy loam. The basis o s em olumes and ee
species dis ibu ion by expe imen al ha es ing si es is p esen ed in Table 1. The di e ence be ween
he a e age s em olumes om o es in en o y da a and om he ha es e in o es block 45 o he
T e egion can be explained by he une en ha es a ea s uc u e (i.e., a pa ial a ea was ha es ed).
The speci ica ion o he ha es ed IRW is shown in Table 2.
The ollowing se en ea men s, depending on he deg ee o wea o eed olle s (A—hea y wea ;
B—medium wea ; C and C’—wi hou wea ) and ma ching o kni e blade angles o he echnical
equi emen s (1—inco ec and 2—co ec sha pening), we e each ma ched o one o he IRW
asso men s on each ha es ing si e (Tables 3 and 4):
A1— he hea ily wo n-ou eed olle s (wea up o 23%) and he inco ec (p io o he expe imen )
sha pening o kni es (de ia ion om he equi emen o up o 10°); A2— he hea ily wo n-ou eed
olle s (23%) and co ec ly sha pened kni es immedia ely a e ea men A1; B1— he medium wo n-ou
eed olle s (13%) and he inco ec ly sha pened kni es (6°); B2— he medium wo n-ou eed olle s
(13%) and co ec ly sha pened kni es immedia ely a e ea men B1; C’2— he eno a ed (by
welding) eed olle s and he co ec ly sha pened kni es a e ea men s B1–B2; C1— he b and-new
eed olle s and he inco ec ly sha pened kni es (7°); and C2— he b and-new eed olle s and
co ec ly sha pened kni es made immedia ely a e ea men C1.
Tables 3 and 4 show he deg ee o eed olle wea ( he damage o he spikes), and he ac ual
(be o e sha pening) kni e-blade angles o he es ed ha es e heads, compa ed o he
ecommenda ions o he manu ac u e . No all he ha es e s es ed me he equi emen s o
sha pening delimbing kni es in acco dance wi h he JD H758HD ha es e head manual [17]. As a
esul , e en i kni es we e sha pened egula ly, i was no always ca ied ou in line wi h echnical
equi emen s. As can be seen, he ac ual angles di e om he ecommended ones by up o 10°.
Besides he ailu e o ollow ecommenda ions on sha pening angles, some imes he geome y o
sha pening was aul y.

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Table 1. Desc ip ion o ha es ing a eas.
No. Loca ion* Season
A e age s em olume*
(m3)
S ock*
(m3/ha) T ee species* T ea men Numbe o obse ed s ems^ A e age s em olume^
(m3)
Pine Sp uce Bi ch Aspen
A
Ka elia,
Vedloze o o es dis ic ,
block No.32
Win e 0.30 325
50%—pine
30%—sp uce
20%—bi ch
A1 75 115 97 58 0.26
A2 81 178 80 84 0.3
B
Ka elia,
Vedloze o o es dis ic ,
block No.8
Win e 0.26 269
50%—sp uce
30%—pine
10%—bi ch
10%—aspen
B1 74 120 84 72 0.34
B2 82 168 158 86 0.34
C’
Ka elia,
Vedloze o o es dis ic ,
block No.46
Summe 0.20 292
40%—pine
30%—sp uce
20%—bi ch
10%—aspen
C’1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
C’2 143 244 113 104 0.22
C
T e egion,
Eseno ichskoye o es dis ic ,
block No.45
Summe 0.28 200
60%—bi ch
20%—aspen
20%—sp uce
C1 N/A 344 226 170 0.37
C2 N/A 325 180 134 0.46
A— he ha es e head wi h he hea y wo n-ou olle s; B— he medium wo n-ou olle s; C— he eno a ed olle s; C’— he b and-new olle s; *— o es in en o y da a o whole
ha es ing a ea; ^—ac ual da a om he ha es e .
Fo es s 2012, 3
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Table 2. Speci ica ion o ha es ed indus ial ound-wood and quali y equi emen s
desc ibing he di e en ypes o quali y aul s.
Table 3. T ea men s o John Dee e H758HD ha es e head olle s.
No.
The a e age heigh o
ellip ical spikes (cm)/ olle wea (%) Numbe o missing spikes, (pcs)/(%)
mo able ixed on he ame mo able ixed on he ame
igh le igh le igh le igh le
A 1.19/21 1.16/23 1.3/13 1.29/14 8/6 29/21 0 3/3
B 1.31/13 1.32/12 1.39/7 1.39/7 4/3 3/2 0 0
C’ 1.50/0 1.50/0 1.39/0 1.39/0 0/0 0/0 0 0
C 1.42/6 1.41/6 1.44/4 1.45/3 10/7 6/4 0 0
Table 4. T ea men s o John Dee e H758HD ha es e delimbing kni es.
No. S a e o he cu ing edges
The angle o sha pening he cu ing edges
uppe mo able lowe mo able s a iona y
a b b a c
A 1 40° 50° 45° 30° 30°
2 35° 40° 40° 35° 30°
B 1 38° 45° 35° 29° 35°
2 35° 40° 40° 35° 30°
C’ 2 35° 40° 40° 35° 30°
C 1 40° 47° 40° 35° 37°
2 35° 40° 40° 35° 30°
No e: The angles o kni es: 1—inco ec sha pening; 2—a e co ec sha pening ( ecommended by
manu ac u e ); a—sec o o cu ing b anches om hin s ems; b and c—sec o s o cu ing b anches om
hick s ems.
No. IRW Nominal
leng h (m)
Diame e o e ba k (m) Quali y aul s
Min. a he
uppe end
Max. a he
lowe end
(bu )
Max. b anch
leng h (mm)
Ba k
s ipping
(%)
Damage caused
by spikes (mm)
A, B,
C’, C
Sp uce
sawlogs
6.1
(0, +0.06) 0.170 0.400 10 15 30
A, B,
C’
Pine
sawlogs
4.0
(0, +0.06) 0.180 0.550 10 15 30
A, B,
C’, C
Sp uce
pulpwood
3.6
(±0.15) 0.080 0.400 10 - 30
A, B,
C’
Pine
pulpwood
6.0
(+0.03, +0.05)
0.060
(unde ba k)
0.600
(unde ba k) 10 - 30
A, B,
C’, C
Bi ch
pulpwood
6.0; 4.0
(+0.03, +0.05)
0.060
(unde ba k)
0.600
(unde ba k) 10 - 30
A, B,
C’, C
Aspen
pulpwood
6.0; 4.0
(−0.05, +0.10) 0.075 0.800 10 - 30
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2.1. P oduc i i y and Fuel Consump ion
The pe o mance o each ha es e , such as uel consump ion and p oduc i i y, was au oma ically
moni o ed du ing a single no mal ope a ion shi on a ha es ing si e o each ea men . Al oge he ,
he e we e abou 3595 measu ed s ems o abou 1200 m3 u.b., including 455 pines, 1494 sp uces,
938 bi ches and 708 aspens. The de ailed da a pe ea men a e p esen ed in Table 1. A new e sion o
he John Dee e machine’s pe o mance and condi ion moni o ing sys em (Timbe Link 2.0) was used
o collec ing da a on cu ing p oduc i i y and ollow-up o cu ing condi ions ( ee sizes and species).
Pe o mance da a we e ans e ed om he ha es e o he o ice wi h a USB memo y s ick. The da a
collec ion p ocedu e in ol ed ga he ing p elimina y in o ma ion, such as da e, wo king ime,
p ocessing ime, mo emen ime, s em olume, ee species and numbe o ees, p ocess p oduc i i y,
uel consump ion, and some addi ional in o ma ion, such as he con ac o , machine ype, ha es e
head ype, and loca ion. The ha es ing ope a ion o he ha es e s s udied was spli in o wo dis inc
ime elemen s, which we e eco ded wi h he Timbe Link sys em. Time elemen s we e s em selec ion
and s em p ocessing (i.e., delimbing and c oss-cu ing). The s em selec ion s age co e s e e y hing
om d i ing he machine on o he s and o ope a ing he boom be o e sawing he s em.
The s em p ocessing s age includes he elling, cu ing, mo ing, delimbing and c oss-cu ing o he
s em. Timbe Link moni o s he ime equi ed o he di e en s ages o s em p ocessing when
p ocessing di e en ly sized s ems. The ha es e head measu emen sys em was used o measu e
sec ional diame e s and leng hs o each ee o de e mine s em olume. Machine p oduc i i y was
de e mined in m3 u.b., bo h pe p oduc i e machine hou and pe s em p ocessing machine hou
(Sp ocMH). Fuel consump ion was de e mined in li es pe m3 u.b., o bo h p oduc i e machine hou s
(FC) and s em p ocessing machine hou s (Sp ocFC). P oduc i e machine hou s ep esen he ime
du ing which he machine pe o ms he ha es ing ope a ion excluding b eakdowns (i.e., mechanical
and non-mechanical delays). I is he ime spen by a machine pe o ming i s p ima y ask and ime
spen on suppo asks. Sho delays ha canno be easily sepa a ed om p oduc ion ac i i ies a e
included in p oduc i e ime. S em p ocessing machine hou s ep esen he ime du ing which he
machine ac ually pe o ms elling and s em p ocessing ope a ions ( ee elling, delimbing, c oss-cu ing
and ha es ing head mo emen ). In addi ion, s em eeding ime (FTs em) in seconds pe s em and s em
p ocessing uel consump ion (FCs em) in li es pe s em we e de e mined. No e he di e ence be ween
eeding ime and p ocessing ime. FTs em (seconds pe s em) and Sp ocMH (m3 pe hou ) a e measu es
o ime consump ion o s em eeding and p oduc i i y o s em p ocessing ope a ions espec i ely.
The e o e hey a e di e en in signi icance wi hin he same ea men e ec .
2.2. Pos -Ha es Assessmen s o IRW Damage
In o de o e alua e he in luence o angles o kni e sha pening, he quali y o IRW was e alua ed
be o e and a e sha pening o kni es on h ee ha es e s wo king in simila o es s ands. The IRW
asso men s, such as pine saw logs and pulpwood, sp uce saw logs and pulpwood, and bi ch and aspen
pulpwood, we e collec ed om h ee mixed o es s ands in Ka elia and one in he T e egion
(see Table 2). Acco ding o he me hodology used, he equi ed numbe o logs o be measu ed equals
50 o each ee species pe ea men ; a se o exac ly 50 sp uces, 50 pines and 50 bi ches was selec ed
Fo es s 2012, 3
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o IRW damage obse a ion du ing no mal ha es ing ope a ions wi hin he ime gap be ween
ha es e s and o wa de s. The choice o he numbe o IRW samples o each ea men was made on
he basis o he p io s udy expe imen and by de e mining he minimum numbe o measu emen s o
ensu e he equi ed accu acy and eliabili y (p = 0.05 o a 95% con idence in e al). The o al numbe
o obse ed logs in all ea men s (A–C) was 1300, and he numbe o obse ed ha es ing si es was
ou , including wo in win e and wo in summe (Table 1). All he measu emen esul s we e
egis e ed on checklis s using a da a collec o . The IRW damage e alua ion was based on a numbe o
IRW damage indica o s, which a e egula ed by ele an na ional s anda ds and o es indus y
speci ica ions [5]. The o ms o p ocessing damage o IRW we e b oken down in o h ee g oups:
unp ocessed b anches (>10 mm), ba k s ipping, and damage caused by olle spikes. The esul s we e
hen compa ed wi h he e ec i e quali y equi emen s in a gi en logging company, and he IRW
olume loss in e ms o he ejec a e was de e mined in he con ex o he ha es ing head’s
echnical condi ion.
2.3. S a is ical App oach
The da a ob ained in his s udy we e only on a s em le el. The numbe o eco ded s ems, calcula ed
using a s a is ical app oach, ga e eliable da a o analyses o IRW damage. The eco ded Timbe Link
da a p o ided accu a e da a o analyses o p oduc i i y, ime and uel consump ions. The e o e, he
s udy esul s a e eliable wi hin he case s udy. Collec ed da a we e analyzed h ough mul i a ia e
analysis o a iance and o co a iance (MANCOVA) and Fishe ’s Leas Signi ican Di e ence (LSD)
es s a 95% con idence le el using he SPSS package e sion 17 [18]. This a he ad anced (a leas
o o es enginee ing) p ocedu e is conce ned wi h examining he di e ences be ween he g oups.
T ea men e ec s we e es ed using MANCOVA wi h eed olle wea (Rolle _wea ) and sha pening
o kni es (Kni es_shap) as ixed ac o s sepa a ely o he p oduc i i y (FTs em, Sp ocMH) and uel
consump ion (FCs em) ac o s. A se o co a ia es, such as ee species, s em olume g oups and season,
which migh be ela ed o ou dependen a iables, was used in he analysis. In he mul i a ia e
analysis wi h ha es e s as an obse a ional uni o FTs em, FCs em, Sp ocMH dependen a iables, ee
species and s em olume g oups we e added as co a ia es. The seasonal ac o was excluded om
u he MANCOVA analysis because Ba ano sky and Nek aso [19] and B ey e e al. [20] in Russia
epo ed ha he season does no ha e a signi ican e ec on he p oduc i i y o he delimbing and
eeding mechanisms. In addi ion, he s udy by Kui o e al. [21] in Finland demons a ed ha he
season does no ha e a signi ican e ec on ha es e p oduc i i y and uel consump ion.
3. Resul s
Da a ob ained in his ield s udy a e p esen ed in Tables 5 and 6. Table 5 shows he Sp ocFC and
Sp ocMH esul s o he s em olume g oups by ee species in he con ex o ea men s. The esul s o
pos -ha es assessmen s o IRW damage, s em p ocessing uel consump ion and eeding ime in he
con ex o ea men s a e shown in Table 6. The esul s o MANCOVA analysis a e shown in Table 7.
Fo es s 2012, 3
879
Acknowledgmen s
The publica ion was p epa ed o he p ojec s “Wood Ha es ing and Logis ics”, inanced by he
Eu opean Union h ough he Finnish Funding Agency o Technology and Inno a ion (TEKES), and
“Decision suppo sys em o he boos ing o he a ional use o woody biomass”, inanced by he
Minis y o Educa ion and Science o Russia and wi hin he S a egic de elopmen p og am o
Pe oza odsk S a e Uni e si y.
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The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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