Industrial round-wood damage and operational efficiency losses associated with the maintenance of a single-grip harvester head model: A case study in Russia

Fo es s 2012, 3, 864-880; doi:10.3390/ 3040864 o es s ISSN 1999-4907 www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ o es s A icle Indus ial Round-Wood Damage and Ope a ional E iciency Losses Associa ed wi h he Main enance o a Single-G ip Ha es e Head Model: A Case S udy in Russia Yu i Ge asimo 1,*, Alexande Seli e s o 2 and Vladimi Syune 2 1 Joensuu Resea ch Uni , Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e, Yliopis oka u 6, Box 68, Joensuu 80101, Finland 2 Fo es Enginee ing Facul y, Pe oza odsk S a e Uni e si y, A. Ne skogo a . 58, Pe oza odsk 185030, Russia; E-Mails: [email p o ec ed]. u (A.S.); sioune @psu.ka elia. u (V.S.) * Au ho o whom co espondence should be add essed; E-Mail: yu i.ge asimo @me la. i; Tel.: +358-408-015-162; Fax: +358-102-113-251. Recei ed: 5 July 2012; in e ised o m: 26 Augus 2012 / Accep ed: 20 Sep embe 2012 / Published: 27 Sep embe 2012 Abs ac : A ield-based s udy was pe o med o b oaden ou knowledge o ope a ional e iciency losses associa ed wi h he neglec o he p ope main enance o he delimbing and eeding mechanisms o a ha es e . The pos -ha es assessmen s o indus ial ound-wood (IRW) p ocessing damage, uel consump ion and p oduc i i y we e examined in clea cu ing ope a ions. Obse a ions we e made o se en combina ions o wea le els o eed olle s (A—hea y, B—medium, C and C’—wi hou wea ) and sha pening s a es o delimbing kni es (1—inco ec , 2—co ec ), depending on he deg ee o eed olle wea and ma ching o angles o kni e blades o he echnical equi emen s. The p ocessing de ec s o IRW we e b oken down in o unp ocessed b anches, ba k s ipping, and damage caused by eed olle spikes. The esul s we e hen compa ed wi h he e ec i e quali y equi emen s, and he IRW losses in e ms o he ejec a es (RR) we e de e mined in he con ex o he echnical condi ion. The mos equen damage was by unp ocessed b anches. The ha es e wi h co ec ly sha pened kni es p oduced he minimum RR (4% o pine, 6% o sp uce and 6% bi ch logs). The quali y o IRW ha es ed unde B1 and C1 esul ed in 6%, 6% and 8%. A1 u ned ou o be he lowes (12%, 10% and 8%). Imp o emen in he main enance o delimbing kni es can educe he RR o IRW by 5%. Timely es o a ion o wo n-ou olle s can inc ease p oduc i i y by 2% and educe uel consump ion by 5%. OPEN ACCESS Fo es s 2012, 3 865 Keywo ds: cu - o-leng h; wood damage; uel consump ion; p oduc i i y; ha es e head 1. In oduc ion The ully mechanized cu - o-leng h (CTL) wood ha es ing sys em based on a single-g ip ha es e is now widely used by he logging indus y in empe a e and bo eal o es s, pa icula ly in he No dic coun ies. Today almos 100% o logging in Sweden and Finland is ca ied ou by he ha es e - o wa de sys em [1]. In Russia, pa icula ly i s no he n Eu opean pa , he e has also been a mo emen owa ds mechanized CTL [2]. A ema kable g ow h in Russian o es machine ma ke s is an icipa ed in he long e m, mainly because o he need o enewal o cu en wood ha es ing machines and because o he huge ha es po en ial o Russian o es s [3]. CTL ha es ing was in oduced in he Russian egions along he Finnish bo de in he 1990s, mainly because Finnish en ep eneu s and o es machines om Finland ope a ed in his c oss-bo de a ea. The CTL me hod has become e en mo e common in he 2000s, along wi h an inc ease in he impo o ha es e s and o wa de s. The p opo ion o ha es ing ca ied ou using CTL sys ems has inc eased, especially in No hwes Russia, whe e mo e han 50% o ha es ed wood is al eady logged wi h he CTL me hod [4]. The domes ic p oduc ion o ha es e s is qui e low in Russia, and mos o he machines in use (o e 300 ha es e s pe yea ) a e expo ed o Russia om Finland, Sweden, Canada and he USA [2]. O e 20 yea s o expe ience wi h he ope a ion o CTL ha es ing machines has demons a ed hei e ec i eness o logging companies in Russia; i.e., be e labo condi ions in e ms o e gonomics and sa e y, less en i onmen al damage, and eliabili y in combina ion wi h con enien ope a ion and main enance. The p oduc i i y o wo k and quali y o indus ial ound-wood (IRW) wi h CTL ha es ing can be conside ed accep able, e en hough hey could s ill be imp o ed. P e ious ield s udies conduc ed a a numbe o la ge logging en e p ises in Russia showed ha he companies o en could no achie e high ou pu [4] and quali y o IRW [5]. Mixed s ands wi h a ious na u al de ec s in wood and abno mali ies in s em shape domina e in Russia, which needs o be aken in o accoun in he design o ha es e heads [6]. When buying a whole ha es e o a ha es e head o he a ailable base machine ( he exca a o , o ins ance), he echnical ea u es o he equipmen should i ope a ional condi ions o a oid unnecessa y impai men o i s e ec i eness. Many de elopmen s ha e been made owa ds imp o emen o ully mechanized CTL in he ield o ha es e p oduc i i y and cos s [1,7–12], which a e dependen upon he sil icul u al sys em, ope a ional phase, ambien empe a u e, ou come p oduc , s and ac o s, ope a o ac o s and machine ac o s, e ain and clima ic condi ions, as well as g owing s ock pe hec a e acco ding o a egion [13]. The igh choice o equipmen plays a signi ican , bu no he only, ole in achie ing e ec i e ha es e use. The second ac o o success is co ec main enance, which implies he use o oil and echnical liquids ecommended by he manu ac u e and ollowing he sequence and olume o main enance ope a ions. Special a en ion should be paid o he main enance o he saw and delimbing mechanism. In pa icula , i is necessa y o co ec ly adjus and egula e he delimbing and eeding mechanisms, sha pen delimbing kni es, and clean ba k and wood emnan s om he eed olle s. The o e all ield-based s udies and in e iews conduc ed by Syune e al. [6] and Seli e s o e al. [14] a Fo es s 2012, 3 866 15 logging companies in No hwes Russia exposed he ac ha mos o he ha es e s did no mee he equi emen s o he manuals o sha pening delimbing kni es du ing main enance. The delimbing kni es we e sha pened nei he egula ly no co ec ly. The expe ience o using ha es e s in Russia shows ha while ha es e ope a o s pay p ope a en ion o he sha pening o saw chains, he e is a challenge wi h he main enance o delimbing mechanisms. As delimbing is done by eeding he s em h ough he head a high speed (up o 5 m/s), he e a e high quali y demands on he delimbing kni es in e ms o hei du abili y and abili y o e ain he op imal geome y o he cu ing edge and sides o he kni e. Blun ing o he cu ing edges and changes in he geome y o hei shape educe he capaci y o he machines and lowe he quali y o IRW. The kni es wea ou as e du ing he snow- ee ime, when he b anches ca y mine al subs ances and pa icles o soil du ing ha es ing. Mos o he uppe mo able kni es in es iga ed (Figu e 1) demons a ed inco ec sha pening o cu ing edges o delimbing o hick s ems. The eason was ha , due o wea , he geome y o he cu ing edge changed and was no co ec ed du ing subsequen sha pening. Besides he inco ec main enance o delimbing kni es, some cases o ailu e o obse e ope a ional equi emen s we e egis e ed ha esul ed in mechanical damage o kni es. Qui e o en, when wo king wi h a ee, he uppe suppo ing kni e is bumped in o he machine ame. Such collisions lead o damage o he kni e ha has o be epai ed (Figu e 2). Mo eo e , he inco ec main enance and ope a ion o he kni es and he poo condi ion o he eed olle s in luence bo h he ope a ional e iciency and he quali y o delimbing. Acco ding o ou obse a ions (Figu e 3), damage o he spikes was he mos common o m o wea on mo able eed olle s. Figu e 1. Uppe mo able kni e: (a) co ec angle o cu ing b anches om hick s ems; (b) inco ec angle o cu ing b anches om hick s ems. Figu e 2. Damaged op o suppo ing kni e. Fo es s 2012, 3 867 Figu e 3. Damaged spikes o he mo able eed olle . The in oduc ion o he ad anced and expensi e CTL echnology in Russia has shown ha se ious inancial losses can be incu ed i he main enance o a ha es e is no done co ec ly. A su ey o John Dee e machine ailu es in he Republic o Ka elia in 2003–2006 [15,16] epo ed ha poo ope a o and echnician aining sys ems, ine icien wo k c ew o ganisa ion, lack o main enance suppo and ubiqui ous ailu e o comply wi h he ope a ing ins uc ions a e p oblems o sol e be o e CTL can p ospe in Russia. Acco ding o Sali onik and Shilo sky [16], a ha es e head is one o he mos weak and c i ical elemen s o ha es e echnical se ice. The eby, he necessi y o s udy he e ec s o he main enance o he ha es e head on i s pe o mance is ob ious in Russia oday. This ield-based s udy was pe o med o b oaden ou knowledge o IRW damage and ope a ional e iciency losses associa ed wi h he neglec o he p ope main enance o he delimbing and eeding mechanisms o a single-g ip ha es e . 2. Ma e ial and Me hods This s udy was conduc ed wi h he o e all objec i e o desc ibing he e ec s o eed olle wea and sha pening o delimbing kni es on (i) uel consump ion; (ii) p oduc i i y; and (iii) wood damage. S em olume g oups and ee species ha e been aken in o accoun as co a ia es. Many o he con ounding ac o s, such as machines and ope a o s, ha e been a oided h ough app op ia e planning o he expe imen s. Mo e speci ically, he ha es e model, he ha es e head model, he numbe and speci ica ions o he logs we e he same o all ea men s. The eeding p essu es o he ha es ing head co esponded o hei echnical equi emen s. The expe imen s we e ca ied ou in ypical wo king condi ions nea he own o Vedloze o in he Republic o Ka elia in he la e win e and summe 2009–2010, and Vyshny Volochek in he T e egion in 2010. A midsized-wheeled John Dee e 1270D ha es e wi h an engine ou pu powe o 160 kW and ope a ing weigh o 17 ons was used on all s udy si es. All he ha es e s s udied we e equipped wi h he JD 758 HD ha es e head. This model has ou eed olle s, one bea ing and ou sidelong mo able delimbing kni es. The lowe and highe clamping p essu es (7.5/16.0 MPa o sidelong mo able olle s, 6.0/13.0 MPa o uppe kni es and 3.0/7.5 MPa o lowe kni es) we e Fo es s 2012, 3 868 checked and co ec ed i necessa y [17]. Field s udy da a in Ka elia we e ob ained om wo single-g ip ha es e s p oduced in 2006 and 2008. Bo h ha es e s ope a ed in he same logging company and bo h ope a o s had he same quali ica ions and expe ience ( i e yea s). The ha es e s udied in he T e ield s udy was p oduced in 2007. The ope a o had i e yea s o expe ience wi h CTL ha es ing, including h ee yea s wi h his ha es e . Thus, as a as possible, he well-known and some imes subs an ial in luence o wo king en i onmen , machine and ope a o on he wo k ou pu in wood ha es ing was a oided. Ha es ed o es s ands had no been hinned be o e he inal elling. A ypical s udy s and was o mixed ee age and species. The ee species included sp uce [Picea abies (L.) Ka s .], pine (Pinus syl es is L.), bi ch (Be ula pubescens), and aspen (Populus emula). The a e age s em olumes o he ha es ing si es a ied be ween 0.20 m3 and 0.30 m3 u.b. (unde ba k). The g owing s ock o ha es ed s ands a ied be ween 200 m3/ha and 325 m3/ha. Typical soils in he es a eas we e loam, clay loam, and sandy loam. The basis o s em olumes and ee species dis ibu ion by expe imen al ha es ing si es is p esen ed in Table 1. The di e ence be ween he a e age s em olumes om o es in en o y da a and om he ha es e in o es block 45 o he T e egion can be explained by he une en ha es a ea s uc u e (i.e., a pa ial a ea was ha es ed). The speci ica ion o he ha es ed IRW is shown in Table 2. The ollowing se en ea men s, depending on he deg ee o wea o eed olle s (A—hea y wea ; B—medium wea ; C and C’—wi hou wea ) and ma ching o kni e blade angles o he echnical equi emen s (1—inco ec and 2—co ec sha pening), we e each ma ched o one o he IRW asso men s on each ha es ing si e (Tables 3 and 4): A1— he hea ily wo n-ou eed olle s (wea up o 23%) and he inco ec (p io o he expe imen ) sha pening o kni es (de ia ion om he equi emen o up o 10°); A2— he hea ily wo n-ou eed olle s (23%) and co ec ly sha pened kni es immedia ely a e ea men A1; B1— he medium wo n-ou eed olle s (13%) and he inco ec ly sha pened kni es (6°); B2— he medium wo n-ou eed olle s (13%) and co ec ly sha pened kni es immedia ely a e ea men B1; C’2— he eno a ed (by welding) eed olle s and he co ec ly sha pened kni es a e ea men s B1–B2; C1— he b and-new eed olle s and he inco ec ly sha pened kni es (7°); and C2— he b and-new eed olle s and co ec ly sha pened kni es made immedia ely a e ea men C1. Tables 3 and 4 show he deg ee o eed olle wea ( he damage o he spikes), and he ac ual (be o e sha pening) kni e-blade angles o he es ed ha es e heads, compa ed o he ecommenda ions o he manu ac u e . No all he ha es e s es ed me he equi emen s o sha pening delimbing kni es in acco dance wi h he JD H758HD ha es e head manual [17]. As a esul , e en i kni es we e sha pened egula ly, i was no always ca ied ou in line wi h echnical equi emen s. As can be seen, he ac ual angles di e om he ecommended ones by up o 10°. Besides he ailu e o ollow ecommenda ions on sha pening angles, some imes he geome y o sha pening was aul y. Fo es s 2012, 3 869 Table 1. Desc ip ion o ha es ing a eas. No. Loca ion* Season A e age s em olume* (m3) S ock* (m3/ha) T ee species* T ea men Numbe o obse ed s ems^ A e age s em olume^ (m3) Pine Sp uce Bi ch Aspen A Ka elia, Vedloze o o es dis ic , block No.32 Win e 0.30 325 50%—pine 30%—sp uce 20%—bi ch A1 75 115 97 58 0.26 A2 81 178 80 84 0.3 B Ka elia, Vedloze o o es dis ic , block No.8 Win e 0.26 269 50%—sp uce 30%—pine 10%—bi ch 10%—aspen B1 74 120 84 72 0.34 B2 82 168 158 86 0.34 C’ Ka elia, Vedloze o o es dis ic , block No.46 Summe 0.20 292 40%—pine 30%—sp uce 20%—bi ch 10%—aspen C’1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A C’2 143 244 113 104 0.22 C T e egion, Eseno ichskoye o es dis ic , block No.45 Summe 0.28 200 60%—bi ch 20%—aspen 20%—sp uce C1 N/A 344 226 170 0.37 C2 N/A 325 180 134 0.46 A— he ha es e head wi h he hea y wo n-ou olle s; B— he medium wo n-ou olle s; C— he eno a ed olle s; C’— he b and-new olle s; *— o es in en o y da a o whole ha es ing a ea; ^—ac ual da a om he ha es e . Fo es s 2012, 3 870 Table 2. Speci ica ion o ha es ed indus ial ound-wood and quali y equi emen s desc ibing he di e en ypes o quali y aul s. Table 3. T ea men s o John Dee e H758HD ha es e head olle s. No. The a e age heigh o ellip ical spikes (cm)/ olle wea (%) Numbe o missing spikes, (pcs)/(%) mo able ixed on he ame mo able ixed on he ame igh le igh le igh le igh le A 1.19/21 1.16/23 1.3/13 1.29/14 8/6 29/21 0 3/3 B 1.31/13 1.32/12 1.39/7 1.39/7 4/3 3/2 0 0 C’ 1.50/0 1.50/0 1.39/0 1.39/0 0/0 0/0 0 0 C 1.42/6 1.41/6 1.44/4 1.45/3 10/7 6/4 0 0 Table 4. T ea men s o John Dee e H758HD ha es e delimbing kni es. No. S a e o he cu ing edges The angle o sha pening he cu ing edges uppe mo able lowe mo able s a iona y a b b a c A 1 40° 50° 45° 30° 30° 2 35° 40° 40° 35° 30° B 1 38° 45° 35° 29° 35° 2 35° 40° 40° 35° 30° C’ 2 35° 40° 40° 35° 30° C 1 40° 47° 40° 35° 37° 2 35° 40° 40° 35° 30° No e: The angles o kni es: 1—inco ec sha pening; 2—a e co ec sha pening ( ecommended by manu ac u e ); a—sec o o cu ing b anches om hin s ems; b and c—sec o s o cu ing b anches om hick s ems. No. IRW Nominal leng h (m) Diame e o e ba k (m) Quali y aul s Min. a he uppe end Max. a he lowe end (bu ) Max. b anch leng h (mm) Ba k s ipping (%) Damage caused by spikes (mm) A, B, C’, C Sp uce sawlogs 6.1 (0, +0.06) 0.170 0.400 10 15 30 A, B, C’ Pine sawlogs 4.0 (0, +0.06) 0.180 0.550 10 15 30 A, B, C’, C Sp uce pulpwood 3.6 (±0.15) 0.080 0.400 10 - 30 A, B, C’ Pine pulpwood 6.0 (+0.03, +0.05) 0.060 (unde ba k) 0.600 (unde ba k) 10 - 30 A, B, C’, C Bi ch pulpwood 6.0; 4.0 (+0.03, +0.05) 0.060 (unde ba k) 0.600 (unde ba k) 10 - 30 A, B, C’, C Aspen pulpwood 6.0; 4.0 (−0.05, +0.10) 0.075 0.800 10 - 30 Fo es s 2012, 3 871 2.1. P oduc i i y and Fuel Consump ion The pe o mance o each ha es e , such as uel consump ion and p oduc i i y, was au oma ically moni o ed du ing a single no mal ope a ion shi on a ha es ing si e o each ea men . Al oge he , he e we e abou 3595 measu ed s ems o abou 1200 m3 u.b., including 455 pines, 1494 sp uces, 938 bi ches and 708 aspens. The de ailed da a pe ea men a e p esen ed in Table 1. A new e sion o he John Dee e machine’s pe o mance and condi ion moni o ing sys em (Timbe Link 2.0) was used o collec ing da a on cu ing p oduc i i y and ollow-up o cu ing condi ions ( ee sizes and species). Pe o mance da a we e ans e ed om he ha es e o he o ice wi h a USB memo y s ick. The da a collec ion p ocedu e in ol ed ga he ing p elimina y in o ma ion, such as da e, wo king ime, p ocessing ime, mo emen ime, s em olume, ee species and numbe o ees, p ocess p oduc i i y, uel consump ion, and some addi ional in o ma ion, such as he con ac o , machine ype, ha es e head ype, and loca ion. The ha es ing ope a ion o he ha es e s s udied was spli in o wo dis inc ime elemen s, which we e eco ded wi h he Timbe Link sys em. Time elemen s we e s em selec ion and s em p ocessing (i.e., delimbing and c oss-cu ing). The s em selec ion s age co e s e e y hing om d i ing he machine on o he s and o ope a ing he boom be o e sawing he s em. The s em p ocessing s age includes he elling, cu ing, mo ing, delimbing and c oss-cu ing o he s em. Timbe Link moni o s he ime equi ed o he di e en s ages o s em p ocessing when p ocessing di e en ly sized s ems. The ha es e head measu emen sys em was used o measu e sec ional diame e s and leng hs o each ee o de e mine s em olume. Machine p oduc i i y was de e mined in m3 u.b., bo h pe p oduc i e machine hou and pe s em p ocessing machine hou (Sp ocMH). Fuel consump ion was de e mined in li es pe m3 u.b., o bo h p oduc i e machine hou s (FC) and s em p ocessing machine hou s (Sp ocFC). P oduc i e machine hou s ep esen he ime du ing which he machine pe o ms he ha es ing ope a ion excluding b eakdowns (i.e., mechanical and non-mechanical delays). I is he ime spen by a machine pe o ming i s p ima y ask and ime spen on suppo asks. Sho delays ha canno be easily sepa a ed om p oduc ion ac i i ies a e included in p oduc i e ime. S em p ocessing machine hou s ep esen he ime du ing which he machine ac ually pe o ms elling and s em p ocessing ope a ions ( ee elling, delimbing, c oss-cu ing and ha es ing head mo emen ). In addi ion, s em eeding ime (FTs em) in seconds pe s em and s em p ocessing uel consump ion (FCs em) in li es pe s em we e de e mined. No e he di e ence be ween eeding ime and p ocessing ime. FTs em (seconds pe s em) and Sp ocMH (m3 pe hou ) a e measu es o ime consump ion o s em eeding and p oduc i i y o s em p ocessing ope a ions espec i ely. The e o e hey a e di e en in signi icance wi hin he same ea men e ec . 2.2. Pos -Ha es Assessmen s o IRW Damage In o de o e alua e he in luence o angles o kni e sha pening, he quali y o IRW was e alua ed be o e and a e sha pening o kni es on h ee ha es e s wo king in simila o es s ands. The IRW asso men s, such as pine saw logs and pulpwood, sp uce saw logs and pulpwood, and bi ch and aspen pulpwood, we e collec ed om h ee mixed o es s ands in Ka elia and one in he T e egion (see Table 2). Acco ding o he me hodology used, he equi ed numbe o logs o be measu ed equals 50 o each ee species pe ea men ; a se o exac ly 50 sp uces, 50 pines and 50 bi ches was selec ed Fo es s 2012, 3 872 o IRW damage obse a ion du ing no mal ha es ing ope a ions wi hin he ime gap be ween ha es e s and o wa de s. The choice o he numbe o IRW samples o each ea men was made on he basis o he p io s udy expe imen and by de e mining he minimum numbe o measu emen s o ensu e he equi ed accu acy and eliabili y (p = 0.05 o a 95% con idence in e al). The o al numbe o obse ed logs in all ea men s (A–C) was 1300, and he numbe o obse ed ha es ing si es was ou , including wo in win e and wo in summe (Table 1). All he measu emen esul s we e egis e ed on checklis s using a da a collec o . The IRW damage e alua ion was based on a numbe o IRW damage indica o s, which a e egula ed by ele an na ional s anda ds and o es indus y speci ica ions [5]. The o ms o p ocessing damage o IRW we e b oken down in o h ee g oups: unp ocessed b anches (>10 mm), ba k s ipping, and damage caused by olle spikes. The esul s we e hen compa ed wi h he e ec i e quali y equi emen s in a gi en logging company, and he IRW olume loss in e ms o he ejec a e was de e mined in he con ex o he ha es ing head’s echnical condi ion. 2.3. S a is ical App oach The da a ob ained in his s udy we e only on a s em le el. The numbe o eco ded s ems, calcula ed using a s a is ical app oach, ga e eliable da a o analyses o IRW damage. The eco ded Timbe Link da a p o ided accu a e da a o analyses o p oduc i i y, ime and uel consump ions. The e o e, he s udy esul s a e eliable wi hin he case s udy. Collec ed da a we e analyzed h ough mul i a ia e analysis o a iance and o co a iance (MANCOVA) and Fishe ’s Leas Signi ican Di e ence (LSD) es s a 95% con idence le el using he SPSS package e sion 17 [18]. This a he ad anced (a leas o o es enginee ing) p ocedu e is conce ned wi h examining he di e ences be ween he g oups. T ea men e ec s we e es ed using MANCOVA wi h eed olle wea (Rolle _wea ) and sha pening o kni es (Kni es_shap) as ixed ac o s sepa a ely o he p oduc i i y (FTs em, Sp ocMH) and uel consump ion (FCs em) ac o s. A se o co a ia es, such as ee species, s em olume g oups and season, which migh be ela ed o ou dependen a iables, was used in he analysis. In he mul i a ia e analysis wi h ha es e s as an obse a ional uni o FTs em, FCs em, Sp ocMH dependen a iables, ee species and s em olume g oups we e added as co a ia es. The seasonal ac o was excluded om u he MANCOVA analysis because Ba ano sky and Nek aso [19] and B ey e e al. [20] in Russia epo ed ha he season does no ha e a signi ican e ec on he p oduc i i y o he delimbing and eeding mechanisms. In addi ion, he s udy by Kui o e al. [21] in Finland demons a ed ha he season does no ha e a signi ican e ec on ha es e p oduc i i y and uel consump ion. 3. Resul s Da a ob ained in his ield s udy a e p esen ed in Tables 5 and 6. Table 5 shows he Sp ocFC and Sp ocMH esul s o he s em olume g oups by ee species in he con ex o ea men s. The esul s o pos -ha es assessmen s o IRW damage, s em p ocessing uel consump ion and eeding ime in he con ex o ea men s a e shown in Table 6. The esul s o MANCOVA analysis a e shown in Table 7. Fo es s 2012, 3 879 Acknowledgmen s The publica ion was p epa ed o he p ojec s “Wood Ha es ing and Logis ics”, inanced by he Eu opean Union h ough he Finnish Funding Agency o Technology and Inno a ion (TEKES), and “Decision suppo sys em o he boos ing o he a ional use o woody biomass”, inanced by he Minis y o Educa ion and Science o Russia and wi hin he S a egic de elopmen p og am o Pe oza odsk S a e Uni e si y. Con lic o In e es The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es . Re e ences 1. No d jell, T.; Bjo heden, R.; Tho , M.; Was e lund, I. Changes in echnical pe o mance, mechanical a ailabili y and p ices o machines used in o es ope a ions in Sweden om 1985 o 2010. Scand. J. Fo . Res. 2010, 25, 382–389. 2. Ge asimo , Y.; Ka jalainen, T. Es ima ion o machine y ma ke size o indus ial and ene gy wood ha es ing in Lening ad egion. C oa . J. Fo . Eng. 2012, 33, 49–60. 3. Ka inen, S.; Välkky, E.; Ge asimo , Y.; Dob o olsky, A. No hwes Russian Fo es Sec o in a Nu shell; Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e (METLA): Helsinki, Finland, 2011. 4. Ge asimo , Y.; Senkin, V.; Vää äinen, K. P oduc i i y o single-g ip ha es e s in clea -cu ing ope a ions in he no he n Eu opean pa o Russia. Eu . J. Fo . Res. 2012, 131, 647–654. 5. Ge asimo , Y.; Seli e s o , A. Indus ial ound-wood losses associa ed wi h he ha es ing sys ems in Russia. C oa . J. Fo . Eng. 2010, 31, 111–126. 6. Syune , V.; Sokolo , A.; Kono alo , A.; Ka a o , V.; Seli e s o , A.; Ge asimo , Y.; Ka inen, S.; Välkky, E. Compa ison o Wood Ha es ing Me hods in he Republic o Ka elia; Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e (METLA): Helsinki, Finland, 2009. 7. Adebayo, A.B.; Han, H.S.; Johnson, L. P oduc i i y and cos o cu - o-leng h and whole- ee ha es ing in a mixed-coni e s and. Fo . P od. J. 2007, 57, 59–69. 8. Kä hä, K.; Rönkkö, E.; Gumse, S. P oduc i i y and cu ing cos s o hinning ha es e s. J. Fo . Eng. 2004, 15, 43–56. 9. Ji oušek, R.; Kl ač, R.; Skoupy, A. P oduc i i y and cos s o he mechanised cu - o-leng h wood ha es ing sys em in clea - elling ope a ions. J. Fo . Sci. 2007, 53, 476–482. 10. Si én, M.; Aal io, H. P oduc i i y and cos s o hinning ha es e s and ha es e - o wa de s. In . J. Fo . Eng. 2003, 14, 39–48. 11. Spinelli, R.; Owende, P.M.O.; Wa d, S. P oduc i i y and cos o CTL ha es ing o Eucalyp us globulus s ands using exca a o -based ha es e s. Fo . P od. J. 2002, 52, 67–77. 12. Holzlei ne , F.; S amp e , K.; Visse , R. U iliza ion a es and cos ac o s in imbe ha es ing based on long- e m machine da a. C oa . J. Fo . Eng. 2011, 32, 501–508. 13. Gelle s ed , S.; Dahlin, B. Cu - o-leng h in he nex decade. J. Fo . Eng. 1999, 10, 17–25. 14. Seli e s o , A.; Sioune , V.; Ge asimo , Y.; Sokolo , A. Imp o ing he e iciency o ha es e s (in Russian). Sys . Me hods Technol. 2010, 4, 133–139. Fo es s 2012, 3 880 15. Shilo sky, V.; Sali onik, A.; Goldsh ain, G. Ways o inc easing e ec i eness o o eign imbe machine y (in Russian). P oc. Pe oza odsk S a e Uni . 2008, 3, 104–108. 16. Sali onik, A.; Shilo sky, V. Resul s o he s udy o elemen s o echnical se ice o o eign ha es e s (in Russian). In Ac ual P oblems o Fo es Indus y; Pam ilo , E.A., Ed.; B yansk S a e Enginee ing and Technology Academy: B yansk, Russia, 2007; Volume 18, pp. 44–47. 17. John Dee e. Ope a ion and Main enance Manual o Ha es e Head John Dee e 758HD; John Dee e: Moline, IL, USA, 2008. 18. SPSS. SPSS S a is ics Base 17.0 Use ’s Guide; SPSS, Inc.: Chicago, IL, USA, 2009. 19. Ba ano sky, V.A.; Nek aso , R.M. Wood Ha es ing Machine y Sys ems (in Russian); Logging Indus y: Moscow, Russia, 1977; p. 44. 20. B ey e , V.S.; Bolshako , B.M.; Dolgo ykh, G.P. An e alua ion o he join impac o na u al and p oduc ion ac o s on ha es ing machines (in Russian). In Ad anced Technology and O ganiza ion o he Logging Indus y; TSNIIME: Khimki, Russia, 1977; pp. 32–40. 21. Kui o, P.-J.; Keskinen, S.; Lind oos, J.; Oijala, T.; Rajamäki, J.; Räsänen, T.; Te ä ä, J. Mechanised Cu ing and Fo es Haulage (in Finnish); Me sä eho Repo 410; Me sä eho: Helsinki, Finland, 1994. 22. Nuu inen, Y.; Vää äinen, K.; Asikainen, A.; P inz, R.; Heinonen, J. Ope a ional e iciency and damage o sawlogs by eed olle s o he ha es e head. Sil a Fenn. 2010, 44, 121–139. 23. B unbe g, T.; Ho s en, H.; Jonsson, M. Ka lägging och Vä de ing a Dubbskado (in Swedish); The Fo es y Resea ch Ins i u e o Sweden: Uppsala, Sweden, 2006. 24. Rieppo, K.; Ö n, J. Me säkoneiden Pol oaineen Kulu uksen Mi aaminen (in Finnish); Me sä ehon Repo 148; Me sä eho: Helsinki, Finland, 2003. 25. Pu ock, D.; Spinelli, R.; Ha sough, B.R. Ope a ional ials o cu - o-leng h ha es ing o popla in a mixed wood s and. In . J. Fo . Eng. 2005, 16, 39–49. 26. A hanassiadis, D.; Lides a , G.; Wäs e lund, I. Fuel, hyd aulic oil and lub ican consump ion in Swedish mechanized ha es ing ope a ions. J. Fo . Eng. 1999, 10, 59–66. 27. Ka iniemi, A. Kulje ajakeskeinen Hakkuukone yön Malli—Työn Suo i uksen Kogni ii inen Ta kas elu (in Finnish); The Digi al Reposi o y o Uni e si y o Helsinki: Helsinki, Finland, 2006. 28. Vää äinen, K.; O askainen, H.; Ran a, P.; Ala-Fossi, A. Hakkuukoneenkulje ajan Hiljaisen Tiedon Me ki ys Hakkuu ulokseen Työpis e asolla (in Finnish); Joensuun Tu kimuskeskus: Helsinki, Finland, 2005. 29. Ging as, J.F. Ea ly s udies o mul i- ee handling in Eas e n Canada. In . J. Fo . Eng. 2004, 15, 18–22. © 2012 by he au ho s; licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/3.0/).