No dia Geog aphical Publica ions 45: 2, 19–36
19
M. Jokinen, S. Sa kki & H. I. Heikkinen
The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el
en i onmen al go e nance: Case o Kilpisjä i
Mikko Jokinen*, Simo Sa kki** & Hannu I. Heikkinen**
* Na u al Resou ce Ins i u e Finland (Luke), Economics and Socie y.
e-mail: mikko.jokinen@luke. i
** Cul u al An h opology, Facul y o Humani ies, Uni e si y o Oulu, Finland.
Abs ac : Equali y among s akeholde s and sus ainable en i onmen al impac s a e
impo an hemes o good en i onmen al go e nance. Good go e nance is a icky
heme o add ess as localized en i onmen al decision making is deeply connec ed o
issues and ac o s a a ious go e nance le els, om he local o he global, embedded
wi h powe ela ions. The examined case o Kilpisjä i also includes issues om a ious
go e nance le els and in ol es con es ed ela ionships be ween s akeholde s. The
aim o his pape is o examine he Kilpisjä i case in o de o iden i y: 1) How key
go e nance p oblema ics o igina ing om a ious le els a e mani es ed in local le el
land use decision making; 2) Wha kinds o implica ions hese p oblema ics may ha e
on local well-being; and 3) How good go e nance can be enhanced ega ding hese
iden i ied p oblema ics. The Kilpisjä i case illumina es he complexi ies associa ed wi h
local en i onmen al go e nance. The key s akeholde s in he a ea a e Sámi eindee
he de s, ou ism en ep eneu s, local inhabi an s, land use go e nance o icials, and
p o ec ed a ea managemen o icials as well as scien is s. The lessons lea ned ela e
o: 1) Enhancing he en i onmen al sus ainabili y o he ding and unde s anding di e en
concep ualiza ions on wha “en i onmen al sus ainabili y” ac ually means; 2) Enhancing
he dialogue be ween land use s o inc ease social capi al among s akeholde s; 3)
Cla i ying he posi ion o Sámi as indigenous people, 4) Cla i ying local igh s and ways
o s uc u e s akeholde in e ac ion in o de o inc ease he possibili y o ac ion and
sel -de e mina ion a he local le el; and 5) Enhancing he anspa en link be ween
in e na ional guidelines and local p ac ices and highligh ing in e na ional guidelines,
such as Akwé: Kon, o inc ease a local sense o being espec ed by ex e nal ac o s.
Only by conside ing angible en i onmen al impac s and he well-being implica ions o
go e nance can schola s make conc e e p oposals on how o enhance he sus ainabili y
o localized mul i-le el go e nance.
Keywo ds: mul i-le el go e nance, land use, local en i onmen al decision making,
s akeholde s, con adic ions, well-being
In oduc ion
En i onmen al and social sus ainabili y
can be enhanced by good go e nance i
he p ac ices ha e he capaci y o egula e,
incen i ize, and encou age s akeholde s
owa ds sus ainable beha io (Lemos &
Ag awal 2006). Howe e , good go e nance
may be di icul o assess as go e nance
is mul i-le el in cha ac e (Andono a &
Mi chell 2010). Fu he mo e, he aim o
en i onmen al go e nance is o ensu e
en i onmen al sus ainabili y, bu also local
social equi y and well-being (e.g. Pascual
e al. 2014). Local well-being has been
app oached, o example, by ecosys em
The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el...
20
NGP Yea book 2016
se ice assessmen s which de ine well-
being qui e b oadly as consis ing o
he ma e ial basis o a good li e, social
ela ions, sel -de e mina ion, possibili ies
o ac ion, heal h, sa e y, a sense o being
espec ed, and li ing in ha mony wi h
na u e (MA 2005; Pascual e al. 2014; Díaz
e al. 2015). S akeholde s and issues a
mul iple go e nance le els, om he local
o he global, in e ac and ha e implica ions
o local well-being and en i onmen al
sus ainabili y.
This pape aims o conc e ize such
a complex si ua ion by examining how
mul iple issues a e localized and con es ed
in en i onmen al decision making in
Kilpisjä i No hwes e n Finland. An
impo an ques ion is wha kinds o
implica ions do he ela ed decision-making
p ocesses ha e on local well-being and
en i onmen al sus ainabili y in an a ea
whe e local ac o s ha e a s ong sense
o a achmen o a place, who shape ha
place, and who o m an in eg al pa o
he local en i onmen (Kaján 2014). The
key s akeholde s in he Kilpisjä i a ea
a e indigenous Sámi eindee he de s,
ou ism en ep eneu s, local inhabi an s,
en i onmen al managemen o icials, and
scien is s. All hese ac o s ha e linkages o
o he go e nance le els, hus making he
esolu ion o con es ed issues complex.
The ac o s om a ious go e nance le els
in e ac in se e al ways. I is o en assumed
ha la ge scale ac o s ha e a causal powe
ela ion o local p ac ices (Ma s on e
al. 2005). Howe e , he powe o local
people and communi ies in he con ex o
globaliza ion has been ou lined in many
s udies (Cox 1997), and e en hough
en i onmen al p oblems a e o en global
and in e na ional in cha ac e , hey also
ha e a s ong local each (Escoba 2001;
Red o d & B osius 2006). The e o e, local
well-being is a join ou come o ex e nal
in luences as well as local p ac ices and
ac ions.
Swyngedouw (2004: 132–133) conside s
‘scala con igu a ions as he ou come o
socio-spa ial p ocesses ha egula e and
o ganize social powe ela ions’. He e, we
poin ou ha go e nance le els a e also in
a p ocess o shaping and e-making, and
his en ails powe ela ionships be ween
he s a e, ma ke -ac o s, ci il socie y, and
science (Lemos & Ag awal 2006; Chil e s
& E ans 2009). Consequen ly, local le el
go e nance and powe in nego ia ions a e
impac ed by ac o s and ac o s om a ious
le els and he e o e he local p ocesses
o decision making in ol e a mix o
issues om a ious go e nance le els wi h
implica ions o local well-being.
The objec i es o his pape a e o examine
he case o Kilpisjä i o iden i y: 1) How
key go e nance p oblema ics o igina ing
om se e al le els a e mani es ed in local
le el land use decision making; 2) Wha
kinds o implica ions hese p oblema ics
may ha e on local well-being; and 3) How
good go e nance can be enhanced ega ding
hese iden i ied p oblema ics. This pape will
begin by ou lining backg ound in o ma ion
on Kilpisjä i a e which we p esen ou
ma e ial and me hods. We hen discuss
how he local, na ional, and in e na ional
le els a e linked o local socio-cul u al
and en i onmen al sus ainabili y in he
Kilpisjä i a ea. The pape is concluded
by summa izing he lessons lea ned om
he case s udy o bo h p ac ice and heo y.
No dia Geog aphical Publica ions 45: 2, 19–36
21
M. Jokinen, S. Sa kki & H. I. Heikkinen
Backg ound
Kilpisjä i is loca ed in he municipali y
o Enon ekiö in he no hwes e n pa o
Finnish Lapland (69°03’ N, 20°50’ E) a 475
m.a.s.l. close o Sweden and No way. The
landscape is domina ed by ells (moun ains
o high pla eaus abo e he ee line)
ex ending in o he Scandina ian moun ain
ange, such as he Saana ell (1029 m.a.s.l.)
and Pikku-Malla (738 m.a.s.l.). Kilpisjä i
lies abou 100 km no h o a con inuous
coni e ous o es and belongs o he sub-
alpine bi ch o es zone, wi h moun ain
bi ch being he dominan ee species.
The a ea is domina ed by a wide ange o
ecosys ems om moun ain bi ch o es
a low al i udes ( ee line 480–600 m) o
alpine und a (abo e 600 m). The majo i y
o he a ea is a mosaic o eeless alpine
hea h and ponds. Due o he calca eous
bed ock, he Kilpisjä i a ea is a ho spo
o many calciphilous and endange ed
moun ain plan species. Close o he illage
o Kilpisjä i is he Malla s ic na u e
ese e, which is oldes na u e p o ec ion
a ea in Finland, es ablished in 1916 (Jokinen
2005a; Me sähalli us 2014). The e a e also
smalle p ese a ion a eas a ound he Saana
ell, close o he illage o Kilpisjä i.
The Kilpisjä i a ea is su ounded by as
wilde ness a eas wi h lowe conse a ion
s a us in he p o ec ed a ea classi ica ion
sys em o he wo ld conse a ion union
(IUCN Ib) (Heinonen 2013; Figu e 1).
The Kilpisjä i egion p o ides ich
na u al en i onmen s o eindee he ding,
na u e-based ou ism, na u al sciences, and
subsis ence use ( ishing, hun ing, ga he ing)
o local people, as well as ec ea ion. La ge-
scale eindee he ding has been p ac iced
o cen u ies o e en longe , and he a ea
has been inhabi ed since he mos ecen
glacial pe iod o 11,000 yea s (Manninen
2014). The Sámi people ha e adi ionally
based hei li ing on cul u ally impo an
eindee he ding, ishing, and hun ing, and
oday also on mode n li elihoods. Howe e ,
he non-Sámi popula ion is he majo i y
in he illage o Kilpisjä i and ou ism is
he majo indus y, which s a ed a e he
Second Wo ld Wa . The p esen popula ion
in Kilpisjä i is sligh ly o e 100 inhabi an s.
The popula ion boomed a e he 1970s due
o he expansion o na u e-based ou ism
in he a ea. Fu he mo e, bo anis s and
en omologis s ha e conduc ed s udies in
Kilpisjä i o mo e han 100 yea s (Jokinen
2005b).
Land and wa e s in he a ea a e almos
en i ely owned by he s a e and go e ned
by Me sähalli us (“S a e o es s” o me ly
Finnish Fo es and Pa k Se ice), excep
o he eal es a e a ea inside he illage o
Kilpisjä i. Me sähalli us uses pa icipa o y
egional Na u al Resou ce Planning and
Managemen and Land-use planning ools
in o de o econcile compe ing in e es s
and o ensu e sus ainabili y. Me sähalli us
has obliga ions o ake ca e o na u al
he i age (na u e p o ec ion and ec ea ion)
and make a p o i u ilizing na u al esou ces,
mainly by selling imbe , soil, and land.
Me sähalli us is bo h a p o i and non-p o i
o ganiza ion, an au ho i y and en e p ise
ha may ha e con adic o y aims. In some
en i onmen al dispu es, Me sähalli us
has been a s akeholde , an o icial, and
media o in he p ocess and hus i s mul i-
pu pose ole has been ques ioned (Jokinen
2014; Rai io 2008). Conce ning i s na u e
conse a ion ac i i ies, Me sähalli us is
The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el...
22
NGP Yea book 2016
s ee ed by he Minis y o he En i onmen ,
and i s ac i i ies ela ed o he use o na u al
esou ce a e s ee ed by he Minis y o
Ag icul u e and Fo es y.
Kilpisjä i (Gilbbesjá i in Sámi) is pa
o he o icial Sámi homeland whe e Sámi
eindee he de s ha e ce ain p i ileges
in land-use. Howe e , Sámi igh s and
owne ship o hei adi ional a eas is an
open poli ical ques ion ha has been deba ed
du ing ecen decades, and is a sensi i e
poli ical ques ion which con inuously
in luences land-use go e nance issues
(Rai io 2008; Nykänen & Valkeapää 2016).
Kilpisjä i and he su ounding
wilde ness a eas in he Käsi a si egion
a e places wi h widely di e ging opinions
conce ning land-use issues. Tou ism,
na u e p o ec ion, eindee he ding,
na u al sciences, in as uc u e building,
and possibly mining a e li elihoods and
in e es s ha ha e had compe ing needs
Figu e 1. S udy a ea and la ge p o ec ion a eas in no h-wes Lapland.
No dia Geog aphical Publica ions 45: 2, 19–36
23
M. Jokinen, S. Sa kki & H. I. Heikkinen
and ha e e en come in o con lic in ecen
decades (Table 1). Reconcilia ion o hese
di e gen needs is he key ques ion o
sus ainable land-use go e nance. The
Kilpisjä i egion is a place whe e di e en
opinions and alues—cul u al, e hnic,
economic, and adminis a i e—mee and
some imes collide. Sámi eindee he de s,
na u e conse a ionis s, and ecologis s
usually ag ee ha suba c ic na u e should
be p o ec ed om la ge cons uc ions,
independen o whe he he ques ion
conce ns ou ism, anspo a ion, powe
plan s, o mining. Howe e , among
ou ism business and municipali y he e
a e con lic ing discou ses (Mäki ie &
Ylisi niö 2013). These s akeholde s ha e
also c i icized mechanized c oss-coun y
a ic consis ing o snowmobiles and
quadbikes.
Table 1. Backg ound in o ma ion o con ex ualizing en i onmen al go e nance in Kilpisjä i.
Owne ship o he a ea S a e owned and go e ned by Me sähalli us. Owne ship challenged by
he Sámi, who ha e open land claim ega ding hei homeland.
Economic de elopmen Na u e-based ou ism and eindee he ding p o ides majo i y o he
income.
In ol ed ac o s Ci izens o he municipali y, na u e-based ou ism en ep eneu s,
eindee he de s, Me sähalli us, Uni e si y o Helsinki, esea che s,
ou is s, en i onmen al NGOs
Main ecosys em se ices P o isioning se ices: (pas u es o eindee , habi a s o game, be ies,
eshwa e , ish)
Cul u al se ices: (homeland o he Sámi people, na u e he i age a eas,
na ional landscape, na u e-based ou ism and ec ea ion, subsis ence use
local people)
Regula ion and main enance se ices: (ca bon seques a ion and wa e
pu i ica ion by und ained mi es, lood con ol by clean and eely
unning wa e s, p ima y p oduc ion and ca bon seques a ion by
moun ain bi ch o es s)
Go e nance ins umen (s) Pa icipa o y Na u al Resou ce Planning (NRP) and Managemen and
land-use plans ool de eloped and used by Me sähalli us.
Main p essu es on
en i onmen al sus ainabili y
Clima e change, eindee g azing, andom eindee g azing in Malla
S ic Na u e Rese e, po en ial nea by mining and wind ene gy
de elopmen s, inc easing insec dis u bances unde wa ming clima e,
inc easing p essu e by ou ism, inc easing mo emen o people in he
na u e.
T ade-o s and / o syne gies
ega ding land use
Tou ism en ep eneu s, eindee he de s, en i onmen al NGOs, na u e
conse a ionis s and esea che s sha e a common goal o main ain
he beau i ul na u al landscape and na u al en i onmen . Among
ou ism business and municipali y he e a e opinions on land use ha
con on wi h iews o o he g oups men ioned.) and in e es s o build
in as uc u es ha a e esis ed by he de s, ENGOs and some scien is s
and ou ism en ep eneu s. The e ec o eindee he ding, especially o
deba ed o e g azing, on he biodi e si y is dispu ed and he e ha e been
con adic ions be ween conse a ionis s/scien is s and Sámi he de s.

The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el...
24
NGP Yea book 2016
Ma e ial and me hods
The p ima y empi ical ma e ial o he
Kilpisjä i case s udy is based on he long-
e m sociological and an h opological ield
wo k o wo o he au ho s in he Kilpisjä i
a ea. The ield wo k and ma e ial consis s
o , o example, su eys a ge ed a local
people o no he nmos Lapland (1998
and 2013, o al numbe o esponses 881),
in e iews wi h expe s in he sus ainable
use o no he n na u e (n=12), Sámi
eindee he de s (n=30), Delphi panel
and E-mail su eys o expe s in he
sus ainable use o no he n na u e (n=32)
and pa icipa ion in se e al managemen
and planning mee ings du ing he pe iod
1998–2013, pa icipa o y obse a ion on
eindee ac i i ies (since 1998), ollow-up o
public discussions, and e iew o planning
and policy documen s on he Kilpisjä i
a ea (e.g. Heikkinen e al. 2010; Jokinen
2005a; Heikkinen 2002; Sa kki e al. 2016b).
This pape syn he izes he esul s o hese
p e ious esea ch ac i i ies.
Wi h his s a ing poin he Kilpisjä i
case desc ip ion was u he analyzed by
using di ec ed con en analysis, which is a
middle g ound ool be ween induc i e and
deduc i e app oaches o con en analysis
(Hsieh & Shannon 2005). The a ionale
o his u he analysis was o c ys allize
he challenges and oppo uni ies o good
local en i onmen al go e nance ela ed
o he Kilpisjä i case s udy. This u he
analysis was guided by assump ions ha
local le el decision making and go e nance
can be seen as a loca ion whe e a ious
ends, ules, guidelines, and p ac ices come
oge he , some imes in con es ed ways
(E iksen 2001). Fu he mo e, as he ocus
is on en i onmen al decision making, i is
also impo an o add ess en i onmen al
sus ainabili y (Newig & F i chs 2009).
On he basis o hese assump ions ound
om he li e a u e, ou p e-iden i ied
ca ego ies we e iden i ied as a s a ing
poin o he analysis: 1) en i onmen al
sus ainabili y, 2) local le el in e ac ions,
3) in e ac ions be ween local and na ional
le el, and 4) in e ac ions be ween he
local and in e na ional le el. The insigh s
om he Kilpisjä i case desc ip ion we e
clus e ed unde hese b oad hemes and
a e elabo a ed on u he in sec ion 4.
In addi ion, he implica ions o local
well-being in each ca ego y a e discussed.
Finally, he analysis was complemen ed by
insigh s de i ed om ecen ollow-up o
Kilpisjä i go e nance discussions.
Challenges and
oppo uni ies o good
go e nance
En i onmen al sus ainabili y
In ecen decades Kilpisjä i has deal
wi h se e al dispu es conce ning he
de elopmen and well-being o he a ea.
Tou ism en ep eneu s and ep esen a i es
o he municipali y o Enon ekiö ha e
p omo ed he building o oads, ho els,
and o he in as uc u e o ou ism and
ec ea ion pu poses, while he compe ing
ision o he a ea is o e ain i s “na u al
s a e”. Those who suppo he de elopmen
ision s ess he well-being implica ions o
jobs and he economy, while opponen s
No dia Geog aphical Publica ions 45: 2, 19–36
25
M. Jokinen, S. Sa kki & H. I. Heikkinen
a e mo i a ed by p ese ing Sámi cul u e,
eindee pas u es, small scale eco- ou ism
and ec ea ional alues, and na u e alues
such as biodi e si y, as well as he condi ions
o conduc ing ecological esea ch.
Al hough conse a ionis s, ecologis s,
and Sámi eindee he de s o en ha e
sha ed iews on land-use policy, he e ha e
been dispu es since he 1990s on he use o
he Malla s ic na u e ese e. He de s see
i as pa o c ucial adi ional pas u es, and
some scien is s see i as an impo an na u e
ese e o scien i ic expe imen s in o which
eindee should no en e . The size o he
ese e is 30 km2 and g azing he e has been
banned since 1981. Howe e , he ds ha e
en e ed he ese e o many summe s since
1998, and he e is an ongoing p ocess led
by Me sähalli us handling Malla Pa k’s use
and managemen planning p ocess and how
he p oblem should be sol ed. The e ec s
o such a p olonged con lic si ua ion ha e
nega i e impac s on social ela ions be ween
s akeholde s and hus he well-being o he
local communi y. Dispu e is no only a
he local le el bu also be ween non-local
scien is s who do no ag ee on wha is he
op imal na u al s a e o he na u e ese e
and i some g azing should be allowed
(Jokinen 2005a; Me sähalli us 2014).
Reindee o e g azing is seen one o he
majo h ea s o alpine na u e in Finland and
he Kilpisjä i egion. On he o he hand,
i has been claimed in Malla ha eindee
he ding no only dec eases ecological alues
bu also inc eases biodi e si y by ha ing
posi i e impac s on some species (Olo sson
& Oksanen 2005; Välimäki 2005; Be nes
e al. 2015). This is a aluable lesson o
he de s, bu also o scien is s, who a gue in
p inciple ha he ding should be es ic ed
o biodi e si y bene i s. He de s would
need o be mo e sel - e lexi e abou he
nega i e en i onmen al impac s o o e
g azing.
The aspec o well-being, li ing in
ha mony wi h na u e, is he e pa icula ly
in e es ing. Local eindee he de s belie e
ha he ding in adi ional pas u e a eas
ep esen s ha mony, while some scien is s
belie e ha ha mony, especially in he Malla
na u e ese e, would bes be achie ed
by banning he ding om he a ea. This
dis inc ion has been obse ed by Ingold
(2000) by he idea o globes (people ou side
na u e) and sphe es (people ac ing in and
being pa o na u e). The ques ion he e
is, i he he de s, who a e ac ing “wi hin”
na u e, a e ac ually doing so in a sus ainable
manne . Re lec ions on he agedy o he
commons heo y illumina es his issue.
As he pas u es a e a limi ed esou ce,
he e ha e been con adic ions and e en
con lic s be ween sub-g oups o he de s
consis ing o amilies who ha e adi ionally
used he pas u es in he a ea. Measu es o
enhance collabo a ion be ween di e en
he ding g oups would be use ul. The
compe i ion among he de s could ha e been
in e p e ed by Ha din’s (1968) idea o he
agedy o he commons whe e indi idual
he de s aim o maximize hei bene i s while
he cos s o he deg ada ion o pas u es
is paid equally by all he de s. Howe e ,
such an app oach is oo simplis ic. Fo
example, he ole o abili y o mo emen
by he de s has been a gued o be one o
he key ea u es enhancing he esilience
o pas o al li elihoods (O e os-Rozas e al.
2013). In he case o Kilpisjä i he ences
The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el...
26
NGP Yea book 2016
a na ional bo de s signi ican ly hinde he
mo emen o eindee , o cing hem o
g aze in a a he limi ed a ea lacking access
o al e na i e pas u es. Na ional laws and
ag eemen s ha e no allowed he ds o c oss
Finnish (as pa o Russia) bo de s since
la e 19 h cen u y. Fu he mo e, inc ease
o o he land uses, such as ou ism and
na u e conse a ion, leads o dec ease and
agmen a ion o a ailable pas u es. As a
consequence, he agedy o commons is
mo e complex han he logic p oposed by
Ha din.
On he o he hand, Die z e al. (2003)
o example, ha e poin ed ou ha agedy
o commons is no aking place because
he esou ces used by local g oups a e
ac ually no in a s a e o open access, bu
a he managed by in e nal and in o mal
ules. Howe e , he Kilpisjä i case s udy
highligh ed ha compe i ion be ween
di e en he ding g oups is also aking place,
lea ing he in e p e a ion o in o mal igh s
o use he pas u es con es ed. While he e
is some u h in c i iques o agedy o
commons hinking, i seems ha Ha din’s
a gumen s may be ele an o some ex en .
This is a signi ican inding as o en
opinions o social and na u al scien is s
examining pas o alism a e qui e pola ized
ega ding whe he he heo y on agedy
o he commons is key o unde s anding
pas o al dynamics o whe he i is a ool
o u he ma ginalize he de s by blaming
hem o unsus ainable p ac ices and a lack
o mo i a ion and ools o use pas u es in
a sus ainable way.
Reindee he ding is no he only li elihood
ha esul s in nega i e en i onmen al
impac s. The impac s o ou ism in he
Kilpisjä i egion may also be con o e sial.
To con ol land use in he egion i was
sugges ed in 2013 ha a na ional pa k
should be es ablished in he Kilpisjä i
egion o p omo ing bo h sus ainable
ou ism and en i onmen al well-being.
The idea o es ablishing a na ional pa k
in he Käsi a si egion was o iginally
he ini ia i e o en i onmen al non-
go e nmen al o ganisa ions (ENGOs)
p oposed o he en i onmen minis e o
ha ime, Ville Niinis ö, who p oceeded
wi h he p oposal. The Sámi people and
ENGOs we e in suppo o he idea,
bu he e was a lo o local esis ance
among he esiden s o Kilpisjä i and he
adminis a ion o Enon ekiö municipali y.
Me sähalli us di ec ed he planning p ocess
and di e en s akeholde s pa icipa ed in i
(Me sähalli us 2013). Finally, he Minis e o
he En i onmen decided no o p oceed
wi h he sugges ion (Wallen e al. 2016).
The deba e o e a na ional pa k s esses
a di e en kind o ela ionship wi h na u e.
E en i he pa k had been es ablished, i
would no ha e excluded all human ac i i ies
om he pa k. The issue o “globes and
sphe es” (Ingold 2000) akes on new
nuances: he ques ion becomes one o how
much human ac i i y is allowed in na u e
a he han banning all human ac i i ies as
h ea s o he in eg i y o na u e. Human
well-being in he no h equi es a leas some
deg ee o li ing “in na u e”, and he claim
o aim o li ing in ha mony wi h na u e
is no a black and whi e phenomenon,
bu he conc e e ac i i ies allowed in
na u e need o be nego ia ed be ween he
a ious s akeholde s. I is also c i ical o
s akeholde s in go e nance discussions o
de ine anspa en ly wha dimension o
well-being and whose well-being o bene i s
No dia Geog aphical Publica ions 45: 2, 19–36
27
M. Jokinen, S. Sa kki & H. I. Heikkinen
hey a e p omo ing. The nex sec ions show
and discuss how di e gen ideas could be
be e joined oge he in en i onmen al
decision making.
How o enhance collabo a ion among
local s akeholde s
Me sähalli us uses a mul i-s age planning
sys em co e ing egional decisions on land
use as well as de ailed local plans o a
pa icula ope a ion. The main ins umen s
a e pa icipa o y Na u al Resou ce Planning
and Managemen and Land-use Planning,
which ake place on a egional scale. Key
s akeholde g oups can ake pa in he
planning, including ep esen a i es om
eindee he ding, ou ism, hun ing, ENGO,
esea ch, landowne s, and he Sámi. The
s akeholde s iden i y and discuss di e en
egional al e na i es o he scope o a ious
land-use op ions, such as na u e p o ec ion,
ou ism, ec ea ion, and eindee he ding. In
some cases, su eys ha e been conduc ed o
gain public opinion on he ma e . Howe e ,
his ool has been c i icized by ENGOs,
eindee he de s, ou ism en ep eneu s
as well as academics as no being uly
pa icipa o y o ha ing a e y small impac
on eal decision making (Rai io 2008;
Jokinen 2014).
Fo good local en i onmen al go e nance,
well- unc ioning and mul i-di ec ional
communica ion is impo an . I would
be impo an o local people ha hey
a e a leas hea d, bu mo e so, ha hei
conce ns a e genuinely aken in o accoun
by local adminis a ions. In Kilpisjä i, a
key iden i ied challenge was communica ion
b eakdowns be ween di e en land use
g oups. The land use discussions a e
cha ac e ized as mu ual blaming o o he
ac o s o bad p ac ices a he han as
espec ul delibe a ions. In ac , he open
mindedness o pa icipan s has been
iden i ied as a key p e equisi e o success ul
delibe a ions (e.g. Ba abas 2004). In
no he n Finland, social scien is s ha e o
a leas a decade iden i ied con lic ing iews
as deadlocked si ua ions whe e cons uc i e
discussions seldom ake place (e.g. Kyllönen
e al. 2006).
Some p oposals o b eak such deadlocked
si ua ions can be made. A p oposal ha
wo ked in nego ia ions be ween ENGOs
and Me sähalli us was o pe o m si e-
speci ic nego ia ions on a ious loca ions
while a he same ime allowing small
ic o ies leading o inc eased accep ance
o small loses (Sa kki & Heikkinen 2015).
In he Kilpisjä i case s udy, he lack o
socio-cul u al sensi i i y o he planning
se ings could be ad anced by mul iple
me hods, including espec ul discussions,
ai acili a ion o mee ings (e.g. in p inciple,
no p esen ing he eady plan wi hou
ze o-op ion, c a ing managemen op ions
o collabo a ion g oups so ha he e
a e signi ican di e ences be ween he
op ions, building collabo a ion g oups so
ha o ing be ween di e en in e es s is
ai ), and enhancing genuine oppo uni ies
o in luence land use planning decisions.
Fu he mo e, he loca ions o he mee ings,
he selec ion o acili a o o mode a o
and hei socio-cul u al (e.g. Sámi; local
pe son, om Ro aniemi o Helsinki) and
ins i u ional (e.g. Me sähalli us, Minis y o
he En i onmen , Minis y o Ag icul u e
and Fo es y, uni e si y, Sámi Pa liamen ,
esea ch ins i u e) backg ounds could also
The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el...
34
NGP Yea book 2016
Heikkinen, H. I., Sa kki, S., Jokinen, M.
J. & D. E. Fo nande (2010). Global
a ea conse a ion ideals e sus he
local eali ies o Reindee he ding in
No he nmos Finland. In e na ional
Jou nal o Business and Globaliza ion 4,
110–130.
Heinonen, M. (2013). Applying IUCN
p o ec ed a ea managemen ca ego ies in
Finland. Summa y based on he o iginal
Finnish documen app o ed by he
Minis y o he En i onmen .
Hsieh, H. F. & S. E. Shannon (2005).
Th ee app oaches o quali a i e con en
analysis. Quali a i e Heal h Resea ch 15,
1277–1288.
Ingold, T. (2000). The pe cep ion o he
en i onmen : Essays in li elihood,
dwelling and skill. 466p. Rou ledge,
London & New Yo k.
IUCN (2016). P o ec ed a eas ca ego ies.
25.11.2016. <h ps://www.iucn.o g/ heme/
p o ec ed-a eas/abou /p o ec ed-a eas-
ca ego ies>
Jokinen, M. (2005a; ed.). Po onhoidon ja
suojelun aiku ukse Mallan luonnonpuis-
ossa. Me sän u kimuslai oksen ie-
donan oja. The Finnish Fo es Resea ch
Ins i u e, Resea ch Pape s 941.
Jokinen, M. (2005b). Tu kimuksen in essi
Kilpisjä ellä ja Mallalla. In Jokinen, M.
(2005; ed.): Po onhoidon ja suojelun
aiku ukse Mallan luonnonpuis ossa.
Me sän u kimuslai oksen iedonan oja.
The Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e,
Resea ch Pape s 941, 25–31.
Jokinen, M. (2014). Hea ed and ozen o es
con lic s: Cul u al sus ainabili y and o es
managemen in a c ic Finland. IUFRO
Wo ld Se ies 32, 381–398.
Kaján, E. (2014). Communi y pe cep ions
o place a achmen and ou ism
de elopmen in Finnish Lapland.
Tou ism Geog aphies 16, 490–511. DOI:
10.1080/14616688.2014.941916.
Ka jalainen, S. (2016). Ympä is öminis e iö
pesi kä ensä: Mallan laidunnuskiis a
a kais a a paikallises i. Enon ekiön
Sanoma 6.10.2016.
Keeney R. (1992). Value- ocused hinking.
A pa h o c ea i e decisionmaking. 432
p. Ha a d Uni e si y P ess, Camb idge,
MA.
Kyllönen, S., Colpae , A., Heikkinen, H.
I., Jokinen, M., Kumpula, J., Ma unen,
M., Muje, K. & K. Rai io (2006). Con lic
managemen as a means o he
sus ainable use o na u al esou ces.
Sil a Fennica 40, 687–728.
Lemos, M. C. & A. Ag awal (2006).
En i onmen al go e nance. Annual
Re iew o En i onmen and Resou ces
31, 297–325.
Manninen, M. A. (2014). Cul u e, beha iou ,
and he 8200 cal bp cold e en -
O ganisa ional change and cul u e–
en i onmen dynamics in la e Mesoli hic
No he n Fennoscandia. Monog aphs o
he A chaeological Socie y o Finland 4.
Helsinki.
Ma s on, S.A., Jones III, J. P. & K. Woodwa d
(2005). Human geog aphy wi hou scale.
T ansac ions o he Ins i u e o B i ish
Geog aphe s NS 30, 416–432.
Me sähalli us (2013). Me sähalli uksen
sel i ys Käsi a en kansallispuis on
pe us amisedelly yksis ä.
Me sähalli uksen sel i ys, asian o MH
1747/2013/06.02.03, Van aa. 6.6.2916.
<h p://julkaisu .me sa. i/asse s/pd /lp/
Muu /kasi a sikpsel i ys.pd >
Me sähalli us (2014). Mallan luonnonpuis on
hoi o- ja käy ösuunni elma
- Mallá luonddumeahci dikšun- ja
gea ahanplána. MH 4765/623/2014.
101 p. 10.10.2016. <h p://www.me sa. i/
documen s/10739/1110148/malla_hks_
ah is e a aksi.pd /a13697aa-4c52-
4be2-8220-4ec9c2 a6842>
Muddusjä en paliskunnassa ale aan
so el aa Akwé: Kon –mene elyä. (2016).
Yleis adio. 12.12.2016. <h p://yle. i/
uu ise /osas o/sapmi/muddusja en_
paliskunnassa_ale aan_so el aa_akwe_
kon_mene elya/9186112>

No dia Geog aphical Publica ions 45: 2, 19–36
35
M. Jokinen, S. Sa kki & H. I. Heikkinen
Mäki ie, T. & A. L. Ylisi niö (2013). Con lic ing
discou ses in ou ism de elopmen . In
Mülle , D., Lundma k, L. & R. H. Lemelin
(eds.): New issues in pola ou ism.
Communi ies, en i onmen s, poli ics, pp.
163–176. Sp inge , Do d ech .
Newig, J. & O. F i sch (2009), En i onmen al
go e nance: pa icipa o y, mul i-le el –
and e ec i e? En i onmen al Policy and
Go e nance 19, 197–214.
Nykänen, T. & L. Valkeapää (2016; eds.).
Kilpisjä en polii inen luon o - ma koja
Käsi a en kul uu imaisemassa. 340
p. Suomalaisen Ki jallisuuden Seu a,
Helsinki.
Olo sson, J. & L. Oksanen (2005). E ec s
o eindee densi y on ascula plan
di e si y on No h Scandina ian
moun ains. Rangi e 25:1, 5–18.
O e os-Rozas, E., On ille a-Sánchez, R.,
Sanosa, P., Gómez-Bagge hun, E.,
Reyes-Ga cía, V. & J. A. González (2013).
T adi ional ecological knowledge among
anshuman pas o alis s in Medi e anean
Spain. Ecology and Socie y 18:3, 33.
Pahl-Wos l, C. (2009). A concep ual
amewo k o analysing adap i e capaci y
and mul i-le el lea ning p ocesses in
esou ce go e nance egimes. Global
En i onmen al Change 19, 354–365.
Pascual, U., Phelps, J., Ga mendia, E.,
B own, K., Co be a, E., Ma in, A.,
Gomez-Bagge hun, E. & R. Mu adian
(2014). Social equi y ma e s in paymen s
o ecosys em se ices. BioScience 64,
1027–1036. DOI:10.1093/biosci/biu146.
Rai io, K. (2008). ”You can’ please
e e yone” – Con lic managemen
p ac ices, ames and ins i u ions in
Finnish s a e o es s. PhD hesis,
Uni e si y o Joensuu. Publica ions in
Social Sciences No: 86.
Red o d, K. H. & J. P. B osius (2006).
Di e si y and homogeniza ion in he
endgame. Global En i onmen al Change
16, 317–319.
Sa kki, S. (2011). The si e s ikes back:
Mul i-le el o es go e nance and
pa icipa ion in no he n Finland. PhD
hesis. Uni e si y o Oulu, Finland. Ac a
Uni e si a is Ouluensis B 102.
Sa kki, S. & H. I. Heikkinen (2015). Why
do en i onmen alis s no conside
comp omises as legi ima e? Combining
alue- and p ocess-based explana ions
om Finnish o es con o e sies. Fo es
Policy and Economics 50, 110–117.
Sa kki, S., Niemelä, J., Tinch, R., Jäppinen,
J-P., Nummelin, M., Toi onen, H. & M.
Von Weissenbe g (2016a). Building
esponsibili ies o mains eaming
biodi e si y: Case o Finnish biodi e si y
s a egies and ac ion plans. Jou nal
o En i onmen al Planning and
Managemen 58, 1377–1396. DOI:
10.1080/09640568.2015.1076384.
Sa kki, S., Komu, T., Heikkinen, H. I., Acos a
Ga cía, N., Lépy, É. & V-P. He a (2016b).
Applying a syn he ic app oach o he
esilience o Finnish eindee he ding as
a changing li elihood. Ecology & Socie y
21:4, 14. h p://dx.doi.o g/10.5751/ES-
08819-210414.
Sec e a ia o he Con en ion on Biological
Di e si y (2004). Akwé: Kon olun a y
guidelines o he conduc o cul u al,
en i onmen al and social impac
assessmen ega ding de elopmen s
p oposed o ake place on, o which
a e likely o impac on, sac ed si es
and on lands and wa e s adi ionally
occupied o used by indigenous and
local communi ies. 25 p. Mon eal. (CBD
Guidelines Se ies). 11.10.2016. < h ps://
www.cbd.in /doc/publica ions/akwe-
b ochu e-en.pd >
Swyngedouw, E. (2004). Scaled
geog aphies: na u e, place and he
poli ics o scale. In Sheppa d, E. & R. B.
McMas e (eds.): Scale and geog aphic
inqui y, 129–153. Blackwell, Ox o d.
Thaddeus, R. M., Min ee , B. A. & L-C. Malan
(2011). The new conse a ion deba e:
he iew om p ac ical e hics. Biological
Conse a ion 144, 948–957.
The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el...
36
NGP Yea book 2016
Välimäki, P. (2005). Po olaidunnuksen
aiku us pe hos en (lepidop e a)
yh eisö aken eeseen kahdella Pohjois-
Fennoskandian un u illa. In Jokinen,
M. (2005; ed.): Po onhoidon ja suojelun
aiku ukse Mallan luonnonpuis ossa.
Me sän u kimuslai oksen iedonan oja.
The Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e,
Resea ch Pape s 941: 179–227.
Wallen, H., Nykänen, T. & A. Pe älä (2016).
Kamppailu Käsi a en kansallispuis os a
– Toi ee , uskomukse ja mahdollisuude
kansallismaisemassa. In Nykänen, T. &
L. Valkeapää (2016; eds.): Kilpisjä en
polii inen luon o - ma koja Käsi a en
kul uu imaisemassa, 310–340.
Suomalaisen Ki jallisuuden Seu a,
Helsinki.
Ympä is öminis e iö. (2016). Lausun o
Mailan luonnonpuis on hoi o- ja
käy ösuunni elmas a. YM1/5741/2016.
11.10.2016. <h p://www.ym. i/ i-FI/
Ajankoh ais a/Lausunno /2016/
Lausun o_Mallan_luonnonpuis on_hoi o_
ja_%2840498%29>