The Well-being effects of localized multi-level environmental governance: Case of Kilpisjärvi

No dia Geog aphical Publica ions 45: 2, 19–36 19 M. Jokinen, S. Sa kki & H. I. Heikkinen The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el en i onmen al go e nance: Case o Kilpisjä i Mikko Jokinen*, Simo Sa kki** & Hannu I. Heikkinen** * Na u al Resou ce Ins i u e Finland (Luke), Economics and Socie y. e-mail: mikko.jokinen@luke. i ** Cul u al An h opology, Facul y o Humani ies, Uni e si y o Oulu, Finland. Abs ac : Equali y among s akeholde s and sus ainable en i onmen al impac s a e impo an hemes o good en i onmen al go e nance. Good go e nance is a icky heme o add ess as localized en i onmen al decision making is deeply connec ed o issues and ac o s a a ious go e nance le els, om he local o he global, embedded wi h powe ela ions. The examined case o Kilpisjä i also includes issues om a ious go e nance le els and in ol es con es ed ela ionships be ween s akeholde s. The aim o his pape is o examine he Kilpisjä i case in o de o iden i y: 1) How key go e nance p oblema ics o igina ing om a ious le els a e mani es ed in local le el land use decision making; 2) Wha kinds o implica ions hese p oblema ics may ha e on local well-being; and 3) How good go e nance can be enhanced ega ding hese iden i ied p oblema ics. The Kilpisjä i case illumina es he complexi ies associa ed wi h local en i onmen al go e nance. The key s akeholde s in he a ea a e Sámi eindee he de s, ou ism en ep eneu s, local inhabi an s, land use go e nance o icials, and p o ec ed a ea managemen o icials as well as scien is s. The lessons lea ned ela e o: 1) Enhancing he en i onmen al sus ainabili y o he ding and unde s anding di e en concep ualiza ions on wha “en i onmen al sus ainabili y” ac ually means; 2) Enhancing he dialogue be ween land use s o inc ease social capi al among s akeholde s; 3) Cla i ying he posi ion o Sámi as indigenous people, 4) Cla i ying local igh s and ways o s uc u e s akeholde in e ac ion in o de o inc ease he possibili y o ac ion and sel -de e mina ion a he local le el; and 5) Enhancing he anspa en link be ween in e na ional guidelines and local p ac ices and highligh ing in e na ional guidelines, such as Akwé: Kon, o inc ease a local sense o being espec ed by ex e nal ac o s. Only by conside ing angible en i onmen al impac s and he well-being implica ions o go e nance can schola s make conc e e p oposals on how o enhance he sus ainabili y o localized mul i-le el go e nance. Keywo ds: mul i-le el go e nance, land use, local en i onmen al decision making, s akeholde s, con adic ions, well-being In oduc ion En i onmen al and social sus ainabili y can be enhanced by good go e nance i he p ac ices ha e he capaci y o egula e, incen i ize, and encou age s akeholde s owa ds sus ainable beha io (Lemos & Ag awal 2006). Howe e , good go e nance may be di icul o assess as go e nance is mul i-le el in cha ac e (Andono a & Mi chell 2010). Fu he mo e, he aim o en i onmen al go e nance is o ensu e en i onmen al sus ainabili y, bu also local social equi y and well-being (e.g. Pascual e al. 2014). Local well-being has been app oached, o example, by ecosys em The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el... 20 NGP Yea book 2016 se ice assessmen s which de ine well- being qui e b oadly as consis ing o he ma e ial basis o a good li e, social ela ions, sel -de e mina ion, possibili ies o ac ion, heal h, sa e y, a sense o being espec ed, and li ing in ha mony wi h na u e (MA 2005; Pascual e al. 2014; Díaz e al. 2015). S akeholde s and issues a mul iple go e nance le els, om he local o he global, in e ac and ha e implica ions o local well-being and en i onmen al sus ainabili y. This pape aims o conc e ize such a complex si ua ion by examining how mul iple issues a e localized and con es ed in en i onmen al decision making in Kilpisjä i No hwes e n Finland. An impo an ques ion is wha kinds o implica ions do he ela ed decision-making p ocesses ha e on local well-being and en i onmen al sus ainabili y in an a ea whe e local ac o s ha e a s ong sense o a achmen o a place, who shape ha place, and who o m an in eg al pa o he local en i onmen (Kaján 2014). The key s akeholde s in he Kilpisjä i a ea a e indigenous Sámi eindee he de s, ou ism en ep eneu s, local inhabi an s, en i onmen al managemen o icials, and scien is s. All hese ac o s ha e linkages o o he go e nance le els, hus making he esolu ion o con es ed issues complex. The ac o s om a ious go e nance le els in e ac in se e al ways. I is o en assumed ha la ge scale ac o s ha e a causal powe ela ion o local p ac ices (Ma s on e al. 2005). Howe e , he powe o local people and communi ies in he con ex o globaliza ion has been ou lined in many s udies (Cox 1997), and e en hough en i onmen al p oblems a e o en global and in e na ional in cha ac e , hey also ha e a s ong local each (Escoba 2001; Red o d & B osius 2006). The e o e, local well-being is a join ou come o ex e nal in luences as well as local p ac ices and ac ions. Swyngedouw (2004: 132–133) conside s ‘scala con igu a ions as he ou come o socio-spa ial p ocesses ha egula e and o ganize social powe ela ions’. He e, we poin ou ha go e nance le els a e also in a p ocess o shaping and e-making, and his en ails powe ela ionships be ween he s a e, ma ke -ac o s, ci il socie y, and science (Lemos & Ag awal 2006; Chil e s & E ans 2009). Consequen ly, local le el go e nance and powe in nego ia ions a e impac ed by ac o s and ac o s om a ious le els and he e o e he local p ocesses o decision making in ol e a mix o issues om a ious go e nance le els wi h implica ions o local well-being. The objec i es o his pape a e o examine he case o Kilpisjä i o iden i y: 1) How key go e nance p oblema ics o igina ing om se e al le els a e mani es ed in local le el land use decision making; 2) Wha kinds o implica ions hese p oblema ics may ha e on local well-being; and 3) How good go e nance can be enhanced ega ding hese iden i ied p oblema ics. This pape will begin by ou lining backg ound in o ma ion on Kilpisjä i a e which we p esen ou ma e ial and me hods. We hen discuss how he local, na ional, and in e na ional le els a e linked o local socio-cul u al and en i onmen al sus ainabili y in he Kilpisjä i a ea. The pape is concluded by summa izing he lessons lea ned om he case s udy o bo h p ac ice and heo y. No dia Geog aphical Publica ions 45: 2, 19–36 21 M. Jokinen, S. Sa kki & H. I. Heikkinen Backg ound Kilpisjä i is loca ed in he municipali y o Enon ekiö in he no hwes e n pa o Finnish Lapland (69°03’ N, 20°50’ E) a 475 m.a.s.l. close o Sweden and No way. The landscape is domina ed by ells (moun ains o high pla eaus abo e he ee line) ex ending in o he Scandina ian moun ain ange, such as he Saana ell (1029 m.a.s.l.) and Pikku-Malla (738 m.a.s.l.). Kilpisjä i lies abou 100 km no h o a con inuous coni e ous o es and belongs o he sub- alpine bi ch o es zone, wi h moun ain bi ch being he dominan ee species. The a ea is domina ed by a wide ange o ecosys ems om moun ain bi ch o es a low al i udes ( ee line 480–600 m) o alpine und a (abo e 600 m). The majo i y o he a ea is a mosaic o eeless alpine hea h and ponds. Due o he calca eous bed ock, he Kilpisjä i a ea is a ho spo o many calciphilous and endange ed moun ain plan species. Close o he illage o Kilpisjä i is he Malla s ic na u e ese e, which is oldes na u e p o ec ion a ea in Finland, es ablished in 1916 (Jokinen 2005a; Me sähalli us 2014). The e a e also smalle p ese a ion a eas a ound he Saana ell, close o he illage o Kilpisjä i. The Kilpisjä i a ea is su ounded by as wilde ness a eas wi h lowe conse a ion s a us in he p o ec ed a ea classi ica ion sys em o he wo ld conse a ion union (IUCN Ib) (Heinonen 2013; Figu e 1). The Kilpisjä i egion p o ides ich na u al en i onmen s o eindee he ding, na u e-based ou ism, na u al sciences, and subsis ence use ( ishing, hun ing, ga he ing) o local people, as well as ec ea ion. La ge- scale eindee he ding has been p ac iced o cen u ies o e en longe , and he a ea has been inhabi ed since he mos ecen glacial pe iod o 11,000 yea s (Manninen 2014). The Sámi people ha e adi ionally based hei li ing on cul u ally impo an eindee he ding, ishing, and hun ing, and oday also on mode n li elihoods. Howe e , he non-Sámi popula ion is he majo i y in he illage o Kilpisjä i and ou ism is he majo indus y, which s a ed a e he Second Wo ld Wa . The p esen popula ion in Kilpisjä i is sligh ly o e 100 inhabi an s. The popula ion boomed a e he 1970s due o he expansion o na u e-based ou ism in he a ea. Fu he mo e, bo anis s and en omologis s ha e conduc ed s udies in Kilpisjä i o mo e han 100 yea s (Jokinen 2005b). Land and wa e s in he a ea a e almos en i ely owned by he s a e and go e ned by Me sähalli us (“S a e o es s” o me ly Finnish Fo es and Pa k Se ice), excep o he eal es a e a ea inside he illage o Kilpisjä i. Me sähalli us uses pa icipa o y egional Na u al Resou ce Planning and Managemen and Land-use planning ools in o de o econcile compe ing in e es s and o ensu e sus ainabili y. Me sähalli us has obliga ions o ake ca e o na u al he i age (na u e p o ec ion and ec ea ion) and make a p o i u ilizing na u al esou ces, mainly by selling imbe , soil, and land. Me sähalli us is bo h a p o i and non-p o i o ganiza ion, an au ho i y and en e p ise ha may ha e con adic o y aims. In some en i onmen al dispu es, Me sähalli us has been a s akeholde , an o icial, and media o in he p ocess and hus i s mul i- pu pose ole has been ques ioned (Jokinen 2014; Rai io 2008). Conce ning i s na u e conse a ion ac i i ies, Me sähalli us is The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el... 22 NGP Yea book 2016 s ee ed by he Minis y o he En i onmen , and i s ac i i ies ela ed o he use o na u al esou ce a e s ee ed by he Minis y o Ag icul u e and Fo es y. Kilpisjä i (Gilbbesjá i in Sámi) is pa o he o icial Sámi homeland whe e Sámi eindee he de s ha e ce ain p i ileges in land-use. Howe e , Sámi igh s and owne ship o hei adi ional a eas is an open poli ical ques ion ha has been deba ed du ing ecen decades, and is a sensi i e poli ical ques ion which con inuously in luences land-use go e nance issues (Rai io 2008; Nykänen & Valkeapää 2016). Kilpisjä i and he su ounding wilde ness a eas in he Käsi a si egion a e places wi h widely di e ging opinions conce ning land-use issues. Tou ism, na u e p o ec ion, eindee he ding, na u al sciences, in as uc u e building, and possibly mining a e li elihoods and in e es s ha ha e had compe ing needs Figu e 1. S udy a ea and la ge p o ec ion a eas in no h-wes Lapland. No dia Geog aphical Publica ions 45: 2, 19–36 23 M. Jokinen, S. Sa kki & H. I. Heikkinen and ha e e en come in o con lic in ecen decades (Table 1). Reconcilia ion o hese di e gen needs is he key ques ion o sus ainable land-use go e nance. The Kilpisjä i egion is a place whe e di e en opinions and alues—cul u al, e hnic, economic, and adminis a i e—mee and some imes collide. Sámi eindee he de s, na u e conse a ionis s, and ecologis s usually ag ee ha suba c ic na u e should be p o ec ed om la ge cons uc ions, independen o whe he he ques ion conce ns ou ism, anspo a ion, powe plan s, o mining. Howe e , among ou ism business and municipali y he e a e con lic ing discou ses (Mäki ie & Ylisi niö 2013). These s akeholde s ha e also c i icized mechanized c oss-coun y a ic consis ing o snowmobiles and quadbikes. Table 1. Backg ound in o ma ion o con ex ualizing en i onmen al go e nance in Kilpisjä i. Owne ship o he a ea S a e owned and go e ned by Me sähalli us. Owne ship challenged by he Sámi, who ha e open land claim ega ding hei homeland. Economic de elopmen Na u e-based ou ism and eindee he ding p o ides majo i y o he income. In ol ed ac o s Ci izens o he municipali y, na u e-based ou ism en ep eneu s, eindee he de s, Me sähalli us, Uni e si y o Helsinki, esea che s, ou is s, en i onmen al NGOs Main ecosys em se ices P o isioning se ices: (pas u es o eindee , habi a s o game, be ies, eshwa e , ish) Cul u al se ices: (homeland o he Sámi people, na u e he i age a eas, na ional landscape, na u e-based ou ism and ec ea ion, subsis ence use local people) Regula ion and main enance se ices: (ca bon seques a ion and wa e pu i ica ion by und ained mi es, lood con ol by clean and eely unning wa e s, p ima y p oduc ion and ca bon seques a ion by moun ain bi ch o es s) Go e nance ins umen (s) Pa icipa o y Na u al Resou ce Planning (NRP) and Managemen and land-use plans ool de eloped and used by Me sähalli us. Main p essu es on en i onmen al sus ainabili y Clima e change, eindee g azing, andom eindee g azing in Malla S ic Na u e Rese e, po en ial nea by mining and wind ene gy de elopmen s, inc easing insec dis u bances unde wa ming clima e, inc easing p essu e by ou ism, inc easing mo emen o people in he na u e. T ade-o s and / o syne gies ega ding land use Tou ism en ep eneu s, eindee he de s, en i onmen al NGOs, na u e conse a ionis s and esea che s sha e a common goal o main ain he beau i ul na u al landscape and na u al en i onmen . Among ou ism business and municipali y he e a e opinions on land use ha con on wi h iews o o he g oups men ioned.) and in e es s o build in as uc u es ha a e esis ed by he de s, ENGOs and some scien is s and ou ism en ep eneu s. The e ec o eindee he ding, especially o deba ed o e g azing, on he biodi e si y is dispu ed and he e ha e been con adic ions be ween conse a ionis s/scien is s and Sámi he de s. The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el... 24 NGP Yea book 2016 Ma e ial and me hods The p ima y empi ical ma e ial o he Kilpisjä i case s udy is based on he long- e m sociological and an h opological ield wo k o wo o he au ho s in he Kilpisjä i a ea. The ield wo k and ma e ial consis s o , o example, su eys a ge ed a local people o no he nmos Lapland (1998 and 2013, o al numbe o esponses 881), in e iews wi h expe s in he sus ainable use o no he n na u e (n=12), Sámi eindee he de s (n=30), Delphi panel and E-mail su eys o expe s in he sus ainable use o no he n na u e (n=32) and pa icipa ion in se e al managemen and planning mee ings du ing he pe iod 1998–2013, pa icipa o y obse a ion on eindee ac i i ies (since 1998), ollow-up o public discussions, and e iew o planning and policy documen s on he Kilpisjä i a ea (e.g. Heikkinen e al. 2010; Jokinen 2005a; Heikkinen 2002; Sa kki e al. 2016b). This pape syn he izes he esul s o hese p e ious esea ch ac i i ies. Wi h his s a ing poin he Kilpisjä i case desc ip ion was u he analyzed by using di ec ed con en analysis, which is a middle g ound ool be ween induc i e and deduc i e app oaches o con en analysis (Hsieh & Shannon 2005). The a ionale o his u he analysis was o c ys allize he challenges and oppo uni ies o good local en i onmen al go e nance ela ed o he Kilpisjä i case s udy. This u he analysis was guided by assump ions ha local le el decision making and go e nance can be seen as a loca ion whe e a ious ends, ules, guidelines, and p ac ices come oge he , some imes in con es ed ways (E iksen 2001). Fu he mo e, as he ocus is on en i onmen al decision making, i is also impo an o add ess en i onmen al sus ainabili y (Newig & F i chs 2009). On he basis o hese assump ions ound om he li e a u e, ou p e-iden i ied ca ego ies we e iden i ied as a s a ing poin o he analysis: 1) en i onmen al sus ainabili y, 2) local le el in e ac ions, 3) in e ac ions be ween local and na ional le el, and 4) in e ac ions be ween he local and in e na ional le el. The insigh s om he Kilpisjä i case desc ip ion we e clus e ed unde hese b oad hemes and a e elabo a ed on u he in sec ion 4. In addi ion, he implica ions o local well-being in each ca ego y a e discussed. Finally, he analysis was complemen ed by insigh s de i ed om ecen ollow-up o Kilpisjä i go e nance discussions. Challenges and oppo uni ies o good go e nance En i onmen al sus ainabili y In ecen decades Kilpisjä i has deal wi h se e al dispu es conce ning he de elopmen and well-being o he a ea. Tou ism en ep eneu s and ep esen a i es o he municipali y o Enon ekiö ha e p omo ed he building o oads, ho els, and o he in as uc u e o ou ism and ec ea ion pu poses, while he compe ing ision o he a ea is o e ain i s “na u al s a e”. Those who suppo he de elopmen ision s ess he well-being implica ions o jobs and he economy, while opponen s No dia Geog aphical Publica ions 45: 2, 19–36 25 M. Jokinen, S. Sa kki & H. I. Heikkinen a e mo i a ed by p ese ing Sámi cul u e, eindee pas u es, small scale eco- ou ism and ec ea ional alues, and na u e alues such as biodi e si y, as well as he condi ions o conduc ing ecological esea ch. Al hough conse a ionis s, ecologis s, and Sámi eindee he de s o en ha e sha ed iews on land-use policy, he e ha e been dispu es since he 1990s on he use o he Malla s ic na u e ese e. He de s see i as pa o c ucial adi ional pas u es, and some scien is s see i as an impo an na u e ese e o scien i ic expe imen s in o which eindee should no en e . The size o he ese e is 30 km2 and g azing he e has been banned since 1981. Howe e , he ds ha e en e ed he ese e o many summe s since 1998, and he e is an ongoing p ocess led by Me sähalli us handling Malla Pa k’s use and managemen planning p ocess and how he p oblem should be sol ed. The e ec s o such a p olonged con lic si ua ion ha e nega i e impac s on social ela ions be ween s akeholde s and hus he well-being o he local communi y. Dispu e is no only a he local le el bu also be ween non-local scien is s who do no ag ee on wha is he op imal na u al s a e o he na u e ese e and i some g azing should be allowed (Jokinen 2005a; Me sähalli us 2014). Reindee o e g azing is seen one o he majo h ea s o alpine na u e in Finland and he Kilpisjä i egion. On he o he hand, i has been claimed in Malla ha eindee he ding no only dec eases ecological alues bu also inc eases biodi e si y by ha ing posi i e impac s on some species (Olo sson & Oksanen 2005; Välimäki 2005; Be nes e al. 2015). This is a aluable lesson o he de s, bu also o scien is s, who a gue in p inciple ha he ding should be es ic ed o biodi e si y bene i s. He de s would need o be mo e sel - e lexi e abou he nega i e en i onmen al impac s o o e g azing. The aspec o well-being, li ing in ha mony wi h na u e, is he e pa icula ly in e es ing. Local eindee he de s belie e ha he ding in adi ional pas u e a eas ep esen s ha mony, while some scien is s belie e ha ha mony, especially in he Malla na u e ese e, would bes be achie ed by banning he ding om he a ea. This dis inc ion has been obse ed by Ingold (2000) by he idea o globes (people ou side na u e) and sphe es (people ac ing in and being pa o na u e). The ques ion he e is, i he he de s, who a e ac ing “wi hin” na u e, a e ac ually doing so in a sus ainable manne . Re lec ions on he agedy o he commons heo y illumina es his issue. As he pas u es a e a limi ed esou ce, he e ha e been con adic ions and e en con lic s be ween sub-g oups o he de s consis ing o amilies who ha e adi ionally used he pas u es in he a ea. Measu es o enhance collabo a ion be ween di e en he ding g oups would be use ul. The compe i ion among he de s could ha e been in e p e ed by Ha din’s (1968) idea o he agedy o he commons whe e indi idual he de s aim o maximize hei bene i s while he cos s o he deg ada ion o pas u es is paid equally by all he de s. Howe e , such an app oach is oo simplis ic. Fo example, he ole o abili y o mo emen by he de s has been a gued o be one o he key ea u es enhancing he esilience o pas o al li elihoods (O e os-Rozas e al. 2013). In he case o Kilpisjä i he ences The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el... 26 NGP Yea book 2016 a na ional bo de s signi ican ly hinde he mo emen o eindee , o cing hem o g aze in a a he limi ed a ea lacking access o al e na i e pas u es. Na ional laws and ag eemen s ha e no allowed he ds o c oss Finnish (as pa o Russia) bo de s since la e 19 h cen u y. Fu he mo e, inc ease o o he land uses, such as ou ism and na u e conse a ion, leads o dec ease and agmen a ion o a ailable pas u es. As a consequence, he agedy o commons is mo e complex han he logic p oposed by Ha din. On he o he hand, Die z e al. (2003) o example, ha e poin ed ou ha agedy o commons is no aking place because he esou ces used by local g oups a e ac ually no in a s a e o open access, bu a he managed by in e nal and in o mal ules. Howe e , he Kilpisjä i case s udy highligh ed ha compe i ion be ween di e en he ding g oups is also aking place, lea ing he in e p e a ion o in o mal igh s o use he pas u es con es ed. While he e is some u h in c i iques o agedy o commons hinking, i seems ha Ha din’s a gumen s may be ele an o some ex en . This is a signi ican inding as o en opinions o social and na u al scien is s examining pas o alism a e qui e pola ized ega ding whe he he heo y on agedy o he commons is key o unde s anding pas o al dynamics o whe he i is a ool o u he ma ginalize he de s by blaming hem o unsus ainable p ac ices and a lack o mo i a ion and ools o use pas u es in a sus ainable way. Reindee he ding is no he only li elihood ha esul s in nega i e en i onmen al impac s. The impac s o ou ism in he Kilpisjä i egion may also be con o e sial. To con ol land use in he egion i was sugges ed in 2013 ha a na ional pa k should be es ablished in he Kilpisjä i egion o p omo ing bo h sus ainable ou ism and en i onmen al well-being. The idea o es ablishing a na ional pa k in he Käsi a si egion was o iginally he ini ia i e o en i onmen al non- go e nmen al o ganisa ions (ENGOs) p oposed o he en i onmen minis e o ha ime, Ville Niinis ö, who p oceeded wi h he p oposal. The Sámi people and ENGOs we e in suppo o he idea, bu he e was a lo o local esis ance among he esiden s o Kilpisjä i and he adminis a ion o Enon ekiö municipali y. Me sähalli us di ec ed he planning p ocess and di e en s akeholde s pa icipa ed in i (Me sähalli us 2013). Finally, he Minis e o he En i onmen decided no o p oceed wi h he sugges ion (Wallen e al. 2016). The deba e o e a na ional pa k s esses a di e en kind o ela ionship wi h na u e. E en i he pa k had been es ablished, i would no ha e excluded all human ac i i ies om he pa k. The issue o “globes and sphe es” (Ingold 2000) akes on new nuances: he ques ion becomes one o how much human ac i i y is allowed in na u e a he han banning all human ac i i ies as h ea s o he in eg i y o na u e. Human well-being in he no h equi es a leas some deg ee o li ing “in na u e”, and he claim o aim o li ing in ha mony wi h na u e is no a black and whi e phenomenon, bu he conc e e ac i i ies allowed in na u e need o be nego ia ed be ween he a ious s akeholde s. I is also c i ical o s akeholde s in go e nance discussions o de ine anspa en ly wha dimension o well-being and whose well-being o bene i s No dia Geog aphical Publica ions 45: 2, 19–36 27 M. Jokinen, S. Sa kki & H. I. Heikkinen hey a e p omo ing. The nex sec ions show and discuss how di e gen ideas could be be e joined oge he in en i onmen al decision making. How o enhance collabo a ion among local s akeholde s Me sähalli us uses a mul i-s age planning sys em co e ing egional decisions on land use as well as de ailed local plans o a pa icula ope a ion. The main ins umen s a e pa icipa o y Na u al Resou ce Planning and Managemen and Land-use Planning, which ake place on a egional scale. Key s akeholde g oups can ake pa in he planning, including ep esen a i es om eindee he ding, ou ism, hun ing, ENGO, esea ch, landowne s, and he Sámi. The s akeholde s iden i y and discuss di e en egional al e na i es o he scope o a ious land-use op ions, such as na u e p o ec ion, ou ism, ec ea ion, and eindee he ding. In some cases, su eys ha e been conduc ed o gain public opinion on he ma e . Howe e , his ool has been c i icized by ENGOs, eindee he de s, ou ism en ep eneu s as well as academics as no being uly pa icipa o y o ha ing a e y small impac on eal decision making (Rai io 2008; Jokinen 2014). Fo good local en i onmen al go e nance, well- unc ioning and mul i-di ec ional communica ion is impo an . I would be impo an o local people ha hey a e a leas hea d, bu mo e so, ha hei conce ns a e genuinely aken in o accoun by local adminis a ions. In Kilpisjä i, a key iden i ied challenge was communica ion b eakdowns be ween di e en land use g oups. The land use discussions a e cha ac e ized as mu ual blaming o o he ac o s o bad p ac ices a he han as espec ul delibe a ions. In ac , he open mindedness o pa icipan s has been iden i ied as a key p e equisi e o success ul delibe a ions (e.g. Ba abas 2004). In no he n Finland, social scien is s ha e o a leas a decade iden i ied con lic ing iews as deadlocked si ua ions whe e cons uc i e discussions seldom ake place (e.g. Kyllönen e al. 2006). Some p oposals o b eak such deadlocked si ua ions can be made. A p oposal ha wo ked in nego ia ions be ween ENGOs and Me sähalli us was o pe o m si e- speci ic nego ia ions on a ious loca ions while a he same ime allowing small ic o ies leading o inc eased accep ance o small loses (Sa kki & Heikkinen 2015). In he Kilpisjä i case s udy, he lack o socio-cul u al sensi i i y o he planning se ings could be ad anced by mul iple me hods, including espec ul discussions, ai acili a ion o mee ings (e.g. in p inciple, no p esen ing he eady plan wi hou ze o-op ion, c a ing managemen op ions o collabo a ion g oups so ha he e a e signi ican di e ences be ween he op ions, building collabo a ion g oups so ha o ing be ween di e en in e es s is ai ), and enhancing genuine oppo uni ies o in luence land use planning decisions. Fu he mo e, he loca ions o he mee ings, he selec ion o acili a o o mode a o and hei socio-cul u al (e.g. Sámi; local pe son, om Ro aniemi o Helsinki) and ins i u ional (e.g. Me sähalli us, Minis y o he En i onmen , Minis y o Ag icul u e and Fo es y, uni e si y, Sámi Pa liamen , esea ch ins i u e) backg ounds could also The Well-being e ec s o localized mul i-le el... 34 NGP Yea book 2016 Heikkinen, H. I., Sa kki, S., Jokinen, M. J. & D. E. Fo nande (2010). 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