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SILVA FENNICA
Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672
Ca ego y: esea ch a icle
www.sil a ennica. i
ISSN-L 0037-5330 | ISSN 2242-4075 (Online)
The Finnish Socie y o Fo es Science
Na u al Resou ces Ins i u e Finland
Maiju Peu a
1, Ma ía T i iño 1, Ad iano Mazzio a 1,2, Dmi y Podkopae
1,3, A i
Juu inen
4,5 and Mikko Mönkkönen
1
Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous
p oduc ion o collec able goods and imbe e enues
Peu a M., T i iño M., Mazzio a A., Podkopae D., Juu inen A., Mönkkönen M. (2016). Manag-
ing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous p oduc ion o collec able goods and imbe e enues. Sil a
Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672. 17 p. h p://dx.doi.o g/10.14214/s .1672
Highligh s
• We oundas ongcon lic be weenbilbe yp oduc ionand imbe  e enues, esul ingin
la gelosseso  imbe  e enueswheninc easingbilbe yp oduc ion.
• Thecon lic sbe weeno he collec ables(cowbe y,cep)and imbe p oduc ionwe e ela-
i elysmall.
• Wi hca e ul o es planning, he eispo en ial osimul aneouslyp oducehighle elso col-
lec able goods and imbe e enues in he landscape.
Abs ac
Timbe p oduc ionisaneconomicallyimpo an p o isioningecosys emse icein o es s,bu 
iso enincon lic wi h hep o isiono o he ecosys emse ices.Inmul i unc ional o es y, he
p oduc iono  imbe andnon- imbe ecosys emse icesshouldcoexis in hesamelandscape.
To hisend,weexplo ed hecapaci yo abo eallandscape osimul aneouslyp oducecollec able
goods −bilbe y(Vaccimium my illus L.),cowbe y(Vaccinium i is-idaea L.) and cep (Bole us
edulis Bull.) −alongside imbe  e enues.Wealsoiden i iedop imal o es managemen plans o
achie e his.Fu he mo e,weanalyzed ade-o sbe weencollec ablegoodyieldsand imbe p o-
duc ion,aswellasbe ween hei economic alues.We an o es g ow hsimula ionsunde se en
al e na i emanagemen  egimesa alandscapele elac oss50-yea planningho izons.Then,we
usedmul i-objec i eop imiza ion oexplo e ade-o sandiden i yop imal o es managemen 
plans.The esul sshowed ha  hes onges  ade-o wasbe weenbilbe yand imbe p oduc-
ion, esul inginala gelossin imbe  e enues o againinbilbe yp oduc ion.Howe e , he
con lic sbe weeno he collec ablesand imbe p oduc ionwe e ela i elysmall:i waspossible
oinc ease hep o isiono collec ablegoods4–15%wi hsmall educ ions(3−5%) om imbe
e enues.Wi hca e ul o es planning, he eis hepo en ial osimul aneouslyp oducehighle els
o collec able goods and imbe e enues in he landscape.
Keywo ds o es managemen ;mul i unc ional o es y;mush oom; ade-o s;wildbe y
Add esses 1Uni e si yo Jy askyla,Depa men o BiologicalandEn i onmen alSciences,P.O.
Box35,FI-40014,Uni e si yo Jy äskylä,Finland;2Cen e  o Mac oecology,E olu ionand
Clima e,Na u alHis o yMuseumo Denma k,Uni e si yo Copenhagen,Uni e si e spa ken
15,DK-2100Copenhagen,Denma k;3Sys emsResea chIns i u e,PolishAcademyo Sciences,
Newelska6,01-447Wa saw,Poland;4Na u alResou cesIns i u eFinland(Luke),Economics
andSocie y,P.O.Box413,FI-90014Uni e si yo Oulu,Finland;5Uni e si yo Oulu,Depa -
men o Economics,P.O.Box4600,FI-90014Uni e si yo Oulu,Finland
E-mail[email p o ec ed]
Recei ed2Augus 2016Re ised10Oc obe 2016Accep ed12Oc obe 2016
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Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 · Peu a e al. · Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous…
1 In oduc ion
Fo es sp o idemany aluableecosys emse ices,suchas ood, imbe ,andglobalclima e egu-
la ion(MillenniumEcosys emAssesmen 2005).Timbe p oduc ionisaneconomically aluable
ecosys emse iceand,du ing helas  ewcen u ies,many o es sha ebeenmanaged omaxi-
mize e enues om imbe ha es s(Schmi hüsenandRojasB iales2012).Howe e ,in ensi e
managemen  ha  ocusessolelyon imbe p oduc iono enhasanega i ee ec ono he se ices,
such as a dec ease in hequan i yo deadwood,whichisc i ical o biodi e si y(Sii onen2001).
The e o e,i isc ucial oe alua esuchcon lic sandca e ullyplan o es managemen  oallow
hep oduc iono manydi e en  ypeso ecosys emse ices,suchas imbe p oduc ionandcol-
lec ablegoods.Recognizingmul ipledemandson o es p oduc sandse icesallowsp og ess
owa dsmul i unc ional o es y,whe enon- imbe  aluesandse iceso  o es sa e akenin o
accoun ,alongside heconside a iono  imbe  e enues(Schmi hüsen2007).Mul i unc ional o es 
managemen p ac ices ackledi e en socialin e es sin o es s,suppo ingal e na i e o es y
p ac ices and p o ec ing sus ainable use o o es s.
Bo eal o es sex endac ossRussianSibe ia,Fennoscandia,No he nCanada,andAlaska,
andco e abou one hi do  hewo ld’s o es eda ea(Bu one al.2010).Thebo eal egioncon-
ains mo e han one hi d o he e es ial ca bon s o ed in ege a ion and soil and con ains mo e
eshwa e  hananyo he biome(Bu one al.2010).Inaddi ion,bo eal o es sp o ideimpo an 
ec ea ionalse ices,suchashiking,na u e ou ism,andpickingcollec ablegoods.Timbe p o-
duc ionis hemos economically aluablep o isioningse iceinbo eal o es s(Vanhanene al.
2012).Fo example,inFinland,app oxima ely86%(26millionha)o  o al o es a eaismanaged
and he o es sec o con ibu esapp oxima ely4.8%o Finland’sG ossDomes icP oduc (Finnish
s a is icalyea booko  o es y2013).Manybo eal o es sa ein ensi elymanaged omaximize
imbe p o ision,whileneglec ing heimpo anceo main ainingbiodi e si yando he ecosys em
se ices(Vanhanene al.2012).Focusingonin ensi e imbe p oduc ioncannega i elya ec 
biodi e si y(Mönkkönene al.2014)ando he ecosys emse ices,suchas ec ea ion(Belle al.
2007),wa e andsoilquali y(Laudone al.2011),clima e egula ion h oughca bonseques a ion
ands o age(T i iñoe al.2015),aswellasgameandbilbe yp oduc ion(Gam eld e al.2013).
Due oeconomicimpo anceo  imbe p oduc ion, o es managemen plans ha allow
hesimul aneousp oduc iono  imbe ando he ecosys emse icesa eneeded.Mul i-objec i e
op imiza ionme hodscanbeused op o idee icien op ions o landuseandmanagemen o 
di e en ecosys emse ices(Seppel e al.2013).Fo example,p e iouss udiesha eshown
ha i couldbepossible og ea lyinc easehabi a a ailabili y o se e alspecies(Mönkkönene 
al. 2014) o inc ease ca bon seques a ion and s o age (T i iño e al. 2015) wi h ela i elysmall
educ ionsin imbe ha es  e enuesbyapplyingadi e sese o  o es managemen  egimesin
bo eal landscapes.
Recen  s and-scale s udies ha e shown he impo ance o  iden i ying p o i able o es 
managemen  egimes o collec ablegoods.Fo example,Palahíe al.(2009) and de Miguel e al.
(2014) examined he op imal economic managemen o bo h imbe and mush ooms in Cen al
Py eneesandCa alonia, espec i ely.Theyshowed ha  hinning ea men s,whicha eusually
unp o i able,becameap o i ablemanagemen s a egywhenmush oomp oduc ionwasincluded
in heanalysis.Miinae al.(2016)op imized imbe andbe yp oduc ion(bilbe y(Vaccinium
my illus L.)andcowbe y(Vaccinum i is-idaea L.)) in bo eal o es s ands and ound ha join
p oduc ionallowedlonge  o a ionleng hs,highe  hinningin ensi iesandmo e equen  hinning
han me e imbe -o ien ed managemen . These s udies sugges ha he economic alue o col-
lec ablegoodyieldsmigh e enexceed heeconomic alueo  imbe p oduc ioninsome o es 
s ands.E en hough he eisinc easingawa eness ha al e na i elandmanagemen canc i ically
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Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 · Peu a e al. · Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous…
a ec  hecapaci yo landpa cels op o ideecosys emse ices, helong- e mcapaci yo en i e
landscapes op o idemul iplese icesunde al e na i emanagemen  egimeshasno beenwidely
ackled(deG oo e al.2010).Toou knowledge,nop e iouss udyhasadd essed heques ion
o how o econcile hepo en ialcon lic be ween imbe andcollec ablegoodp oduc ionac oss
ala gelandscapewi h housandso  o es s ands.
Collec ablegoodsa eeconomically aluableinmanypa so  hebo ealzone.Fo example,
Canadais hewo ld’sla ges p oduce o wildbluebe ies(Vaccinium angus i olium Ai .)wi h
expo samoun ing o184M€(207M$)in2014(Na u alResou cesCanada2016).InFinland, he
mos impo an wildbe iescollec eda ebilbe yandcowbe y,and he o al alueo  heannual
ha es edwildbe yc opmay eachabou 100M€(Saas amoinene al.2000).Cep(Bole us edulis
Bull.)isaneconomically aluablemush oomspeciesinFinland(Miinae al.2013)andwo ldwide
(Boa2004).Wildbe yandmush oompickinghasalong adi ionand,inaddi ion oi seconomic
alues, hisac i i yalsohas ec ea ional alue(Boa2004).InmanyNo diccoun ies(Finland,
Sweden,andNo way),e e yman’s igh sallowsallpeople oha e eeaccess o o es sand o
pickbe iesandmush ooms(Salo1995).App oxima ely60%o Finnspa icipa einbe ypicking
and40%inmush oompicking(Finnishs a is icalyea booko  o es y2013).Howe e ,du ing
helas  ewdecades, heyieldso manycollec ablegoods,suchasbilbe ies,ha edeclineddue
oin ensi ied o es managemen  o  imbe p oduc ion(Miinae al.2009).
In hiss udy,wegobeyondp e iouss udiesbyiden i yingcon lic sbe ween imbe ha -
es  e enuesandse e alcollec ablegoodsinala ge o es landscapewi hse e al housandso 
s andsando e along imepe iodo 50yea s.He e, he e m“collec ablegoods” e e s obe ies
(bilbe yandcowbe y)andmush ooms(cep).Wees ima e heyieldso collec ablegoodsasan
indica o o  ec ea ional alues.Inaddi ion,we e e  o hecombinedpo en ialeconomic alue
(ne p esen  alue,NPV)o all h eecollec ableswi h he e m“economic alueo collec able
goods”.Weusemodelsbasedonyieldda a(Miinae al.2009;Miinae al.2013;Tu iainene al.
2013) os udy hee ec so di e en  o es managemen  egimes, a ying omcu en  ecom-
mendedmanagemen  o o alp o ec ion,onyieldsa  helandscapescaleac ossa50yea ho izon.
Weusemul i-objec i eop imiza ion(Mie inen1999) oanalyze he ade-o sbe ween heyields
o collec ablegoodsand imbe p oduc ion,aswellasbe ween heeconomic alueo collec able
goodsand imbe p oduc ion.Weadd ess he ollowingques ions:(1)Wha is hepo en ialo 
hebo eal o es landscape osimul aneouslyp oducecollec ablegoodsand imbe ?(2)A e he
ade-o sbe ween a ge ingdi e en collec ablegoodsand imbe p oduc ionsimila ?(3)Wha 
op imalcombina ionso  o es managemen  egimesmaximize heyieldsand heeconomic alue
o collec ablegoods o gi enle elso economic e u ns om imbe ,and ice e sa?Answe ing
hese ques ions is in o ma i e in p o iding managemen ecommenda ions o p oduce collec able
goodsand imbe simul aneouslyina o es landscapeandhow oenhance ec ea ionalse ices
inaneconomicallysus ainableway.
2 Ma e ials and me hods
2.1 S udy a ea and da a
Thes udya eaisloca edinCen alFinland(62°14´N,25°43´E)andencompasses68700ha.
Fo es sonmine alsoilco e 55%o  he o ala ea,pea landsco e 13%,lakesco e 16%and
a mland se lemen s co e 15%. Sco s pine (Pinus syl es is L.),No waysp uce(Picea abies
(L.)H.Ka s .),bi ch(Be ula pendulaRo h and Be ula pubescens Eh h.)andmixeds andsdomi-
na e o es s.Fo es sa ep i a elyownedanda ein ensi elymanaged o  imbe p oduc ion.The
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Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 · Peu a e al. · Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous…
da ao  he o es ss udiedhe eo igina es om hecon iden ial o es yda aadminis e edby he
FinnishFo es Cen e, husde ailso indi idual o es sa eno p o ided.Da aa ebasedon ecen 
ieldin en o iesandincludes andcha ac e is ics,suchas hebasala eao  ees,s andage,and
si e ype o eacho  he29702 o es s ands.Thea e ages andsizeis1.45haand he o ala ea
o  o es s andsis43150ha.
2.2 Fo es g ow h simula ion and imbe e enues
We an hesimula ed o es g ow h o 50yea sin5yea in e als(11 imes eps),usingMOTTI-
s and simula o (h p://www.me la. i/me in o/mo i/index-en.h m). We applied se en al e na i e
managemen  egimes(Table1) ha  anged om he ecommendedmanagemen s a egy(busi-
nessasusual,BAU)−whichaims omaximize imbe p oduc ion h oughin ensi emanagemen 
− onomanagemen a all(se aside,SA).Ex ended o a ions(EXT10andEXT30)a esimila 
oBAU,bu  he inalha es sa epos ponedand, oge he wi h heSA egime, ep esen ac ual
policyinFinland,whe e o es au ho i iesmakepe manen o  empo a yconse a ioncon ac s
wi h o es owne s(METSOP og amme2008–2016).G een- ee e en ion(GTR30) ep esen sa
conse a ion-o ien edmanagemen  egime,simila  o heBAU egime,bu 30 eespe hec a ea e
e aineda  he inalha es ,whichisabo e heno malle el.G een ee e en ionisawidelyused
me hod oinc eases uc u aldi e si y,andconsequen lyspecieshabi a s,incomme cialbo eal
o es s(Vanha-MajamaaandJalonen2001).No hinningswi hlong o a ion(NTLR) ep esen s
amanagemen  egimewhe e hinningsa eno allowedbu  he inalha es isexecu edusing he
same h eshold alues(minimum eediame e )asin heBAU egime, esul inginsomewha 
ex ended o a ions.No hinnings wi hsho  o a ion(NTSR),likewise,doesno allow hinnings,
bu in his egime he inalha es c i e iawe eadjus edso ha  o a ionleng hwouldbesimila 
o heBAU egime.No hinnings egimesa eagains cu en  ecommenda ions,bu a es illcom-
monlyappliedby o es owne sbecause hinning heha es doesno p o idela geimmedia e
economic e u ns,bu mayincu ex acos s.Thede elopmen o a e age imbe biomass o each
imes epunde al e na i emanagemen  egimesa egi eninSupplemen a y ile(Fig.S1),a ail-
able a h p://dx.doi.o g/10.14214/s .1672.
Table 1. Thedi e en managemen  egimesappliedinou s udya eaincen alFinland(adap ed omMönkkönene 
al. 2014).
Managemen egime Ac onym Desc ip ion
Business as usual BAU Cu en  ecommendedmanagemen :80yea  o a ionona e -
age;si ep epa a ion,plan ingo seeding ees,1−3 hinnings,
inalha es wi hg een ee e en ionle el5 eesha–1
Se aside SA Nomanagemen ,no imbe p oduc ion
Ex ended o a ion
(10yea s) EXT10 BAUwi hpos poned inalha es ingby10yea s;lowe  imbe 
NPVdue o imediscoun ing; ep esen sasho  e mconse a-
ions a egy
Ex ended o a ion
(30yea s) EXT30 BAUwi hpos poned inalha es ingby>30yea s;lowe 
imbe NPVdue o imediscoun ing; ep esen salong e m
conse a ions a egy
G een ee e en ion GTR30 BAUwi h30g een eesha–1le uncu a  inalha es ; educed
imbe p oduc ion; conse a ion o ien ed managemen used o
inc eases uc u aldi e si y
No hinningslong o a ion( inal
ha es  h esholdc i e iaasinBAU) NTLR BAUwi hno hinnings; he e o e o es sg owmo eslowly,
inalha es isdelayedand imbe NPVislowe ;a e age o a-
ionleng h86yea s
No hinningssho  o a ion(mini-
mum inalha es  h esholdc i e ia) NTSR BAUwi hno hinnings; inalha es c i e iaadjus edso ha 
o a ionsdono p olong;a e age o a ionleng h77yea s;lowe 
imbe NPVdue osmalle sizeo  eesa  inalha es
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Weused imbe ha es  e enues(NPVin€) o eachs andandmanagemen  egimeac oss
a50yea planningho izoncalcula edinap e iouss udy(Mönkkönene al.2014).Timbe NPV
consis so  ou ha es  e enuecomponen s: imbe  e enues om hinnings, om he inalha -
es , om hes anding imbe a  heendo simula ion,and hesoilexpec a ion alue( heba e
land alue).In hesecalcula ions,s umpagep ices o eigh  imbe asso men s(pulpwoodand
sawlogs o eacho  he ou species:Sco spine,No waysp uceand wobi chspecies)we e
used.Thea e ageamoun so ha es edpulpwoodandsawlog om hinningsand inalha es 
unde al e na i emanagemen  egimesa egi eninSuppl. ile(Fig.S2).Inaddi ion, imbe NPV
akesin oaccoun cos s esul ing om i esil icul u alac ions:na u al egene a ion,seedingo 
plan ingnew eesonclea -cu s, endingo seedlings ands,andcleaningo saplings ands.We
useda3%in e es  a eindiscoun ing he imbe  e enuesandcos sdu ing he50yea planning
ho izon.Thep iceso ha es  e enuecomponen swe e aken om heFinnishFo es Cen e o 
he egiono Cen alFinlandand hep ices o  hesil icul u alcos swe ecalcula ed omFinnish
o es ys a is ics( o de ailedin o ma ionabou  hep icesandcalcula ionso  imbe NPV,see
Suppl. ileTableS1andEq.S1).
2.3 Collec able good yields
Wees ima ed hea e ageyieldso collec ablegoods(kgha–1)ac ossele en5yea  imes eps o 
he29702s andsandse enmanagemen  egimesusing eady-mademodelsbasedonyieldda a
(Miinae al.2009;Miinae al.2013;Tu iainene al.2013).Wees ima ed heyieldso bilbe y
usingempi icalmodelsde elopedbyMiinae al.(2009).Fi s ,wep edic ed heco e ageo bilbe y
as a unc ion o se e alindica o  a iables:si e ype,domina ing eespecies, egene a ionme hod,
al i ude,s andage,ands andbasala eao  ees(Eq.S2).Then,wecon e edbilbe yco e agein o
bilbe yyieldasa unc ion o co e ageands andbasala ea(Eq.S3,S4).Wees ima ed heyields
o cowbe yusingmodelsde elopedbyTu iainene al.(2013).Fi s ,wep edic ed heco e age
o cowbe yasa unc iono si e ype,domina ing eespecies, empe a u esum,al i ude,s and
age,ands andbasala ea(Eq.S5).Then,wecon e edcowbe yco e agein ocowbe yyieldas
a unc iono co e age,s andbasala ea,al i ude,and empe a u esum(Eq.S6).Wees ima ed he
yieldso cepusingamodelde elopedbyMiinae al.(2013).Themodelp edic s heyieldo cep
asa unc iono s andbasala eaands andage(Eq.S7).Thede elopmen o a e ageyields o 
each imes epunde al e na i emanagemen  egimesa egi eninSuppl. ile(Fig.S3).Fo  u he 
in o ma ionabou  hecalcula ionso collec ablegoodyieldsseeSuppl. ile.
2.4 The economic alue o collec able goods
Fo  heop imiza iono  heeconomic alueo collec ablegoodsand imbe  e enues,wecalcu-
la ed hecombinedeconomic alueo bilbe y,cowbe y,andcepyieldsac ossa50yea planning
ho izon o eachs and,unde se enal e na i emanagemen  egimes.Fi s ,wees ima edyields
o eachyea  o  he5yea pe iodsand hencalcula ed heeconomic alueo eachcollec able
good o eachyea .Weuseda e agema ke p iceso eachcollec ablegood om2004 o2013
inCen alFinland: o bilbe y,2.23€kg–1; o cowbe y,1.16€kg–1; and o cep ( he p ice o
Bole usspp.used),3.36€kg–1 (MARSI2009;MARSI 2014). Finally,weadded heannual alues
o eachcollec ablegood oge  heeconomic alueo collec ablegoodsac oss he50yea planning
ho izon o eachs andas€ha–1(collec ablegoodsNPV).Wecalcula ed hepo en ialeconomic
alueo eachcollec ablegoodusing he ollowingequa ion:

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∑
==
−
Collec able good NPVy e (1)
i
i
0
50
whe eacollec ablegoodwasdeno edbyi;yea sac oss he50yea planningho izonby ;yields
byy; hei p icesby ;anddiscoun  a eby .Discoun  a ewas hesame(3%)asin hecalcula-
ions o imbe e enues. NPV o collec ablegoodsincludes hei  alue o  he50yea pe iod
only,andigno esanyla e yields.Howe e , he alueo anyla e yieldswouldbe e ysmall.In
addi ion,wedidno include hecos so collec ing hebe iesandmush oomsin heNPVbecause
hese a ywidelyacco ding o heannualyieldand heexac loca ionso  hes ands( a eling
cos s).The e o e,ou NPVes ima e e lec s hepo en ialo  helandscape op o ideeconomic
alue omcollec ablegoodsac ossa50yea planningho izon.Weca iedou  hecalcula ionsin
R e sion3.1.2(RDe elopmen Co eTeam2014).
2.5 Mul i-objec i e op imiza ion and analyses
Weanalyzedal e na i e o es managemen plans o e eal ade-o sbe ween imbe  e enues
and hep o isiono collec ablegoods.Eachmanagemen planwasacombina iono managemen 
egimes(Table1)selec ed o alls ands.Eachmanagemen planwascha ac e izedbyi sou come,
i.e. he ec o o economic alueso  imbe andcollec ablegoodyieldso  helandscape esul ing
omacombina iono managemen  egimesapplied o hes ands.The ullse o e icien manage-
men plans ep esen sp oduc ionpossibili y on ie samongecosys emse ices,i.e.bi-dimensional
planou comes ep esen ingmaximumachie able alueso se ices.Ino de  o e eal he ade-
o s,weiden i iedcombina ionso managemen  egimes ha maximized heyieldo collec able
goodsa di e en le elso  imbe  e enues,and ice e sa,i.e.Pa e oop imalplans(Mie inen
1999).Weca iedou op imiza ioncalcula ionsbyusingIBMILOGCPLEXop imize (h p://
www.ibm.com/so wa e/comme ce/op imiza ion/cplex-op imize /). Fo u he de ails on he me h-
odso  e ealing ade-o sandop imiza ion,seeMönkkönene al.(2014).We anmul i-objec i e
op imiza ionssepa a ely o eachyieldo collec ablegoods s. imbe  e enues.Addi ionally,we
op imized heeconomic alueo collec ablegoods s. imbe  e enues.
Ino de  oillus a e heop imalcombina iono managemen  egimes ha maximizes he
yieldso collec ablegoods,wep oducedg aphs ha showhow heop imalalloca iono manage-
men  egimes o  o es s andschangeswi hinc easingyieldso collec ablesanddec easing imbe 
e enues.Then,weob ainedanalogous esul sunde  hecons ain  ha  imbe  e enuedoesno 
allbelow hele elo 95%o maximumpossible e enues,i.e.when he o es owne ag ees o
o ego 5% o he maximum achie able imbe e enues o collec able good p oduc ion and ec-
ea ional alues.Weselec eda5%le eldec easein imbe  e enuesbecause o es ce i ica ion
ules equi e ha a leas 5%o  he o es a eashouldbepe manen lyse aside ommanagemen 
oconse ebiodi e si y(Fo es S ewa dshipCouncil2010).I also oughlyco espondswi h he
poli icaldecisions akeninFinland ega dingbiodi e si yconse a ion h ough heMETSOII
p og am(METSOP og amme2008–2016).Thissamele elmigh bewellin es edinsuppo ing
heconside edal e na i eecosys emse ices.
2.6 Model assump ions
Themodelsa ailable oes ima eyieldso collec ablegoods a yin hei  alidi y.The ecen 
s udye alua ing hebe ymodelsinFinlandshowed ha  hebilbe ymodelismo eaccu a e
han hecowbe ymodel(Kilpeläinene al.2016).Thebilbe ymodelmigh unde es ima e he
yieldswhile hecowbe ymodelmigh o e es ima e heyields.Thecepmodelhas been alida ed
only o sp ucedomina ed o es s(Miinae al.2013)and,sincecepisli inginsymbiosiswi h
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No waysp uce, hees ima edyields o o he  o es  ypesa elessaccu a e.Inaddi ion, heyield
models o bilbe yandcepha eonlybeen alida ed o No hKa elia,eas e nFinland,whe eas
cowbe yyieldmodelsand hemodel o bilbe yco e ageha ebeen alida ed o  hewholeo 
Finland.The o es landscapeinCen alFinland, owhe eweapply hemodel,isonly150km
wes o No hKa elia,and o es condi ionsin he wo egionsa e ai lysimila .
Bilbe yco e andyielda esensi i e o egene a ionme hods,bo hbeinglowe ina i i-
cially egene a ed hanna u ally egene a eds ands(Miinae al.2009).Wedidno ha eda aon
hehis o yo s ands,andhence,weassumed ha alls andsini iallyo igina ed omplan ed ees,
becauseplan ingis hedominan  egene a ionme hoda e  inalha es ing.Thus,bilbe yyields
a eunde es ima edons ands ha we ena u ally egene a ed.
Due opo en ialbiascausedbymodellimi a ions,absolu ep edic edyieldes ima eso 
hei mone a y aluesmaybeinaccu a e(seealso2.4).The e o e,ou  ocuswillbeonpo en ial
ade-o sandon he ela i eu ili yo di e en managemen plans, a he  hanonabsolu e alues.
3 Resul s
3.1 To al yields
Themaximum o alcowbe yyield om heen i elandscapewasmo e han ou  imeshighe 
han hemaximum o albilbe yyield(Table2).These alues ansla edin o35kgha–1yea –1
and7.7kgha–1yea –1 o cowbe yandbilbe y, espec i ely.Themaximum o alcepyield om
heen i elandscapewasclose o50000kgyea –1(Table2),i.e.ona e age1.2kgha–1yea –1.
Themaximumeconomic alueo  he h eecollec ablegoodsac oss heen i elandscapewas
app oxima elyonequa e o  hemaximumeconomic alueo  imbe ha es  e enues(Fig.1,
Table2),i.e.32€ha–1yea –1 s.116€ha–1yea –1 ona e age o collec ablegoodsand imbe ,
espec i ely.Cowbe yyieldswe emuchla ge  hanbilbe yo cepyieldsand hep opo iono 
cowbe y om hecombinedeconomic alueo collec ableswasapp oxima ely70%.
Table 2. Po en ialo  helandscape(43150ha)incen alFinland op o ideannualyieldso 
collec ablegoods, hecombinedeconomic alueo collec ablegoods(NPV)ac ossa50yea 
planningho izon,andcos s ela ed ocollec ablegoodsp o ision.Max and Min alues ep e-
sen  hela ges andsmalles possibleyieldso NPVo collec ablegoodsamongPa e oop imal
solu ions ha canbeachie edwhenapplyingcombina ionso  hese enal e na i emanage-
men egimes. Timbe NPV di e ence is he educ ionin imbe NPVin hePa e oop imalse s
equi ed oachie emaximumyields(max imbe NPVis250M€inallcases).
Max Min Timbe NPVdi e ence
Collec able good
Bilbe yyield 331Mg 257 Mg 75M€
Cowbe yyield 1522 Mg 1452 Mg 7M€
Cepyield 50 Mg 44 Mg 16M€
Collec ablegoodsNPV 68M€ 66M€ 13M€
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3.2 The po en ial o a landscape o p oduce collec able goods and imbe
T ade-o sbe weencollec ablegoodsand imbe NPVshowednon-linea  ela ionshipsin hese o 
ou comeso Pa e oop imalplansand a ieddependingon hecollec ablegoodanalyzed(Fig.1).
I isno possible omaximize heyieldso collec ablegoodso  heeconomic alueo collec -
ablegoodswi hou adec easein imbe  e enues,and ice e sa.Howe e ,because he ade-o 
cu eswe econ exi waspossible op oducesimul aneouslyhighle elso al e na i ese ices.
In hecaseo bilbe y, hedi e encesbe ween heminimumandmaximumyieldsand
in he educ ionin imbe NPV equi ed ogain hemaximumyieldwe equi ela ge(Table2,
Fig.1).Thismeans ha  he eis hepo en ial oconside ablyinc easeyieldso bilbe y,bu  his
would esul inla gelossesin imbe  e enues.The ade-o cu e o bilbe y e sus imbe NPV
declinedmo es eeply han o o he collec ables(Fig.1)indica ing ha auni inc emen inbilbe y
yieldwasmo eexpensi e hanauni inc emen incowbe yo cepyieldswhenapp oaching hei 
maximum alues.
In hecaseo cowbe y, he ewasasmalldi e encebe ween heminimumandmaximum
yields(Table2,Fig.1).Thus, hecowbe yyieldwasa ec ed ai lyli lebyadjus ing o es man-
agemen plans omaximize imbe .Mo eo e , hedeclinein imbe NPVwhen a ge ingcowbe y
was ela i elysmall(Table2), husmaximizing hecowbe yyieldwas ela i elyinexpensi e.The
ade-o cu e o cowbe y e sus imbe NPVwas ai ly la andsho (Fig.1), u he indica ing
ha  hecon lic be ween imbe andcowbe yisnegligible.
Fig. 1. Cu es ep esen ingou comeso Pa e o-op imalplansdesc ibing he ade-o s
be weencollec ablegoodyields:bilbe y,cowbe y,cep, hecombinedeconomic alue
o collec ablegoods,and imbe  e enuesinou s udylandscapeincen alFinland.The
X-axisshows hedi e encebe ween hemaximumandminimumcollec ableyieldsin
ela i e e ms.TheY-axissimila lyshows he educ ionin imbe NPVin hePa e o
op imalse s equi ed oachie emaximumcollec ableyields.
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In hecaseo cep, hedi e encebe ween heminimumandmaximumyieldswassmalle 
hanin hecaseo bilbe yandla ge  hanin hecaseo cowbe y(Table2,Fig.1).Thus, hecep
yieldcanbemode a elya ec edbyadjus ing o es managemen plans omaximize imbe .The
declinein imbe NPVwhen a ge ingcepwassligh lyhighe  han ha  o  hecowbe ybu much
lowe  han o  hebilbe y(Table2).The ade-o cu e o cep e sus imbe NPVwas ai ly la 
(Fig.1)indica ing ha con lic be ween hemis ela i elysmall.
Fo  hecombinedNPVo collec ablegoods, he ewasonlyasmalldi e encebe ween
heminimumandmaximum aluesamongPa e oop imalou comes(Table2).Asin hecaseo 
cowbe y,collec ablegoodNPVwasonlysligh lya ec edbyadjus ing o es managemen plans
omaximize imbe .Thele elo declinein imbe NPVwhen a ge ingcollec ablegoodNPVwas
lowe  han o cowbe y,bu highe  han o cep(Fig.1).These esul sindica e ha  hecon lic 
be ween heeconomic alueo collec ablesand imbe was a he small.
3.3 Op imal combina ion o managemen egimes
Whenasingle o es managemen  egimewasappliedconsis en lyin helandscape he ela i e
u ili yo  he egime a iedamongdi e en collec ablegoods(Table3).Noneo  hesinglemanage-
men egimes p oduced as high alues as in hei op imal combina ion selec ed ia mul i-objec i e
op imiza ion(c .Table2).Thismeans ha acombina iono di e en managemen  egimeswas
alwaysneeded omaximizeyieldso collec ablegoods.Fo bilbe y,EXT30was hemos bene icial
s a egyand he wo egimeswi hno hinningswe e heleas bene icials a egies.Fo cowbe y,
BAUwas hemos bene icials a egyandSAwas heleas bene icials a egy.Fo cep,GTR30
was hemos bene icials a egyandSAwas heleas bene icials a egy.Fo  hecombinedeco-
nomic alueo allcollec ablegoods,BAUwas hemos bene icials a egyandSAwas heleas 
bene icials a egy(Table3).Howe e , o  heeconomic alueo collec ablegoods, hedi e ences
Table 3. Annualyieldso collec ablegoodsona e ageand heeconomic alueo collec ablegoodsand imbe (NPV)
ac oss50yea s o al e na i emanagemen  egimes(BAUbusinessasusual, SAse aside,EXT10 ex ended o a ion 10
yea s,EXT30ex ended o a ion30yea s,GTR30g een ee e en ion,NTSR no hinnings sho o a ion and NTLR no
hinningslong o a ion)i onlyonemanagemen  egimeisusedinalls andso  hes udylandscapeinCen alFinland.
The la ges alue o al e na i e managemen egimes is gi en in bold. % o Max is he p opo ion o he alues com-
pa ed o he maximum alue (Table 2).
Managemen egime
BAU SA EXT10 EXT30 GTR30 NTSR NTLR
Bilbe y(Mg)
% o Max
266
80% 277
84% 285
86% 303
92%
273
82% 223
67%
241
73%
Cowbe y(Mg)
% o Max
1491
98%
1089
72%
1416
93% 1299
85% 1381
91% 1468
96% 1365
90%
Cep (Mg)
% o Max
42
85% 35
70%
43
85% 36
71%
44
89%
42
84% 41
82%
Collec able goods
NPV(M€)
% o Max
67
98%
54
79% 64
93% 60
88% 63
93% 65
95% 62
91%
Timbe
NPV(M€)
% o Max
246
98%
0
0%
230
92% 186
74%
240
96% 242
97% 238
95%
16
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