Managing boreal forests for the simultaneous production of collectable goods and timber revenues

1 SILVA FENNICA Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 Ca ego y: esea ch a icle www.sil a ennica. i ISSN-L 0037-5330 | ISSN 2242-4075 (Online) The Finnish Socie y o Fo es Science Na u al Resou ces Ins i u e Finland Maiju Peu a 1, Ma ía T i iño 1, Ad iano Mazzio a 1,2, Dmi y Podkopae 1,3, A i Juu inen 4,5 and Mikko Mönkkönen 1 Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous p oduc ion o collec able goods and imbe e enues Peu a M., T i iño M., Mazzio a A., Podkopae D., Juu inen A., Mönkkönen M. (2016). Manag- ing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous p oduc ion o collec able goods and imbe e enues. Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672. 17 p. h p://dx.doi.o g/10.14214/s .1672 Highligh s • We oundas ongcon lic be weenbilbe yp oduc ionand imbe  e enues, esul ingin la gelosseso  imbe  e enueswheninc easingbilbe yp oduc ion. • Thecon lic sbe weeno he collec ables(cowbe y,cep)and imbe p oduc ionwe e ela- i elysmall. • Wi hca e ul o es planning, he eispo en ial osimul aneouslyp oducehighle elso col- lec able goods and imbe e enues in he landscape. Abs ac Timbe p oduc ionisaneconomicallyimpo an p o isioningecosys emse icein o es s,bu  iso enincon lic wi h hep o isiono o he ecosys emse ices.Inmul i unc ional o es y, he p oduc iono  imbe andnon- imbe ecosys emse icesshouldcoexis in hesamelandscape. To hisend,weexplo ed hecapaci yo abo eallandscape osimul aneouslyp oducecollec able goods −bilbe y(Vaccimium my illus L.),cowbe y(Vaccinium i is-idaea L.) and cep (Bole us edulis Bull.) −alongside imbe  e enues.Wealsoiden i iedop imal o es managemen plans o achie e his.Fu he mo e,weanalyzed ade-o sbe weencollec ablegoodyieldsand imbe p o- duc ion,aswellasbe ween hei economic alues.We an o es g ow hsimula ionsunde se en al e na i emanagemen  egimesa alandscapele elac oss50-yea planningho izons.Then,we usedmul i-objec i eop imiza ion oexplo e ade-o sandiden i yop imal o es managemen  plans.The esul sshowed ha  hes onges  ade-o wasbe weenbilbe yand imbe p oduc- ion, esul inginala gelossin imbe  e enues o againinbilbe yp oduc ion.Howe e , he con lic sbe weeno he collec ablesand imbe p oduc ionwe e ela i elysmall:i waspossible oinc ease hep o isiono collec ablegoods4–15%wi hsmall educ ions(3−5%) om imbe e enues.Wi hca e ul o es planning, he eis hepo en ial osimul aneouslyp oducehighle els o collec able goods and imbe e enues in he landscape. Keywo ds o es managemen ;mul i unc ional o es y;mush oom; ade-o s;wildbe y Add esses 1Uni e si yo Jy askyla,Depa men o BiologicalandEn i onmen alSciences,P.O. Box35,FI-40014,Uni e si yo Jy äskylä,Finland;2Cen e  o Mac oecology,E olu ionand Clima e,Na u alHis o yMuseumo Denma k,Uni e si yo Copenhagen,Uni e si e spa ken 15,DK-2100Copenhagen,Denma k;3Sys emsResea chIns i u e,PolishAcademyo Sciences, Newelska6,01-447Wa saw,Poland;4Na u alResou cesIns i u eFinland(Luke),Economics andSocie y,P.O.Box413,FI-90014Uni e si yo Oulu,Finland;5Uni e si yo Oulu,Depa - men o Economics,P.O.Box4600,FI-90014Uni e si yo Oulu,Finland E-mail[email p o ec ed] Recei ed2Augus 2016Re ised10Oc obe 2016Accep ed12Oc obe 2016 2 Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 · Peu a e al. · Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous… 1 In oduc ion Fo es sp o idemany aluableecosys emse ices,suchas ood, imbe ,andglobalclima e egu- la ion(MillenniumEcosys emAssesmen 2005).Timbe p oduc ionisaneconomically aluable ecosys emse iceand,du ing helas  ewcen u ies,many o es sha ebeenmanaged omaxi- mize e enues om imbe ha es s(Schmi hüsenandRojasB iales2012).Howe e ,in ensi e managemen  ha  ocusessolelyon imbe p oduc iono enhasanega i ee ec ono he se ices, such as a dec ease in hequan i yo deadwood,whichisc i ical o biodi e si y(Sii onen2001). The e o e,i isc ucial oe alua esuchcon lic sandca e ullyplan o es managemen  oallow hep oduc iono manydi e en  ypeso ecosys emse ices,suchas imbe p oduc ionandcol- lec ablegoods.Recognizingmul ipledemandson o es p oduc sandse icesallowsp og ess owa dsmul i unc ional o es y,whe enon- imbe  aluesandse iceso  o es sa e akenin o accoun ,alongside heconside a iono  imbe  e enues(Schmi hüsen2007).Mul i unc ional o es  managemen p ac ices ackledi e en socialin e es sin o es s,suppo ingal e na i e o es y p ac ices and p o ec ing sus ainable use o o es s. Bo eal o es sex endac ossRussianSibe ia,Fennoscandia,No he nCanada,andAlaska, andco e abou one hi do  hewo ld’s o es eda ea(Bu one al.2010).Thebo eal egioncon- ains mo e han one hi d o he e es ial ca bon s o ed in ege a ion and soil and con ains mo e eshwa e  hananyo he biome(Bu one al.2010).Inaddi ion,bo eal o es sp o ideimpo an  ec ea ionalse ices,suchashiking,na u e ou ism,andpickingcollec ablegoods.Timbe p o- duc ionis hemos economically aluablep o isioningse iceinbo eal o es s(Vanhanene al. 2012).Fo example,inFinland,app oxima ely86%(26millionha)o  o al o es a eaismanaged and he o es sec o con ibu esapp oxima ely4.8%o Finland’sG ossDomes icP oduc (Finnish s a is icalyea booko  o es y2013).Manybo eal o es sa ein ensi elymanaged omaximize imbe p o ision,whileneglec ing heimpo anceo main ainingbiodi e si yando he ecosys em se ices(Vanhanene al.2012).Focusingonin ensi e imbe p oduc ioncannega i elya ec  biodi e si y(Mönkkönene al.2014)ando he ecosys emse ices,suchas ec ea ion(Belle al. 2007),wa e andsoilquali y(Laudone al.2011),clima e egula ion h oughca bonseques a ion ands o age(T i iñoe al.2015),aswellasgameandbilbe yp oduc ion(Gam eld e al.2013). Due oeconomicimpo anceo  imbe p oduc ion, o es managemen plans ha allow hesimul aneousp oduc iono  imbe ando he ecosys emse icesa eneeded.Mul i-objec i e op imiza ionme hodscanbeused op o idee icien op ions o landuseandmanagemen o  di e en ecosys emse ices(Seppel e al.2013).Fo example,p e iouss udiesha eshown ha i couldbepossible og ea lyinc easehabi a a ailabili y o se e alspecies(Mönkkönene  al. 2014) o inc ease ca bon seques a ion and s o age (T i iño e al. 2015) wi h ela i elysmall educ ionsin imbe ha es  e enuesbyapplyingadi e sese o  o es managemen  egimesin bo eal landscapes. Recen  s and-scale s udies ha e shown he impo ance o  iden i ying p o i able o es  managemen  egimes o collec ablegoods.Fo example,Palahíe al.(2009) and de Miguel e al. (2014) examined he op imal economic managemen o bo h imbe and mush ooms in Cen al Py eneesandCa alonia, espec i ely.Theyshowed ha  hinning ea men s,whicha eusually unp o i able,becameap o i ablemanagemen s a egywhenmush oomp oduc ionwasincluded in heanalysis.Miinae al.(2016)op imized imbe andbe yp oduc ion(bilbe y(Vaccinium my illus L.)andcowbe y(Vaccinum i is-idaea L.)) in bo eal o es s ands and ound ha join p oduc ionallowedlonge  o a ionleng hs,highe  hinningin ensi iesandmo e equen  hinning han me e imbe -o ien ed managemen . These s udies sugges ha he economic alue o col- lec ablegoodyieldsmigh e enexceed heeconomic alueo  imbe p oduc ioninsome o es  s ands.E en hough he eisinc easingawa eness ha al e na i elandmanagemen canc i ically 3 Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 · Peu a e al. · Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous… a ec  hecapaci yo landpa cels op o ideecosys emse ices, helong- e mcapaci yo en i e landscapes op o idemul iplese icesunde al e na i emanagemen  egimeshasno beenwidely ackled(deG oo e al.2010).Toou knowledge,nop e iouss udyhasadd essed heques ion o how o econcile hepo en ialcon lic be ween imbe andcollec ablegoodp oduc ionac oss ala gelandscapewi h housandso  o es s ands. Collec ablegoodsa eeconomically aluableinmanypa so  hebo ealzone.Fo example, Canadais hewo ld’sla ges p oduce o wildbluebe ies(Vaccinium angus i olium Ai .)wi h expo samoun ing o184M€(207M$)in2014(Na u alResou cesCanada2016).InFinland, he mos impo an wildbe iescollec eda ebilbe yandcowbe y,and he o al alueo  heannual ha es edwildbe yc opmay eachabou 100M€(Saas amoinene al.2000).Cep(Bole us edulis Bull.)isaneconomically aluablemush oomspeciesinFinland(Miinae al.2013)andwo ldwide (Boa2004).Wildbe yandmush oompickinghasalong adi ionand,inaddi ion oi seconomic alues, hisac i i yalsohas ec ea ional alue(Boa2004).InmanyNo diccoun ies(Finland, Sweden,andNo way),e e yman’s igh sallowsallpeople oha e eeaccess o o es sand o pickbe iesandmush ooms(Salo1995).App oxima ely60%o Finnspa icipa einbe ypicking and40%inmush oompicking(Finnishs a is icalyea booko  o es y2013).Howe e ,du ing helas  ewdecades, heyieldso manycollec ablegoods,suchasbilbe ies,ha edeclineddue oin ensi ied o es managemen  o  imbe p oduc ion(Miinae al.2009). In hiss udy,wegobeyondp e iouss udiesbyiden i yingcon lic sbe ween imbe ha - es  e enuesandse e alcollec ablegoodsinala ge o es landscapewi hse e al housandso  s andsando e along imepe iodo 50yea s.He e, he e m“collec ablegoods” e e s obe ies (bilbe yandcowbe y)andmush ooms(cep).Wees ima e heyieldso collec ablegoodsasan indica o o  ec ea ional alues.Inaddi ion,we e e  o hecombinedpo en ialeconomic alue (ne p esen  alue,NPV)o all h eecollec ableswi h he e m“economic alueo collec able goods”.Weusemodelsbasedonyieldda a(Miinae al.2009;Miinae al.2013;Tu iainene al. 2013) os udy hee ec so di e en  o es managemen  egimes, a ying omcu en  ecom- mendedmanagemen  o o alp o ec ion,onyieldsa  helandscapescaleac ossa50yea ho izon. Weusemul i-objec i eop imiza ion(Mie inen1999) oanalyze he ade-o sbe ween heyields o collec ablegoodsand imbe p oduc ion,aswellasbe ween heeconomic alueo collec able goodsand imbe p oduc ion.Weadd ess he ollowingques ions:(1)Wha is hepo en ialo  hebo eal o es landscape osimul aneouslyp oducecollec ablegoodsand imbe ?(2)A e he ade-o sbe ween a ge ingdi e en collec ablegoodsand imbe p oduc ionsimila ?(3)Wha  op imalcombina ionso  o es managemen  egimesmaximize heyieldsand heeconomic alue o collec ablegoods o gi enle elso economic e u ns om imbe ,and ice e sa?Answe ing hese ques ions is in o ma i e in p o iding managemen ecommenda ions o p oduce collec able goodsand imbe simul aneouslyina o es landscapeandhow oenhance ec ea ionalse ices inaneconomicallysus ainableway. 2 Ma e ials and me hods 2.1 S udy a ea and da a Thes udya eaisloca edinCen alFinland(62°14´N,25°43´E)andencompasses68700ha. Fo es sonmine alsoilco e 55%o  he o ala ea,pea landsco e 13%,lakesco e 16%and a mland se lemen s co e 15%. Sco s pine (Pinus syl es is L.),No waysp uce(Picea abies (L.)H.Ka s .),bi ch(Be ula pendulaRo h and Be ula pubescens Eh h.)andmixeds andsdomi- na e o es s.Fo es sa ep i a elyownedanda ein ensi elymanaged o  imbe p oduc ion.The 4 Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 · Peu a e al. · Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous… da ao  he o es ss udiedhe eo igina es om hecon iden ial o es yda aadminis e edby he FinnishFo es Cen e, husde ailso indi idual o es sa eno p o ided.Da aa ebasedon ecen  ieldin en o iesandincludes andcha ac e is ics,suchas hebasala eao  ees,s andage,and si e ype o eacho  he29702 o es s ands.Thea e ages andsizeis1.45haand he o ala ea o  o es s andsis43150ha. 2.2 Fo es g ow h simula ion and imbe e enues We an hesimula ed o es g ow h o 50yea sin5yea in e als(11 imes eps),usingMOTTI- s and simula o (h p://www.me la. i/me in o/mo i/index-en.h m). We applied se en al e na i e managemen  egimes(Table1) ha  anged om he ecommendedmanagemen s a egy(busi- nessasusual,BAU)−whichaims omaximize imbe p oduc ion h oughin ensi emanagemen  − onomanagemen a all(se aside,SA).Ex ended o a ions(EXT10andEXT30)a esimila  oBAU,bu  he inalha es sa epos ponedand, oge he wi h heSA egime, ep esen ac ual policyinFinland,whe e o es au ho i iesmakepe manen o  empo a yconse a ioncon ac s wi h o es owne s(METSOP og amme2008–2016).G een- ee e en ion(GTR30) ep esen sa conse a ion-o ien edmanagemen  egime,simila  o heBAU egime,bu 30 eespe hec a ea e e aineda  he inalha es ,whichisabo e heno malle el.G een ee e en ionisawidelyused me hod oinc eases uc u aldi e si y,andconsequen lyspecieshabi a s,incomme cialbo eal o es s(Vanha-MajamaaandJalonen2001).No hinningswi hlong o a ion(NTLR) ep esen s amanagemen  egimewhe e hinningsa eno allowedbu  he inalha es isexecu edusing he same h eshold alues(minimum eediame e )asin heBAU egime, esul inginsomewha  ex ended o a ions.No hinnings wi hsho  o a ion(NTSR),likewise,doesno allow hinnings, bu in his egime he inalha es c i e iawe eadjus edso ha  o a ionleng hwouldbesimila  o heBAU egime.No hinnings egimesa eagains cu en  ecommenda ions,bu a es illcom- monlyappliedby o es owne sbecause hinning heha es doesno p o idela geimmedia e economic e u ns,bu mayincu ex acos s.Thede elopmen o a e age imbe biomass o each imes epunde al e na i emanagemen  egimesa egi eninSupplemen a y ile(Fig.S1),a ail- able a h p://dx.doi.o g/10.14214/s .1672. Table 1. Thedi e en managemen  egimesappliedinou s udya eaincen alFinland(adap ed omMönkkönene  al. 2014). Managemen egime Ac onym Desc ip ion Business as usual BAU Cu en  ecommendedmanagemen :80yea  o a ionona e - age;si ep epa a ion,plan ingo seeding ees,1−3 hinnings, inalha es wi hg een ee e en ionle el5 eesha–1 Se aside SA Nomanagemen ,no imbe p oduc ion Ex ended o a ion (10yea s) EXT10 BAUwi hpos poned inalha es ingby10yea s;lowe  imbe  NPVdue o imediscoun ing; ep esen sasho  e mconse a- ions a egy Ex ended o a ion (30yea s) EXT30 BAUwi hpos poned inalha es ingby>30yea s;lowe  imbe NPVdue o imediscoun ing; ep esen salong e m conse a ions a egy G een ee e en ion GTR30 BAUwi h30g een eesha–1le uncu a  inalha es ; educed imbe p oduc ion; conse a ion o ien ed managemen used o inc eases uc u aldi e si y No hinningslong o a ion( inal ha es  h esholdc i e iaasinBAU) NTLR BAUwi hno hinnings; he e o e o es sg owmo eslowly, inalha es isdelayedand imbe NPVislowe ;a e age o a- ionleng h86yea s No hinningssho  o a ion(mini- mum inalha es  h esholdc i e ia) NTSR BAUwi hno hinnings; inalha es c i e iaadjus edso ha  o a ionsdono p olong;a e age o a ionleng h77yea s;lowe  imbe NPVdue osmalle sizeo  eesa  inalha es 5 Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 · Peu a e al. · Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous… Weused imbe ha es  e enues(NPVin€) o eachs andandmanagemen  egimeac oss a50yea planningho izoncalcula edinap e iouss udy(Mönkkönene al.2014).Timbe NPV consis so  ou ha es  e enuecomponen s: imbe  e enues om hinnings, om he inalha - es , om hes anding imbe a  heendo simula ion,and hesoilexpec a ion alue( heba e land alue).In hesecalcula ions,s umpagep ices o eigh  imbe asso men s(pulpwoodand sawlogs o eacho  he ou species:Sco spine,No waysp uceand wobi chspecies)we e used.Thea e ageamoun so ha es edpulpwoodandsawlog om hinningsand inalha es  unde al e na i emanagemen  egimesa egi eninSuppl. ile(Fig.S2).Inaddi ion, imbe NPV akesin oaccoun cos s esul ing om i esil icul u alac ions:na u al egene a ion,seedingo  plan ingnew eesonclea -cu s, endingo seedlings ands,andcleaningo saplings ands.We useda3%in e es  a eindiscoun ing he imbe  e enuesandcos sdu ing he50yea planning ho izon.Thep iceso ha es  e enuecomponen swe e aken om heFinnishFo es Cen e o  he egiono Cen alFinlandand hep ices o  hesil icul u alcos swe ecalcula ed omFinnish o es ys a is ics( o de ailedin o ma ionabou  hep icesandcalcula ionso  imbe NPV,see Suppl. ileTableS1andEq.S1). 2.3 Collec able good yields Wees ima ed hea e ageyieldso collec ablegoods(kgha–1)ac ossele en5yea  imes eps o  he29702s andsandse enmanagemen  egimesusing eady-mademodelsbasedonyieldda a (Miinae al.2009;Miinae al.2013;Tu iainene al.2013).Wees ima ed heyieldso bilbe y usingempi icalmodelsde elopedbyMiinae al.(2009).Fi s ,wep edic ed heco e ageo bilbe y as a unc ion o se e alindica o  a iables:si e ype,domina ing eespecies, egene a ionme hod, al i ude,s andage,ands andbasala eao  ees(Eq.S2).Then,wecon e edbilbe yco e agein o bilbe yyieldasa unc ion o co e ageands andbasala ea(Eq.S3,S4).Wees ima ed heyields o cowbe yusingmodelsde elopedbyTu iainene al.(2013).Fi s ,wep edic ed heco e age o cowbe yasa unc iono si e ype,domina ing eespecies, empe a u esum,al i ude,s and age,ands andbasala ea(Eq.S5).Then,wecon e edcowbe yco e agein ocowbe yyieldas a unc iono co e age,s andbasala ea,al i ude,and empe a u esum(Eq.S6).Wees ima ed he yieldso cepusingamodelde elopedbyMiinae al.(2013).Themodelp edic s heyieldo cep asa unc iono s andbasala eaands andage(Eq.S7).Thede elopmen o a e ageyields o  each imes epunde al e na i emanagemen  egimesa egi eninSuppl. ile(Fig.S3).Fo  u he  in o ma ionabou  hecalcula ionso collec ablegoodyieldsseeSuppl. ile. 2.4 The economic alue o collec able goods Fo  heop imiza iono  heeconomic alueo collec ablegoodsand imbe  e enues,wecalcu- la ed hecombinedeconomic alueo bilbe y,cowbe y,andcepyieldsac ossa50yea planning ho izon o eachs and,unde se enal e na i emanagemen  egimes.Fi s ,wees ima edyields o eachyea  o  he5yea pe iodsand hencalcula ed heeconomic alueo eachcollec able good o eachyea .Weuseda e agema ke p iceso eachcollec ablegood om2004 o2013 inCen alFinland: o bilbe y,2.23€kg–1; o cowbe y,1.16€kg–1; and o cep ( he p ice o Bole usspp.used),3.36€kg–1 (MARSI2009;MARSI 2014). Finally,weadded heannual alues o eachcollec ablegood oge  heeconomic alueo collec ablegoodsac oss he50yea planning ho izon o eachs andas€ha–1(collec ablegoodsNPV).Wecalcula ed hepo en ialeconomic alueo eachcollec ablegoodusing he ollowingequa ion: 6 Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 · Peu a e al. · Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous… ∑ == − Collec able good NPVy e (1) i i 0 50 whe eacollec ablegoodwasdeno edbyi;yea sac oss he50yea planningho izonby ;yields byy; hei p icesby ;anddiscoun  a eby .Discoun  a ewas hesame(3%)asin hecalcula- ions o imbe e enues. NPV o collec ablegoodsincludes hei  alue o  he50yea pe iod only,andigno esanyla e yields.Howe e , he alueo anyla e yieldswouldbe e ysmall.In addi ion,wedidno include hecos so collec ing hebe iesandmush oomsin heNPVbecause hese a ywidelyacco ding o heannualyieldand heexac loca ionso  hes ands( a eling cos s).The e o e,ou NPVes ima e e lec s hepo en ialo  helandscape op o ideeconomic alue omcollec ablegoodsac ossa50yea planningho izon.Weca iedou  hecalcula ionsin R e sion3.1.2(RDe elopmen Co eTeam2014). 2.5 Mul i-objec i e op imiza ion and analyses Weanalyzedal e na i e o es managemen plans o e eal ade-o sbe ween imbe  e enues and hep o isiono collec ablegoods.Eachmanagemen planwasacombina iono managemen  egimes(Table1)selec ed o alls ands.Eachmanagemen planwascha ac e izedbyi sou come, i.e. he ec o o economic alueso  imbe andcollec ablegoodyieldso  helandscape esul ing omacombina iono managemen  egimesapplied o hes ands.The ullse o e icien manage- men plans ep esen sp oduc ionpossibili y on ie samongecosys emse ices,i.e.bi-dimensional planou comes ep esen ingmaximumachie able alueso se ices.Ino de  o e eal he ade- o s,weiden i iedcombina ionso managemen  egimes ha maximized heyieldo collec able goodsa di e en le elso  imbe  e enues,and ice e sa,i.e.Pa e oop imalplans(Mie inen 1999).Weca iedou op imiza ioncalcula ionsbyusingIBMILOGCPLEXop imize (h p:// www.ibm.com/so wa e/comme ce/op imiza ion/cplex-op imize /). Fo u he de ails on he me h- odso  e ealing ade-o sandop imiza ion,seeMönkkönene al.(2014).We anmul i-objec i e op imiza ionssepa a ely o eachyieldo collec ablegoods s. imbe  e enues.Addi ionally,we op imized heeconomic alueo collec ablegoods s. imbe  e enues. Ino de  oillus a e heop imalcombina iono managemen  egimes ha maximizes he yieldso collec ablegoods,wep oducedg aphs ha showhow heop imalalloca iono manage- men  egimes o  o es s andschangeswi hinc easingyieldso collec ablesanddec easing imbe  e enues.Then,weob ainedanalogous esul sunde  hecons ain  ha  imbe  e enuedoesno  allbelow hele elo 95%o maximumpossible e enues,i.e.when he o es owne ag ees o o ego 5% o he maximum achie able imbe e enues o collec able good p oduc ion and ec- ea ional alues.Weselec eda5%le eldec easein imbe  e enuesbecause o es ce i ica ion ules equi e ha a leas 5%o  he o es a eashouldbepe manen lyse aside ommanagemen  oconse ebiodi e si y(Fo es S ewa dshipCouncil2010).I also oughlyco espondswi h he poli icaldecisions akeninFinland ega dingbiodi e si yconse a ion h ough heMETSOII p og am(METSOP og amme2008–2016).Thissamele elmigh bewellin es edinsuppo ing heconside edal e na i eecosys emse ices. 2.6 Model assump ions Themodelsa ailable oes ima eyieldso collec ablegoods a yin hei  alidi y.The ecen  s udye alua ing hebe ymodelsinFinlandshowed ha  hebilbe ymodelismo eaccu a e han hecowbe ymodel(Kilpeläinene al.2016).Thebilbe ymodelmigh unde es ima e he yieldswhile hecowbe ymodelmigh o e es ima e heyields.Thecepmodelhas been alida ed only o sp ucedomina ed o es s(Miinae al.2013)and,sincecepisli inginsymbiosiswi h 7 Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 · Peu a e al. · Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous… No waysp uce, hees ima edyields o o he  o es  ypesa elessaccu a e.Inaddi ion, heyield models o bilbe yandcepha eonlybeen alida ed o No hKa elia,eas e nFinland,whe eas cowbe yyieldmodelsand hemodel o bilbe yco e ageha ebeen alida ed o  hewholeo  Finland.The o es landscapeinCen alFinland, owhe eweapply hemodel,isonly150km wes o No hKa elia,and o es condi ionsin he wo egionsa e ai lysimila . Bilbe yco e andyielda esensi i e o egene a ionme hods,bo hbeinglowe ina i i- cially egene a ed hanna u ally egene a eds ands(Miinae al.2009).Wedidno ha eda aon hehis o yo s ands,andhence,weassumed ha alls andsini iallyo igina ed omplan ed ees, becauseplan ingis hedominan  egene a ionme hoda e  inalha es ing.Thus,bilbe yyields a eunde es ima edons ands ha we ena u ally egene a ed. Due opo en ialbiascausedbymodellimi a ions,absolu ep edic edyieldes ima eso  hei mone a y aluesmaybeinaccu a e(seealso2.4).The e o e,ou  ocuswillbeonpo en ial ade-o sandon he ela i eu ili yo di e en managemen plans, a he  hanonabsolu e alues. 3 Resul s 3.1 To al yields Themaximum o alcowbe yyield om heen i elandscapewasmo e han ou  imeshighe  han hemaximum o albilbe yyield(Table2).These alues ansla edin o35kgha–1yea –1 and7.7kgha–1yea –1 o cowbe yandbilbe y, espec i ely.Themaximum o alcepyield om heen i elandscapewasclose o50000kgyea –1(Table2),i.e.ona e age1.2kgha–1yea –1. Themaximumeconomic alueo  he h eecollec ablegoodsac oss heen i elandscapewas app oxima elyonequa e o  hemaximumeconomic alueo  imbe ha es  e enues(Fig.1, Table2),i.e.32€ha–1yea –1 s.116€ha–1yea –1 ona e age o collec ablegoodsand imbe , espec i ely.Cowbe yyieldswe emuchla ge  hanbilbe yo cepyieldsand hep opo iono  cowbe y om hecombinedeconomic alueo collec ableswasapp oxima ely70%. Table 2. Po en ialo  helandscape(43150ha)incen alFinland op o ideannualyieldso  collec ablegoods, hecombinedeconomic alueo collec ablegoods(NPV)ac ossa50yea  planningho izon,andcos s ela ed ocollec ablegoodsp o ision.Max and Min alues ep e- sen  hela ges andsmalles possibleyieldso NPVo collec ablegoodsamongPa e oop imal solu ions ha canbeachie edwhenapplyingcombina ionso  hese enal e na i emanage- men egimes. Timbe NPV di e ence is he educ ionin imbe NPVin hePa e oop imalse s equi ed oachie emaximumyields(max imbe NPVis250M€inallcases). Max Min Timbe NPVdi e ence Collec able good Bilbe yyield 331Mg 257 Mg 75M€ Cowbe yyield 1522 Mg 1452 Mg 7M€ Cepyield 50 Mg 44 Mg 16M€ Collec ablegoodsNPV 68M€ 66M€ 13M€ 8 Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 · Peu a e al. · Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous… 3.2 The po en ial o a landscape o p oduce collec able goods and imbe T ade-o sbe weencollec ablegoodsand imbe NPVshowednon-linea  ela ionshipsin hese o  ou comeso Pa e oop imalplansand a ieddependingon hecollec ablegoodanalyzed(Fig.1). I isno possible omaximize heyieldso collec ablegoodso  heeconomic alueo collec - ablegoodswi hou adec easein imbe  e enues,and ice e sa.Howe e ,because he ade-o  cu eswe econ exi waspossible op oducesimul aneouslyhighle elso al e na i ese ices. In hecaseo bilbe y, hedi e encesbe ween heminimumandmaximumyieldsand in he educ ionin imbe NPV equi ed ogain hemaximumyieldwe equi ela ge(Table2, Fig.1).Thismeans ha  he eis hepo en ial oconside ablyinc easeyieldso bilbe y,bu  his would esul inla gelossesin imbe  e enues.The ade-o cu e o bilbe y e sus imbe NPV declinedmo es eeply han o o he collec ables(Fig.1)indica ing ha auni inc emen inbilbe y yieldwasmo eexpensi e hanauni inc emen incowbe yo cepyieldswhenapp oaching hei  maximum alues. In hecaseo cowbe y, he ewasasmalldi e encebe ween heminimumandmaximum yields(Table2,Fig.1).Thus, hecowbe yyieldwasa ec ed ai lyli lebyadjus ing o es man- agemen plans omaximize imbe .Mo eo e , hedeclinein imbe NPVwhen a ge ingcowbe y was ela i elysmall(Table2), husmaximizing hecowbe yyieldwas ela i elyinexpensi e.The ade-o cu e o cowbe y e sus imbe NPVwas ai ly la andsho (Fig.1), u he indica ing ha  hecon lic be ween imbe andcowbe yisnegligible. Fig. 1. Cu es ep esen ingou comeso Pa e o-op imalplansdesc ibing he ade-o s be weencollec ablegoodyields:bilbe y,cowbe y,cep, hecombinedeconomic alue o collec ablegoods,and imbe  e enuesinou s udylandscapeincen alFinland.The X-axisshows hedi e encebe ween hemaximumandminimumcollec ableyieldsin ela i e e ms.TheY-axissimila lyshows he educ ionin imbe NPVin hePa e o op imalse s equi ed oachie emaximumcollec ableyields. 9 Sil a Fennica ol. 50 no. 5 a icle id 1672 · Peu a e al. · Managing bo eal o es s o he simul aneous… In hecaseo cep, hedi e encebe ween heminimumandmaximumyieldswassmalle  hanin hecaseo bilbe yandla ge  hanin hecaseo cowbe y(Table2,Fig.1).Thus, hecep yieldcanbemode a elya ec edbyadjus ing o es managemen plans omaximize imbe .The declinein imbe NPVwhen a ge ingcepwassligh lyhighe  han ha  o  hecowbe ybu much lowe  han o  hebilbe y(Table2).The ade-o cu e o cep e sus imbe NPVwas ai ly la  (Fig.1)indica ing ha con lic be ween hemis ela i elysmall. Fo  hecombinedNPVo collec ablegoods, he ewasonlyasmalldi e encebe ween heminimumandmaximum aluesamongPa e oop imalou comes(Table2).Asin hecaseo  cowbe y,collec ablegoodNPVwasonlysligh lya ec edbyadjus ing o es managemen plans omaximize imbe .Thele elo declinein imbe NPVwhen a ge ingcollec ablegoodNPVwas lowe  han o cowbe y,bu highe  han o cep(Fig.1).These esul sindica e ha  hecon lic  be ween heeconomic alueo collec ablesand imbe was a he small. 3.3 Op imal combina ion o managemen egimes Whenasingle o es managemen  egimewasappliedconsis en lyin helandscape he ela i e u ili yo  he egime a iedamongdi e en collec ablegoods(Table3).Noneo  hesinglemanage- men egimes p oduced as high alues as in hei op imal combina ion selec ed ia mul i-objec i e op imiza ion(c .Table2).Thismeans ha acombina iono di e en managemen  egimeswas alwaysneeded omaximizeyieldso collec ablegoods.Fo bilbe y,EXT30was hemos bene icial s a egyand he wo egimeswi hno hinningswe e heleas bene icials a egies.Fo cowbe y, BAUwas hemos bene icials a egyandSAwas heleas bene icials a egy.Fo cep,GTR30 was hemos bene icials a egyandSAwas heleas bene icials a egy.Fo  hecombinedeco- nomic alueo allcollec ablegoods,BAUwas hemos bene icials a egyandSAwas heleas  bene icials a egy(Table3).Howe e , o  heeconomic alueo collec ablegoods, hedi e ences Table 3. Annualyieldso collec ablegoodsona e ageand heeconomic alueo collec ablegoodsand imbe (NPV) ac oss50yea s o al e na i emanagemen  egimes(BAUbusinessasusual, SAse aside,EXT10 ex ended o a ion 10 yea s,EXT30ex ended o a ion30yea s,GTR30g een ee e en ion,NTSR no hinnings sho o a ion and NTLR no hinningslong o a ion)i onlyonemanagemen  egimeisusedinalls andso  hes udylandscapeinCen alFinland. The la ges alue o al e na i e managemen egimes is gi en in bold. % o Max is he p opo ion o he alues com- pa ed o he maximum alue (Table 2). 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