1
Exis ing Guidelines and Ce i ica es o Cul u ally
Sensi i e Tou ism in Canada
CHRIS E. HURST
LATEISHA UGWUEGBULA
BRYAN S. R. GRIMWOOD
R. HARVEY LEMELIN
2 3
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
Mul idimensional Tou ism Ins i u e (MTI)
Ro aniemi
www.luc. i/ma kailu
Design: Lappi Design / Ty i Mäenpää
ISBN 978-952-337-211-5
3
Publica ions o he Mul idimensional Tou ism Ins i u e
Ma kailualan u kimus- ja koulu usins i uu in julkaisuja
Exis ing Guidelines and Ce i ica es o Cul u ally
Sensi i e Tou ism in Canada
Ro aniemi 2020
CHRIS E. HURST
LATEISHA UGWUEGBULA
BRYAN S. R. GRIMWOOD
R. HARVEY LEMELIN
4 5
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
ARCTISEN
P omo ing cul u ally sensi i e ou ism ac oss he A c ic
Funde :
Budge :
Pa ne s:
Main esul : Imp o ed en ep eneu ial business en i onmen o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism
ha will be achie ed by imp o ing and inc easing ansna ional con ac s, ne wo ks
and coope a ion among di e en businesses and o ganiza ions. Imp o emen o
business en i onmen will also esul in conc e e p oduc s and se ices, locally and
ansna ionally designed, ha suppo he capaci ies o s a -ups and SMEs o de elop
sus ainable, compe i i e and a ac i e ou ism businesses d awing on place-based
oppo uni ies.
No he n Pe iphe y and A c ic P og amme
Uni e si y o Lapland (Lead Pa ne ), Finland
UiT The A c ic Uni e si y o No way
No he n No way Tou is Boa d
Umeå Uni e si y, Sweden
Áj e - Moun ain and Sámi museum, Sweden
Aalbo g Uni e si y, Denma k
Uni e si y o Wa e loo, Canada
WINTA - Wo ld Indigenous Tou ism Alliance
1.455.547,88€
5

6 7
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
Con en s
In oduc ion .............................................................................................. 8
Backg ound .............................................................................................. 12
T ea ies and Land Claim Ag eemen s ......................................................... 12
Indigenous Tou ism in Canada .................................................................... 15
Indigenous Tou ism Associa ion o Canada (ITAC) ................................... 16
Exis ing Guides and Ce i ica es ............................................................... 20
Pa ks Canada Agency (PCA) P omising Pa hways Resou ce Guide ........ 20
ITAC's Na ional Guidelines ........................................................................... 21
Applica ion o he Guidelines .................................................................... 26
ITAC Membe ship ................................................................................ 26
Te i o ial Go e nmen ................................................................................. 27
Ci y-Le el: Yellowkni e ................................................................................. 29
Local Fi s Na ions: Tłı chǫ Fi s Na ions ............................................... 29
Conclusion ............................................................................................... 32
No es and e e ences ............................................................................... 36
7
In oduc ion
8 9
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
1. Wha key ac o s in luence cul u ally sen-
si i e ou ism business de elopmen in
he Canada A c ic? Wha a e he chal-
lenges/oppo uni ies, and who a e he
key playe s?
2. Wha guidelines o ce i ica es cu en ly
exis o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism and
o wha ex en a e hey used?
The epo discusses ou mode n land
claim ag eemen s in he a c ic egion o Can-
ada o con ex ualize a ious p o isions con-
ained wi hin ag eemen s and highligh po-
en ial implica ions o ou ism. The epo
u he explo es exis ing na ional le el guide-
lines o cul u ally sensi i e (au hen ic) ou -
ism and hei applica ion wi hin one e i o-
y, he No hwes Te i o ies, in he Canadian
a c ic. The No hwes Te i o ies (NWT) was
as a ocus because i has:
In oduc ion
The pu pose o his epo is o examine ex-
is ing guidelines o ce i ica es o cul u al-
ly sensi i e ou ism, and he ex en o which
he guidelines o ce i ica es a e used in he
Canadian con ex . Addi ionally, his epo
iden i ies po en ial challenges and oppo u-
ni ies o ou ism de elopmen wi hin legal
ea ies and Comp ehensi e Land Claim
Ag eemen s be ween se e al Indigenous
na ions and di e en le els o go e nmen
in Canada ( ede al, p o incial, and e i o-
ial). The objec i e is o assess how exis -
ing guidelines a e used (o no ) by ou ism
businesses o e ing Indigenous cul u al ex-
pe iences (speci ically in he Canadian A c-
ic), ecognizing ha econcilia ion e o s,
T ea ies, and mode n land claim ag ee-
men s se e as he con ex and ame o
much con empo a y ou ism business de-
elopmen . The ques ions guiding his e-
po a e:
y he la ges popula ion among he h ee
e i o ies in he Canadian a c ic, wi h
o e 50% o esiden s iden i ying as In-
digenous1;
y he la ges amoun annual ou ism
spending by isi o s among he e i o-
ies2;
y he g ea es numbe o Indigenous ou -
ism businesses among he e i o ies,
he majo i y o which ope a e ou o he
capi al ci y, Yellowkni e3; and,
y he au ho s ha e es ablished ne wo ks
and ongoing esea ch ela ionships in
he e i o y, which will be use ul o im-
plemen ing benchma king ips la e in
he ARCTISEN p ojec .
9
Key indings o he epo indica e
ha p o isions wi hin mode n land claim
ag eemen s o e oppo uni ies as well as
possible isks o challenges o cul u al-
ly sensi i e Indigenous ou ism de elop-
men in he A c ic egion. The epo u -
he highligh s he challenges associa ed
wi h de e mining he ex en o which ex-
is ing guidelines a e used in he Canadian
con ex . The Indigenous Tou ism Associ-
a ion o Canada’s (ITAC) Na ional Guide-
lines ( he main guidelines iden i ied in his
epo ) a e a p ac ical “how- o guide” o
business de elopmen , a he han a o m
o acc edi a ion, and a e no explici ly en-
do sed by e i o ial o municipal go e n-
men s, o Indigenous go e nmen s and
communi ies, in he No hwes Te i o ies.
"...p o isions wi hin mode n
land claim ag eemen s o e
oppo uni ies as well as pos-
sible isks o challenges o
cul u ally sensi i e Indige-
nous ou ism de elopmen
in he A c ic egion."
16 17
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
lu ion and legisla i e amendmen s) and un-
de nego ia ion (i.e., ea ies and land claim
ag eemen s). This lea es a bi o a gap
which, o da e, has been illed (di ec ly o
indi ec ly) by ede al depa men s such as
he Pa ks Canada Agency ( esponsible o
he i age places – i.e., na ional his o ic si es,
na ional ma ine conse a ion a eas and na-
ional pa ks / na ional pa k ese es); En i-
onmen and Clima e Change Canada ( e-
sponsible o na ional wildli e a eas and
mig a o y bi d sanc ua ies); and he Depa -
men o Fishe ies and Oceans ( esponsible
o ma ine p o ec ed a eas); as well as p o-
incial and e i o ial o ganiza ions/ minis-
ies wi h simila au ho i ies. Mo e subs an-
ially, his gap has been illed in by egional
and na ional Indigenous ou ism associa-
ions. Regional Indigenous ou ism asso-
cia ions end o be exclusi e o pa icula
na ions o geog aphical egions. Fo exam-
ple, he C ee Ou i ing and Tou ism Asso-
cia ion (COTA)*** loca ed in Eeyou Is chee
Baie-James, o Nuna ik Tou ism in no h-
e n Quebec28. Na ionally, he Indigenous
Tou ism Associa ion o Canada (ITAC), a
business associa ion dedica ed o he de-
***COTA is a non-p o i co po a ion de o ed o de eloping
he ou ism indus y in he Eeyou Is chee Baie-James egion.
Membe s include, “Any C ee indi idual, pa ne ship, o ganiza-
ion o communi iy con olled by a majo i y o C ee bene i-
cia ies engaged in ou i ing o ou ism ac i i ies wi hin he
adi ional e i o y o Eeyou Is chee” in Quebec.
elopmen , p omo ion and ma ke ing o In-
digenous ou ism expe iences, se es as a
cen al esou ce o Indigenous ou ism de-
elopmen o all na ions ac oss he coun-
y****.
Indigenous Tou ism Associa ion o
Canada (ITAC)
ITAC is a non-p o i business associa ion
whose mission is o “p o ide leade ship in
he de elopmen and ma ke ing o au hen-
ic Indigenous ou ism expe iences h ough
inno a i e pa ne ships”29. In 2015, ITAC
published he 'Na ional Abo iginal Tou ism
Resea ch P ojec ', which was in ended o
benchma k key s a is ics, indica o s, and
examples o Indigenous ou ism in he Ca-
nadian ma ke . Findings o he epo indi-
ca ed o e 1,500 Indigenous owned busi-
nesses ac oss Canada; o e 33,000 people
employed; g oss domes ic p oduc con i-
bu ions o o e $1.4 B by Indigenous ou -
ism businesses; and a g owing ma ke o
Indigenous ou ism expe iences30.
Today, ITAC has app oxima ely 200
***A he ime o epo ing, an assessmen o exis ing guideli-
nes o cul u ally-sensi i e/au hen ic ou ism in he No hwes
Te i o ies (NWT) was limi ed o an examina ion o na ional
and e i o ial esou ces, as well as a ou ism s a egy by a
local i s na ion. Gi en he ocus o his pape on he No -
hwes Te i o ies, esou ces om egional Indigenous ou ism
associa ions dedica ed o speci ic geog aphical loca ions o
communi ies ou side o NWT we e no included.
membe o ganiza ions (including majo -
i y and non- majo i y owned Indigenous
ou ism businesses; hi d-pa y ope a o s,
go e nmen s and o he o ganiza ions in-
e es ed in ad ancing he Indigenous ou -
ism indus y) ac oss Canada31. Membe s
ha e access o aining wo kshops; busi-
ness suppo and de elopmen ools; ma -
ke ing oppo uni ies/ne wo ks; and ad e -
ising h ough ITAC32. Addi ionally, majo i y
owned Indigenous ou ism businesses may
elec o be ea u ed in ITAC’s annual “Guide
o Indigenous Tou ism in Canada” publi-
ca ion, and on ITAC’s ou ism websi e in-
c easing ma ke isibili y and aking ad an-
age o ITAC’s cen alized web pla o m o
Indigenous ou ism expe iences*****.
*****A he ime o w i ing, a Google sea ch o “Indigenous +
Tou ism + Canada” yielded he ITAC “Guide o Indigenous
Tou ism in Canada” publica ion and ou ism websi e as all o
he op i e esul s.

17
18 19
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
19
Exis ing Guides and Ce i ica es
20 21
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
Pa ks Canada Agency (PCA) P omi-
sing Pa hways Resou ce Guide
The ede al depa men esponsible o
he i age places, including his o ic si es, na-
ional pa ks, na ional ma ine conse a ion
a eas and se e al loca ions designa ed as
wo ld he i age si es by he Uni ed Na ions
Educa ional, Scien i ic and Cul u al O gani-
za ion (UNESCO), he Pa ks Canada Agen-
cy (PCA), has published a esou ce guide
en i led, P omising Pa hways: S eng hen-
ing engagemen and ela ionships wi h Ab-
o iginal peoples in Pa ks Canada he i age
places, a documen aimed a suppo ing a
consis en app oach o ela ionships wi h
Indigenous peoples and pa ne s ac oss
i s many he i age places33. The guide is in-
ended o also be used as an in o ma ional
oolki o ope a ional employees ha a e
engaging wi h Indigenous pa ne s wi h
a iew o s eng hening ela ionships and
building capaci y34. The epo is cen ed
a ound h ee s ages o ela ionship build-
ing: ini ia ing, g owing, and s ewa ding; and
calls upon cen al concep s ela ed o cul-
u al sensi i i y such as long- e m commi -
men , us , and mu ual espec as guiding
hese ins uc ions35. Fu he he epo ec-
ognizes ha s eng hening ela ionships
wi h Indigenous pa ne s includes os e -
ing connec ions wi h adi ional lands and
akes he o m o acili a ing access, en-
cou aging adi ional ac i i ies, and encou -
aging he use and ans e o adi ional
knowledge in Pa ks Canada Places36. As
he epo is in ended o on line s a us-
age, i is e e ed o on he Agency’s public
websi e; howe e , a copy o he ull- ex e -
sion is only a ailable upon eques *.
*The e sion ci ed in his epo was made a ailable by he
Geo ge W igh Socie y on i s public websi e. A eques o he
guide om he Pa ks Canada Agency on June 1s , 2019 emains
unanswe ed as o he w i ing o his epo .
In he Canadian con ex , wo main guides
we e iden i ied as ha ing been de eloped
wi h implica ions o cul u ally sensi i e
ou ism ac oss he coun y. The i s is an
in e nal esou ce guide o he Pa ks Can-
ada Agency, which is p ima ily ocused on
you lining he Agency’s posi ion/policy
on econcilia ion and ela ionships wi h
Indigenous s akeholde s on lands and
wa e s unde i s adminis a ion; and
yp o iding on line s a wi h a angible
checklis o ac i i ies o ul ill said poli-
cy equi emen s.
The second, is he ITAC Na ional Guide-
lines which is a publicly a ailable business
guide in ended o help Indigenous ou ism
ope a o s in he de elopmen and ma ke -
ing o “au hen ic” Indigenous expe iences.
Exis ing Guides and Ce i ica es
21
In he pe iod ollowing he publica-
ion o he 2014 epo , he Pa ks Canada
Agency en e ed in o a Memo andum o Un-
de s anding (MOU) and a ou -yea con-
ibu ion ag eemen wi h he Indigenous
Tou ism Associa ion o Canada (ITAC) o
enhance and g ow au hen ic Indigenous
ou ism expe iences in i s he i age plac-
es37. This ag eemen also se es o ecog-
nize ITAC’s posi ion as a non-p o i na ional
cen e o excellence o Indigenous ou -
ism – 'c ea ing pa ne ships be ween associa-
ions, o ganiza ions, go e nmen depa men s,
and indus y leade s'38, as well as suppo ing
he de elopmen and ad e isemen o au-
hen ic Indigenous ou ism expe iences in
he Canadian ma ke .
ITAC membe s ha e access o p o-
g ams aimed a imp o ing o de eloping
hei business, and businesses ha a e ma-
jo i y owned and ope a ed by Indigenous
peoples ha e he oppo uni y o be includ-
ed in ITAC’s annual Indigenous Expe ienc-
es Guide (a ma ke ing ool o Indigenous
ou ism in Canada)39. ITAC has also de el-
oped a se o na ional guidelines, upda ed
in 2018, o ac as a 'pa h inde o all wi hin
he Indigenous ou ism indus y'40.
ITAC’s Na ional Guidelines
ITAC’s Na ional Guidelines: De eloping Au-
hen ic Indigenous Expe iences in Canada
se e as a p ac ical guide o help business
owne s build and de elop hei Indigenous
ou ism p oduc s, and se p inciples and
expec a ions su ounding wha cons i u es
Indigenous ou ism expe iences. The i s
ew pages se ou how o use he guide
depending upon he goals o he pa icu-
la business: planning/s a ing an Indig-
enous ou ism business; imp o ing and/
o expanding on an exis ing business; and
expansion in o bigge ou ism ma ke s
and pa ne ships. I also dis inguishes be-
ween “Indigenous Tou ism” businesses
ha a e majo i y owned, ope a ed and/o
con olled by Indigenous peoples demon-
s a ing a connec ion and esponsibili y
o he local communi y and adi ional e -
i o y; and “Indigenous Cul u al Tou ism”
business which, in addi ion o hose ea-
u es, also inco po a es a signi ican cul-
u al componen ha is app op ia e and e-
spec ul.
Following hese di e en ia ions,
he e a e se e al pages ha a e designed
o b ing awa eness o he p inciple o au-
hen ici y as a cen ally de ining concep
o Indigenous ou ism expe iences. The
hemes associa ed wi h au hen ici y a e
la gely he same as hose discussed in li -
e a u es conce ning cul u al sensi i i y in
Canada, including: espec ing (na u e, a-
di ions, cul u e and Elde s as 'Keepe s o he
cul u e'41); p ese ing adi ional knowledge;
a oiding cul u al app op ia ion/commodi i-
za ion; using adi ional languages whe e
app op ia e; communica ing wha is o is
no app op ia e beha iou by ou is s (and/
o wha cul u al componen s will o will no
be sha ed wi h ou side s and why); p o ec -
ing cul u al iden i y; and p o ec ing sac ed/
spi i ual/ce emonial si es42. Unlike cul u -
al sensi i i y, which is la gely desc ibed as
some hing ha Se le s, ou is s, esea ch-
e s, go e nmen s, e c. a e esponsible o in
hei in e ac ions wi h Indigenous peoples,
au hen ici y shi s he onus o esponsibil-
i y on o he ou ism business. To p o ide
au hen ic ou ism expe iences, ou ism op-
e a o s/businesses mus wo k closely wi h
hei espec i e communi ies in he de el-
opmen and deli e y o hei ou ism p od-
uc s.
Au hen ic ou ism expe iences a e de-
sc ibed in he guidelines as hose ha ec-
ognize ha a cul u e belongs o he com-
muni y and ou ism p oduc s sha ing his
cul u e should be 'de eloped and deli e ed in a
way ha suppo s he communi y i ep esen s'43.
I also ecognizes ha a communi y is bes
placed o de e mine wha is app op ia e

22 23
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
o be sha ed wi h ou side s, wha cul u -
al elemen s canno be sha ed and ha
hese de e mina ions need o ake place
and wi h he suppo o he 'Keepe s o he
Cul u e' (i.e. Elde s and o he communi-
y membe s)44. Au hen ic ou ism expe i-
ences mus also na iga e he challenge
o o e ing an expe ience wi h wide ou -
ism appeal, while s ill being ue o adi-
ional and con empo a y cul u e wi hin
hos -communi ies. I equi es ha he ex-
pe iences o e ed o be meaning ul and
bene icial o he communi y in which he
business is based; communi y con ol o
cul u al p og am con en s and communi-
y in ol emen in p og am deli e y. The
guidelines also speci y ha au hen ic In-
digenous cul u al ou ism expe iences a e
'by Indigenous peoples, no abou Indigenous
peoples.'45.
In ecogni ion and suppo o each
communi y ha ing di e en cul u al
bounda ies and p o ocols, while also ac-
knowledging ITAC’s ole in p omo ing au-
hen ic Indigenous expe iences, he guide-
lines o e i e ecommended p o ocols
which mus be me in o de o be consid-
e ed an ‘au hen ic Indigenous expe ience’46.
These include (see he box):
The nex sec ion o he guidelines
p o ide ips and bes p ac ices o p o ec -
ing cul u al au hen ici y while also suppo -
ing he communi y, and p ac ical ips o
in oducing isi o s o a communi y’s cul-
u e. Bes p ac ices ela ed o p o ec ing
cul u al au hen ici y while suppo ing he
communi y cen e a ound including he
communi y o he g ea es ex en possible
in he de elopmen , p oduc ion and deli -
e y o ou ism p oduc s and expe iences
wi hin ha communi y, wi h pa icula a -
en ion paid o ensu ing ha cul u al expe-
iences ha a e deemed inapp op ia e o
isi o s a e clea and any equi ed ba ie s
pu in place o ensu e ha isi o s do no
en e si es ha hey a e no pe mi ed o
en e . The guidelines o e eigh p ac ical
ips o in oducing isi o s o a commu-
ni y’s ocusing on bo h expec a ion man-
agemen ac i i ies (i.e. access o in o ma-
ion ma e ials, e bal in oduc ions ha
include in o ma ion on wha o expec as
well as he expec a ions o he hos , and
any addi ional explana ions equi ed); and
in as uc u e/o ganiza ional conside a-
ions (i.e. adi ional a chi ec u e/déco ;
adi ional oods; adi ional language; dis-
plays/signs/exhibi s; and composi ion o
on line s a /hos s).
Fi e ecommended p o ocols in ITAC’s
“Na ional Guidelines: De eloping Au -
hen ic Indigenous Expe iences in Ca-
nada”47:
1) A leas 51% owned by Indigenous
indi iduals OR majo i y owned Indigenous
companies OR Indigenous con olled
o ganiza ions such as Bands and T ibal
Councils.
2) Use cul u al con en app o ed by
Keepe s o he Cul u e and de eloped unde
he di ec ion o he Indigenous peoples who
a e om he cul u e being in e p e ed.
3) O e cul u al ac i i ies o gues s led by
Indigenous people (an excep ion may be
when o eign languages a e equi ed when
he in e p e e should s ill ha e access o
an Indigenous hos o ques ions ela ed o
he cul u e and communi y).
4) P o ide oppo uni ies o isi o s o
in e ac ace- o- ace wi h Indigenous
people such as a isans, c a speople,
Elde s, s o y elle s, hos s o en e aine s
who o igina e om he cul u e being
sha ed.
5) Ensu e ha he i age in e p e e s and p e-
sen e s ha e sui able expe ience, knowled-
ge o o mal aining ela ed o he Indige-
nous cul u e ha hey a e sha ing .
23
The es o he guide is o ganized
a ound he needs o ou ism businesses
a a ious s ages o de elopmen . These
sec ions do no ha e any Indigenous-spe-
ci ic con en s, excep in so a as including
a checklis which e e s o he de ining ea-
u es and p o ocols ela ed o cul u ally au-
hen ic expe iences. The checklis (pages
37 – 41 o he Guidelines), is in ended o be
used in andem wi h he business-o ien ed
checklis s ha conclude he guidelines.
24 25
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
25
Applica ion o he Guidelines
32 33
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
ou ism expe iences and enjoy he added
bene i s o ne wo king and ad e isemen
ha ITAC has o o e , is con ingen on be-
ing a membe o ITAC. Wha is ob ious is
ha he numbe o Indigenous owned ou -
ism businesses a exceeds he numbe
o ITAC membe s na ionally; and while o -
icials a he ede al (Pa ks Canada), e i-
o ial (Go e nmen o NWT) and local le el
(Tłıchǫ Na ion) ha e ecognized ITAC’s ole
as a cen e o excellence o de eloping In-
digenous ou ism (as seen in he signing
o MOUs, newly o med pa ne ships, o
in he seeking o se ices/suppo s) i is
no clea wha ole he Na ional Guidelines
ha e in hese ac i i ies (i any).
Indigenous ou ism is a g owing pa o he
Canadian ou ism landscape and is unde -
pinned by mode n Ag eemen s con aining
p o isions wi h implica ions o ou ism
business de elopmen . ITAC, ecognizing
he g owing demand o au hen ic Indige-
nous ou ism expe iences in Canada, de el-
oped Na ional Guidelines o help ou ism
businesses de elop and ma ke cul u al-
ly au hen ic p oduc s ha e lec he al-
ues, decisions, and he suppo o hei e-
spec i e communi ies. I is di icul o ge
an o e all pic u e o he ex en o which he
ITAC na ional guidelines a e being used in
he Canadian con ex ; speci ically, in NWT.
I could be because he guidelines a e in-
ended as a p ac ical guide o indi idual
businesses wishing o de elop au hen ic
Indigenous ou ism expe iences bu a e no
in ended o any o m o ce i ica ion o ac-
c edi a ion. Simila ly, o be ecognized as
a business o e ing au hen ic Indigenous
Conclusion

33
34 35
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
35
No es and e e ences
36 37
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
No es
1. S a is ics Canada, 2019.
2. S a is ics Canada, 2018.
3. Indigenous Tou ism Associa ion o Canada, 2015; 2018c.
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37
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39
40 41
ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic
Exis ing Guidelines and Ce i ica es o Cul u ally Sensi i e Tou ism in Canada
This epo examines exis ing guidelines o ce i ica es o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism and a emp s o assess guide-
line use by ou ism businesses wi h cul u al expe ience o e ings in he Canadian A c ic. Addi ionally, he epo high-
ligh s po en ial challenges and oppo uni ies o ou ism de elopmen wi hin he cons ella ion o legal ea ies and
Comp ehensi e Land Claim Ag eemen s ha o mally de ine ela ionships be ween a ious le els o Canadian go -
e nmen and indi idual Indigenous na ions. Based on a e iew o o mal ag eemen s, guidelines, and business web-
si es, he epo ound po en ial oppo uni ies o ou ism de elopmen wi hin o mal ag eemen s wi h Indigenous
na ions, and a lack o conclusi e e idence o he applica ion o exis ing guidelines by ou ism businesses in he Ca-
nadian A c ic, and speci ically wi hin Yellowkni e, No hwes Te i o ies.