Existing Guidelines and Certificates for Culturally Sensitive Tourism in Canada

1 Exis ing Guidelines and Ce i ica es o Cul u ally Sensi i e Tou ism in Canada CHRIS E. HURST LATEISHA UGWUEGBULA BRYAN S. R. GRIMWOOD R. HARVEY LEMELIN 2 3 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic Mul idimensional Tou ism Ins i u e (MTI) Ro aniemi www.luc. i/ma kailu Design: Lappi Design / Ty i Mäenpää ISBN 978-952-337-211-5 3 Publica ions o he Mul idimensional Tou ism Ins i u e Ma kailualan u kimus- ja koulu usins i uu in julkaisuja Exis ing Guidelines and Ce i ica es o Cul u ally Sensi i e Tou ism in Canada Ro aniemi 2020 CHRIS E. HURST LATEISHA UGWUEGBULA BRYAN S. R. GRIMWOOD R. HARVEY LEMELIN 4 5 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic ARCTISEN P omo ing cul u ally sensi i e ou ism ac oss he A c ic Funde : Budge : Pa ne s: Main esul : Imp o ed en ep eneu ial business en i onmen o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism ha will be achie ed by imp o ing and inc easing ansna ional con ac s, ne wo ks and coope a ion among di e en businesses and o ganiza ions. Imp o emen o business en i onmen will also esul in conc e e p oduc s and se ices, locally and ansna ionally designed, ha suppo he capaci ies o s a -ups and SMEs o de elop sus ainable, compe i i e and a ac i e ou ism businesses d awing on place-based oppo uni ies. No he n Pe iphe y and A c ic P og amme Uni e si y o Lapland (Lead Pa ne ), Finland UiT The A c ic Uni e si y o No way No he n No way Tou is Boa d Umeå Uni e si y, Sweden Áj e - Moun ain and Sámi museum, Sweden Aalbo g Uni e si y, Denma k Uni e si y o Wa e loo, Canada WINTA - Wo ld Indigenous Tou ism Alliance 1.455.547,88€ 5 6 7 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic Con en s In oduc ion .............................................................................................. 8 Backg ound .............................................................................................. 12 T ea ies and Land Claim Ag eemen s ......................................................... 12 Indigenous Tou ism in Canada .................................................................... 15 Indigenous Tou ism Associa ion o Canada (ITAC) ................................... 16 Exis ing Guides and Ce i ica es ............................................................... 20 Pa ks Canada Agency (PCA) P omising Pa hways Resou ce Guide ........ 20 ITAC's Na ional Guidelines ........................................................................... 21 Applica ion o he Guidelines .................................................................... 26 ITAC Membe ship ................................................................................ 26 Te i o ial Go e nmen ................................................................................. 27 Ci y-Le el: Yellowkni e ................................................................................. 29 Local Fi s Na ions: Tłı chǫ Fi s Na ions ............................................... 29 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 32 No es and e e ences ............................................................................... 36 7 In oduc ion 8 9 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic 1. Wha key ac o s in luence cul u ally sen- si i e ou ism business de elopmen in he Canada A c ic? Wha a e he chal- lenges/oppo uni ies, and who a e he key playe s? 2. Wha guidelines o ce i ica es cu en ly exis o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism and o wha ex en a e hey used? The epo discusses ou mode n land claim ag eemen s in he a c ic egion o Can- ada o con ex ualize a ious p o isions con- ained wi hin ag eemen s and highligh po- en ial implica ions o ou ism. The epo u he explo es exis ing na ional le el guide- lines o cul u ally sensi i e (au hen ic) ou - ism and hei applica ion wi hin one e i o- y, he No hwes Te i o ies, in he Canadian a c ic. The No hwes Te i o ies (NWT) was as a ocus because i has: In oduc ion The pu pose o his epo is o examine ex- is ing guidelines o ce i ica es o cul u al- ly sensi i e ou ism, and he ex en o which he guidelines o ce i ica es a e used in he Canadian con ex . Addi ionally, his epo iden i ies po en ial challenges and oppo u- ni ies o ou ism de elopmen wi hin legal ea ies and Comp ehensi e Land Claim Ag eemen s be ween se e al Indigenous na ions and di e en le els o go e nmen in Canada ( ede al, p o incial, and e i o- ial). The objec i e is o assess how exis - ing guidelines a e used (o no ) by ou ism businesses o e ing Indigenous cul u al ex- pe iences (speci ically in he Canadian A c- ic), ecognizing ha econcilia ion e o s, T ea ies, and mode n land claim ag ee- men s se e as he con ex and ame o much con empo a y ou ism business de- elopmen . The ques ions guiding his e- po a e: y he la ges popula ion among he h ee e i o ies in he Canadian a c ic, wi h o e 50% o esiden s iden i ying as In- digenous1; y he la ges amoun annual ou ism spending by isi o s among he e i o- ies2; y he g ea es numbe o Indigenous ou - ism businesses among he e i o ies, he majo i y o which ope a e ou o he capi al ci y, Yellowkni e3; and, y he au ho s ha e es ablished ne wo ks and ongoing esea ch ela ionships in he e i o y, which will be use ul o im- plemen ing benchma king ips la e in he ARCTISEN p ojec . 9 Key indings o he epo indica e ha p o isions wi hin mode n land claim ag eemen s o e oppo uni ies as well as possible isks o challenges o cul u al- ly sensi i e Indigenous ou ism de elop- men in he A c ic egion. The epo u - he highligh s he challenges associa ed wi h de e mining he ex en o which ex- is ing guidelines a e used in he Canadian con ex . The Indigenous Tou ism Associ- a ion o Canada’s (ITAC) Na ional Guide- lines ( he main guidelines iden i ied in his epo ) a e a p ac ical “how- o guide” o business de elopmen , a he han a o m o acc edi a ion, and a e no explici ly en- do sed by e i o ial o municipal go e n- men s, o Indigenous go e nmen s and communi ies, in he No hwes Te i o ies. "...p o isions wi hin mode n land claim ag eemen s o e oppo uni ies as well as pos- sible isks o challenges o cul u ally sensi i e Indige- nous ou ism de elopmen in he A c ic egion." 16 17 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic lu ion and legisla i e amendmen s) and un- de nego ia ion (i.e., ea ies and land claim ag eemen s). This lea es a bi o a gap which, o da e, has been illed (di ec ly o indi ec ly) by ede al depa men s such as he Pa ks Canada Agency ( esponsible o he i age places – i.e., na ional his o ic si es, na ional ma ine conse a ion a eas and na- ional pa ks / na ional pa k ese es); En i- onmen and Clima e Change Canada ( e- sponsible o na ional wildli e a eas and mig a o y bi d sanc ua ies); and he Depa - men o Fishe ies and Oceans ( esponsible o ma ine p o ec ed a eas); as well as p o- incial and e i o ial o ganiza ions/ minis- ies wi h simila au ho i ies. Mo e subs an- ially, his gap has been illed in by egional and na ional Indigenous ou ism associa- ions. Regional Indigenous ou ism asso- cia ions end o be exclusi e o pa icula na ions o geog aphical egions. Fo exam- ple, he C ee Ou i ing and Tou ism Asso- cia ion (COTA)*** loca ed in Eeyou Is chee Baie-James, o Nuna ik Tou ism in no h- e n Quebec28. Na ionally, he Indigenous Tou ism Associa ion o Canada (ITAC), a business associa ion dedica ed o he de- ***COTA is a non-p o i co po a ion de o ed o de eloping he ou ism indus y in he Eeyou Is chee Baie-James egion. Membe s include, “Any C ee indi idual, pa ne ship, o ganiza- ion o communi iy con olled by a majo i y o C ee bene i- cia ies engaged in ou i ing o ou ism ac i i ies wi hin he adi ional e i o y o Eeyou Is chee” in Quebec. elopmen , p omo ion and ma ke ing o In- digenous ou ism expe iences, se es as a cen al esou ce o Indigenous ou ism de- elopmen o all na ions ac oss he coun- y****. Indigenous Tou ism Associa ion o Canada (ITAC) ITAC is a non-p o i business associa ion whose mission is o “p o ide leade ship in he de elopmen and ma ke ing o au hen- ic Indigenous ou ism expe iences h ough inno a i e pa ne ships”29. In 2015, ITAC published he 'Na ional Abo iginal Tou ism Resea ch P ojec ', which was in ended o benchma k key s a is ics, indica o s, and examples o Indigenous ou ism in he Ca- nadian ma ke . Findings o he epo indi- ca ed o e 1,500 Indigenous owned busi- nesses ac oss Canada; o e 33,000 people employed; g oss domes ic p oduc con i- bu ions o o e $1.4 B by Indigenous ou - ism businesses; and a g owing ma ke o Indigenous ou ism expe iences30. Today, ITAC has app oxima ely 200 ***A he ime o epo ing, an assessmen o exis ing guideli- nes o cul u ally-sensi i e/au hen ic ou ism in he No hwes Te i o ies (NWT) was limi ed o an examina ion o na ional and e i o ial esou ces, as well as a ou ism s a egy by a local i s na ion. Gi en he ocus o his pape on he No - hwes Te i o ies, esou ces om egional Indigenous ou ism associa ions dedica ed o speci ic geog aphical loca ions o communi ies ou side o NWT we e no included. membe o ganiza ions (including majo - i y and non- majo i y owned Indigenous ou ism businesses; hi d-pa y ope a o s, go e nmen s and o he o ganiza ions in- e es ed in ad ancing he Indigenous ou - ism indus y) ac oss Canada31. Membe s ha e access o aining wo kshops; busi- ness suppo and de elopmen ools; ma - ke ing oppo uni ies/ne wo ks; and ad e - ising h ough ITAC32. Addi ionally, majo i y owned Indigenous ou ism businesses may elec o be ea u ed in ITAC’s annual “Guide o Indigenous Tou ism in Canada” publi- ca ion, and on ITAC’s ou ism websi e in- c easing ma ke isibili y and aking ad an- age o ITAC’s cen alized web pla o m o Indigenous ou ism expe iences*****. *****A he ime o w i ing, a Google sea ch o “Indigenous + Tou ism + Canada” yielded he ITAC “Guide o Indigenous Tou ism in Canada” publica ion and ou ism websi e as all o he op i e esul s. 17 18 19 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic 19 Exis ing Guides and Ce i ica es 20 21 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic Pa ks Canada Agency (PCA) P omi- sing Pa hways Resou ce Guide The ede al depa men esponsible o he i age places, including his o ic si es, na- ional pa ks, na ional ma ine conse a ion a eas and se e al loca ions designa ed as wo ld he i age si es by he Uni ed Na ions Educa ional, Scien i ic and Cul u al O gani- za ion (UNESCO), he Pa ks Canada Agen- cy (PCA), has published a esou ce guide en i led, P omising Pa hways: S eng hen- ing engagemen and ela ionships wi h Ab- o iginal peoples in Pa ks Canada he i age places, a documen aimed a suppo ing a consis en app oach o ela ionships wi h Indigenous peoples and pa ne s ac oss i s many he i age places33. The guide is in- ended o also be used as an in o ma ional oolki o ope a ional employees ha a e engaging wi h Indigenous pa ne s wi h a iew o s eng hening ela ionships and building capaci y34. The epo is cen ed a ound h ee s ages o ela ionship build- ing: ini ia ing, g owing, and s ewa ding; and calls upon cen al concep s ela ed o cul- u al sensi i i y such as long- e m commi - men , us , and mu ual espec as guiding hese ins uc ions35. Fu he he epo ec- ognizes ha s eng hening ela ionships wi h Indigenous pa ne s includes os e - ing connec ions wi h adi ional lands and akes he o m o acili a ing access, en- cou aging adi ional ac i i ies, and encou - aging he use and ans e o adi ional knowledge in Pa ks Canada Places36. As he epo is in ended o on line s a us- age, i is e e ed o on he Agency’s public websi e; howe e , a copy o he ull- ex e - sion is only a ailable upon eques *. *The e sion ci ed in his epo was made a ailable by he Geo ge W igh Socie y on i s public websi e. A eques o he guide om he Pa ks Canada Agency on June 1s , 2019 emains unanswe ed as o he w i ing o his epo . In he Canadian con ex , wo main guides we e iden i ied as ha ing been de eloped wi h implica ions o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism ac oss he coun y. The i s is an in e nal esou ce guide o he Pa ks Can- ada Agency, which is p ima ily ocused on you lining he Agency’s posi ion/policy on econcilia ion and ela ionships wi h Indigenous s akeholde s on lands and wa e s unde i s adminis a ion; and yp o iding on line s a wi h a angible checklis o ac i i ies o ul ill said poli- cy equi emen s. The second, is he ITAC Na ional Guide- lines which is a publicly a ailable business guide in ended o help Indigenous ou ism ope a o s in he de elopmen and ma ke - ing o “au hen ic” Indigenous expe iences. Exis ing Guides and Ce i ica es 21 In he pe iod ollowing he publica- ion o he 2014 epo , he Pa ks Canada Agency en e ed in o a Memo andum o Un- de s anding (MOU) and a ou -yea con- ibu ion ag eemen wi h he Indigenous Tou ism Associa ion o Canada (ITAC) o enhance and g ow au hen ic Indigenous ou ism expe iences in i s he i age plac- es37. This ag eemen also se es o ecog- nize ITAC’s posi ion as a non-p o i na ional cen e o excellence o Indigenous ou - ism – 'c ea ing pa ne ships be ween associa- ions, o ganiza ions, go e nmen depa men s, and indus y leade s'38, as well as suppo ing he de elopmen and ad e isemen o au- hen ic Indigenous ou ism expe iences in he Canadian ma ke . ITAC membe s ha e access o p o- g ams aimed a imp o ing o de eloping hei business, and businesses ha a e ma- jo i y owned and ope a ed by Indigenous peoples ha e he oppo uni y o be includ- ed in ITAC’s annual Indigenous Expe ienc- es Guide (a ma ke ing ool o Indigenous ou ism in Canada)39. ITAC has also de el- oped a se o na ional guidelines, upda ed in 2018, o ac as a 'pa h inde o all wi hin he Indigenous ou ism indus y'40. ITAC’s Na ional Guidelines ITAC’s Na ional Guidelines: De eloping Au- hen ic Indigenous Expe iences in Canada se e as a p ac ical guide o help business owne s build and de elop hei Indigenous ou ism p oduc s, and se p inciples and expec a ions su ounding wha cons i u es Indigenous ou ism expe iences. The i s ew pages se ou how o use he guide depending upon he goals o he pa icu- la business: planning/s a ing an Indig- enous ou ism business; imp o ing and/ o expanding on an exis ing business; and expansion in o bigge ou ism ma ke s and pa ne ships. I also dis inguishes be- ween “Indigenous Tou ism” businesses ha a e majo i y owned, ope a ed and/o con olled by Indigenous peoples demon- s a ing a connec ion and esponsibili y o he local communi y and adi ional e - i o y; and “Indigenous Cul u al Tou ism” business which, in addi ion o hose ea- u es, also inco po a es a signi ican cul- u al componen ha is app op ia e and e- spec ul. Following hese di e en ia ions, he e a e se e al pages ha a e designed o b ing awa eness o he p inciple o au- hen ici y as a cen ally de ining concep o Indigenous ou ism expe iences. The hemes associa ed wi h au hen ici y a e la gely he same as hose discussed in li - e a u es conce ning cul u al sensi i i y in Canada, including: espec ing (na u e, a- di ions, cul u e and Elde s as 'Keepe s o he cul u e'41); p ese ing adi ional knowledge; a oiding cul u al app op ia ion/commodi i- za ion; using adi ional languages whe e app op ia e; communica ing wha is o is no app op ia e beha iou by ou is s (and/ o wha cul u al componen s will o will no be sha ed wi h ou side s and why); p o ec - ing cul u al iden i y; and p o ec ing sac ed/ spi i ual/ce emonial si es42. Unlike cul u - al sensi i i y, which is la gely desc ibed as some hing ha Se le s, ou is s, esea ch- e s, go e nmen s, e c. a e esponsible o in hei in e ac ions wi h Indigenous peoples, au hen ici y shi s he onus o esponsibil- i y on o he ou ism business. To p o ide au hen ic ou ism expe iences, ou ism op- e a o s/businesses mus wo k closely wi h hei espec i e communi ies in he de el- opmen and deli e y o hei ou ism p od- uc s. Au hen ic ou ism expe iences a e de- sc ibed in he guidelines as hose ha ec- ognize ha a cul u e belongs o he com- muni y and ou ism p oduc s sha ing his cul u e should be 'de eloped and deli e ed in a way ha suppo s he communi y i ep esen s'43. I also ecognizes ha a communi y is bes placed o de e mine wha is app op ia e 22 23 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic o be sha ed wi h ou side s, wha cul u - al elemen s canno be sha ed and ha hese de e mina ions need o ake place and wi h he suppo o he 'Keepe s o he Cul u e' (i.e. Elde s and o he communi- y membe s)44. Au hen ic ou ism expe i- ences mus also na iga e he challenge o o e ing an expe ience wi h wide ou - ism appeal, while s ill being ue o adi- ional and con empo a y cul u e wi hin hos -communi ies. I equi es ha he ex- pe iences o e ed o be meaning ul and bene icial o he communi y in which he business is based; communi y con ol o cul u al p og am con en s and communi- y in ol emen in p og am deli e y. The guidelines also speci y ha au hen ic In- digenous cul u al ou ism expe iences a e 'by Indigenous peoples, no abou Indigenous peoples.'45. In ecogni ion and suppo o each communi y ha ing di e en cul u al bounda ies and p o ocols, while also ac- knowledging ITAC’s ole in p omo ing au- hen ic Indigenous expe iences, he guide- lines o e i e ecommended p o ocols which mus be me in o de o be consid- e ed an ‘au hen ic Indigenous expe ience’46. These include (see he box): The nex sec ion o he guidelines p o ide ips and bes p ac ices o p o ec - ing cul u al au hen ici y while also suppo - ing he communi y, and p ac ical ips o in oducing isi o s o a communi y’s cul- u e. Bes p ac ices ela ed o p o ec ing cul u al au hen ici y while suppo ing he communi y cen e a ound including he communi y o he g ea es ex en possible in he de elopmen , p oduc ion and deli - e y o ou ism p oduc s and expe iences wi hin ha communi y, wi h pa icula a - en ion paid o ensu ing ha cul u al expe- iences ha a e deemed inapp op ia e o isi o s a e clea and any equi ed ba ie s pu in place o ensu e ha isi o s do no en e si es ha hey a e no pe mi ed o en e . The guidelines o e eigh p ac ical ips o in oducing isi o s o a commu- ni y’s ocusing on bo h expec a ion man- agemen ac i i ies (i.e. access o in o ma- ion ma e ials, e bal in oduc ions ha include in o ma ion on wha o expec as well as he expec a ions o he hos , and any addi ional explana ions equi ed); and in as uc u e/o ganiza ional conside a- ions (i.e. adi ional a chi ec u e/déco ; adi ional oods; adi ional language; dis- plays/signs/exhibi s; and composi ion o on line s a /hos s). Fi e ecommended p o ocols in ITAC’s “Na ional Guidelines: De eloping Au - hen ic Indigenous Expe iences in Ca- nada”47: 1) A leas 51% owned by Indigenous indi iduals OR majo i y owned Indigenous companies OR Indigenous con olled o ganiza ions such as Bands and T ibal Councils. 2) Use cul u al con en app o ed by Keepe s o he Cul u e and de eloped unde he di ec ion o he Indigenous peoples who a e om he cul u e being in e p e ed. 3) O e cul u al ac i i ies o gues s led by Indigenous people (an excep ion may be when o eign languages a e equi ed when he in e p e e should s ill ha e access o an Indigenous hos o ques ions ela ed o he cul u e and communi y). 4) P o ide oppo uni ies o isi o s o in e ac ace- o- ace wi h Indigenous people such as a isans, c a speople, Elde s, s o y elle s, hos s o en e aine s who o igina e om he cul u e being sha ed. 5) Ensu e ha he i age in e p e e s and p e- sen e s ha e sui able expe ience, knowled- ge o o mal aining ela ed o he Indige- nous cul u e ha hey a e sha ing . 23 The es o he guide is o ganized a ound he needs o ou ism businesses a a ious s ages o de elopmen . These sec ions do no ha e any Indigenous-spe- ci ic con en s, excep in so a as including a checklis which e e s o he de ining ea- u es and p o ocols ela ed o cul u ally au- hen ic expe iences. The checklis (pages 37 – 41 o he Guidelines), is in ended o be used in andem wi h he business-o ien ed checklis s ha conclude he guidelines. 24 25 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic 25 Applica ion o he Guidelines 32 33 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic ou ism expe iences and enjoy he added bene i s o ne wo king and ad e isemen ha ITAC has o o e , is con ingen on be- ing a membe o ITAC. Wha is ob ious is ha he numbe o Indigenous owned ou - ism businesses a exceeds he numbe o ITAC membe s na ionally; and while o - icials a he ede al (Pa ks Canada), e i- o ial (Go e nmen o NWT) and local le el (Tłıchǫ Na ion) ha e ecognized ITAC’s ole as a cen e o excellence o de eloping In- digenous ou ism (as seen in he signing o MOUs, newly o med pa ne ships, o in he seeking o se ices/suppo s) i is no clea wha ole he Na ional Guidelines ha e in hese ac i i ies (i any). Indigenous ou ism is a g owing pa o he Canadian ou ism landscape and is unde - pinned by mode n Ag eemen s con aining p o isions wi h implica ions o ou ism business de elopmen . ITAC, ecognizing he g owing demand o au hen ic Indige- nous ou ism expe iences in Canada, de el- oped Na ional Guidelines o help ou ism businesses de elop and ma ke cul u al- ly au hen ic p oduc s ha e lec he al- ues, decisions, and he suppo o hei e- spec i e communi ies. I is di icul o ge an o e all pic u e o he ex en o which he ITAC na ional guidelines a e being used in he Canadian con ex ; speci ically, in NWT. I could be because he guidelines a e in- ended as a p ac ical guide o indi idual businesses wishing o de elop au hen ic Indigenous ou ism expe iences bu a e no in ended o any o m o ce i ica ion o ac- c edi a ion. Simila ly, o be ecognized as a business o e ing au hen ic Indigenous Conclusion 33 34 35 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic 35 No es and e e ences 36 37 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic No es 1. S a is ics Canada, 2019. 2. S a is ics Canada, 2018. 3. Indigenous Tou ism Associa ion o Canada, 2015; 2018c. 4. T u h and Reconcilia ion Commission o Canada, 2015. 5. C own-Indigenous Rela ions and No he n A ai s Canada (CIRNA), 2017; UN, 2016 6. As seen in he Manda e le e s issued Minis e s appoin ed in 2015; Go e nmen o Canada, 2017. 7. CIRNA, 2019. 8. CIRNA, 2019. 9. CIRNA, 2019. 10. CIRNA, 2019. 11. CIRNA, 2019. 12. Land Claims Coali ion, 2019. 13. CIRNA, 2019. 14. CIRNA, 2019. 15. Ca c oss/Tagish Fi s Na ion Final Ag eemen , 2005. 16. Des ina ion Ca c oss, 2019. 17.Gwich’in Comp ehensi e Land Claim Ag eemen , 1992. 18. Bun on, 2010. 19. Ruhanen & Whi o d, 2019; Ryan, 2005. 20. Inu ialui Final Ag eemen , 1984. 21. Inu ialui Final Ag eemen , 1984. 22. Inui o Lab ado Land Claim Ag eemen , 2005; Pa ks Cana- da Agency, 2018. 23. Newswi e, 2019. 24. S a is ics Canada, 2019. 25. S a is ics Canada, 2019. 26. Indigenous Tou ism Associa ion o Canada (ITAC), 2015. 27. Inno a ion, Science and Economic De elopmen Canada (ISE- DC), 2019. 28. Nuna ik Tou ism, 2019. 29. Indigenous Tou ism Associa ion o Canada (ITAC), 2019a. 30. ITAC, 2015. 31. ITAC, 2019a. 32. ITAC, 2019a. 33. Pa ks Canada Agency (PCA), 2014. 34. PCA, 2014. 35. PCA), 2014. 36. PCA, 2014. 37.Indigenous Tou ism Associa ion o Canada (ITAC), 2018a. 38. ITAC, 2019a. 39. ITAC, 2019a. 40. ITAC, 2018b, p. 4. 41. ITAC, 2018b, p. 7. 42. Hu s , G imwood & Lemelin, 2019. 43. ITAC, 2018b, p. 7. 44. ITAC, 2018b, p.7. 45. ITAC, 2018b, p. 8. 46. ITAC, 2018b. 47. ITAC, 2018b, p. 12. 48. ITAC, 2015. 49. ITAC, 2015; 2018c. 50. ITAC, 2019b. 51. ITAC, 2018c. 52. ITAC, 2019a. 53. No hwes Te i o ies Go e nmen , 2010a. 54. No hwes Te i o ies Go e nmen , 2010b. 55. No hwes Te i o ies Go e nmen , 2010b, p. 37. 56. Abo iginal Tou ism Champions Ad iso y Council (ATCAC), 2013. 57. ATCAC, 2013. 58. ITAC, 2018b 59. No hwes Te i o ies Go e nmen , 2016. 60. Indus y, Tou ism and In es men NWT, 2019. 61. D. Bagnall, Pe sonal Communica ion, July 9, 2019. 62. No hwes Te i o ies Go e nmen , 2016; 2018. 63. ITAC, 2019c, pa a 1. 64. ITAC, 2019c. 65. Ci y o Yellowkni e, 2015, p. 10. 66. Tłıchǫ Go e nmen , 2019. 67. Tłıchǫ Region Economic De elopmen Wo king G oup, 2018. 68. Tłıchǫ Region Economic De elopmen Wo king G oup, 2018. 69. 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Abo iginal Peoples Highligh Ta- bles, 2016 Census. h ps://www12.s a can.gc.ca/cen- sus- ecensemen /2016/dp-pd/hl - s /abo-au /Table.c - m?Lang=Eng&T=101&S=99&O=A Tłıchǫ Region Economic De elopmen Wo king G oup (TRED- WG). (2018). Tłıchǫ Region Tou ism S a egy (TREDWG Repo ). Re ie ed om h ps://www. licho.ca/si es/de aul / iles/docu- men s/go e nmen /FinallTlichoTou ismS a egy20180906.pd T u h and Reconcilia ion Commission o Canada. (2015). Hon- ou ing he T u h, Reconciling o he Fu u e. Summa y o he Final Repo o he T u h and Reconcilia ion Commission o Canada. (TRC.CA Repo ). Re ie ed om h p://nc .ca/asse s/ epo s/ Final%20Repo s/Execu i e_Summa y_English_Web.pd Uni ed Na ions (UN). (2016). Uni ed Na ion’s Decla a ion on he Righ s o Indigenous Peoples. Re ie ed om h ps:// www.un.o g/de elopmen /desa/indigenouspeoples/decla a- ion-on- he- igh s-o -indigenous-peoples.h ml 39 40 41 ARCTISEN Cul u ally sensi i e ou ism in he A c ic Exis ing Guidelines and Ce i ica es o Cul u ally Sensi i e Tou ism in Canada This epo examines exis ing guidelines o ce i ica es o cul u ally sensi i e ou ism and a emp s o assess guide- line use by ou ism businesses wi h cul u al expe ience o e ings in he Canadian A c ic. Addi ionally, he epo high- ligh s po en ial challenges and oppo uni ies o ou ism de elopmen wi hin he cons ella ion o legal ea ies and Comp ehensi e Land Claim Ag eemen s ha o mally de ine ela ionships be ween a ious le els o Canadian go - e nmen and indi idual Indigenous na ions. Based on a e iew o o mal ag eemen s, guidelines, and business web- si es, he epo ound po en ial oppo uni ies o ou ism de elopmen wi hin o mal ag eemen s wi h Indigenous na ions, and a lack o conclusi e e idence o he applica ion o exis ing guidelines by ou ism businesses in he Ca- nadian A c ic, and speci ically wi hin Yellowkni e, No hwes Te i o ies.