Open Jou nal o Ai Pollu ion, 2013, 2, 56-62
h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4236/ojap.2013.23008 Published Online Sep embe 2013 (h p://www.sci p.o g/jou nal/ojap)
E ec o Mulching on Up ake o Coppe and Nickel om
Smel e -Pollu ed-Soil by Plan ed T ee Seedlings
E a Komanicka1,2, Heljä-Sisko Helmisaa i3, Ma kus Ha man2, Tiina M. Nieminen2
1Depa men o Geochemis y, Facul y o Na u al Sciences, Comenius Uni e si y B a isla a, B a isla a, Slo akia
2Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e, Me la, Van aa, Finland
3Depa men o Fo es Sciences, Uni e si y o Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Email: iina[email p o ec ed]
Recei ed June 5, 2013; e ised July 22, 2013; accep ed Augus 2, 2013
Copy igh © 2013 E a Komanicka e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License,
which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
ABSTRACT
Ou aim was o de e mine he long- e m e ec o a mulching ea men on coppe (Cu) and nickel (Ni) up ake by ee
seedlings (Pinus syl es is L. and Be ula pubescens Eh h.) om smel e -pollu ed o es soil in sou hwes e n Finland. A
mulch co e sp ead on o pollu ed ba en soil did no ha e a clea posi i e impac on he biomass p oduc ion and i did
no dec ease me al up ake by plan ed ee seedlings du ing a en-yea s udy pe iod. In con as , he Cu up ake by he
abo e-g ound pa s o bi ch was inc eased as a esul o mulching, al hough he e we e weak indica ions o sligh ly e-
duced a ailabili y o Cu and Ni o oo s in he case o bo h species. As Cu and Ni concen a ions o oliage and ba k
ha e been shown o be s ongly a ec ed by su ace deposi ed me al con aining ae osols, only he woody compa men s
we e used as indica o s o me al up ake om soil. The Cu:Ni a ios o woody compa men s we e lowe han hose p e-
dic ed by he Cu:Ni a ios o soil sugges ing ha he soil ex ac ion me hod used gi es an unde es ima ion o a ailable
Ni in ela ion o Cu. The lowe soil Niexch concen a ions on he mulched plo s compa ed o he con ols we e in ag ee-
men wi h he sligh ly lowe oo Ni concen a ions in he mulch ea men s.
Keywo ds: Bioa ailabili y; Biocompos ; Bi ch; Fo es Soil; Pine; Res o a ion; Wood Chips
1. In oduc ion
Se e al me hods ha e been de eloped o amelio a e si e
condi ions and enhance plan es ablishmen and g ow h
on me al con amina ed en i onmen s. Di e en emedia-
ion agen s, such as lime and e ilize s [1], compos and
be ingi e mix u e [2] and applica ion o mulch [3-6] ha e
been used in en i onmen al es o a ion app oaches. In
addi ion o p o iding nu ien s in o soil, he high o ganic
ma e con en o biowas e compos s imp o es he wa e -
holding capaci y, ca ion exchange capaci y and nu ien
a ailabili y o soil, which in u n imp o e ee g ow h
[7].
Plan s e eal di e en pa e ns in he up ake o ace
elemen s [8,9]. The ascula plan s ake up elemen s
mainly by hei oo s om he soil, e en i he olia up-
ake o gases and soluble elemen s may also ake place
[10]. T ees ha e been sugges ed as a low-cos , sus ain-
able and ecologically sound solu ion o he emedia ion
o hea y me al-con amina ed land [11]. Bene i s a ise
mainly om s abiliza ion o he soil, bu in many cases,
ees may be su icien o p o ide clean-up o he soil.
Be o e he bene icial e ec s can be ob ained, he ees
mus become es ablished on a si e [12]. Howe e , on
highly con amina ed soils, ee es ablishmen may be
inhibi ed by me al oxici y. In less con amina ed soils,
o he ac o s may limi plan g ow h, such as mac onu-
ien de iciencies [13] and physical condi ions, espe-
cially hose p ope ies leading o poo wa e holding,
ae a ion and oo pene a ion [14].
The e ec s o mulching ha e been epo ed o a y
g ea ly acco ding o si e, plan species and mulch ypes
[15,16]. Howe e , only ew s udies on long- e m e ec s
o mulching on plan me al up ake ha e been epo ed. I
is known om an ea lie pape based on ou s udy ields
ha mulching a o ed es ablishmen o ansplan s and
enhanced na u al ecoloniza ion by pionee species [17].
The aim o his pape was o assess he long- e m e ec
o mulching on biomass p oduc ion and Cu and Ni up-
ake by seedlings o pine (Pinus syl es is L.) and bi ch
(Be ula pubescens Eh h.) g own o a en-yea -pe iod on
a me al-con amina ed si e.
C
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E. KOMANICKA ET AL. 57
2. Me hodology
2.1. S udy Si e
The s udy si e a Ha ja al a (61˚19'N, 22˚9'E), sou h-
wes e n Finland has been subjec ed o a hea y pollu ion
load om a la ge me allu gical complex o se e al dec-
ades. Smel ing o coppe s a ed in he a ea in 1945 by
Ou okumpu Oy, while he nickel smel e and e ine y
we e es ablished in 1959. The su ounding hea hland Sco s
pine o es s a e su e ing om se e e needle loss and
g ow h e a da ion [18,19] and high ine oo mo ali y
[20]. The unde s o y ege a ion is almos comple ely de-
g aded [21,22] and e en hough iable seeds ha e been
ound in he o es soil close o he smel e s, no seedling
oo ing akes place [23].
The long e m (1960-1990) mean annual empe a u e
a a nea by wea he s a ion o he Finnish Me eo ological
Ins i u e is +4.0˚C and he annual p ecipi a ion 558 mm.
The mean annual empe a u e and annual p ecipi a ion
du ing he s udy pe iod (1996-2005) we e 5.3˚C ± 0.6˚C
and 591 mm ± 62 mm, espec i ely. The me allu gical
plan s a e loca ed on a o es ed eske unning in a NW-
SE di ec ion. The soil consis s o so ed ine o so ed
ine/coa se sand wi h no s ones. The soil was classi ied
as an o hic Podzol [24]. The uppe mos pa o he o es
loo consis s o a da k hick laye o undecomposed li -
e , as a esul o s ongly e a ded mic obial ac i i y and
impai ed mine aliza ion [25].
2.2. Remedia ion Expe imen
In June 1996, ee seedlings we e plan ed a a dis ance o
ca. 500 me e s om he main s ack o he Cu-Ni smel e s.
Seedlings o wo na i e species, Be ula pubescens Eh h.
(1-yea -old con aine ized downy bi ch seedlings) and
Pinus syl es is L. (2-yea -old con aine ized Sco s pine
seedlings), we e each plan ed on six eplica e plo s (5 × 5
m2) as 49 seedlings pe plo . Th ee o he plo s we e o-
ally co e ed wi h a 5 cm- hick laye o mulch, and he
o he h ee we e le unco e ed o se e as con ols. In
addi ion, six eplica e plo s (5 × 5 m2) wi hou any ans-
plan s we e es ablished o se e as e e ence si es o soil
cha ac e is ics. Th ee o hem we e co e ed wi h a 5
cm- hick laye o mulch, and he o he h ee we e le
unco e ed. The loca ion o he expe imen al plo s was
andomized. One o he unco e ed plo s was unin en-
ionally des oyed when slag was sp ead o e i .
The pine and bi ch seedlings we e plan ed in soil
pocke s (2 L, dep h abou 20 cm) con aining mulch.
Plan ing he seedlings in he mulch pocke s pene a ing
down in o he less con amina ed soil was conside ed o
be essen ial o hei ini ial su i al [17].
The mulch consis ed o a mix u e o household bio-
compos and woodchips (1:1, olume). The biocompos
was 14 mon hs old and had been p oduced in ou doo
wind ows a he Ämmässuo Was e Handling Cen e,
Espoo, Finland by mixing ki chen and ga den was e om
he G ea e Helsinki a ea and coa se woodchips (diame-
e ca. 50 mm). The mulch was p epa ed one week be o e
sp eading by mixing he biocompos wi h woodchips
(diame e < 20 mm) o Sco s pine and No way sp uce
(Picea abies Ka s .) s emwood [26]. The pH o he mulch
was 6.3 and he ca bon:ni ogen a io 16:1 [26]. The a -
e age Cu and Ni concen a ions in he Ämmässuo bio-
compos we e 60 and 3 mg·kg−1 as d y weigh [26]. The
mulch was sp ead di ec ly on he laye o undecomposed
li e wi h a plo wise dose o biocompos (excluding he
woodchips) o 5.4 kg·m−2 as d y weigh . The inpu o C
h ough mulching was 2 kg·m−2 [26].
2.3. Ha es o he Seedlings and Soil Sampling
A e a 10 yea pe iod, 3 seedlings om each expe i-
men al plo (3 eplica e plo s o bo h con ol and mul-
ching) we e ha es ed in Augus 2005. One o he seed-
lings was chosen among he alles indi iduals, he sec-
ond o ep esen he smalles ones, and inally he hi d
one o ep esen he medium size. A e emo ing he
oliage, he younges shoo s ( o med in 2005) and all
oo s we e sepa a ed om he seedlings, and ba k was
ca e ully peeled away om he emaining pa o ob ain 5
compa men s: oliage, young shoo s, ba k, wood, oo s.
The pine needles we e g ouped acco ding o he yea o
hei o ma ion: Cu en , cu en + 1 yea , cu en +2 and
cu en +3 + olde needles.
The soil samples we e collec ed wi h an auge (diame-
e 58 mm) a he same ime as seedlings we e ha es ed.
Th ee co es pe plo we e aken and a e emo ing he
o ganic laye he mine al soil was di ided in laye s o
5-cm- hickness (0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, 20 - 25,
and 25 - 30 cm).
2.4. Analy ical Me hods
The plan samples we e d ied and weighed. A e weigh-
ing he h ee eplica es o each compa men om each
plo we e bulked oge he o gi e one composi e sample
o each compa men pe plo , hus esul ing in h ee ep-
lica e composi e samples pe ea men . The o ganic
laye samples o he soil co es we e d ied and milled o
pass h ough a 1 mm sie e, and he ea e hey we e di-
ided in o wo pa s o he o al and exchangeable ana-
lysis. To al Cu and Ni concen a ions om he o ganic
soil and plan samples we e de e mined, ollowing mi-
c owa e assis ed we diges ion in HNO3 and H2O2, by
Induc i ely Coupled Plasma A omic Emission Spec-
ome y (ICP-AES).
Exchangeable Cu and Ni we e de e mined by ex ac-
ion wi h 0.1 M BaCl2 + 2% EDTA, (7.5 g o mulch o
15 g o mine al soil/150 ml ex ac an , shaking o 2
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E. KOMANICKA ET AL.
58
hou s) ollowed by il a ion and analysis by ICP-AES.
2.5. S a is ical Analyses
We used he wo way - es o s udy he e ec o he
ea men on biomass and me al concen a ions and he
be ween-species a ia ion.
3. Resul s
3.1. Biomass P oduc ion
The e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences in bio-
mass p oduc ion du ing he en-yea pe iod be ween he
mulch and con ol ea men s, al hough he mean bio-
masses o bo h pine and bi ch ended o be sligh ly
highe on he mulched plo s (Figu e 1).
3.2. Me al Concen a ions
3.2.1. Foliage
The Cu and Ni concen a ions o pine needles ended o
inc ease wi h age bu no s a is ically signi ican di e -
ences could be ound be ween he ea men s (Table 1).
In case o bi ch he Cu and Ni concen a ions o he
lea es we e sligh ly highe in he mulch ea men , bu
he di e ences we e no s a is ically signi ican (Table
1).
3.2.2. Ba k
The highes Cu and Ni concen a ions o all he sampled
compa men s we e hose o pine ba k om he con ol
plo s (Figu e 2). The - es showed ha he be ween-
ea men di e ence was s a is ically signi ican o he
Cu concen a ions ( = 4.039; p = 0.016).
The mean Cu concen a ion o he bi ch ba k was
sligh ly highe on he mulch plo s, bu he di e ence was
no s a is ically signi ican . The co esponding Ni con-
Figu e 1. Mean o al biomass o he sampled ee seedlings
by ea men s, n = 9 o bo h species. The ba indica es he
Table 1. Mean (± s anda d
s anda d e o o he mean.
e o o he mean) Cu and Ni
Coppe Nickel (mg·kg−1)
concen a ions o pine needles by needle age classes (C =
cu en needles, C + 1 one-yea -old needles, C + 2 wo-yea -
old needles and C + 3 h ee-yea -old needles), n = 3 in
ea men s.
(mg·kg−1)
Pine needle
Con M lch Con ol Mulch
age class
ol u
mean 323 237 71.1 61.0
C + 3
C + 2
C + 1
C
Bi ch
Mn 467 712 127 156
lea es
s e ±133 ±24.0 ±27.5 ±6.95
mean 435 393 73.7 78.23
s e ±70.4 ±76.3 ±9.02 ±8.49
mean 292 325 66.6 76.03
s e ±19.1 ±68.9 ±5.15 ±10.19
mean 116 124 46.0 42.3
s e ±3.18 ±18.0 ±1.54 ±2.90
ea
S e 64.6 104 23.0 14.7
Figu e 2. Mean Cu and Ni concen a ions in ba ine
en a ions we e abou he same o bo h ea men s (Fi-
3.2.3. Abo e G ound Woody Compa men s and
The C i concen a ions o he younges shoo s
k o p
and bi ch by ea men s, n = 3. The ba indica es he s an-
da d e o o he mean.
c
gu e 2).
Roo s
u and N
we e much lowe han hose o ba k, bu he e we e no
s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween he ea -
men s (Figu e 3). The Cu and Ni concen a ions in pine
wood appea ed o be sligh ly highe on he con ol plo s,
bu he di e ences we e no s a is ically signi ican (Fi-
Copy igh © 2013 SciRes. OJAP
E. KOMANICKA ET AL. 59
gu e 4).
The mean Cu and Ni concen a ions in bo h pine and
bi
3.2.4. Soil Concen a ions
in he mine al soil laye s
ch oo s we e sligh ly highe on he con ol plo s com-
pa ed o he mulch ea men , bu he di e ences we e
no s a is ically signi ican (Figu e 5).
The Niexch concen a ions
ended o be lowe in he mulched plo s compa ed o he
con ol, while he di e ences be ween he ea men s in
he Cuexch concen a ions o he mine al soil we e small
(Figu e 6). The Niexch concen a ions we e much lowe
han he Cuexch concen a ions, oughly en imes lowe .
Figu e 3. Mean Cu and Ni concen a ions in he younges
shoo s o pine and bi ch by ea men s, n = 3. The ba
indica es he s anda d e o o he mean.
Figu e 4. Mean Cu and Ni concen a ions in wood ( i hou
indica es he s anda d e o o he mean.
e al
w
ba k) o pine and bi ch by ea men s, n = 3. The ba
4. Discussion
duc ion and Me al Up ake 4.1. Biomass P o
Bo h Sco s pine and downy bi ch a e conside ed as m
ole an species, since hey a e able o su i e in me al-
pollu ed a eas a ound smel e s [17,27-29]. Res ic ed
up ake o me als by oo s and low ansloca ion in o
oliage is he mos common esis ance ai [30]. The
mulch co e is supposed o es ic he me al up ake o
seedlings by o ien a ion o hei oo s in o his laye
con aining less me als and o p o ec plan oo s om
d ough and o p o ide a sou ce o nu ien s [17,31].
Howe e , ou esul s a e no in ag eemen wi h hese
Figu e 5. Mean Cu and Ni concen a ions in oo s pine
and bi ch by ea men s, n = 3. The ba indic s he
o
a e
s anda d e o o he mean.
Figu e 6. Ve ical dis ibu ion o mean exchangeable Cu
and Ni in he soil p o ile by ea men s, n = 3. The ba
indica es he s anda d e o o he mean. Please, no e he
di e en scale o he e ical axis o Cu and Ni.
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E. KOMANICKA ET AL.
60
ea lie indings. We ound no enhancemen o biomass
p oduc ion by mulching, and he mulch laye did no
dec ease he a ailabili y o Cu and Ni o he seedlings. In
con as , he Cu concen a ions in bi ch wood inc eased
by he mulch ea men . As he oo Cu concen a ion did
no inc ease, he esul s sugges inc eased oo - o-shoo
mobili y o Cu due o mulching. I appea s ha some o
he Cu com- pounds o med h ough complex o ma ion
by o ganic molecules supplied by mulching would be
mo e eadily ansloca ed om bi ch oo o shoo han
he Cu o ms a he con ol plo s.
4.2. Soil Ex ac ion as a P edic o o Cu:Ni
h ch is
ub-
concen a ions om 1 o 262
m
g a mulch laye on me al a ailabili y
species dependen . The mulching
nowledgemen s
a o he esea ch p ojec
osys em om Long-Te m
[1] E. Mälkönen, .-S. Helmisaa i, M.
Kukkola, M. K . Salemaa, “Com-
Up ake Ra io
Clea ly mo e Cu han Ni was aken up by pine, w i
in ag eemen wi h he highe Cu concen a ions in ela-
ion o he Ni concen a ions measu ed om he soil
samples. Howe e , he soil Cu concen a ions we e al-
mos 10 imes highe han he soil Ni concen a ions,
while he wood Cu concen a ions o pine we e only 3
imes highe han hose o Ni. In bi ch, he Cu and Ni
concen a ions in he wood o he con ol seedlings we e
equal and in he mulch ea ed seedlings he Cu concen-
a ions we e only wice as high as hose o Ni. Hence,
he BaCl2 + EDTA ex ac ion schema used by us as soil
ex ac ion me hod appea ed o gi e an unde es ima ion o
bo h he bi ch and pine a ailable amoun o Ni in ela ion
o Cu. The BaCl2 me hod is epo ed o gi e an indica ion
o immedia ely exchangeable me als [32,33], while he
use o EDTA has been epo ed o gi e a good es ima ion
o po en ially plan a ailable me al ac ions [34].
4.3. Su ace Deposi ion A ec ed Cu and Ni
Concen a ions
The Cu and Ni concen a ions in he compa men s s
jec ed di ec ly o ae ial deposi ion (ba k, young shoo s,
and oliage) we e clea ly highe han hose o wood and
oo s. A high p opo ion o hese me al concen a ions is
caused by ae ial deposi ion o dus ha accumula es on
he plan su aces and do no pene a e in o he li ing
issues [18,35,36]. Thus, high amoun s o hea y me als
on plan su aces do no necessa ily pose any acu e oxic
haza d o plan me abolism.
T ee ba k is known o so b and accumula e ai bo ne
con aminan s and he e o e, i has been la gely used o
moni o ing o a mosphe ic pollu ion [37-39]. In ou s udy
he whole ba k laye , including he li ing inne ba k, was
aken by peeling i comple ely om he ee shoo s. The
inne ba k me al concen a ions e lec he phloem sap
low. The Cu and Ni concen a ions in he ba k ob ained
in ou s udy a e oughly hund eds o imes highe han
he na ionwide mean alues (3.6 and 1.1 mg·kg−1, e-
spec i ely) epo ed by Lippo e al. [35]. Also Saa ela e
al. [39] ound lowe me al concen a ions (Cu 89 mg·kg−1
and Ni 18 mg·kg−1) han ou alues in Sco s pine ba k
sampled du ing o es elling 6 kilome e s no heas om
he Ha ja al a smel e s.
Sco s pine needle Cu concen a ions anging om 1.7
o 270 mg·kg−1 and Ni
g·kg−1 ha e been ound in a 350 km-long ansec ex-
ending om he Monchego sk smel e complex, NW
Russia, h ough Finnish Lapland o he Finnish-Swedish
bo de [40-43]. We ound e en highe concen a ions, Cu
anging om 100 - 600 mg·kg−1 and Ni om 50 - 140
mg·kg−1 in ou s udy han he alues epo ed om he
Kola g adien .
5. Conclusion
The e ec o addin
o ee seedlings was
had no clea e ec on he Cu and Ni a ailabili y o pine,
while Cu up ake by bi ch was enhanced on he mulch
ea ed plo s. In addi ion, al hough gene ally mo e Cu
han Ni was aken up by he ee seedlings, he Ni up ake
a e was highe han wha could be p edic ed on he basis
o he a io o soil exchangeable Cu and Ni concen a-
ions.
6. Ack
The p esen s udy o med a p
Reco e y o Bo eal Fo es Ec
Hea y-Me al Pollu ion coo dina ed by Heljä-Sisko Helmi-
saa i a Me la and was pa ly inanced by he Academy
o Finland. The au ho s a e g a e ul o se e al esea che s
and s a a Me la o labo a o y analysis and assis ance
in ield sampling and p oduc ion o g aphics. We a e
especially g a e ul o Oili Kiikkilä, Ch is ian Uhlig, Anne
Siika and Sa i Elomaa. The wo k o E a Komanická has
been suppo ed by APVV-0231-07 and UK 373/2012.
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