Effect of mulching on uptake of copper and nickel from smelter-polluted-soil by planted tree seedlings

Open Jou nal o Ai Pollu ion, 2013, 2, 56-62 h p://dx.doi.o g/10.4236/ojap.2013.23008 Published Online Sep embe 2013 (h p://www.sci p.o g/jou nal/ojap) E ec o Mulching on Up ake o Coppe and Nickel om Smel e -Pollu ed-Soil by Plan ed T ee Seedlings E a Komanicka1,2, Heljä-Sisko Helmisaa i3, Ma kus Ha man2, Tiina M. Nieminen2 1Depa men o Geochemis y, Facul y o Na u al Sciences, Comenius Uni e si y B a isla a, B a isla a, Slo akia 2Finnish Fo es Resea ch Ins i u e, Me la, Van aa, Finland 3Depa men o Fo es Sciences, Uni e si y o Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Email: iina[email p o ec ed] Recei ed June 5, 2013; e ised July 22, 2013; accep ed Augus 2, 2013 Copy igh © 2013 E a Komanicka e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. ABSTRACT Ou aim was o de e mine he long- e m e ec o a mulching ea men on coppe (Cu) and nickel (Ni) up ake by ee seedlings (Pinus syl es is L. and Be ula pubescens Eh h.) om smel e -pollu ed o es soil in sou hwes e n Finland. A mulch co e sp ead on o pollu ed ba en soil did no ha e a clea posi i e impac on he biomass p oduc ion and i did no dec ease me al up ake by plan ed ee seedlings du ing a en-yea s udy pe iod. In con as , he Cu up ake by he abo e-g ound pa s o bi ch was inc eased as a esul o mulching, al hough he e we e weak indica ions o sligh ly e- duced a ailabili y o Cu and Ni o oo s in he case o bo h species. As Cu and Ni concen a ions o oliage and ba k ha e been shown o be s ongly a ec ed by su ace deposi ed me al con aining ae osols, only he woody compa men s we e used as indica o s o me al up ake om soil. The Cu:Ni a ios o woody compa men s we e lowe han hose p e- dic ed by he Cu:Ni a ios o soil sugges ing ha he soil ex ac ion me hod used gi es an unde es ima ion o a ailable Ni in ela ion o Cu. The lowe soil Niexch concen a ions on he mulched plo s compa ed o he con ols we e in ag ee- men wi h he sligh ly lowe oo Ni concen a ions in he mulch ea men s. Keywo ds: Bioa ailabili y; Biocompos ; Bi ch; Fo es Soil; Pine; Res o a ion; Wood Chips 1. In oduc ion Se e al me hods ha e been de eloped o amelio a e si e condi ions and enhance plan es ablishmen and g ow h on me al con amina ed en i onmen s. Di e en emedia- ion agen s, such as lime and e ilize s [1], compos and be ingi e mix u e [2] and applica ion o mulch [3-6] ha e been used in en i onmen al es o a ion app oaches. In addi ion o p o iding nu ien s in o soil, he high o ganic ma e con en o biowas e compos s imp o es he wa e - holding capaci y, ca ion exchange capaci y and nu ien a ailabili y o soil, which in u n imp o e ee g ow h [7]. Plan s e eal di e en pa e ns in he up ake o ace elemen s [8,9]. The ascula plan s ake up elemen s mainly by hei oo s om he soil, e en i he olia up- ake o gases and soluble elemen s may also ake place [10]. T ees ha e been sugges ed as a low-cos , sus ain- able and ecologically sound solu ion o he emedia ion o hea y me al-con amina ed land [11]. Bene i s a ise mainly om s abiliza ion o he soil, bu in many cases, ees may be su icien o p o ide clean-up o he soil. Be o e he bene icial e ec s can be ob ained, he ees mus become es ablished on a si e [12]. Howe e , on highly con amina ed soils, ee es ablishmen may be inhibi ed by me al oxici y. In less con amina ed soils, o he ac o s may limi plan g ow h, such as mac onu- ien de iciencies [13] and physical condi ions, espe- cially hose p ope ies leading o poo wa e holding, ae a ion and oo pene a ion [14]. The e ec s o mulching ha e been epo ed o a y g ea ly acco ding o si e, plan species and mulch ypes [15,16]. Howe e , only ew s udies on long- e m e ec s o mulching on plan me al up ake ha e been epo ed. I is known om an ea lie pape based on ou s udy ields ha mulching a o ed es ablishmen o ansplan s and enhanced na u al ecoloniza ion by pionee species [17]. The aim o his pape was o assess he long- e m e ec o mulching on biomass p oduc ion and Cu and Ni up- ake by seedlings o pine (Pinus syl es is L.) and bi ch (Be ula pubescens Eh h.) g own o a en-yea -pe iod on a me al-con amina ed si e. C opy igh © 2013 SciRes. OJAP E. KOMANICKA ET AL. 57 2. Me hodology 2.1. S udy Si e The s udy si e a Ha ja al a (61˚19'N, 22˚9'E), sou h- wes e n Finland has been subjec ed o a hea y pollu ion load om a la ge me allu gical complex o se e al dec- ades. Smel ing o coppe s a ed in he a ea in 1945 by Ou okumpu Oy, while he nickel smel e and e ine y we e es ablished in 1959. The su ounding hea hland Sco s pine o es s a e su e ing om se e e needle loss and g ow h e a da ion [18,19] and high ine oo mo ali y [20]. The unde s o y ege a ion is almos comple ely de- g aded [21,22] and e en hough iable seeds ha e been ound in he o es soil close o he smel e s, no seedling oo ing akes place [23]. The long e m (1960-1990) mean annual empe a u e a a nea by wea he s a ion o he Finnish Me eo ological Ins i u e is +4.0˚C and he annual p ecipi a ion 558 mm. The mean annual empe a u e and annual p ecipi a ion du ing he s udy pe iod (1996-2005) we e 5.3˚C ± 0.6˚C and 591 mm ± 62 mm, espec i ely. The me allu gical plan s a e loca ed on a o es ed eske unning in a NW- SE di ec ion. The soil consis s o so ed ine o so ed ine/coa se sand wi h no s ones. The soil was classi ied as an o hic Podzol [24]. The uppe mos pa o he o es loo consis s o a da k hick laye o undecomposed li - e , as a esul o s ongly e a ded mic obial ac i i y and impai ed mine aliza ion [25]. 2.2. Remedia ion Expe imen In June 1996, ee seedlings we e plan ed a a dis ance o ca. 500 me e s om he main s ack o he Cu-Ni smel e s. Seedlings o wo na i e species, Be ula pubescens Eh h. (1-yea -old con aine ized downy bi ch seedlings) and Pinus syl es is L. (2-yea -old con aine ized Sco s pine seedlings), we e each plan ed on six eplica e plo s (5 × 5 m2) as 49 seedlings pe plo . Th ee o he plo s we e o- ally co e ed wi h a 5 cm- hick laye o mulch, and he o he h ee we e le unco e ed o se e as con ols. In addi ion, six eplica e plo s (5 × 5 m2) wi hou any ans- plan s we e es ablished o se e as e e ence si es o soil cha ac e is ics. Th ee o hem we e co e ed wi h a 5 cm- hick laye o mulch, and he o he h ee we e le unco e ed. The loca ion o he expe imen al plo s was andomized. One o he unco e ed plo s was unin en- ionally des oyed when slag was sp ead o e i . The pine and bi ch seedlings we e plan ed in soil pocke s (2 L, dep h abou 20 cm) con aining mulch. Plan ing he seedlings in he mulch pocke s pene a ing down in o he less con amina ed soil was conside ed o be essen ial o hei ini ial su i al [17]. The mulch consis ed o a mix u e o household bio- compos and woodchips (1:1, olume). The biocompos was 14 mon hs old and had been p oduced in ou doo wind ows a he Ämmässuo Was e Handling Cen e, Espoo, Finland by mixing ki chen and ga den was e om he G ea e Helsinki a ea and coa se woodchips (diame- e ca. 50 mm). The mulch was p epa ed one week be o e sp eading by mixing he biocompos wi h woodchips (diame e < 20 mm) o Sco s pine and No way sp uce (Picea abies Ka s .) s emwood [26]. The pH o he mulch was 6.3 and he ca bon:ni ogen a io 16:1 [26]. The a - e age Cu and Ni concen a ions in he Ämmässuo bio- compos we e 60 and 3 mg·kg−1 as d y weigh [26]. The mulch was sp ead di ec ly on he laye o undecomposed li e wi h a plo wise dose o biocompos (excluding he woodchips) o 5.4 kg·m−2 as d y weigh . The inpu o C h ough mulching was 2 kg·m−2 [26]. 2.3. Ha es o he Seedlings and Soil Sampling A e a 10 yea pe iod, 3 seedlings om each expe i- men al plo (3 eplica e plo s o bo h con ol and mul- ching) we e ha es ed in Augus 2005. One o he seed- lings was chosen among he alles indi iduals, he sec- ond o ep esen he smalles ones, and inally he hi d one o ep esen he medium size. A e emo ing he oliage, he younges shoo s ( o med in 2005) and all oo s we e sepa a ed om he seedlings, and ba k was ca e ully peeled away om he emaining pa o ob ain 5 compa men s: oliage, young shoo s, ba k, wood, oo s. The pine needles we e g ouped acco ding o he yea o hei o ma ion: Cu en , cu en + 1 yea , cu en +2 and cu en +3 + olde needles. The soil samples we e collec ed wi h an auge (diame- e 58 mm) a he same ime as seedlings we e ha es ed. Th ee co es pe plo we e aken and a e emo ing he o ganic laye he mine al soil was di ided in laye s o 5-cm- hickness (0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, 20 - 25, and 25 - 30 cm). 2.4. Analy ical Me hods The plan samples we e d ied and weighed. A e weigh- ing he h ee eplica es o each compa men om each plo we e bulked oge he o gi e one composi e sample o each compa men pe plo , hus esul ing in h ee ep- lica e composi e samples pe ea men . The o ganic laye samples o he soil co es we e d ied and milled o pass h ough a 1 mm sie e, and he ea e hey we e di- ided in o wo pa s o he o al and exchangeable ana- lysis. To al Cu and Ni concen a ions om he o ganic soil and plan samples we e de e mined, ollowing mi- c owa e assis ed we diges ion in HNO3 and H2O2, by Induc i ely Coupled Plasma A omic Emission Spec- ome y (ICP-AES). Exchangeable Cu and Ni we e de e mined by ex ac- ion wi h 0.1 M BaCl2 + 2% EDTA, (7.5 g o mulch o 15 g o mine al soil/150 ml ex ac an , shaking o 2 Copy igh © 2013 SciRes. OJAP E. KOMANICKA ET AL. 58 hou s) ollowed by il a ion and analysis by ICP-AES. 2.5. S a is ical Analyses We used he wo way - es o s udy he e ec o he ea men on biomass and me al concen a ions and he be ween-species a ia ion. 3. Resul s 3.1. Biomass P oduc ion The e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences in bio- mass p oduc ion du ing he en-yea pe iod be ween he mulch and con ol ea men s, al hough he mean bio- masses o bo h pine and bi ch ended o be sligh ly highe on he mulched plo s (Figu e 1). 3.2. Me al Concen a ions 3.2.1. Foliage The Cu and Ni concen a ions o pine needles ended o inc ease wi h age bu no s a is ically signi ican di e - ences could be ound be ween he ea men s (Table 1). In case o bi ch he Cu and Ni concen a ions o he lea es we e sligh ly highe in he mulch ea men , bu he di e ences we e no s a is ically signi ican (Table 1). 3.2.2. Ba k The highes Cu and Ni concen a ions o all he sampled compa men s we e hose o pine ba k om he con ol plo s (Figu e 2). The - es showed ha he be ween- ea men di e ence was s a is ically signi ican o he Cu concen a ions ( = 4.039; p = 0.016). The mean Cu concen a ion o he bi ch ba k was sligh ly highe on he mulch plo s, bu he di e ence was no s a is ically signi ican . The co esponding Ni con- Figu e 1. Mean o al biomass o he sampled ee seedlings by ea men s, n = 9 o bo h species. The ba indica es he Table 1. Mean (± s anda d s anda d e o o he mean. e o o he mean) Cu and Ni Coppe Nickel (mg·kg−1) concen a ions o pine needles by needle age classes (C = cu en needles, C + 1 one-yea -old needles, C + 2 wo-yea - old needles and C + 3 h ee-yea -old needles), n = 3 in ea men s. (mg·kg−1) Pine needle Con M lch Con ol Mulch age class ol u mean 323 237 71.1 61.0 C + 3 C + 2 C + 1 C Bi ch Mn 467 712 127 156 lea es s e ±133 ±24.0 ±27.5 ±6.95 mean 435 393 73.7 78.23 s e ±70.4 ±76.3 ±9.02 ±8.49 mean 292 325 66.6 76.03 s e ±19.1 ±68.9 ±5.15 ±10.19 mean 116 124 46.0 42.3 s e ±3.18 ±18.0 ±1.54 ±2.90 ea S e 64.6 104 23.0 14.7 Figu e 2. Mean Cu and Ni concen a ions in ba ine en a ions we e abou he same o bo h ea men s (Fi- 3.2.3. Abo e G ound Woody Compa men s and The C i concen a ions o he younges shoo s k o p and bi ch by ea men s, n = 3. The ba indica es he s an- da d e o o he mean. c gu e 2). Roo s u and N we e much lowe han hose o ba k, bu he e we e no s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween he ea - men s (Figu e 3). The Cu and Ni concen a ions in pine wood appea ed o be sligh ly highe on he con ol plo s, bu he di e ences we e no s a is ically signi ican (Fi- Copy igh © 2013 SciRes. OJAP E. KOMANICKA ET AL. 59 gu e 4). The mean Cu and Ni concen a ions in bo h pine and bi 3.2.4. Soil Concen a ions in he mine al soil laye s ch oo s we e sligh ly highe on he con ol plo s com- pa ed o he mulch ea men , bu he di e ences we e no s a is ically signi ican (Figu e 5). The Niexch concen a ions ended o be lowe in he mulched plo s compa ed o he con ol, while he di e ences be ween he ea men s in he Cuexch concen a ions o he mine al soil we e small (Figu e 6). The Niexch concen a ions we e much lowe han he Cuexch concen a ions, oughly en imes lowe . Figu e 3. Mean Cu and Ni concen a ions in he younges shoo s o pine and bi ch by ea men s, n = 3. The ba indica es he s anda d e o o he mean. Figu e 4. Mean Cu and Ni concen a ions in wood ( i hou indica es he s anda d e o o he mean. e al w ba k) o pine and bi ch by ea men s, n = 3. The ba 4. Discussion duc ion and Me al Up ake 4.1. Biomass P o Bo h Sco s pine and downy bi ch a e conside ed as m ole an species, since hey a e able o su i e in me al- pollu ed a eas a ound smel e s [17,27-29]. Res ic ed up ake o me als by oo s and low ansloca ion in o oliage is he mos common esis ance ai [30]. The mulch co e is supposed o es ic he me al up ake o seedlings by o ien a ion o hei oo s in o his laye con aining less me als and o p o ec plan oo s om d ough and o p o ide a sou ce o nu ien s [17,31]. Howe e , ou esul s a e no in ag eemen wi h hese Figu e 5. Mean Cu and Ni concen a ions in oo s pine and bi ch by ea men s, n = 3. The ba indic s he o a e s anda d e o o he mean. Figu e 6. Ve ical dis ibu ion o mean exchangeable Cu and Ni in he soil p o ile by ea men s, n = 3. The ba indica es he s anda d e o o he mean. Please, no e he di e en scale o he e ical axis o Cu and Ni. Copy igh © 2013 SciRes. OJAP E. KOMANICKA ET AL. 60 ea lie indings. We ound no enhancemen o biomass p oduc ion by mulching, and he mulch laye did no dec ease he a ailabili y o Cu and Ni o he seedlings. In con as , he Cu concen a ions in bi ch wood inc eased by he mulch ea men . As he oo Cu concen a ion did no inc ease, he esul s sugges inc eased oo - o-shoo mobili y o Cu due o mulching. I appea s ha some o he Cu com- pounds o med h ough complex o ma ion by o ganic molecules supplied by mulching would be mo e eadily ansloca ed om bi ch oo o shoo han he Cu o ms a he con ol plo s. 4.2. Soil Ex ac ion as a P edic o o Cu:Ni h ch is ub- concen a ions om 1 o 262 m g a mulch laye on me al a ailabili y species dependen . The mulching nowledgemen s a o he esea ch p ojec osys em om Long-Te m [1] E. Mälkönen, .-S. Helmisaa i, M. Kukkola, M. K . Salemaa, “Com- Up ake Ra io Clea ly mo e Cu han Ni was aken up by pine, w i in ag eemen wi h he highe Cu concen a ions in ela- ion o he Ni concen a ions measu ed om he soil samples. Howe e , he soil Cu concen a ions we e al- mos 10 imes highe han he soil Ni concen a ions, while he wood Cu concen a ions o pine we e only 3 imes highe han hose o Ni. In bi ch, he Cu and Ni concen a ions in he wood o he con ol seedlings we e equal and in he mulch ea ed seedlings he Cu concen- a ions we e only wice as high as hose o Ni. Hence, he BaCl2 + EDTA ex ac ion schema used by us as soil ex ac ion me hod appea ed o gi e an unde es ima ion o bo h he bi ch and pine a ailable amoun o Ni in ela ion o Cu. The BaCl2 me hod is epo ed o gi e an indica ion o immedia ely exchangeable me als [32,33], while he use o EDTA has been epo ed o gi e a good es ima ion o po en ially plan a ailable me al ac ions [34]. 4.3. Su ace Deposi ion A ec ed Cu and Ni Concen a ions The Cu and Ni concen a ions in he compa men s s jec ed di ec ly o ae ial deposi ion (ba k, young shoo s, and oliage) we e clea ly highe han hose o wood and oo s. A high p opo ion o hese me al concen a ions is caused by ae ial deposi ion o dus ha accumula es on he plan su aces and do no pene a e in o he li ing issues [18,35,36]. Thus, high amoun s o hea y me als on plan su aces do no necessa ily pose any acu e oxic haza d o plan me abolism. T ee ba k is known o so b and accumula e ai bo ne con aminan s and he e o e, i has been la gely used o moni o ing o a mosphe ic pollu ion [37-39]. In ou s udy he whole ba k laye , including he li ing inne ba k, was aken by peeling i comple ely om he ee shoo s. The inne ba k me al concen a ions e lec he phloem sap low. The Cu and Ni concen a ions in he ba k ob ained in ou s udy a e oughly hund eds o imes highe han he na ionwide mean alues (3.6 and 1.1 mg·kg−1, e- spec i ely) epo ed by Lippo e al. [35]. Also Saa ela e al. [39] ound lowe me al concen a ions (Cu 89 mg·kg−1 and Ni 18 mg·kg−1) han ou alues in Sco s pine ba k sampled du ing o es elling 6 kilome e s no heas om he Ha ja al a smel e s. Sco s pine needle Cu concen a ions anging om 1.7 o 270 mg·kg−1 and Ni g·kg−1 ha e been ound in a 350 km-long ansec ex- ending om he Monchego sk smel e complex, NW Russia, h ough Finnish Lapland o he Finnish-Swedish bo de [40-43]. We ound e en highe concen a ions, Cu anging om 100 - 600 mg·kg−1 and Ni om 50 - 140 mg·kg−1 in ou s udy han he alues epo ed om he Kola g adien . 5. Conclusion The e ec o addin o ee seedlings was had no clea e ec on he Cu and Ni a ailabili y o pine, while Cu up ake by bi ch was enhanced on he mulch ea ed plo s. In addi ion, al hough gene ally mo e Cu han Ni was aken up by he ee seedlings, he Ni up ake a e was highe han wha could be p edic ed on he basis o he a io o soil exchangeable Cu and Ni concen a- ions. 6. Ack The p esen s udy o med a p Reco e y o Bo eal Fo es Ec Hea y-Me al Pollu ion coo dina ed by Heljä-Sisko Helmi- saa i a Me la and was pa ly inanced by he Academy o Finland. 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