Jou nal o Wo k and
O ganiza ional Psychology
Jou nal o Wo k and O ganiza ional Psychology (2022) 38(2) 85-92
Ci e his a icle as: P ie o-Díez, F., Pos igo, A., Cues a, M., & Muñiz, J. (2022). Wo k engagemen : O ganiza ional a ibu e o pe sonali y ai ?.
Jou nal o Wo k and O ganiza ional
Psychology, 38
(2), 85-92. h ps://doi.o g/10.5093/jwop2022a7
ISSN:1576-5962/© 2022 Colegio O icial de la Psicología de Mad id. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Wo k Engagemen : O ganiza ional A ibu e o Pe sonali y T ai ?
F ancisco P ie o-Díeza, c, Ál a o Pos igoa, Ma celino Cues aa, and José Muñizb
a
Uni e sidad de O iedo, España;
b
Uni e sidad Neb ija, España;
c
Tecnalia, Cen o de In es igación y Desa ollo Tecnológico, España
h ps://jou nals.copmad id.o g/jwop
Co espondence: pos igoal a [email p o ec ed] (Á. Pos igo).
ARTICLE INFO
A icle his o y:
Recei ed 5 No embe 2021
Accep ed 3 May 2022
Keywo ds:
Wo k engagemen
En ep eneu ial pe sonali y
Big Fi e
Emo ional in elligence
Happiness
O ganiza ional clima e
Mode a ion
ABSTRACT
One o he mos de e mining ac o s o wo k pe o mance is he deg ee o engagemen o people o hei wo k. Tha
deg ee o engagemen is in luenced by bo h pe sonal and o ganiza ional ac o s. The objec i e o his esea ch is o
analyze he connec ion be ween pe sonal cha ac e is ics and o ganiza ional a ibu es wi h he wo k engagemen o
wo ke s. The sample consis ed o 286 employed wo ke s; 83.5% we e Spanish and 16.5% belonged o o he Spanish-
speaking coun ies. The mean age was 44.51 yea s (
SD
= 8.76) and 55.2% we e women. Fo he p edic ion o wo k
engagemen , a hie a chical linea eg ession was ca ied ou , i s in oducing he a iables ha e alua e pe sonal
cha ac e is ics (Big Fi e, en ep eneu ial pe sonali y, emo ional in elligence, and pe sonal happiness) and, la e , a iables
ela ing o o ganiza ional a ibu es (happiness wo k and o ganiza ional clima e). Gene al pe sonali y ai s (Big Fi e)
explain 22% o wo k engagemen , his pe cen age ising o 47% when en ep eneu ial pe sonali y is in oduced in he
model. Emo ional in elligence does no explain addi ional a iance, bu pe sonal happiness does. Happiness a wo k and
o ganiza ional clima e p oduce a signi ican inc ease and he explained a iance ises om 55% o 63% when hey a e
included in he model. Bo h he a iables ela ed o he pe sonal cha ac e is ics o he employees and a iables ela ed o
he o ganiza ional a ibu es join ly con ibu e o he explana ion o he deg ee o wo k engagemen . Wo ke s wi h high
sco es on en ep eneu ial pe sonali y ai s achie e highe le els o wo k engagemen , inding a mode a ing e ec o he
o ganiza ional clima e in he ela ionship be ween people’s au onomy and hei wo k engagemen .
El comp omiso labo al: ¿a ibu o o ganizacional o asgo de pe sonalidad?
RESUMEN
Uno de los ac o es más de e minan es del endimien o labo al es el g ado de comp omiso de las pe sonas con su abajo.
Ese g ado de comp omiso es á in luenciado an o po ac o es pe sonales como o ganizacionales. El obje i o de la p esen e
in es igación es analiza la elación en e las ca ac e ís icas pe sonales y los a ibu os o ganizacionales con el comp omiso
labo al de los abajado es. La mues a es u o o mada po 286 abajado es po cuen a ajena, de los cuales el 83.5% e an
españoles y un 16.5% pe enecía a o os países de habla hispana. La media de edad ue de 44.51 años (
DT
= 8.76) y el 55.2%
e an muje es. Pa a la p edicción del comp omiso labo al se lle ó a cabo una eg esión lineal je á quica, in oduciendo en
p ime luga las a iables que e alúan las ca ac e ís icas pe sonales (
Big Fi e
, pe sonalidad emp endedo a, in eligencia
emocional y elicidad pe sonal) y pos e io men e las ela i as a los a ibu os o ganizacionales ( elicidad labo al y clima
o ganizacional). Los asgos gene ales de pe sonalidad (
Big Fi e
) explican el 22% del comp omiso labo al, po cen aje que se
ele a has a el 47% cuando se in oduce la pe sonalidad emp endedo a en el modelo. La in eligencia emocional no explica
a ianza adicional, pe o sí la elicidad pe sonal. La elicidad labo al y el clima o ganizacional p oducen un inc emen o
signi ica i o, pasando del 55 al 63% la a ianza explicada cuando se incluyen en el modelo. Tan o las a iables elacionadas
con las ca ac e ís icas pe sonales de los abajado es como aquellas ela i as a los a ibu os o ganizacionales con ibuyen
conjun amen e a explica el g ado de comp omiso labo al. Los abajado es con pun uaciones ele adas en los asgos
especí icos de la pe sonalidad emp endedo a alcanzan mayo es ni eles de comp omiso labo al, encon ándose un e ec o
mode ado del clima o ganizacional en la elación en e la au onomía de las pe sonas y su comp omiso labo al.
Palab as cla e:
Comp omiso labo al
Pe sonalidad emp endedo a
Big Fi e
In eligencia emocional
Felicidad
Clima o ganizacional
Mode ación
Wo k engagemen e lec s how in ol ed people a e in he asks
ha hey ha e o do as pa o hei jobs and is closely ela ed o
hei job pe o mance (Bakke e al., 2011; Bakke & Oe lemans,
2019; Laguna e al., 2017; Ma ínez e al., 2020). The concep s o
employee engagemen and wo k engagemen ha e usually been used
in e changeably (Gues , 2014); howe e , wo k engagemen e e s
86
F. P ie o-Díez e al. / Jou nal o Wo k and O ganiza ional Psychology (2022) 38(2) 85-92
o an employee’s ela ionship o hei wo k a he indi idual le el,
whe eas employee engagemen is abou he ela ionship be ween
he employee and hei o ganiza ion (Salano a e al., 2005; Tisu e
al., 2020). Mos esea che s conside wo k engagemen o be he
e ec i e in ol emen and pa icipa ion o people in hei wo k, which
p oduces a posi i e a ec associa ed wi h he job and he wo kplace
en i onmen (Cas ellano e al., 2019; Maslach e al., 2001; Ro hba d
& Pa il, 2012; Salano a & Llo ens, 2008). Despi e he widesp ead
use o he e m, wo k engagemen does no ha e a single de ini ion,
no a uni o m concep ualiza ion, and di e en app oaches sugges
di e en ia ion o engagemen as a ai , as a psychological s a e, o
as a beha io (Macey & Schneide , 2008; Solomon & S ide i, 2010).
Wo k engagemen is an impo an ac o in he managemen
o o ganiza ions due o i s in luence on companies’ e iciency
and compe i i eness, along wi h i s links o highe le els o bo h
indi idual and o ganiza ional pe o mance (Ba ía-González e al.,
2021; Halbesleben, 2010; Lesene e al., 2020; Ma ínez e al., 2020).
Employees who a e engaged wi hin he o ganiza ion ha e been shown
o be mo e p oac i e, o encou age inno a ion, and o make e o s o
imp o e he o ganiza ion’s esul s (Ha e e al., 2002; Ruiz-Zo illa
e al., 2020). The highe le els o ene gy, esponsibili y, en husiasm,
and e ec i e connec ion o he job associa ed wi h wo k engagemen
unde sco e why companies a e in e es ed in unde s anding he
ac o s ha de e mine i .
How engaged employees a e wi h hei wo k is de e mined by
bo h pe sonal cha ac e is ics and ac o s ela ed o he o ganiza ional
clima e (Ga cía-A oyo & Sego ia, 2021). The e is no unequi ocal
answe abou he ex en o which one p edomina es o e he o he ,
which is one o he main objec i es o he p esen s udy. When
wo ke s de elop and use hei pe sonal esou ces, hey end o
exhibi g ea e wo k engagemen (Ai ilia e al., 2014; Bha i e al.,
2018; Schau eli & Ta is, 2014). Emo ional in elligence demons a es
a posi i e e ec on wo k engagemen (Ba ei o & T eglown, 2020;
B une o e al., 2012; Ex eme a e al., 2018; Ra ichand an e al.,
2011; Zhu e al., 2015), as does a posi i e a ec i e expe ience in he
wo kplace (Fishe , 2010; Ma os Ma ínez e al., 2021; Salas-Vallina
e al., 2017). Emo ional in elligence and pe sonal happiness may
ac as esou ces ha allow employees o en husias ically deal wi h
he demands o wo k and encou age wo k engagemen (Cohn e al.,
2009). The connec ion be ween pe sonali y cha ac e is ics and wo k
engagemen has been widely s udied (Bakke & Lei e , 2010; Lisbona
e al., 2018). Pe sonali y ai s can be measu ed a di e en le els o
concep ual b ead h (So o & John, 2017). A b oad cha ac e ai can
summa ize a la ge amoun o beha io al in o ma ion and p edic
a wide ange o impo an c i e ia, whe eas mo e es ic ed ai
measu es mo e accu a ely exp ess a speci ic beha io al desc ip ion
and can p edic c i e ia ha a e closely linked o ha desc ip ion
(John e al., 2008; Pos igo e al., 2021). This is why i is impo an
o dis inguish be ween s udies ocusing on b oad, Big Fi e- ype,
pe sonali y ai s and hose which use mo e speci ic pe sonali y
ai s. Va ious s udies ha e ound posi i e ela ionships be ween
wo k engagemen and gene al pe sonali y ai s (Bakke e al., 2012;
Bha i e al., 2018; Hau & Bing, 2018; Ma os Ma ínez e al., 2021;
Zaidi e al., 2013), wi h ag eeableness being he ai wi h he weakes
ela ionship o wo k engagemen (Janssens e al., 2019; Kim e al.,
2009). O he au ho s ha e used speci ic pe sonali y ai s o examine
he ela ionship wi h wo k engagemen . T ai s such as sel -e icacy,
p oac i i y, inno a ion, s ess- ole ance, and op imism ha e been
posi i ely ela ed o employees’ wo k engagemen (Bha i e al., 2018;
Con e as e al., 2020; Li e al., 2017; Lisbona e al., 2018; Pe e a e al.,
2018; Ocampo-Ál a ez e al., 2021).
Wi h ega d o he o ganiza ional a ibu es ha a ec wo k
engagemen , s udies ha e ound clea connec ions be ween bo h physical
and o ganiza ional cha ac e is ics o a job (Saks, 2019; Xan hopoulou e
al., 2007). Saks (2019) sugges ed ha gi ing employees oppo uni ies
o pu di e se skills in o p ac ice in an in e es ing, challenging job is
likely o lead o high wo k engagemen . Employees’ pe cep ions and
opinions abou he psychosocial con ex and he speci ic cha ac e is ics
o he o ganiza ion hey wo k o in luence hei beha io and a ec
wo k engagemen (Ba am e al., 2002; Basinska & Rozkwi alska, 2020;
DeCo is & Summe s, 1987; Dessle , 2008; González-Ve de e al., 2015;
Quiñones e al., 2013; Tandle e al., 2020). The a ious ace s ha may
comp ise a good o ganiza ional clima e, such as o ganiza ional us ,
he absence o wo kplace ension, social suppo , emune a ion, and job
sa is ac ion, lead an employee o be engaged wi h hei wo k (Ba ía-
González e al., 2021).
In his con ex , he p esen s udy has wo objec i es. Fi s ly,
i aims o assess he weigh o pe sonal cha ac e is ics and
o ganiza ional a ibu es in p edic ing he le els o employees
wo k engagemen . Pe sonal cha ac e is ics include bo h gene al
and speci ic pe sonali y ai s, emo ional in elligence, and pe sonal
happiness. The o ganiza ional a ibu es co e wo kplace happiness
and o ganiza ional clima e. Secondly, gi en ha p e ious esea ch
has shown ha people’s pe cep ions o he psychosocial con ex and
he speci ic cha ac e is ics o he o ganiza ion in luence beha io
and impac hei engagemen wi h hei wo k (Ba ía-González e
al., 2021; He mosa-Rod íguez, 2018; Mu phy & Ree es, 2019), he
s udy aims o assess he possible mode a ing e ec o wo k-con ex
a iables (happiness and o ganiza ional clima e) on he pe sonal
a iables ha a e mos impo an in p edic ing wo k engagemen .
Me hod
Pa icipan s
The inal sample comp ised 286 employees and 17 cases we e
emo ed o gi ing insu icien ly igo ous answe s acco ding o
he a en ional con ol scale. The majo i y (83.5%) we e Spanish
na ionals and 16.6% we e om o he Spanish-speaking coun ies.
The mean age o he sample was 44.51 yea s old (
SD
= 8.76), wi h
a ange be ween 24 and 67. Jus o e hal (55.2%) we e women
and 73.8% had uni e si y-le el quali ica ions. Jus unde a qua e
(23.8%) had highe le el managemen jobs, 33.6% we e middle
manage s, 24.5% we e echnical-le el employees, and 18.1% we e
skilled wo ke s.
Ins umen s
Wo k Engagemen Scale
(ESCOLA; P ie o-Díez e al., 2021).
ESCOLA is a scale wi h 10 i ems ha e alua es wo k engage-
men . The esponses a e gi en on a Like - ype scale om 1 o 5,
whe e 1 indica es
comple e disag eemen
and 5 indica es
comple e
ag eemen
. The scale has a eliabili y (α) coe icien o .92 and e i-
dence o con e gen alidi y (P ie o-Díez e al. 2021). The eliabili-
y in he p esen s udy was excellen : α = .92.
Ba e y o he E alua ion o En e p ising Pe sonali y
(BEPE;
Cues a e al., 2018).
The BEPE is an 80-i em ques ionnai e which e alua es eigh
dimensions o en e p ising pe sonali y: sel -e icacy, au onomy,
inno a ion, in e nal locus o con ol, achie emen mo i a ion, op i-
mism, s ess- ole ance, and isk- aking (Cues a e al., 2018; Muñiz
e al., 2014; Pos igo e al., 2020). The i ems use a Like scale om
1 (
comple ely disag ee
) o 5 (
comple ely ag ee
). The ins umen
exhibi s a good i o a bi ac o model, wi h excellen eliabili y
o he eigh dimensions and he scale o e all, and α coe icien s
be ween .91 and .97 (Cues a e al., 2018). In he p esen s udy, (α)
coe icien s we e: en e p ising pe sonali y = .97; sel -e icacy = .91,
au onomy = .83, inno a ion = .92, in e nal locus o con ol = .88,
87
Wo k Engagemen Assessmen
achie emen mo i a ion = .90, op imism = .92, s ess- ole ance =
.85, and isk- aking = .90.
B ie O ganiza ional Clima e Scale
(CLIOR-S; Peña-Suá ez e al., 2013)
The CLIOR-S is an ins umen con aining 15 i ems which assess
he pe cei ed o ganiza ional clima e. The i ems use a Like - ype
scale om 1 (
comple ely disag ee
) o 5 (
comple ely ag ee
). The ins-
umen has a eliabili y coe icien o .94 and a co ela ion o .86
wi h he longe e sion (Peña-Suá ez e al., 2013). The eliabili y in
he p esen s udy was excellen : α = .94.
O e all Pe sonali y Assessmen Scale
(OPERAS; Vigil-Cole e al., 2013).
OPERAS e alua es he i e b oad pe sonali y ai s acco ding
o he Big Fi e model (ex a e sion, emo ional s abili y, conscien-
iousness, ag eeableness, and openness o expe ience; Cos a & Mc-
C ae, 1992). The e a e 7 i ems o each dimension, using a Like - y-
pe scale om 1 (
comple ely disag ee
) o 5 (
comple ely ag ee
). The
subscales p esen eliabili y (α) coe icien s be ween .71 and .86,
and he ins umen has adequa e e idence o con e gen alidi y
(Vigil-Cole e al., 2013). In he p esen s udy he (α) coe icien s o
eliabili y we e: ex a e sion = .80, emo ional s abili y = .76, cons-
cien iousness = .67, ag eeableness = .68, and openness o expe ien-
ce = .70.
T ai Me a-Mood Scale
(TMMS-24; Fe nández-Be ocal e al., 2004).
Emo ional in elligence was assessed using he Spanish e sion o
TMMS-24 (Ex eme a & Fe nández-Be ocal, 2005; Fe nández-Be-
ocal e al., 2004). This ques ionnai e has h ee dimensions: a en-
ion o emo ion (8 i ems), which e alua es a pe son’s endency o
obse e and hink abou hei own hough s and emo ional s a es;
emo ional cla i y (8 i ems), which e alua es he ex en o which
people unde s and hei own emo ional s a es; and emo ional e-
pai (8 i ems), which e alua es people’s pe cep ions o how hey
egula e hei own eelings. The Spanish e sion exhibi s eliabili y
coe icien s (α) abo e .85 o each o he subscales (Fe nández-Be-
ocal e al., 2004). The i ems use a Like scale om 1 (
comple ely
disag ee
) o 5 (
comple ely ag ee
). The (α) eliabili y in he p esen
s udy was .83 o a en ion, .76 o cla i y, and .86 o epai .
Happiness a Wo k Scale
(Ramí ez-Ga cía e al., 2019).
This scale, de eloped in Spain, has 11 i ems which use a Like
scale om 1 (
comple ely disag ee
) o 7 (
comple ely ag ee
). The
ins umen has wo dimensions, he i s co e s ac o s ela ed o
he wo kplace (α = .91), while he second includes pe sonal ac o s
om he employee (α = .72). The eliabili y (α) in he p esen s udy
was .91 o he i s dimension and .75 o he second.
A en ional Con ol Scale
This is a scale wi h 10 Like - ype i ems wi h 5 esponse op-
ions each. The objec i e o his scale is o de ec pa icipan s who
answe wi hou su icien ca e and a en ion. The i ems a e o he
ype “In his ques ion, please selec i em ou ”, and we e in e s-
pe sed andomly be ween he i ems o he a ious ins umen s.
Pa icipan s who answe ed wo o mo e ques ions inco ec ly we e
elimina ed om he s udy.
P ocedu e
Da a collec ion ook place online. Links o he ques ionnai e
we e dissemina ed h ough employee associa ions and p o essional
social ne wo ks. Da a collec ion ook place be ween 3 Ap il and 20
May 2020. Pa icipan s we e in o med ha he s udy had no hing o
do wi h he COVID-19 c isis o he lockdown, and esponses should
e e o he pa icipan s’ no mal wo king si ua ions. The i ems om
he ins umen s we e andomly dis ibu ed. The ques ionnai e
ook an a e age o 40 minu es o comple e. Pa icipan s ecei ed no
kind o ecompense o hei pa icipa ion. The anonymi y o each
pa icipan was ensu ed and da a con iden iali y was main ained
in s ic acco dance wi h da a p o ec ion legisla ion (Ley O gánica
3/2018, de 5 de diciemb e, de P o ección de Da os Pe sonales y
ga an ía de los de echos digi ales).
Da a Analysis
Fi s , Pea son co ela ions we e calcula ed be ween he a iables
used in he s udy: a) wo k engagemen , b) he Big Fi e pe sonali y
ai s, c) eigh speci ic ai s o en e p ising pe sonali y, d) h ee
dimensions making up emo ional in elligence, e) wo happiness
dimensions (pe sonal and wo k- ela ed), and ) o ganiza ional
clima e.
Secondly, a hie a chical linea eg ession was pe o med, using
wo k engagemen as he c i e ion a iable, and adding a se o
p edic o a iables a each s ep, om he a iables measu ing
pe sonal cha ac e is ics o a iables ocused on o ganiza ional
a ibu es. Speci ically, he a iables we e: a) The Big Fi e pe sonali y
ai s, b) eigh speci ic dimensions o en e p ising pe sonali y, c)
h ee dimensions o emo ional in elligence, d) pe sonal happiness, e)
wo k- ela ed happiness, and ) o ganiza ional clima e. The coe icien
o de e mina ion (
R
2) was used o examine he pe cen age o a iance
explained.
Finally, he mode a ing capaci y (e.g., A o & Vallejo, 2011; Fa ima e
al., 2021) o o ganiza ional a iables in he ela ionship be ween he
pe sonal a iables and wo k engagemen was assessed. The speci ic
pe sonal a iables conside ed we e hose ha we e s a is ically
signi ican in he inal s ep o he p e ious hie a chical eg ession
model and he o ganiza ional a iable was he o ganiza ional clima e.
In addi ion, he mode a ing capaci y o wo k- ela ed happiness on
he ela ionship be ween pe sonal happiness and wo k engagemen
was also examined.
In each o he p oposed eg ession models, o ganiza ional clima e
and wo k- ela ed happiness had a mode a ing ole in he ela ionship
be ween he pe sonal a iable being examined and wo k engagemen
(Figu e 1). Whe e he in e ac ion was s a is ically signi ican , a
simple slope analysis was pe o med be ween he p edic o pe sonal
a iable and wo k engagemen a high (+1
SD
), mode a e (0
SD
), and
low (-1
SD
) le els o he mode a ing o ganiza ional a iable.
Pe sonal
a iable
O ganiza ional
a iable
Wo k
engagemen
Figu e 1. Rep esen a ion o he Mode a ion o O ganiza ional Va iables on he
Rela ionship be ween Pe sonal Va iables and Wo k Engagemen .
All analyses we e pe o med using SPSS 24 (IBM Co p, 2016) and he PROCESS
p og am (Hayes, 2017).
Resul s
As Table 1 shows, he co ela ions be ween he p edic o
a iables and wo k engagemen we e e y s ong, pa icula ly o
en e p ising pe sonali y (
= .70). In he a iables ela ed o pe sonal
88
F. P ie o-Díez e al. / Jou nal o Wo k and O ganiza ional Psychology (2022) 38(2) 85-92
cha ac e is ics, wo k engagemen as assessed ia ESCOLA exhibi ed
a posi i e co ela ion wi h all o he BEPE dimensions and s ong
co ela ions wi h: achie emen mo i a ion = .66, inno a ion .64,
sel -e icacy = .62, op imism = .60, and isk- aking = .59. The pe sonal
happiness dimension also demons a ed a co ela ion o .58 wi h
wo k engagemen . Weake co ela ions we e ound wi h he Big
Fi e pe sonali y ai s and wi h he h ee emo ional in elligence
dimensions. In e ms o o ganiza ional a iables, he e we e s ong
co ela ions be ween engagemen and o ganiza ional clima e (
=
.54) and wo k- ela ed happiness (
= .63).
Hie a chical linea eg ession was pe o med o examine he
ela ionships be ween wo k engagemen and he p edic o a iables
as a whole. Table 2 shows he a iables added o he model in each
s ep, along wi h he inc ease in he coe icien o de e mina ion (
R
2)
p oduced by he addi ion o he se o a iables in ha s ep. The Big
Fi e ai s explained 22% o wo k engagemen , a alue ha ose o
47% when he eigh speci ic ai s o en e p ising pe sonali y we e
added, wi h inno a ion being he only signi ican a iable in he
second s ep (
p
< .001). On adding he h ee a iables making up
emo ional in elligence (s ep h ee), he inc ease in explaining wo k
engagemen was no signi ican . The e was a no able inc ease in
explaining wo k engagemen on he addi ion o pe sonal and wo k-
ela ed happiness a iables (s eps ou and i e). In he inal model
(s ep six), o ganiza ional clima e was added, which p oduced a
signi ican inc ease in he explana ion o wo k engagemen . The
a iables which we e ul ima ely s a is ically signi ican in he
explana ion o employees’ wo k engagemen we e achie emen
mo i a ion and pe sonal happiness (as pe sonal a iables), and wo k-
Table 1. Pea son Co ela ions be ween he Va iables Used in he S udy
WE OC AE EC ER SE AU IN ILC AM OST RT EP WH PH EES C A OPE
Wo k engagemen (WE) -
O ganiza ional Clima e (OC) .54**-
A en ion o emo ion (AE) .14** .07 -
Emo ional cla i y (EC) .40** .33** .45** -
Emo ional epai (ER) .47** .24** .31** .51** -
Sel -e icacy (SE) .62** .27** .18** .50** .56** -
Au onomy (AU) .48** .08 .13* .29** .37** .57** -
Inno a ion (IN) .64** .25** .22** .43** .47** .76** .58** -
In e nal locus o con ol (ILC) .49** .26** .19** .36** .49** .64** .48** .54** -
Achie emen mo i a ion (AM) .66** .23** .19** .44** .53** .83** .55** .75** .69** -
Op imism (O) .60** .28** .19** .51** .66** .75** .45** .62** .54** .63** -
S ess ole ance (ST) .47** .22** -.00 .43** .51** .64** .39** .48** .35** .50** .62** -
Risk- aking (RT) .59** .28** .17** .40** .50** .79** .58** .78** .54** .76** .63** .54** -
En e p ising pe sonali y (EP) .70** .29** .19** .52** .64** .92** .71** .84** .73** .87** .82** .71** .87** -
Wo k- ela ed happiness (WH) .63** .84** .05 .32** .28** .39** .31** .36** .30** .36** .42** .36** .38** .45** -
Pe sonal happiness (PH) .58** .45** .05 .41** .40** .52** .31** .42** .38** .47** .55** .45** .40** .54** .58**
Ex a e sion (E) .28** .24** .19** .36** .27** .37** .24** .30** .19** .30** .35** .20** .34** .35** .29** .20** -
Emo ional s abili y (ES) .44** .30** -.13** .39** .43** .52** .28** .35** .29** .39** .59** .65** .40** .55** .39** .50** .26** -
Conscien iousness (C) .34** .13* .00 .25** .26** .42** .18** .27** .37** .48** .28** .32** .26** .40** .22** .32** .10* .34** -
Ag eeableness (A) .40** .21** .12** .28** .38** .30** .12** .33** .20** .26** .42** .42** .22** .36** .30** .30** .13** .44** .18** -
Openness o expe ience (OPE) .14** -.07 .18** .21** .16** .22** .15** .36** .12** .22** .15** .12** .24** .24** .00 .10* .14** .16** .12 .16** -
*
p
< .05, **
p
< .01.
Table 2. Hie a chical Linea Reg ession Model o P edic ing Wo k Engagemen
New block o a iables added o he model Va iables in he block Be a1
R
2 (
p
o he inc ease in
R
2)
Model 1 Big Fi e
Conscien iousness .012
.22 (< .001)
Ex a e sion -.008
Emo ional s abili y -.009
Ag eeableness -.013
Openness o expe ience .012
Model 2 En e p ising pe sonali y
Sel -e icacy -.067
.47 (< .001)
Au onomy .120
Inno a ion .160
In e nal locus o con ol -.027
Achie emen mo i a ion .192
Op imism .137
S ess- ole ance .007
Risk- aking .026
Model 3 Emo ional in elligence
A en ion .039
.47 (.386)Cla i y -.002
Emo ional epai .018
Model 4 Pe sonal happiness Pe sonal happiness .162 .55 (< .001)
Model 5 Wo k- ela ed happiness Wo k- ela ed happiness .223 .62 (< .001)
Model 6 O ganiza ional clima e O ganiza ional clima e .164 .63 (.026)
No e
. 1Be a o each a iable co esponds o he de ini i e model (model 6).
89
Wo k Engagemen Assessmen
ela ed happiness and pe cei ed o ganiza ional clima e (as wo k-
ela ed a iables). The inal s anda dized eg ession equa ion (model
6) o p edic ing wo k engagemen is gi en in Table 2 in he column
which shows be a o each o he a iables.
48.00
46.00
44.00
42.00
40.00
38.00
36.00
35.00 37.50 40.00
CLIOR
+1
SD
Mean
-1
SD
Au onomy
42.50 45.00
Wo k engagemen
Figu e 2. Model o Mode a ion o O ganiza ional Clima e on he Rela ionship
be ween Au onomy and Wo k Engagemen
No e.
CLIOR = o ganiza ional clima e; +1
SD
= one s anda d de ia ion abo e
he mean; -1
SD
= one s anda d de ia ion below he mean.
Once he p edic i e powe o each block o a iables on wo k
engagemen had been analyzed, he mode a ing e ec o he
o ganiza ional a iables on he ela ionship be ween pe sonal
a iables and wo k engagemen was examined, speci ically,
inno a ion, au onomy, and achie emen mo i a ion we e he mos
impo an a iables in p edic ing wo k engagemen . The e o e,
we examined whe he he o ganiza ional clima e mode a ed he
ela ionship o each o hese a iables wi h wo k engagemen . In each
model, o ganiza ional clima e was used as a mode a ing a iable and
wo k engagemen as a dependen a iable. In he i s model, he
p edic o a iable was inno a ion. The e we e s a is ically signi ican
esul s o he coe icien s o inno a ion (β = .736, CI 95% [.330, 1.141],
p
< .001) and o ganiza ional clima e (β = .365, CI 95% [.049, .682],
p
< .001), bu no o he in e ac ion (β = -.004, CI 95% [-.011, .003],
p
=
.275). The model explained 52.4% o he a iance in wo k engagemen .
The second model used achie emen mo i a ion as he p edic o
a iable. The e we e s a is ically signi ican esul s o he coe icien s
o achie emen mo i a ion (β = .610, CI 95% [.184, .1.04],
p
= .005), bu
no o o ganiza ional clima e (β = .210, CI 95% [-.135, .554],
p
= .232),
o o he in e ac ion (β = -.001, CI 95% [-.008, .007],
p
= .917). The
model explained 53.3% o he a iance. Finally, he hi d model used
au onomy as he p edic o a iable. In his model bo h au onomy (β =
1.18, CI 95% [.634, 1.729],
p
< .001) and o ganiza ional clima e (β = .796,
CI 95% [.397, 1.195],
p
< .001) we e s a is ically signi ican , wi h he
in e ac ion also being signi ican (β = -.014, CI 95% [-.023, -.004],
p
<
.001), indica ing he mode a ing ole o o ganiza ional clima e on he
ela ionship be ween au onomy and wo k engagemen , explaining
49.3% o he a iance. A simple slope analysis was hen pe o med
om his model be ween he pe sonal p edic o a iable and wo k
engagemen a high (+1
SD
), mode a e (0
SD
), and low (-1
SD
) le els
o he mode a ing o ganiza ional a iable (Figu e 2). The cha shows
how he ela ionship be ween au onomy and wo k engagemen
is mode a ed by he o ganiza ional clima e. The e is a s onge
ela ionship when he o ganiza ional clima e is low (-1
SD
), and as he
o ganiza ional clima e imp o es, he ela ionship be ween au onomy
and wo k engagemen weakens (+1
SD
).
In addi ion, gi en he impo ance demons a ed by happiness,
bo h a he pe sonal and o ganiza ional le el, a model was speci-
ied in which wo k- ela ed happiness mode a ed he ela ionship
be ween pe sonal happiness and wo k engagemen . The e we e
s a is ically signi ican esul s o he coe icien s o pe sonal hap-
piness (β = .83, CI 95% [.414, 1.26],
p
< .001) and wo k- ela ed happi-
ness (β = .515, CI 95% [.237, .792];
p
< .001), bu no o he in e ac-
ion (β = -.009, CI 95% [-.020, .001],
p
< .001); he model explained
46.5% o he a iance.
Discussion
In e es in wo k engagemen in he business wo ld has led o he
need o documen he ela ionships wi h o he posi i e a iables
linked o job pe o mance. Wo k engagemen is a e y impo an
a iable in he o ganiza ional sphe e (Bakke e al., 2011; Bakke &
Oe lemans, 2019; Laguna e al., 2017; Ma ínez e al., 2020) and i
depends on pe sonal and con ex ual ac o s (e.g., Ga cía-A oyo &
Sego ia, 2021; Saks, 2019; Schau eli & Ta is, 2014). The aim o he
p esen s udy was o examine he in luence o pe sonal esou ces
(gene al and speci ic pe sonali y ai s, emo ional in elligence,
and pe sonal happiness) and con ex ual esou ces (wo k- ela ed
happiness and o ganiza ional clima e) on employees’ engagemen
wi h hei wo k. The s udy has shown ha , on he one hand, bo h
pe sonal and wo k- ela ed esou ces ha e some kind o impac and
a e p edic o s o wo k engagemen , wi h he balance ipped owa ds
he pe sonal ac o s (Bakke e al., 2011; Bakke & Oe lemans, 2019;
Laguna e al., 2017; Lisbona e al., 2018; Ma os Ma ínez e al.,
2021) and, on he o he hand, ha o ganiza ional componen s play
a mode a ing ole be ween ce ain pe sonal a iables and a pe son’s
engagemen (Quiñones e al., 2013; Sou hwick e al., 2019).
The esul s show ha he Big Fi e- ype gene al pe sonali y ai s
had some p edic i e capaci y o e wo k engagemen (Bakke e al.,
2012; Bha i e al., 2018; Hau & Bing, 2018; Ma os Ma ínez e al.,
2021; Zaidi e al., 2013), al hough ha capaci y imp o ed no ably
when speci ic ai s o en e p ising pe sonali y we e also used.
These esul s a e consis en wi h p e ious s udies (Leu ne e al.,
2014; Pos igo e al., 2021; Rauch & F ese, 2007) ha showed how he
e alua ion o mo e speci ic beha io s mo e accu a ely exp essed a
speci ic beha io al desc ip ion and could p edic c i e ia ha we e
closely linked o ha desc ip ion (John e al., 2008; So o & John,
2017). This indica es, hen, ha people who a e mo e au onomous
and mo e inno a i e (see Cues a e al., 2018), wi h ce ain endencies
owa ds in a-en ep eneu ialism (Mum o d e al., 2021), end o be
mo e commi ed o hei wo k and make mo e e o s o imp o e
o ganiza ional esul s (Ha e e al., 2002; Ruiz-Zo illa e al., 2020).
In con as , despi e he ac ha emo ional in elligence has been
shown o be ela ed o wo k engagemen (B une o e al., 2012;
Ex eme a e al., 2018; Ra ichand an e al., 2011; Zhu e al., 2015), i s
in luence seems o anish when employees’ pe sonali y ai s a e
conside ed. This may be because a iables such as s ess- ole ance
and op imism a e closely ela ed o emo ional in elligence (e.g.,
emo ional epai -op imism,
= .66; emo ional epai -s ess- ole ance,
= .51), meaning ha he ela ionship be ween wo k engagemen
and emo ional in elligence may be explained by people’s le els o
psychological empowe men (Alo aibi e al., 2020; Gong e al., 2020).
Happiness demons a ed he expec ed esul s. Ramí ez-Ga cía e al.
(2019) conside ed wo ac o s ela ed o wo ke happiness, one which

90
F. P ie o-Díez e al. / Jou nal o Wo k and O ganiza ional Psychology (2022) 38(2) 85-92
included a wo ke ’s pe sonal ac o s, and he o he which was abou
aspec s o wo k en i onmen . Pe sonal happiness sligh ly inc eased
he p edic ion o wo k engagemen , because he e a e ce ain aspec s
ela ed o happiness and wellbeing ha a e no only explained by
pe sonali y and which lead he employee o be engaged wi h hei wo k
(Fishe , 2010; Ma os-Ma ínez e al., 2021; Salas-Vallina e al., 2017).
Bo h wo k- ela ed happiness and o ganiza ional clima e imp o ed
he p edic ion o employees’ wo k engagemen , inc easing he
a iance explained om 55 o 63%. This inding, in line wi h o he
s udies (Ba ía-González e al., 2021; Ba am e al., 2002; Basinska
& Rozkwi alska, 2020; DeCo is & Summe s, 1987; González-Ve de e
al., 2015) unde sco es he impo ance o o ganiza ional aspec s (o e
and abo e pe sonal esou ces) such as he absence o wo kplace
ension, o ganiza ional us , and social suppo when mo i a ing
wo ke s.
Gi en he impo ance o hese wo (o ganiza ional and pe sonal)
componen s when a emp ing o explain a pe son’s engagemen wi h
hei job, he mode a ing ole o he o ganiza ional componen s in
he ela ionship be ween pe sonal a iables and wo k engagemen
was examined. The o ganiza ional clima e exhibi ed a mode a ing
ole in he ela ionship be ween people’s au onomy and hei wo k
engagemen . People o whom he e was a low-sco ing o ganiza ional
clima e demons a ed s onge posi i e ela ionships be ween hei
au onomy and hei wo k engagemen han people who pe cei ed
be e o ganiza ional clima es. People’s au onomy seems o play an
impo an ole in hei wo k engagemen , al hough i s in luence
is weake i wo k en i onmen is pe cei ed as excellen (Ba ía-
González e ., 2021; Go os iaga e al., 2022; Mu phy & Ree es, 2019;
Yagil & O en, 2021).
Va ious s udies ha e indica ed how impo an i is o wo k
engagemen o gi e wo ke s a ce ain amoun o con ol o e hei
wo k, gi ing hem au onomy and he abili y o make decisions abou
asks and encou aging hem o de elop hei own capabili ies (De la
Rosa & Jex, 2010; Ga cía-Alba e al., 2021, 2022; Ka asek, 1979). This
sugges s impo an implica ions o p o essional p ac ice, whe e
o ganiza ions mus conside bo h he le els o au onomy hey o e
hei s a abou how hey do hei jobs and ce ain o ganiza ional
aspec s ha should be add essed when designing s a egies aimed a
s eng hening wo k engagemen .
The conclusions o his s udy a e clea and, as in almos e e y
case, bo h pe sonal and con ex ual esou ces a e impo an . A pe son
wi h an ambi ious pe cep ion o hemsel es when hey do hings,
who wo ks ha d, who is esponsible and who pu s o wa d new ideas
and sugges ions, who wo ks au onomously and independen ly, and
who has high ole ance o ad e si y is someone who will engage
wi h hei wo k. Howe e , i his pe son inds hemsel es in a hos ile,
uns imula ing wo k en i onmen , his engagemen may be weakened
by he o ganiza ional clima e, in which hey may pe o m wo se, o
e en gi e up al oge he i he oppo uni y a ises (Hena es-Mon iel e
al., 2021; So a e al., 2021; Sou hwick e al., 2019).
The p esen s udy has some limi a ions. As i deals wi h a sample
o employees om a ious companies, he o ganiza ional clima e
a iables p o ide he e ogeneous in o ma ion o he pe cep ion
o clima e in he di e en wo k con ex s o each pa icipan . In
addi ion, i would be in e es ing o analyze he esul s o he s udy
conside ing a iables such as he o ganiza ional hie a chy ha
employees a e pa o .
Con lic o In e es
The au ho s o his a icle decla e no con lic o in e es .
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