Work engagement: organizational attribute or personality trait?

Jou nal o Wo k and O ganiza ional Psychology Jou nal o Wo k and O ganiza ional Psychology (2022) 38(2) 85-92 Ci e his a icle as: P ie o-Díez, F., Pos igo, A., Cues a, M., & Muñiz, J. (2022). Wo k engagemen : O ganiza ional a ibu e o pe sonali y ai ?. Jou nal o Wo k and O ganiza ional Psychology, 38 (2), 85-92. h ps://doi.o g/10.5093/jwop2022a7 ISSN:1576-5962/© 2022 Colegio O icial de la Psicología de Mad id. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Wo k Engagemen : O ganiza ional A ibu e o Pe sonali y T ai ? F ancisco P ie o-Díeza, c, Ál a o Pos igoa, Ma celino Cues aa, and José Muñizb a Uni e sidad de O iedo, España; b Uni e sidad Neb ija, España; c Tecnalia, Cen o de In es igación y Desa ollo Tecnológico, España h ps://jou nals.copmad id.o g/jwop Co espondence: pos igoal a [email p o ec ed] (Á. Pos igo). ARTICLE INFO A icle his o y: Recei ed 5 No embe 2021 Accep ed 3 May 2022 Keywo ds: Wo k engagemen En ep eneu ial pe sonali y Big Fi e Emo ional in elligence Happiness O ganiza ional clima e Mode a ion ABSTRACT One o he mos de e mining ac o s o wo k pe o mance is he deg ee o engagemen o people o hei wo k. Tha deg ee o engagemen is in luenced by bo h pe sonal and o ganiza ional ac o s. The objec i e o his esea ch is o analyze he connec ion be ween pe sonal cha ac e is ics and o ganiza ional a ibu es wi h he wo k engagemen o wo ke s. The sample consis ed o 286 employed wo ke s; 83.5% we e Spanish and 16.5% belonged o o he Spanish- speaking coun ies. The mean age was 44.51 yea s ( SD = 8.76) and 55.2% we e women. Fo he p edic ion o wo k engagemen , a hie a chical linea eg ession was ca ied ou , i s in oducing he a iables ha e alua e pe sonal cha ac e is ics (Big Fi e, en ep eneu ial pe sonali y, emo ional in elligence, and pe sonal happiness) and, la e , a iables ela ing o o ganiza ional a ibu es (happiness wo k and o ganiza ional clima e). Gene al pe sonali y ai s (Big Fi e) explain 22% o wo k engagemen , his pe cen age ising o 47% when en ep eneu ial pe sonali y is in oduced in he model. Emo ional in elligence does no explain addi ional a iance, bu pe sonal happiness does. Happiness a wo k and o ganiza ional clima e p oduce a signi ican inc ease and he explained a iance ises om 55% o 63% when hey a e included in he model. Bo h he a iables ela ed o he pe sonal cha ac e is ics o he employees and a iables ela ed o he o ganiza ional a ibu es join ly con ibu e o he explana ion o he deg ee o wo k engagemen . Wo ke s wi h high sco es on en ep eneu ial pe sonali y ai s achie e highe le els o wo k engagemen , inding a mode a ing e ec o he o ganiza ional clima e in he ela ionship be ween people’s au onomy and hei wo k engagemen . El comp omiso labo al: ¿a ibu o o ganizacional o asgo de pe sonalidad? RESUMEN Uno de los ac o es más de e minan es del endimien o labo al es el g ado de comp omiso de las pe sonas con su abajo. Ese g ado de comp omiso es á in luenciado an o po ac o es pe sonales como o ganizacionales. El obje i o de la p esen e in es igación es analiza la elación en e las ca ac e ís icas pe sonales y los a ibu os o ganizacionales con el comp omiso labo al de los abajado es. La mues a es u o o mada po 286 abajado es po cuen a ajena, de los cuales el 83.5% e an españoles y un 16.5% pe enecía a o os países de habla hispana. La media de edad ue de 44.51 años ( DT = 8.76) y el 55.2% e an muje es. Pa a la p edicción del comp omiso labo al se lle ó a cabo una eg esión lineal je á quica, in oduciendo en p ime luga las a iables que e alúan las ca ac e ís icas pe sonales ( Big Fi e , pe sonalidad emp endedo a, in eligencia emocional y elicidad pe sonal) y pos e io men e las ela i as a los a ibu os o ganizacionales ( elicidad labo al y clima o ganizacional). Los asgos gene ales de pe sonalidad ( Big Fi e ) explican el 22% del comp omiso labo al, po cen aje que se ele a has a el 47% cuando se in oduce la pe sonalidad emp endedo a en el modelo. La in eligencia emocional no explica a ianza adicional, pe o sí la elicidad pe sonal. La elicidad labo al y el clima o ganizacional p oducen un inc emen o signi ica i o, pasando del 55 al 63% la a ianza explicada cuando se incluyen en el modelo. Tan o las a iables elacionadas con las ca ac e ís icas pe sonales de los abajado es como aquellas ela i as a los a ibu os o ganizacionales con ibuyen conjun amen e a explica el g ado de comp omiso labo al. Los abajado es con pun uaciones ele adas en los asgos especí icos de la pe sonalidad emp endedo a alcanzan mayo es ni eles de comp omiso labo al, encon ándose un e ec o mode ado del clima o ganizacional en la elación en e la au onomía de las pe sonas y su comp omiso labo al. Palab as cla e: Comp omiso labo al Pe sonalidad emp endedo a Big Fi e In eligencia emocional Felicidad Clima o ganizacional Mode ación Wo k engagemen e lec s how in ol ed people a e in he asks ha hey ha e o do as pa o hei jobs and is closely ela ed o hei job pe o mance (Bakke e al., 2011; Bakke & Oe lemans, 2019; Laguna e al., 2017; Ma ínez e al., 2020). The concep s o employee engagemen and wo k engagemen ha e usually been used in e changeably (Gues , 2014); howe e , wo k engagemen e e s 86 F. P ie o-Díez e al. / Jou nal o Wo k and O ganiza ional Psychology (2022) 38(2) 85-92 o an employee’s ela ionship o hei wo k a he indi idual le el, whe eas employee engagemen is abou he ela ionship be ween he employee and hei o ganiza ion (Salano a e al., 2005; Tisu e al., 2020). Mos esea che s conside wo k engagemen o be he e ec i e in ol emen and pa icipa ion o people in hei wo k, which p oduces a posi i e a ec associa ed wi h he job and he wo kplace en i onmen (Cas ellano e al., 2019; Maslach e al., 2001; Ro hba d & Pa il, 2012; Salano a & Llo ens, 2008). Despi e he widesp ead use o he e m, wo k engagemen does no ha e a single de ini ion, no a uni o m concep ualiza ion, and di e en app oaches sugges di e en ia ion o engagemen as a ai , as a psychological s a e, o as a beha io (Macey & Schneide , 2008; Solomon & S ide i, 2010). Wo k engagemen is an impo an ac o in he managemen o o ganiza ions due o i s in luence on companies’ e iciency and compe i i eness, along wi h i s links o highe le els o bo h indi idual and o ganiza ional pe o mance (Ba ía-González e al., 2021; Halbesleben, 2010; Lesene e al., 2020; Ma ínez e al., 2020). Employees who a e engaged wi hin he o ganiza ion ha e been shown o be mo e p oac i e, o encou age inno a ion, and o make e o s o imp o e he o ganiza ion’s esul s (Ha e e al., 2002; Ruiz-Zo illa e al., 2020). The highe le els o ene gy, esponsibili y, en husiasm, and e ec i e connec ion o he job associa ed wi h wo k engagemen unde sco e why companies a e in e es ed in unde s anding he ac o s ha de e mine i . How engaged employees a e wi h hei wo k is de e mined by bo h pe sonal cha ac e is ics and ac o s ela ed o he o ganiza ional clima e (Ga cía-A oyo & Sego ia, 2021). The e is no unequi ocal answe abou he ex en o which one p edomina es o e he o he , which is one o he main objec i es o he p esen s udy. When wo ke s de elop and use hei pe sonal esou ces, hey end o exhibi g ea e wo k engagemen (Ai ilia e al., 2014; Bha i e al., 2018; Schau eli & Ta is, 2014). Emo ional in elligence demons a es a posi i e e ec on wo k engagemen (Ba ei o & T eglown, 2020; B une o e al., 2012; Ex eme a e al., 2018; Ra ichand an e al., 2011; Zhu e al., 2015), as does a posi i e a ec i e expe ience in he wo kplace (Fishe , 2010; Ma os Ma ínez e al., 2021; Salas-Vallina e al., 2017). Emo ional in elligence and pe sonal happiness may ac as esou ces ha allow employees o en husias ically deal wi h he demands o wo k and encou age wo k engagemen (Cohn e al., 2009). The connec ion be ween pe sonali y cha ac e is ics and wo k engagemen has been widely s udied (Bakke & Lei e , 2010; Lisbona e al., 2018). Pe sonali y ai s can be measu ed a di e en le els o concep ual b ead h (So o & John, 2017). A b oad cha ac e ai can summa ize a la ge amoun o beha io al in o ma ion and p edic a wide ange o impo an c i e ia, whe eas mo e es ic ed ai measu es mo e accu a ely exp ess a speci ic beha io al desc ip ion and can p edic c i e ia ha a e closely linked o ha desc ip ion (John e al., 2008; Pos igo e al., 2021). This is why i is impo an o dis inguish be ween s udies ocusing on b oad, Big Fi e- ype, pe sonali y ai s and hose which use mo e speci ic pe sonali y ai s. Va ious s udies ha e ound posi i e ela ionships be ween wo k engagemen and gene al pe sonali y ai s (Bakke e al., 2012; Bha i e al., 2018; Hau & Bing, 2018; Ma os Ma ínez e al., 2021; Zaidi e al., 2013), wi h ag eeableness being he ai wi h he weakes ela ionship o wo k engagemen (Janssens e al., 2019; Kim e al., 2009). O he au ho s ha e used speci ic pe sonali y ai s o examine he ela ionship wi h wo k engagemen . T ai s such as sel -e icacy, p oac i i y, inno a ion, s ess- ole ance, and op imism ha e been posi i ely ela ed o employees’ wo k engagemen (Bha i e al., 2018; Con e as e al., 2020; Li e al., 2017; Lisbona e al., 2018; Pe e a e al., 2018; Ocampo-Ál a ez e al., 2021). Wi h ega d o he o ganiza ional a ibu es ha a ec wo k engagemen , s udies ha e ound clea connec ions be ween bo h physical and o ganiza ional cha ac e is ics o a job (Saks, 2019; Xan hopoulou e al., 2007). Saks (2019) sugges ed ha gi ing employees oppo uni ies o pu di e se skills in o p ac ice in an in e es ing, challenging job is likely o lead o high wo k engagemen . Employees’ pe cep ions and opinions abou he psychosocial con ex and he speci ic cha ac e is ics o he o ganiza ion hey wo k o in luence hei beha io and a ec wo k engagemen (Ba am e al., 2002; Basinska & Rozkwi alska, 2020; DeCo is & Summe s, 1987; Dessle , 2008; González-Ve de e al., 2015; Quiñones e al., 2013; Tandle e al., 2020). The a ious ace s ha may comp ise a good o ganiza ional clima e, such as o ganiza ional us , he absence o wo kplace ension, social suppo , emune a ion, and job sa is ac ion, lead an employee o be engaged wi h hei wo k (Ba ía- González e al., 2021). In his con ex , he p esen s udy has wo objec i es. Fi s ly, i aims o assess he weigh o pe sonal cha ac e is ics and o ganiza ional a ibu es in p edic ing he le els o employees wo k engagemen . Pe sonal cha ac e is ics include bo h gene al and speci ic pe sonali y ai s, emo ional in elligence, and pe sonal happiness. The o ganiza ional a ibu es co e wo kplace happiness and o ganiza ional clima e. Secondly, gi en ha p e ious esea ch has shown ha people’s pe cep ions o he psychosocial con ex and he speci ic cha ac e is ics o he o ganiza ion in luence beha io and impac hei engagemen wi h hei wo k (Ba ía-González e al., 2021; He mosa-Rod íguez, 2018; Mu phy & Ree es, 2019), he s udy aims o assess he possible mode a ing e ec o wo k-con ex a iables (happiness and o ganiza ional clima e) on he pe sonal a iables ha a e mos impo an in p edic ing wo k engagemen . Me hod Pa icipan s The inal sample comp ised 286 employees and 17 cases we e emo ed o gi ing insu icien ly igo ous answe s acco ding o he a en ional con ol scale. The majo i y (83.5%) we e Spanish na ionals and 16.6% we e om o he Spanish-speaking coun ies. The mean age o he sample was 44.51 yea s old ( SD = 8.76), wi h a ange be ween 24 and 67. Jus o e hal (55.2%) we e women and 73.8% had uni e si y-le el quali ica ions. Jus unde a qua e (23.8%) had highe le el managemen jobs, 33.6% we e middle manage s, 24.5% we e echnical-le el employees, and 18.1% we e skilled wo ke s. Ins umen s Wo k Engagemen Scale (ESCOLA; P ie o-Díez e al., 2021). ESCOLA is a scale wi h 10 i ems ha e alua es wo k engage- men . The esponses a e gi en on a Like - ype scale om 1 o 5, whe e 1 indica es comple e disag eemen and 5 indica es comple e ag eemen . The scale has a eliabili y (α) coe icien o .92 and e i- dence o con e gen alidi y (P ie o-Díez e al. 2021). The eliabili- y in he p esen s udy was excellen : α = .92. Ba e y o he E alua ion o En e p ising Pe sonali y (BEPE; Cues a e al., 2018). The BEPE is an 80-i em ques ionnai e which e alua es eigh dimensions o en e p ising pe sonali y: sel -e icacy, au onomy, inno a ion, in e nal locus o con ol, achie emen mo i a ion, op i- mism, s ess- ole ance, and isk- aking (Cues a e al., 2018; Muñiz e al., 2014; Pos igo e al., 2020). The i ems use a Like scale om 1 ( comple ely disag ee ) o 5 ( comple ely ag ee ). The ins umen exhibi s a good i o a bi ac o model, wi h excellen eliabili y o he eigh dimensions and he scale o e all, and α coe icien s be ween .91 and .97 (Cues a e al., 2018). In he p esen s udy, (α) coe icien s we e: en e p ising pe sonali y = .97; sel -e icacy = .91, au onomy = .83, inno a ion = .92, in e nal locus o con ol = .88, 87 Wo k Engagemen Assessmen achie emen mo i a ion = .90, op imism = .92, s ess- ole ance = .85, and isk- aking = .90. B ie O ganiza ional Clima e Scale (CLIOR-S; Peña-Suá ez e al., 2013) The CLIOR-S is an ins umen con aining 15 i ems which assess he pe cei ed o ganiza ional clima e. The i ems use a Like - ype scale om 1 ( comple ely disag ee ) o 5 ( comple ely ag ee ). The ins- umen has a eliabili y coe icien o .94 and a co ela ion o .86 wi h he longe e sion (Peña-Suá ez e al., 2013). The eliabili y in he p esen s udy was excellen : α = .94. O e all Pe sonali y Assessmen Scale (OPERAS; Vigil-Cole e al., 2013). OPERAS e alua es he i e b oad pe sonali y ai s acco ding o he Big Fi e model (ex a e sion, emo ional s abili y, conscien- iousness, ag eeableness, and openness o expe ience; Cos a & Mc- C ae, 1992). The e a e 7 i ems o each dimension, using a Like - y- pe scale om 1 ( comple ely disag ee ) o 5 ( comple ely ag ee ). The subscales p esen eliabili y (α) coe icien s be ween .71 and .86, and he ins umen has adequa e e idence o con e gen alidi y (Vigil-Cole e al., 2013). In he p esen s udy he (α) coe icien s o eliabili y we e: ex a e sion = .80, emo ional s abili y = .76, cons- cien iousness = .67, ag eeableness = .68, and openness o expe ien- ce = .70. T ai Me a-Mood Scale (TMMS-24; Fe nández-Be ocal e al., 2004). Emo ional in elligence was assessed using he Spanish e sion o TMMS-24 (Ex eme a & Fe nández-Be ocal, 2005; Fe nández-Be- ocal e al., 2004). This ques ionnai e has h ee dimensions: a en- ion o emo ion (8 i ems), which e alua es a pe son’s endency o obse e and hink abou hei own hough s and emo ional s a es; emo ional cla i y (8 i ems), which e alua es he ex en o which people unde s and hei own emo ional s a es; and emo ional e- pai (8 i ems), which e alua es people’s pe cep ions o how hey egula e hei own eelings. The Spanish e sion exhibi s eliabili y coe icien s (α) abo e .85 o each o he subscales (Fe nández-Be- ocal e al., 2004). The i ems use a Like scale om 1 ( comple ely disag ee ) o 5 ( comple ely ag ee ). The (α) eliabili y in he p esen s udy was .83 o a en ion, .76 o cla i y, and .86 o epai . Happiness a Wo k Scale (Ramí ez-Ga cía e al., 2019). This scale, de eloped in Spain, has 11 i ems which use a Like scale om 1 ( comple ely disag ee ) o 7 ( comple ely ag ee ). The ins umen has wo dimensions, he i s co e s ac o s ela ed o he wo kplace (α = .91), while he second includes pe sonal ac o s om he employee (α = .72). The eliabili y (α) in he p esen s udy was .91 o he i s dimension and .75 o he second. A en ional Con ol Scale This is a scale wi h 10 Like - ype i ems wi h 5 esponse op- ions each. The objec i e o his scale is o de ec pa icipan s who answe wi hou su icien ca e and a en ion. The i ems a e o he ype “In his ques ion, please selec i em ou ”, and we e in e s- pe sed andomly be ween he i ems o he a ious ins umen s. Pa icipan s who answe ed wo o mo e ques ions inco ec ly we e elimina ed om he s udy. P ocedu e Da a collec ion ook place online. Links o he ques ionnai e we e dissemina ed h ough employee associa ions and p o essional social ne wo ks. Da a collec ion ook place be ween 3 Ap il and 20 May 2020. Pa icipan s we e in o med ha he s udy had no hing o do wi h he COVID-19 c isis o he lockdown, and esponses should e e o he pa icipan s’ no mal wo king si ua ions. The i ems om he ins umen s we e andomly dis ibu ed. The ques ionnai e ook an a e age o 40 minu es o comple e. Pa icipan s ecei ed no kind o ecompense o hei pa icipa ion. The anonymi y o each pa icipan was ensu ed and da a con iden iali y was main ained in s ic acco dance wi h da a p o ec ion legisla ion (Ley O gánica 3/2018, de 5 de diciemb e, de P o ección de Da os Pe sonales y ga an ía de los de echos digi ales). Da a Analysis Fi s , Pea son co ela ions we e calcula ed be ween he a iables used in he s udy: a) wo k engagemen , b) he Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s, c) eigh speci ic ai s o en e p ising pe sonali y, d) h ee dimensions making up emo ional in elligence, e) wo happiness dimensions (pe sonal and wo k- ela ed), and ) o ganiza ional clima e. Secondly, a hie a chical linea eg ession was pe o med, using wo k engagemen as he c i e ion a iable, and adding a se o p edic o a iables a each s ep, om he a iables measu ing pe sonal cha ac e is ics o a iables ocused on o ganiza ional a ibu es. Speci ically, he a iables we e: a) The Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s, b) eigh speci ic dimensions o en e p ising pe sonali y, c) h ee dimensions o emo ional in elligence, d) pe sonal happiness, e) wo k- ela ed happiness, and ) o ganiza ional clima e. The coe icien o de e mina ion ( R 2) was used o examine he pe cen age o a iance explained. Finally, he mode a ing capaci y (e.g., A o & Vallejo, 2011; Fa ima e al., 2021) o o ganiza ional a iables in he ela ionship be ween he pe sonal a iables and wo k engagemen was assessed. The speci ic pe sonal a iables conside ed we e hose ha we e s a is ically signi ican in he inal s ep o he p e ious hie a chical eg ession model and he o ganiza ional a iable was he o ganiza ional clima e. In addi ion, he mode a ing capaci y o wo k- ela ed happiness on he ela ionship be ween pe sonal happiness and wo k engagemen was also examined. In each o he p oposed eg ession models, o ganiza ional clima e and wo k- ela ed happiness had a mode a ing ole in he ela ionship be ween he pe sonal a iable being examined and wo k engagemen (Figu e 1). Whe e he in e ac ion was s a is ically signi ican , a simple slope analysis was pe o med be ween he p edic o pe sonal a iable and wo k engagemen a high (+1 SD ), mode a e (0 SD ), and low (-1 SD ) le els o he mode a ing o ganiza ional a iable. Pe sonal a iable O ganiza ional a iable Wo k engagemen Figu e 1. Rep esen a ion o he Mode a ion o O ganiza ional Va iables on he Rela ionship be ween Pe sonal Va iables and Wo k Engagemen . All analyses we e pe o med using SPSS 24 (IBM Co p, 2016) and he PROCESS p og am (Hayes, 2017). Resul s As Table 1 shows, he co ela ions be ween he p edic o a iables and wo k engagemen we e e y s ong, pa icula ly o en e p ising pe sonali y ( = .70). In he a iables ela ed o pe sonal 88 F. P ie o-Díez e al. / Jou nal o Wo k and O ganiza ional Psychology (2022) 38(2) 85-92 cha ac e is ics, wo k engagemen as assessed ia ESCOLA exhibi ed a posi i e co ela ion wi h all o he BEPE dimensions and s ong co ela ions wi h: achie emen mo i a ion = .66, inno a ion .64, sel -e icacy = .62, op imism = .60, and isk- aking = .59. The pe sonal happiness dimension also demons a ed a co ela ion o .58 wi h wo k engagemen . Weake co ela ions we e ound wi h he Big Fi e pe sonali y ai s and wi h he h ee emo ional in elligence dimensions. In e ms o o ganiza ional a iables, he e we e s ong co ela ions be ween engagemen and o ganiza ional clima e ( = .54) and wo k- ela ed happiness ( = .63). Hie a chical linea eg ession was pe o med o examine he ela ionships be ween wo k engagemen and he p edic o a iables as a whole. Table 2 shows he a iables added o he model in each s ep, along wi h he inc ease in he coe icien o de e mina ion ( R 2) p oduced by he addi ion o he se o a iables in ha s ep. The Big Fi e ai s explained 22% o wo k engagemen , a alue ha ose o 47% when he eigh speci ic ai s o en e p ising pe sonali y we e added, wi h inno a ion being he only signi ican a iable in he second s ep ( p < .001). On adding he h ee a iables making up emo ional in elligence (s ep h ee), he inc ease in explaining wo k engagemen was no signi ican . The e was a no able inc ease in explaining wo k engagemen on he addi ion o pe sonal and wo k- ela ed happiness a iables (s eps ou and i e). In he inal model (s ep six), o ganiza ional clima e was added, which p oduced a signi ican inc ease in he explana ion o wo k engagemen . The a iables which we e ul ima ely s a is ically signi ican in he explana ion o employees’ wo k engagemen we e achie emen mo i a ion and pe sonal happiness (as pe sonal a iables), and wo k- Table 1. Pea son Co ela ions be ween he Va iables Used in he S udy WE OC AE EC ER SE AU IN ILC AM OST RT EP WH PH EES C A OPE Wo k engagemen (WE) - O ganiza ional Clima e (OC) .54**- A en ion o emo ion (AE) .14** .07 - Emo ional cla i y (EC) .40** .33** .45** - Emo ional epai (ER) .47** .24** .31** .51** - Sel -e icacy (SE) .62** .27** .18** .50** .56** - Au onomy (AU) .48** .08 .13* .29** .37** .57** - Inno a ion (IN) .64** .25** .22** .43** .47** .76** .58** - In e nal locus o con ol (ILC) .49** .26** .19** .36** .49** .64** .48** .54** - Achie emen mo i a ion (AM) .66** .23** .19** .44** .53** .83** .55** .75** .69** - Op imism (O) .60** .28** .19** .51** .66** .75** .45** .62** .54** .63** - S ess ole ance (ST) .47** .22** -.00 .43** .51** .64** .39** .48** .35** .50** .62** - Risk- aking (RT) .59** .28** .17** .40** .50** .79** .58** .78** .54** .76** .63** .54** - En e p ising pe sonali y (EP) .70** .29** .19** .52** .64** .92** .71** .84** .73** .87** .82** .71** .87** - Wo k- ela ed happiness (WH) .63** .84** .05 .32** .28** .39** .31** .36** .30** .36** .42** .36** .38** .45** - Pe sonal happiness (PH) .58** .45** .05 .41** .40** .52** .31** .42** .38** .47** .55** .45** .40** .54** .58** Ex a e sion (E) .28** .24** .19** .36** .27** .37** .24** .30** .19** .30** .35** .20** .34** .35** .29** .20** - Emo ional s abili y (ES) .44** .30** -.13** .39** .43** .52** .28** .35** .29** .39** .59** .65** .40** .55** .39** .50** .26** - Conscien iousness (C) .34** .13* .00 .25** .26** .42** .18** .27** .37** .48** .28** .32** .26** .40** .22** .32** .10* .34** - Ag eeableness (A) .40** .21** .12** .28** .38** .30** .12** .33** .20** .26** .42** .42** .22** .36** .30** .30** .13** .44** .18** - Openness o expe ience (OPE) .14** -.07 .18** .21** .16** .22** .15** .36** .12** .22** .15** .12** .24** .24** .00 .10* .14** .16** .12 .16** - * p < .05, ** p < .01. Table 2. Hie a chical Linea Reg ession Model o P edic ing Wo k Engagemen New block o a iables added o he model Va iables in he block Be a1 R 2 ( p o he inc ease in R 2) Model 1 Big Fi e Conscien iousness .012 .22 (< .001) Ex a e sion -.008 Emo ional s abili y -.009 Ag eeableness -.013 Openness o expe ience .012 Model 2 En e p ising pe sonali y Sel -e icacy -.067 .47 (< .001) Au onomy .120 Inno a ion .160 In e nal locus o con ol -.027 Achie emen mo i a ion .192 Op imism .137 S ess- ole ance .007 Risk- aking .026 Model 3 Emo ional in elligence A en ion .039 .47 (.386)Cla i y -.002 Emo ional epai .018 Model 4 Pe sonal happiness Pe sonal happiness .162 .55 (< .001) Model 5 Wo k- ela ed happiness Wo k- ela ed happiness .223 .62 (< .001) Model 6 O ganiza ional clima e O ganiza ional clima e .164 .63 (.026) No e . 1Be a o each a iable co esponds o he de ini i e model (model 6). 89 Wo k Engagemen Assessmen ela ed happiness and pe cei ed o ganiza ional clima e (as wo k- ela ed a iables). The inal s anda dized eg ession equa ion (model 6) o p edic ing wo k engagemen is gi en in Table 2 in he column which shows be a o each o he a iables. 48.00 46.00 44.00 42.00 40.00 38.00 36.00 35.00 37.50 40.00 CLIOR +1 SD Mean -1 SD Au onomy 42.50 45.00 Wo k engagemen Figu e 2. Model o Mode a ion o O ganiza ional Clima e on he Rela ionship be ween Au onomy and Wo k Engagemen No e. CLIOR = o ganiza ional clima e; +1 SD = one s anda d de ia ion abo e he mean; -1 SD = one s anda d de ia ion below he mean. Once he p edic i e powe o each block o a iables on wo k engagemen had been analyzed, he mode a ing e ec o he o ganiza ional a iables on he ela ionship be ween pe sonal a iables and wo k engagemen was examined, speci ically, inno a ion, au onomy, and achie emen mo i a ion we e he mos impo an a iables in p edic ing wo k engagemen . The e o e, we examined whe he he o ganiza ional clima e mode a ed he ela ionship o each o hese a iables wi h wo k engagemen . In each model, o ganiza ional clima e was used as a mode a ing a iable and wo k engagemen as a dependen a iable. In he i s model, he p edic o a iable was inno a ion. The e we e s a is ically signi ican esul s o he coe icien s o inno a ion (β = .736, CI 95% [.330, 1.141], p < .001) and o ganiza ional clima e (β = .365, CI 95% [.049, .682], p < .001), bu no o he in e ac ion (β = -.004, CI 95% [-.011, .003], p = .275). The model explained 52.4% o he a iance in wo k engagemen . The second model used achie emen mo i a ion as he p edic o a iable. The e we e s a is ically signi ican esul s o he coe icien s o achie emen mo i a ion (β = .610, CI 95% [.184, .1.04], p = .005), bu no o o ganiza ional clima e (β = .210, CI 95% [-.135, .554], p = .232), o o he in e ac ion (β = -.001, CI 95% [-.008, .007], p = .917). The model explained 53.3% o he a iance. Finally, he hi d model used au onomy as he p edic o a iable. In his model bo h au onomy (β = 1.18, CI 95% [.634, 1.729], p < .001) and o ganiza ional clima e (β = .796, CI 95% [.397, 1.195], p < .001) we e s a is ically signi ican , wi h he in e ac ion also being signi ican (β = -.014, CI 95% [-.023, -.004], p < .001), indica ing he mode a ing ole o o ganiza ional clima e on he ela ionship be ween au onomy and wo k engagemen , explaining 49.3% o he a iance. A simple slope analysis was hen pe o med om his model be ween he pe sonal p edic o a iable and wo k engagemen a high (+1 SD ), mode a e (0 SD ), and low (-1 SD ) le els o he mode a ing o ganiza ional a iable (Figu e 2). The cha shows how he ela ionship be ween au onomy and wo k engagemen is mode a ed by he o ganiza ional clima e. The e is a s onge ela ionship when he o ganiza ional clima e is low (-1 SD ), and as he o ganiza ional clima e imp o es, he ela ionship be ween au onomy and wo k engagemen weakens (+1 SD ). In addi ion, gi en he impo ance demons a ed by happiness, bo h a he pe sonal and o ganiza ional le el, a model was speci- ied in which wo k- ela ed happiness mode a ed he ela ionship be ween pe sonal happiness and wo k engagemen . The e we e s a is ically signi ican esul s o he coe icien s o pe sonal hap- piness (β = .83, CI 95% [.414, 1.26], p < .001) and wo k- ela ed happi- ness (β = .515, CI 95% [.237, .792]; p < .001), bu no o he in e ac- ion (β = -.009, CI 95% [-.020, .001], p < .001); he model explained 46.5% o he a iance. Discussion In e es in wo k engagemen in he business wo ld has led o he need o documen he ela ionships wi h o he posi i e a iables linked o job pe o mance. Wo k engagemen is a e y impo an a iable in he o ganiza ional sphe e (Bakke e al., 2011; Bakke & Oe lemans, 2019; Laguna e al., 2017; Ma ínez e al., 2020) and i depends on pe sonal and con ex ual ac o s (e.g., Ga cía-A oyo & Sego ia, 2021; Saks, 2019; Schau eli & Ta is, 2014). The aim o he p esen s udy was o examine he in luence o pe sonal esou ces (gene al and speci ic pe sonali y ai s, emo ional in elligence, and pe sonal happiness) and con ex ual esou ces (wo k- ela ed happiness and o ganiza ional clima e) on employees’ engagemen wi h hei wo k. The s udy has shown ha , on he one hand, bo h pe sonal and wo k- ela ed esou ces ha e some kind o impac and a e p edic o s o wo k engagemen , wi h he balance ipped owa ds he pe sonal ac o s (Bakke e al., 2011; Bakke & Oe lemans, 2019; Laguna e al., 2017; Lisbona e al., 2018; Ma os Ma ínez e al., 2021) and, on he o he hand, ha o ganiza ional componen s play a mode a ing ole be ween ce ain pe sonal a iables and a pe son’s engagemen (Quiñones e al., 2013; Sou hwick e al., 2019). The esul s show ha he Big Fi e- ype gene al pe sonali y ai s had some p edic i e capaci y o e wo k engagemen (Bakke e al., 2012; Bha i e al., 2018; Hau & Bing, 2018; Ma os Ma ínez e al., 2021; Zaidi e al., 2013), al hough ha capaci y imp o ed no ably when speci ic ai s o en e p ising pe sonali y we e also used. These esul s a e consis en wi h p e ious s udies (Leu ne e al., 2014; Pos igo e al., 2021; Rauch & F ese, 2007) ha showed how he e alua ion o mo e speci ic beha io s mo e accu a ely exp essed a speci ic beha io al desc ip ion and could p edic c i e ia ha we e closely linked o ha desc ip ion (John e al., 2008; So o & John, 2017). This indica es, hen, ha people who a e mo e au onomous and mo e inno a i e (see Cues a e al., 2018), wi h ce ain endencies owa ds in a-en ep eneu ialism (Mum o d e al., 2021), end o be mo e commi ed o hei wo k and make mo e e o s o imp o e o ganiza ional esul s (Ha e e al., 2002; Ruiz-Zo illa e al., 2020). In con as , despi e he ac ha emo ional in elligence has been shown o be ela ed o wo k engagemen (B une o e al., 2012; Ex eme a e al., 2018; Ra ichand an e al., 2011; Zhu e al., 2015), i s in luence seems o anish when employees’ pe sonali y ai s a e conside ed. This may be because a iables such as s ess- ole ance and op imism a e closely ela ed o emo ional in elligence (e.g., emo ional epai -op imism, = .66; emo ional epai -s ess- ole ance, = .51), meaning ha he ela ionship be ween wo k engagemen and emo ional in elligence may be explained by people’s le els o psychological empowe men (Alo aibi e al., 2020; Gong e al., 2020). Happiness demons a ed he expec ed esul s. Ramí ez-Ga cía e al. (2019) conside ed wo ac o s ela ed o wo ke happiness, one which 90 F. P ie o-Díez e al. / Jou nal o Wo k and O ganiza ional Psychology (2022) 38(2) 85-92 included a wo ke ’s pe sonal ac o s, and he o he which was abou aspec s o wo k en i onmen . Pe sonal happiness sligh ly inc eased he p edic ion o wo k engagemen , because he e a e ce ain aspec s ela ed o happiness and wellbeing ha a e no only explained by pe sonali y and which lead he employee o be engaged wi h hei wo k (Fishe , 2010; Ma os-Ma ínez e al., 2021; Salas-Vallina e al., 2017). Bo h wo k- ela ed happiness and o ganiza ional clima e imp o ed he p edic ion o employees’ wo k engagemen , inc easing he a iance explained om 55 o 63%. This inding, in line wi h o he s udies (Ba ía-González e al., 2021; Ba am e al., 2002; Basinska & Rozkwi alska, 2020; DeCo is & Summe s, 1987; González-Ve de e al., 2015) unde sco es he impo ance o o ganiza ional aspec s (o e and abo e pe sonal esou ces) such as he absence o wo kplace ension, o ganiza ional us , and social suppo when mo i a ing wo ke s. Gi en he impo ance o hese wo (o ganiza ional and pe sonal) componen s when a emp ing o explain a pe son’s engagemen wi h hei job, he mode a ing ole o he o ganiza ional componen s in he ela ionship be ween pe sonal a iables and wo k engagemen was examined. The o ganiza ional clima e exhibi ed a mode a ing ole in he ela ionship be ween people’s au onomy and hei wo k engagemen . People o whom he e was a low-sco ing o ganiza ional clima e demons a ed s onge posi i e ela ionships be ween hei au onomy and hei wo k engagemen han people who pe cei ed be e o ganiza ional clima es. People’s au onomy seems o play an impo an ole in hei wo k engagemen , al hough i s in luence is weake i wo k en i onmen is pe cei ed as excellen (Ba ía- González e ., 2021; Go os iaga e al., 2022; Mu phy & Ree es, 2019; Yagil & O en, 2021). Va ious s udies ha e indica ed how impo an i is o wo k engagemen o gi e wo ke s a ce ain amoun o con ol o e hei wo k, gi ing hem au onomy and he abili y o make decisions abou asks and encou aging hem o de elop hei own capabili ies (De la Rosa & Jex, 2010; Ga cía-Alba e al., 2021, 2022; Ka asek, 1979). This sugges s impo an implica ions o p o essional p ac ice, whe e o ganiza ions mus conside bo h he le els o au onomy hey o e hei s a abou how hey do hei jobs and ce ain o ganiza ional aspec s ha should be add essed when designing s a egies aimed a s eng hening wo k engagemen . The conclusions o his s udy a e clea and, as in almos e e y case, bo h pe sonal and con ex ual esou ces a e impo an . A pe son wi h an ambi ious pe cep ion o hemsel es when hey do hings, who wo ks ha d, who is esponsible and who pu s o wa d new ideas and sugges ions, who wo ks au onomously and independen ly, and who has high ole ance o ad e si y is someone who will engage wi h hei wo k. Howe e , i his pe son inds hemsel es in a hos ile, uns imula ing wo k en i onmen , his engagemen may be weakened by he o ganiza ional clima e, in which hey may pe o m wo se, o e en gi e up al oge he i he oppo uni y a ises (Hena es-Mon iel e al., 2021; So a e al., 2021; Sou hwick e al., 2019). The p esen s udy has some limi a ions. As i deals wi h a sample o employees om a ious companies, he o ganiza ional clima e a iables p o ide he e ogeneous in o ma ion o he pe cep ion o clima e in he di e en wo k con ex s o each pa icipan . In addi ion, i would be in e es ing o analyze he esul s o he s udy conside ing a iables such as he o ganiza ional hie a chy ha employees a e pa o . Con lic o In e es The au ho s o his a icle decla e no con lic o in e es . Re e ences Ai ilia, A., Hakanen, J. J., Schau eli, W. B., Luukkonen, R., Punakallio, A., & Lusa, S. (2014). A e job and pe sonal esou ces associa ed wi h wo k abili y 10 yea s la e ? The media ing ole o wo k engagemen . 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