MGREEKSII IN EARLY MEDIEVAL BARCELONA?
Philip
Banks
Du ing ecen yea s ou unde s anding o ea ly medie al Ca alonia
has been g ea ly imp o ed by a numbe o undamen al wo ks'. The
p e iously equen ly s a ed opinion ha he impe us o he economic
de elopmen o he ci y o Ba celona was p o ided by ex e na1 con ac
and comme ce' can no longe be accep ed, and au och hanal g ow h
mus now be en isaged, he basis being ag icul u e a he han
comme ces, he la e being a la e expansion, especially in he o e seas
sphe e, which did no eally de elop un i1 he la e 12 h. cen u y4. Ho-
we e , his is no say ha Ba celona was comple ely isola ed, de oid o
o eign con ac s in he 10 h. and 11 h. cen u ies, and a body o e idence
indica es ela ions wi h much o he es o wes e n Eu ope and he Me-
di e anean basin, bo h o a spo adic and mo e egula na u e.
1
Pa icula ly BONNASSIE,
P.,
La Ca alogne du milieu du
Xe
ci
la in du
XIe
siicle
(2 o-
Iumes) Toulouse, 1975-1976; and he a ious wo ks o Rulz DOMENEC,
J.
E., especially in
English, uThe U ban O igins o Ba celona: Ag~icui u ai Re olu ion o Comme cial De e-
lopmen ?. in
Speculum
52, (1976), pp. 265-286. Al hough he name o Ca alonia canno
be s ic ly used o his pe iod, i he e implies he a ea unde Ch is ian con ol, oughly
equi alen o he mode n p o inces o Ba celona, Gi ona and he no he n pa o Lleida.
2
As sugges ed, o example, by VICENS VIVES,
J.,
His o ia económica de &pa ia.
Ba -
celona, 1965, pp. 138-139.
3
Ru z DOMENEC,
J.
E.,
*El o igen del capi al come cial en Ba celona. in
Miscellanea
Ba cinonensia
11, (1972), pp. 55-86.
4
RUIZ DOMBNEC,
J.
E., .En o no a un a ado come cial en e las ciudades de Céno a
y Ba celona en la p ime a mi ad del siglo
XII*
in
A i del
1
O
Cong esso S o ico Ligu ia-
Ca alogna,
Bo dighe a 1974. pp. 151-160.
The iews o Abadal5 on his ma e ha e ecen ly been e ised ;and
es a ed by Bonnassie6, who has demons a ed con ac s in he la e 10 h.
and ea ly 1 l h. cen u ies wi h F ance, he Rhineland, I aly and ~uilim
Spain. The a ailable e idence has an almos exclusi ely eligious idi-
na ion, and he scope o con ac s in non-ecclesias ical ma e s is a les5
clea . Ne e heless, he p oduc s o Moo ish p oduc s and ideas in C;a a-
lonia a his ime indica ed some comme cial ac i i y7, which may well
ha e been con inued u he no h, as is sugges ed by he p esence o he
p obably Flemish me chan Robe in Ba celona in he i s decade o
he ele en h cen u y8. Thus he e is s ill some u h in he idea o Ca do-
nia as a c oss oad be ween no h and sou h, be ween he Ch is ian ;and
he Muslim wo lds, hough ca e mus be aken no o o e s a e i s impo -
ance, and i should be no ed ha he people in ol ed in his exchange
o ideas and p oduc s we e la gely ou side s, a he han inhabi an s o
he a ea.
The aim o his a icle is o d aw a en ion o a g oup o pe senal
names which occu s almos exclusi ely in he ci y o Ba celona in ilese
decades a ound he yea 1000, which may h ow some addi ional llgh
on he ange o ex e na1 cgn ac s. The name in ques ion is ha o
G zco.
The name and i s meaning
Du ing he pe iod
985
o 1025 second names we e coming in o
US^
in
he Coun y o Ba celona. Gene al s udies o hese ha e been mad6 by
Bala i, Aebische and Adams and a numbe o o he pa ia1 s udies xis
o ea ly medie al onomas icsg. Va ious ways o di e en ia ing be neen
5
ABADALI
VINYALS,
R.
DE,
"L'espe i de Cluny
i
les elacions de Ca alunya amb
Fama
i
la I alia en el segle
x*
in
S udi Medie ali(3 d.
se ies) 2, (1961), pp. 2-41;
ibíd. Com ;a a-
lunya s'obn'al mon mil anys en e a,
Ba celona, 1960.
OP. ci .
no e
1,
pp. 325-361.
Ibíd.
pp. 417-425.
8
WOLFF,
P.,
.Quida n hom0 nomine Robe o negocia o e in
Le Moyen Age, [.i e
Jubilai e,
1963, pp. 129-139.
AEBISCHER,
P.,
Essai su i'onomas ique ca aiane du
IXC
siecie in
Anuan.de ~'O ici-
na Romanica de linguis ica i li e a u a,
1, (1928);
BALAR~
JOVANY,
J.,
O ígenes ~is cn'cos
de Ca alu ia
(2nd. edi ion, San Cuga del Vall&, 1964), ol.
11,
pp. 565-601.; ADAM.
K.
W.
J..
A s udy o he Gp manic pe sonal names o Ca alonia om
800
o
1000
A.D.
Un-
published MA Thesis, Uni e si y o London, 1966.
wo people o he same Ch is ian name exis ed, and i seems clea ha
his was he eason o he de elopmen o second names. The mos e-
quen me hod o o ma ion indica ed ilia ion, al hough some imes he
cognomen could be he esul o p o ession o ade
,
o place o o igin,
and a ew we e appa en ly nicknameslO. Du ing hese ea ly decades ho-
se e e ing o place o o igin and ade a e pe haps he mos in e es ing
o he his o ian, since hey can be s udied wi h he con idence ha he
name is a ai indica ion o eali y, and ha i had no ye become a a-
mily name, no had been passed o m gene a ion o gene a ion, he eby
bea ing much less signi icance.
Su p isingly, none o he abo e au ho s men ions he use o G eco as
a second name, al hough i s appea ance has no passed en i ely
unno icedl1. In iew o he abo e men ioned ecen ly enewed in e es in
social and economic aspec s o his o ma i e pe iod o Ca alan his o y,
i has seemed wo hwhile o b ing oge he hese e e ences and s udy
hei ele ance, especially since he e is no o he such name which oc-
cu s whi h he same equency.
The meaning o he name -in i s a ious o ms and spellings- se-
ems clea , and can only be de i ed o m he la in G aecus, mode n Ca-
alan g ec, English G eekl2. The e appea s o be no o he sound possibi-
li y, al hough i is s ange ha he undamen al dic iona ies o medie al
La in ai1 o ci e i I3. The p oblem mus he e o e lie in he in e p e a-
ion o he name, and as a s ep in his di ec ion i mus be assigned o
one o ou g oups o su names:
a) he e seems o be li le likelihood ha i indica es ilia ion. Fi s -
ly, he e is no a es ed usage o he Ch is ian name G ecus in he pe iod,
al hough Romano does occu 14. Secondly, du ing he yea s in ques ion,
he appea ance o he pa onym wi h he Ch is ian name was no mally
accompanied by a ph ase such as uson o n15 and in one o he examples
'O
BALARI JOVANY, J.,
OP.
ci .,
pp. 584-594.
CARRERAS CANDI, F.,
La Ciu a de Ba celona
in he se ies
Geog a ia Gene al de Ca-
alunya
(Ba celona, n.d.), p.
218
e e s o #O us lo G ech*.
l2
ALCOVER, A.
Ma.,
MOLL
F.
DE,
AND
SANCHIS GUARNER,
M.,
Dicciona i'
Ca ali-
Valencici-Balea ,
Ba celona, 1968, ol. i, pp. 397-398, See appendix
I
o he ull lis
o
occu ences.
l3
Fo example hose o du Cange o Nie meye .
l4
Romano
is ci ed by Bala i,
op. ci .,
p. 567.
l5
Ibíd.
p. 587.
he e s udied does his occu , Thi dly, he name o he a he s o wo o
hose who bea his su name a e known no o be G ecusI6.
b)
nei he usage as a nickname no a p o ession appea s o bea
mueh sense. I may be sugges ed ha i indica ed an abili y o speak o
w i e G eek, bu he a ailable e idence seems o sugges ha hose who
could w i e used La in cha ac e s, a leas o sign hei names. Unlike
Ch is ian names o o ien al o igin, which a e known no only
h oughou he ea ly medie al pe iod, bu also in an iqui y om
epig aphical sou ces, i is unlikely ha con inui y om he Roman o
Visigo hic pe iods can be se iously pos ula ed. No can i be desc ibed as
a pa allel mo emen o he <<snobisme byzan inisan ~ o which Toube
e e s as occu ing in La ium in his pe iod, o his was connec ed wi h
a ogue o Ch is ian a he han second names o o ien al o igin".
c)
so he conclusion mus be d awn ha i indica es some idea o
o igin, howe e aguely concei ed, and he signi icance o which will be
discussed below
.
The
people
The Ch is ian names o he people who bo e his name a e no
o ien ally de i ed, and a leas h ee
-
he mos widely documen ed a
ha
-
a e decidedly common in he Coun y o Ba celona in his pe iod.
A
o al o se en people, all male, occu wi h his second name, al hough
hey a e no always a es ed as using i , and on occasions can only be
iden i ied wi h he same pe son by o he e idence.
a)
Au uczus is he bes -known and mos equen ly ound cha ac-
e , al hough i is clea ha his a esul o he ac ha he was a judge in
Ba celona, and i is he e o e compa a i ely easy o iden i y him among
he o he people o he same name, who we e no desc ibed as iudex,
he e no mally being only h ee o ou judges a any one ime. Howe e ,
he is only once desc ibed as g eco in
1008,
hough i may be signi ican
16
Vide in a
he sec ions dealing wi h
Pú uciw
son o
Pa e domnus,
and
Gui a dus
son
o
Au u iw.
17
TUUBERT,
P.,
Les s uc uses du La ium médié al. Le La ium mé idional e
la
Sabi-
ne
du IXe
ci
la in du XIIe siscle,
Pa is,
1974,
p.
697,
n.
1.
ha his is he only ex an documen in which he is ound as he p ime
mo e o he ansac ion he ein desc ibed18.
His a he 's name is known o ha e been
P~ e domnw'~,
al hough
no hing else can be said abou him, excep ha he name is no o he wi-
se un eco ded in 10 h. cen u y Ca aloniaeo. The li e o Au ucius can be
econs uc ed in some de ail om he a ailable documen a ion. He was
cap u ed by he o ces o Almansu in he a ack on Ba celona in July
985, along wi h o he no ables o he ci y. Howe e his ansom was soon
paid o a he a anged, o he had e u ned o Ba celona by Oc obe
987e1, whe eas less o una e cap i es ound hemsel es languishing in
Có doba o pe iods o en yea s o mo e. The p ocess o his edemp ion
seems o ha e been a he complica ed, ii ol ing his exchange o a
g oup o hos ages whose ansom he mus ha e unde aken o pay as soon
as possible. The sums in ol ed mus ha e been conside able and he o-
al had s ill no been aised by 991 and possibly no e en in 995".
We may hus assume ha his impo ance was al eady conside able in
985, placing him alongside such igu es as he a chdeacon Suni ed Llo-
be and E ig Ma c, he amous ju is o his pe iod. Howe e , since he
e en s o July 985 esul ed in he widescale des uc ion o documen a ion
in Ba celona, he e is no eco d o his ac i i ies be o e ha da e, and we
can only guess a a da e o bi h a ound he middle o he 10 h. cen u y.
Ne e heless, in he yea s o eco e y in he Coun y o Ba celona,
990 o 1010, we ind him ac ing in a ious sphe es pa icula ly, al hough
no exclusi ely, in he ci y. The las ex an documen which indica es
ha he was s ill ali e is o Decembe 1009eS, and he was ce ainly dead
by May 101344. These da e may sugges ha he was killed du ing one o
he Ca alan a acks on Có doba, ei he in 1010 o 1013", al hough his
Is
Appendix
1,
documen
7.
19
ACB Di e so um C(a)
1, 44
o
8.111.993.
Au u io iudice ilium Pa e domni.
40
E.g. Pa e domnus Pb . in
971,
in MAS,
J.,
No es his d iques del Bisba de Ba celona
IX.
Rúb ica dels Libn' An iqui a um,
Ba celona
1914,
p.
21,
doc.
47.
LAEC
11 16 46
o
15.XI.987.
Mas
op. ci .
p.
37
doc.
89.
52
BONNASSIE, P.,
OP.
ci .,
p.
345.
LAEC
I1 93 282
Mas
op.ci .
p.
46-7
doc.
110 o
20.VI.991
dedimuc in edempcione P o cap i iS quod posue a Au ucio judice p o se in
Spania,
and LAEC
I 23 46
p io o
995,
Mas
op.ci .
p.
63-4, doc.148,
e da e+ensas
X
ad
~u u io @o
suos
cap i es.
ACB Di e so um C(b)
1, 18. 28.XII. 1009.
e4
ACB di e so um A
1441
o
7.V.1013
condam Au u io iudice qui ui .
"
Fo hese expedi ions see Bonnassie op.ci . pp.
348-349.

is unsubs an ia ed, and i is equally possible ha he died om na u all
causes, as he mus ha e been abou six y yea s old by his da e.
His ole as a public igu e was played in wo p incipal aspec s; i s ly a$
a judge, especially o p ope y owne ship dispu es, which we e pa icula
common in hese yea s a e he almos o al 105s o he con eyance docu-.
men a ion in 985, and secondly as an execu o o wills. His signa u e as
wi ness appea s on a la ge numbe o documen s in he pe iod, he eb
indica ing his impo ance in au hen ica ing exchanges".
In addi ion, he is ound in he ex an documen s ac ing in his ow J
igh , o simply as he owne o p ope y in he ci y and e i o ium o
Ba celona. As Bonnassie has poin ed ou , he judges mus ha e been i i
an especially p i ileged posi ion o ' inding ou he p ope y a ailabk
o exchange o pu chase, and in his way could easily amass conside,.
able pe sonal weal hP7. His esidence was loca ed in he sou he n pa o
he ci y, nea he de ences and he Regumi ga eP8, an a ea which seemd
o ha e su e ed pa icula ly hea ily in 98529, bu whe e he e was
3
nucleus o habi a ion a ound he yea
1000,
sepa a ed om he co e o
he ci y loca ed a ound he ca hed al and he comi al palace, by a les6
ex ensi ely de eloped quasi-ag icul u a1 zone. He also owned a ga de i
in he nascen subu bssO, and p ope y o a ious ypes sca e ed in hC
eni o ium, pa icula ly a Au o In en olPa e s Delgades (p obabl!
he si e o a Roman illa nea P ~ ensals)~'; in he a ea o he old po
o he sou h o Mon juich, which was alling ou o use as his imese:
26
Ac ing as a judge LAEC
I1
103 313
o
27.VII.998,
Mas
op. ci .
p.
80
doc.
189
and
a
documen o
1002
om he a chi e o he Ca hed al o Seu d'U gel
Libe Do a ionum
ol.
19
ol.
234
dw.
796.
Ac ing as an execu o LAEC
I
136 349
o
5.11.992,
Mas
op.ci .
p.
48,
doc.
115,
and p esen a he sac amen al swea ing o a Will LAEC
I1
35 101
o
28.1.1009~
Mas
op.
d.
p.
118
doc.
277.
BONNASSIE,
P.,
op.ci .,
p.
190.
28
On
13.XII.1023
(ACA Be engue Ramón
i
47)
one o his sons,
Gondeballus
sold hs
b o he ,
Ennengaudus, ipsa sex a pa e
o he pa en a1 home in Ba chinona
pope Regumi
ad menciianam pa em.
29
To judge om he conside able numbe o
casales
o pieces o land conside ed i c
cons mc ion pu poses o be ound in his a ea in he ollowing yeg s, and because he de e -
ces in his o he ci y we e in need o ebuilding in he
1030's.
so
UDINA MARTORELL, F.,
El A chiw Condol de Ba celona,
Ba celona
1951,
p.
417
doc
228
o
18.11.991:
and LAEC
I
157 412
o
15.VI.997,
Mas
op. ci .
p.76
doc.
179.
8,111,993
ACB Di e som C(a)
1,44: 18.1V.998
ACA Ramón Bo ell
36: 1.1.1002
ACA Ramón Bo ell
59: 8.1X.1007
ACA Ramón Bo ell
90.
SP
1
.VI. 1000
ACA Ramón Bo ell
50.
Fo he
po
see
CARRERAS CANDI, F.,
LO
Mon-
juich de Ba celona. in
Bole in de
La
Real Academia de
Buena
Le as de Ba celona
,
(1901),
pp.
195-450.
along he cou se o he old Roman aqueduc ss; and nea he chu ch o
S. Pau del Camps4. These widesp ead p ope ies passed o his wi e, Ma-
ia, and child en on his dea h and hey seemed o ha e main ained
hem, hough no always wi hau di icul y, as a dispu e wi h Senio ed
Rio ubense
in 1014 indica ess5.
Au ucius' will has no su i ed he cen u ies, al hough o he sou ces
indica e ha he p obably had six sonss6
-
he names o i e o whom a e
clea om he ac ha hey a e s a ed o be he son o Au ucius he
judge, o he b o he o ano he who is desc ibed in ha manne 3'. O
hese, none ollowed in his a he 's oo s eps as a judge, and he mos
ou s anding would appea o be
E mengaudus Au ucii,
who is ound
pu chasing p ope y in he
e i onum,
and loaning quan i ies o g ain,
un i1 he ea ly 1060'ss8.
b) Ma cu iw.
The second o he se en known ~G eeks~ also bea s a
Ch is ian name which is o he wise widdiy a es ed in he a ea a his da-
e. Ch onologically, he is he i s o appea wi h he second name ~G e-
ekn in he yea 996s9, he ea ly p o en e e ences all being o Au ucius
wi hou his ag. Un o una ely, he ac ha his Ch is ian name was
ai ly equen , makes is almos impossible o dis inguish him om
o he s o he same name, unless he cognomen is applied, and conse-
quen ly he numbe o de ini e e e ences is conside ably lowe . The o-
al is in ac only se en de ini e ci a ions.
Unless he was he same pe son as he
bonhom
o a documen o
100840, which seems unlikely, he was p obably no a public igu e. He
A
Cemel,
ACB Di e somm
B
579
o
27.VIII.1002,
and LAEC
I 112 227,
Mas,
op. ci .
p.
112
doc.
263
o
25.111.1008.;
a
Cogoll,
ACA Ramón Bo ell
108
o
9.1.1014
and ACB
Di-
e so um B
112
o
14.1V.1014.
94
Appendix
I
doc.
4.
35
Doc.
ci ed in no e
33
o
14.1V.1014.
36
This
is
implied om he six pans e e ed o in he documen ci ed in no e
28.
3'
The i e ce ain sons we e:
E mengaudus
and
Gondeballus
e e ed o in no e
28;
Guilabe us
in LAEC
11 120 359
o
15.VIII. 1026
Mas
op.ci .,
p.
198,
doc.
429;
Pe uc
in
ACA Be engue Ramón
I 74,
o
1.X.1028;
Guudallus
in ACA Ramón Be engue
I 130
o
90.1.1053;
Two o he possible sons a e
Bone/li.
s
Au ucii
(ACA Ramón Be engue
I 12
o
12.XI.1037)
and
Be engan'us
(LAEC
I 135 346
o
20.IX. 1048
Mas
op. ci .,
p.
284,
doc.
615)
bu i is impossible o es ablish a de ini e ela ionship.
S8
BONNASSIE,
P.,
op.ci .,
p.430
and
560.
The numbe o documen s which indica e he
ac i i ies o
E mengaudw
is in ac conside able.
s9
Appendix
I
doc.
1.
40
LAEC
I1 201 622
o
28.VIII.1008,
Mas
op. ci .,
p.
115,
doc.
271.
was, howe e , an impo an p ope y holde in and a ound Ba celona.
In
996
he is ound wi h p ope y a
Ma unnano,
and in 1003 nea S. Pau
del Camp, and se en yea s la e a
Pociolos,
all in he
e i o ium
o
Ba celona4'. In addi ion he owned a leas one p ope y, and possibly
mo e, in he expanding subu bs o Ba celona in 101
g4'. He died in
1021,
and al hough he p e iously men ioned hal -dozen documen s do no gi-
e a e y ample pic u e o his p ope y, he sac amen al swea ing o his
will on he al a o S . Ma y in he chu ch o S . James has been ans-
mi ed o and his gi es us conside ably mo e in o ma ion. Fi s o
all, he beg uea hed o he Ca hed al Chap e a ineya d a
Cucullo
(Co-
goll) o co e he cos s o his bu ial, which sugges s ha he was in e ed
in one o he ceme e ies a ound he ca hed al, pe haps e en he canoni-
cal one. The bulk o his p ope y passed o his h ee sons,
Gi sdw,
Compagnus,
and
Gillabe w.
The i s wo ecei ed a owe o he la e
Roman de ences, wi h a solla , and adjoining la ge house, he connec-
ed ga den, well and ees. The o he son ecei ed ano he owe and
solla , wi h a ya d and (wine-) cella . His wi e ecei ed a hi d la ge
house and a ious pieces o land, pa icula ly in he
Cucullo
zone.
The emaining beques s a e o pieces o land o ineya ds, no al-
ways e y p ecisely de ined, o membe s o he amily o o iends. In
addi ion he had a ma ke ~ a11"~ which he le o his widow. The ex en oi
his u ban holdings, he owne ship o a
cella i~m~~,
and he names o his
associa es, all join oge he o indicaee ha he was a pe son o some con.
side able weal h.
Al hough he died in 1021, his memo y li ed on a e him. Fi s ly, i11
he dedica ion o he chu ch o S. Cuga del Camí (la e del Rech)
in 1023, he Bishop o Ba celona included among he endowmen s, p o-
pe y de i ed om he beques o
Ma cu iw G eco.
In e es ingly
enough, ano he e e ence o him occu s o e o y yea s la e in he
sac amen al will o
Bema dw Esmegaudi,
which men ions land hai
41
Appendix
I,
doc.
4.
42 Appendix
I,
doc.
16,
and LAEC
I
152 398
o
7.11.1018,
Mas
op.ci .
p.
166
doc.
371
and LAEC
I
129 326
o
29.11.1018
Mas
op.ci .,
p.
167,
doc.
373.
43
Appendix
I,
doc.
18.
T ansc ibed in appendix
11.
44
A
abula.
45
Fo
celhnum
see
BASSOLS
DE
CLIMENT, M.,
e alii, Glossa~ium Mediae La ini a is
CG-
aloniae,
Ba celona,
1962,
asc.
4
and BALARI,
OP.
ci .,
p.
664.
had been o
Ma cu ius
g ec^^^.
The ac ha he memo y o his pe son
su i ed so clea ly so long a e his dea h is unusual, bu is also ound in
connec ion wi h ano he o he uG eeks,, which may no be coincidence.
c) Gui a dw
is he hi d o he ~G eekw who simila ly bo e a no
a ypical Ch is ian name. Fi s appea ing in
997,
he is men ioned a leas
wel e mo e imes, and i is qui e p obable ha he emains concealed
among o he s occu ences o he name
Gui a dw,
wi hou he cogno-
men
G eco4'.
Like Au ucius, his a he 's name is known
-
bu he was he son o
ano he
Au u iw,
no o
Pa e~domnw~~,
which mus exclude he idea
ha hey we e e y closely ela ed, o ha
G eco
was a pa ony n. The e
is no ex an will, no any de ini e e e ence o hei s, al hough i is no
impossible ha some o he bea e s o he cognomen
Gui a di
in he
pe-
iod 1020 o 1060 we e his sons. Howe e , i is also possible ha he died
wi hou di ec descendan s o a docuken o 1028 e e s o he sale o
p ope y o
condam Gui a do,
in an a ea whe e
Gui a dw G eco
had a
His name appea s egula ly in he su i ing sou ces be ween
997
and
1018. This may sugges ha he died c. 1021 like Ma cu ius o possibly
sligh ly la e i he e e ence o 1028 is o be asocia ed wi h him. Simi-
la ly he e-appea s in he sou ces some conside able ime a e his p esu-
med dea h, no only once, bu no less han h ee imes; i s ly in Ma ch
1054, as he la e owne o p ope y a Banyols; secondly, la e in he
same yea as he la e owne o a house in he ci y, nea hose o Ma cu-
ius and p obably ha e e ed o in 1028; and inally, as he la e owne
o p ope y also in he Banyols a ea50.
His p ope y, like ha o Au ucius and Ma cu ius, seems o ha e be-
en es ic ed o he ci y and he
e i onum
o Ba celona. Like hem, his
u ban p ope y was concen a ed in he sou h-wes e n and Regu ni
46
Appendix
I,
docs.
19
and
23.
47
Appendi
I,
docs.
2,
4-6,
12-15, 17, 20, 22
and
24.
*
Appendix
I,
doc.
6.
49
ACA Be engue Ramón
I
17,
o
19.X11.1028.
50
The da e o he inal documen may be dispu ed, since he ele an pa o he pa ch-
men is no longe legible, al hough an eigh een h cen u y copy sap i ead
anno
I
egnun e
PhilipIi egic.
Howe e i is possible ha his was a mis eading o
anno
I
Henna'
(i.e.
1032)
since he documen ep esen s a dispu e o e pa o he inhe i ance o
condam Gui a dig e-
d,
which one migh expec o ha e Acu ed a da e dea e his dea h han
1061.
Be ha
as
i
may, he wo o he documen s clea ly belong o a pe iod a gene a ion a e his dea h.
I is no ewo hy ha he momen o ccopening. o he ou side wo ld
by Ca alonia belongs o he same decades o he mid- en h cen u y, and
some o i s i s mo emen s we e di ec ed owa ds Rome on ecclesias ical
g oundss7. The sou ces do no e eal wha o he esul s hese missions
may ha e had. The majo I alian po o he en h cen u y, Amal i, klad
con ac s wi h he Ibe ian peninsula a ound he yea 100OSs. The mo uas-
e y o CuixP had close con ac wi h Venice, which in u n had di ec
links wi h sou he n I aly and he eas E9.
The o e all pic u e hen is one o some deg ee o mobili y in he mid-
en h cen u y and subsequen decades in he no h-wes Medi e anean.
Thus he mig a ion o a small numbe o people om a G eek-speaking
a ea such as sou he n I aly is no beyond he bounds o possibili y. We
do no know whe he his phenomenon is o be ound elsewhe e, o i
hese ~G eeksn all came o Ba celona a he same ime. In iew o he
lack o e idence o he mo emen o na i es o Ba celona o sou he n
I aly and he eas e n Medi e anean in his pe iod, apa om
pilg imagesgO, which would seem insu icien g ound o he applica ion
o his name, a mino immig a ion appea s a easonable hypo hesis, bu
in iew o he lack o de ini e co obo a ing e idence,
i
can be no mo e
han ha , a hypo hesis which may h ow some mo e ligh on he ea ly
Medie al his o y o Ba celona and he wes e n Medi e anean.
s7
The wo ks ci ed in no e 5.
88
RENOUARD,
Y.,
Les illes d'l alie de
h in
du
Xe
si2cle au debu du
XIVe
sizcle,
I' i is,
n.d., p.
73.
89
ABADAL
I
DE
VINYALS,
R.
DE,
.Com neix i com c eix
un
g an mones i pi inenc abans
de I'any mil: Eixalada-Cuixa* in
Dels Visigo s als Ca alans,
Ba celona,
1969,
ol.
I,
p.465
e . seq.
g0
Fo pilg images see
BONNASSIE,
P.,
op. ci .,
pp.
332-7.

APPENDIX
I
DOCUMENTS IN WHICH THE NAME
GRECUS
APPEARS
Num. Da e Name Re e ence Desc ip ion
-
24 unda ed
Ma cucio G egco ACA R. Bo ell 29 Owne o land a
Ma unnano
Gi a do G eco LAEC I 157 412 Owne o land a
Baudella
Damiani G eco ACA R. Bo ell 36 Deceased owne o ine a
Pa ie es Delgada
Ma cu io G eco ACV Lib. Do , . 55 Land nea
S.
Pau
ex a mu os
Gi a do G eco
Gui a do G eco LAEC IV 152 355 Buys house in ci y and land a Banyols
Mas IX n. 240 F om he Bishop and Canons o Ba celona
Gi a dus G eco
S.
Pe e 10 Buys land, house and s one owe a Banyols
ilium Au ucii
Au u io G eco LAEC I 112 277 Exchanges 2 modia as o ineya d a
C oso
qui es iudice Mas IX n. 263 called
Cemel
wi h Bishop and Canons
Via a ius G ecus LAEC IV 74 213 Had gi en an allod called
Ca elle o
o Ca hed al
Mas IX 280
Ianno G eco ACA R. Bo ell 94 Deceased owne o ineya d a Cogoll An ic
Felice cle ico
(?)
ACB Di . C(b)1,18 P e ious owne o house in ci y o Ba celona
G eco
Ma cucio G eco
S.
Pe e 14 Owne o land a
Pociolos
Gi a dus G ego LAEC I1 7 22 Execu o o will o Bon ill
Mas IX n. 335
Gui a do G eco ACB Di . C(b)1,38 Owne o
clausum
in ci y, nea Regumi Cas le
Gui a do G ego ACB Di . c(b)1,42 Owne o land a Banyols
Gui a do G eco LAEC 111 96 247 P e ious owne o p ope y a Espluges
Mas IX 353
Ma cu io G eco LAEC I 114 285 Owne o ga den nea ci y walls p ope de ipsa Palma
Mas IX 374
Gui a do G eco Mon se a
S.
Bene Owne o land in Sa ia
de Bages 1291
Ma cu ius G eco LAEC I 63 136 Sac amen al swea ing o his will
Mas IX 400
Ma cu ii G eci LAEC I 25 47 Deceased owne o p ope y, o which he i hes and
Mas IX 412 i s ui s we e gi en o S. Cuga del Caml
Gui a di G eci ACB Di . A 2368 Deceased owne o land a Banyols
Gui a di G eci ACB Di . C(b)1,185 Deceased owne o houses in ci y
Gui a di G eci
S.
Pe e 27 bis Deceased owne o allods a Banyols
Ma cu ii G eci LAEC 1 58 121 Deceased owne o land a Cogoll
Mas
X
805
Gi a d Gco ACA R. Bo ell 34 Land e
Celada
e so
Abb e ia ions:
ACA R. Bo ell
ACB Di .
LAEC
Mas IX
S.
Pe e
Mon se a
S.
Bene de Bages
ACV Lib. Do .
=
A chi o de la Co ona de A agón. Cancille ía. Pe gaminos de Ramón B)o ell
=
A chi o Capi ula de Ba celona. Di e so um ( ollowed by se ies and ddcumen numb~
=
Lib i An iqui a um Ecclesiae Ca hed alk
in ACB. ( ollowed by olume. olio and
documen numbe )
=
J,
Mas, .No es His B iques del Bisba de Ba celona* Vol.
IX.
Rúb ica
Libn'
An iqui a um
pa
I
(and documen numbe )
=
A chi o del Monas e io de
S.
Pe e de les Puelles (pa chmen se ies)
=
A chi o del Monas e io de Mon se a , pa chmen s o
S.
Bene de BagCs
=
A chi o Capi ula de Vich,
Libe Do a ionum
(and olio numbe )
APPENDIX
I1
LAEC. . 63 -64 . doc. 136
MAS,
op.
ci .,
doc. 400 p. 183
Sac amen alis Ma cucii G eci qui dimisi canonice ineam suam apud cucullum.
Condi iones sac amen o um ad qua um ex ho dina ione esideba sace do e el iudice,
a nomine Guillemus e in p esen ia Bonus Filius cle icus e iudex e alio um mul o um
bono um hominum qui ibidem ade an . Tes i ican es es p ela i quis p e e Send edus
Vi enis, e Eme mi us Russus e E menga da emina, in aciem de supe dic o sace do e
el iudice ad comp abandum causam helemosina iam de condam homine nomine
Ma cu ius G eco. E hic sun nomina es ium qui hi es i ican sicu i e ju an . Id es
Gi edus e Falcu ius le i a e Deoda us p esbi e . Iu andi au em dicimus in p imis pe
Deum Pa em omnipo en em e pe Iesum Ch is um Filium eius Sanc umque spi i um qui
es in ini a e unus e e us deus e pe hunc locum ene a ionis Sanc e Ma ie i ginis
cuius al a e unda um es in us in aula sanc i Jacobi Apos oli, in a mu os ci i a is
Ba chinona, supe cuius sac o sanc o al a io as manos nos as con inemus el ju ando
con angimus que nos supe sc ip i es es bene scimus in e i a e sapemus de p esen e
e amus oculis nos is idimus e au es nos as audi imus ad ea o a quando condam
p e a us Ma cu ius iaceba in sua eg i udine in obii sic nos iden es e audien es
commenda i el injuncx omnem suum elemosinam ad is os iamdic os suos elemosina ios
e p ecepi eis u si de ipsa eg i udine mo uis uisse sicu i e ui plenam po es a em
abuissen adis ibue e omnem acul a em suam, quem ad modum eis o dina i el
iniuncxi pe suum es amen um quod an e
se
sc ibe e iussi e manu p op ia i ma i e
es es i ma e oga i .
In p imis concessi ad ipsam canonicam Sanc i C ucis ipsam suam ineam quam
habe a in e minio de ipso Cucullo, ius a ineam Senio edi Rio ubiensi p o sua sepul u a
u memo es sin canonici p e a i domus bene icii, quod Dei g a ia p e a e ecclesia eci
e o ac o empo e, e concessi p o sac i icio
K
Vi de ino. E concessi episcopo Sanc i
C ucis mancusos ii p o sua absolu ione. E concessi ilio suo Gi edo e ilio suo
Compagno ipsam u em e ipsum sola ium quod iungi u u i Gilmundi Baia ci e ipsam
mansionem dispense quod ade e p e a i u i, simul cum o o e a bo ibus e pu eo e
palma que in a sun sicu e mina u de ipsa pos e ula unde ing essus es in ipso o o
di ec a linea usque in calle publica ans ipsam pa ie em. E concessi ilio suo Gillabe o
illi bene se ien e al e um sola ium e u em cum cu e e cella io e pu eo e quoquina e
po um e exeum a que eg essium quod es ius a exeum Pe i p esbi e i e Sigui ini. E
concessi uxo i sue p e a e mansionem ubi ille de en us eg i udine iaceba cum pa em
o uli qui emane de p e a e uxo i sue ipsa e am que es ans ci i a em jus a e am
Guagalli e o um Gui a di A nallo. E concessi illi exa i de e a qui es ius a e a
Sanc i Iuliani e concessi illi o um quod commu a i cum epscopo Deusdedi e concessi
illi medie a em de ipsis ineos que sun in e minio de ipso Cucullo, ius a e as Be na di
Gelmi i e ineas ilio um Au ucii Iudicis quondam. Hec omnia p e a a quod illi dona i
enea e possides omnibus diebus i e sue e pos obi um suum emanean equali e
omnibus iliis e iliabus suis. E concessi p e a o ilio suo Gilabe o ipsum o um de
Sal a o e in eg i e causa melio a iones. E concessi p e a e uxo i sue ipsam onnam e
ipsum cubum que emi de Bo e o Rena do. Ipsos suos d apos que abeba am de lec o
quam alios concessi illis alia au em omnia que emanen e as e ineas cul um si e
e emum mobile si e immobile concessi omnibus iliis suis e iliabus equali e excep us
ipsam abulam quam concessi uxo i sue e concessi ad no um enien em ipsam e ciam
pa em de pane e ino quod Deusdedi in sua possessione p o anima sua e pos quam hec
omnia o dina i sic addidi mm in suis e bis co am p e a o E memi o Russu e
~ilabe us ilio suo e Compagno e Bo e o gene suum e Sigi e G ama icu n e
E memi sac is e e E menga da uxo sua u medie a em de ipso o ulo ubi E memi
Ma a ucos abi a , simul cum ipsa exa de e a qui injungi cum p edic o o o e connec u
se
cum e a Sanc i Pe i cenobi0 Puella um e adi di ec a linea usque ad domos de Mi
T ansgoncia ipsam medie a em a p edic o Gi e , ubi ille uul adp ehende e. Alia e o
medie as concessi iliis suis Gilabe o e Companno e i e concessi in suis e bis pos
omnem o dina ionem suam ad p e a o Bo e o gene um suum modia a i de ine ad ipsa
u e Alba in p esencia E menga da uxo e sua am Gi e ilio suo e Gilabe us
Compagno. E pos quam hec omnia o dina i adhuc loquela plena e memo ia in eg a sic
obii de hoc seculo in mense decemb is. E nos supe sc ip i es es sic Ju amis in Deum e
pe Deum quia quan um is um idium sclup um es nulla aus nec nul10 malo ingeni0 hec
p essa non es . Sed secundum olun a em ipsius condi io is es edi us el ac us sic nos
adiu e Deus e is o um sanc o um eliqua um. E ea que dicimus ec e e e aci e
iu amus a que es i icamus supe e iux um iu amen um in domino. La e condi iones .
kalendis janua ii Anno
XXVI
egni Robe i egis. S
+
Deoda us pb . S
+
Falcu ius le i a
S
+
Gui edus. Nos es es sumus e hanc sac amen um ideli a in dno iu amus. S
+
Sende edus S
+
Rememi us
S
+
num Gi edus S
+
n Bo e o S
+
Adalbe us le i a nos
ad p esens uimus e hanc sac amen um audi imus S
+
Vi as sace e iudex.
S
+
Adalbe us le i a qui hec sc ipsi cum li e as sup aposi as
ad
capud paginola ubi
dici e i e concessi in suis e bis pos omnem suam o dina ionem ad p e a o Bo e i
gene um suum modia a i de inea e ad ipsa To e Alba in P esen ia E menga da uxo e
sua e Gi e ilio suo e Gilabe us e Compagno e die e anno quo sup a.