"Greeks" in early medieval Barcelona?

MGREEKSII IN EARLY MEDIEVAL BARCELONA? Philip Banks Du ing ecen yea s ou unde s anding o ea ly medie al Ca alonia has been g ea ly imp o ed by a numbe o undamen al wo ks'. The p e iously equen ly s a ed opinion ha he impe us o he economic de elopmen o he ci y o Ba celona was p o ided by ex e na1 con ac and comme ce' can no longe be accep ed, and au och hanal g ow h mus now be en isaged, he basis being ag icul u e a he han comme ces, he la e being a la e expansion, especially in he o e seas sphe e, which did no eally de elop un i1 he la e 12 h. cen u y4. Ho- we e , his is no say ha Ba celona was comple ely isola ed, de oid o o eign con ac s in he 10 h. and 11 h. cen u ies, and a body o e idence indica es ela ions wi h much o he es o wes e n Eu ope and he Me- di e anean basin, bo h o a spo adic and mo e egula na u e. 1 Pa icula ly BONNASSIE, P., La Ca alogne du milieu du Xe ci la in du XIe siicle (2 o- Iumes) Toulouse, 1975-1976; and he a ious wo ks o Rulz DOMENEC, J. E., especially in English, uThe U ban O igins o Ba celona: Ag~icui u ai Re olu ion o Comme cial De e- lopmen ?. in Speculum 52, (1976), pp. 265-286. Al hough he name o Ca alonia canno be s ic ly used o his pe iod, i he e implies he a ea unde Ch is ian con ol, oughly equi alen o he mode n p o inces o Ba celona, Gi ona and he no he n pa o Lleida. 2 As sugges ed, o example, by VICENS VIVES, J., His o ia económica de &pa ia. Ba - celona, 1965, pp. 138-139. 3 Ru z DOMENEC, J. E., *El o igen del capi al come cial en Ba celona. in Miscellanea Ba cinonensia 11, (1972), pp. 55-86. 4 RUIZ DOMBNEC, J. E., .En o no a un a ado come cial en e las ciudades de Céno a y Ba celona en la p ime a mi ad del siglo XII* in A i del 1 O Cong esso S o ico Ligu ia- Ca alogna, Bo dighe a 1974. pp. 151-160. The iews o Abadal5 on his ma e ha e ecen ly been e ised ;and es a ed by Bonnassie6, who has demons a ed con ac s in he la e 10 h. and ea ly 1 l h. cen u ies wi h F ance, he Rhineland, I aly and ~uilim Spain. The a ailable e idence has an almos exclusi ely eligious idi- na ion, and he scope o con ac s in non-ecclesias ical ma e s is a les5 clea . Ne e heless, he p oduc s o Moo ish p oduc s and ideas in C;a a- lonia a his ime indica ed some comme cial ac i i y7, which may well ha e been con inued u he no h, as is sugges ed by he p esence o he p obably Flemish me chan Robe in Ba celona in he i s decade o he ele en h cen u y8. Thus he e is s ill some u h in he idea o Ca do- nia as a c oss oad be ween no h and sou h, be ween he Ch is ian ;and he Muslim wo lds, hough ca e mus be aken no o o e s a e i s impo - ance, and i should be no ed ha he people in ol ed in his exchange o ideas and p oduc s we e la gely ou side s, a he han inhabi an s o he a ea. The aim o his a icle is o d aw a en ion o a g oup o pe senal names which occu s almos exclusi ely in he ci y o Ba celona in ilese decades a ound he yea 1000, which may h ow some addi ional llgh on he ange o ex e na1 cgn ac s. The name in ques ion is ha o G zco. The name and i s meaning Du ing he pe iod 985 o 1025 second names we e coming in o US^ in he Coun y o Ba celona. Gene al s udies o hese ha e been mad6 by Bala i, Aebische and Adams and a numbe o o he pa ia1 s udies xis o ea ly medie al onomas icsg. Va ious ways o di e en ia ing be neen 5 ABADALI VINYALS, R. DE, "L'espe i de Cluny i les elacions de Ca alunya amb Fama i la I alia en el segle x* in S udi Medie ali(3 d. se ies) 2, (1961), pp. 2-41; ibíd. Com ;a a- lunya s'obn'al mon mil anys en e a, Ba celona, 1960. OP. ci . no e 1, pp. 325-361. Ibíd. pp. 417-425. 8 WOLFF, P., .Quida n hom0 nomine Robe o negocia o e in Le Moyen Age, [.i e Jubilai e, 1963, pp. 129-139. AEBISCHER, P., Essai su i'onomas ique ca aiane du IXC siecie in Anuan.de ~'O ici- na Romanica de linguis ica i li e a u a, 1, (1928); BALAR~ JOVANY, J., O ígenes ~is cn'cos de Ca alu ia (2nd. edi ion, San Cuga del Vall&, 1964), ol. 11, pp. 565-601.; ADAM. K. W. J.. A s udy o he Gp manic pe sonal names o Ca alonia om 800 o 1000 A.D. Un- published MA Thesis, Uni e si y o London, 1966. wo people o he same Ch is ian name exis ed, and i seems clea ha his was he eason o he de elopmen o second names. The mos e- quen me hod o o ma ion indica ed ilia ion, al hough some imes he cognomen could be he esul o p o ession o ade , o place o o igin, and a ew we e appa en ly nicknameslO. Du ing hese ea ly decades ho- se e e ing o place o o igin and ade a e pe haps he mos in e es ing o he his o ian, since hey can be s udied wi h he con idence ha he name is a ai indica ion o eali y, and ha i had no ye become a a- mily name, no had been passed o m gene a ion o gene a ion, he eby bea ing much less signi icance. Su p isingly, none o he abo e au ho s men ions he use o G eco as a second name, al hough i s appea ance has no passed en i ely unno icedl1. In iew o he abo e men ioned ecen ly enewed in e es in social and economic aspec s o his o ma i e pe iod o Ca alan his o y, i has seemed wo hwhile o b ing oge he hese e e ences and s udy hei ele ance, especially since he e is no o he such name which oc- cu s whi h he same equency. The meaning o he name -in i s a ious o ms and spellings- se- ems clea , and can only be de i ed o m he la in G aecus, mode n Ca- alan g ec, English G eekl2. The e appea s o be no o he sound possibi- li y, al hough i is s ange ha he undamen al dic iona ies o medie al La in ai1 o ci e i I3. The p oblem mus he e o e lie in he in e p e a- ion o he name, and as a s ep in his di ec ion i mus be assigned o one o ou g oups o su names: a) he e seems o be li le likelihood ha i indica es ilia ion. Fi s - ly, he e is no a es ed usage o he Ch is ian name G ecus in he pe iod, al hough Romano does occu 14. Secondly, du ing he yea s in ques ion, he appea ance o he pa onym wi h he Ch is ian name was no mally accompanied by a ph ase such as uson o n15 and in one o he examples 'O BALARI JOVANY, J., OP. ci ., pp. 584-594. CARRERAS CANDI, F., La Ciu a de Ba celona in he se ies Geog a ia Gene al de Ca- alunya (Ba celona, n.d.), p. 218 e e s o #O us lo G ech*. l2 ALCOVER, A. Ma., MOLL F. DE, AND SANCHIS GUARNER, M., Dicciona i' Ca ali- Valencici-Balea , Ba celona, 1968, ol. i, pp. 397-398, See appendix I o he ull lis o occu ences. l3 Fo example hose o du Cange o Nie meye . l4 Romano is ci ed by Bala i, op. ci ., p. 567. l5 Ibíd. p. 587. he e s udied does his occu , Thi dly, he name o he a he s o wo o hose who bea his su name a e known no o be G ecusI6. b) nei he usage as a nickname no a p o ession appea s o bea mueh sense. I may be sugges ed ha i indica ed an abili y o speak o w i e G eek, bu he a ailable e idence seems o sugges ha hose who could w i e used La in cha ac e s, a leas o sign hei names. Unlike Ch is ian names o o ien al o igin, which a e known no only h oughou he ea ly medie al pe iod, bu also in an iqui y om epig aphical sou ces, i is unlikely ha con inui y om he Roman o Visigo hic pe iods can be se iously pos ula ed. No can i be desc ibed as a pa allel mo emen o he <<snobisme byzan inisan ~ o which Toube e e s as occu ing in La ium in his pe iod, o his was connec ed wi h a ogue o Ch is ian a he han second names o o ien al o igin". c) so he conclusion mus be d awn ha i indica es some idea o o igin, howe e aguely concei ed, and he signi icance o which will be discussed below . The people The Ch is ian names o he people who bo e his name a e no o ien ally de i ed, and a leas h ee - he mos widely documen ed a ha - a e decidedly common in he Coun y o Ba celona in his pe iod. A o al o se en people, all male, occu wi h his second name, al hough hey a e no always a es ed as using i , and on occasions can only be iden i ied wi h he same pe son by o he e idence. a) Au uczus is he bes -known and mos equen ly ound cha ac- e , al hough i is clea ha his a esul o he ac ha he was a judge in Ba celona, and i is he e o e compa a i ely easy o iden i y him among he o he people o he same name, who we e no desc ibed as iudex, he e no mally being only h ee o ou judges a any one ime. Howe e , he is only once desc ibed as g eco in 1008, hough i may be signi ican 16 Vide in a he sec ions dealing wi h Pú uciw son o Pa e domnus, and Gui a dus son o Au u iw. 17 TUUBERT, P., Les s uc uses du La ium médié al. Le La ium mé idional e la Sabi- ne du IXe ci la in du XIIe siscle, Pa is, 1974, p. 697, n. 1. ha his is he only ex an documen in which he is ound as he p ime mo e o he ansac ion he ein desc ibed18. His a he 's name is known o ha e been P~ e domnw'~, al hough no hing else can be said abou him, excep ha he name is no o he wi- se un eco ded in 10 h. cen u y Ca aloniaeo. The li e o Au ucius can be econs uc ed in some de ail om he a ailable documen a ion. He was cap u ed by he o ces o Almansu in he a ack on Ba celona in July 985, along wi h o he no ables o he ci y. Howe e his ansom was soon paid o a he a anged, o he had e u ned o Ba celona by Oc obe 987e1, whe eas less o una e cap i es ound hemsel es languishing in Có doba o pe iods o en yea s o mo e. The p ocess o his edemp ion seems o ha e been a he complica ed, ii ol ing his exchange o a g oup o hos ages whose ansom he mus ha e unde aken o pay as soon as possible. The sums in ol ed mus ha e been conside able and he o- al had s ill no been aised by 991 and possibly no e en in 995". We may hus assume ha his impo ance was al eady conside able in 985, placing him alongside such igu es as he a chdeacon Suni ed Llo- be and E ig Ma c, he amous ju is o his pe iod. Howe e , since he e en s o July 985 esul ed in he widescale des uc ion o documen a ion in Ba celona, he e is no eco d o his ac i i ies be o e ha da e, and we can only guess a a da e o bi h a ound he middle o he 10 h. cen u y. Ne e heless, in he yea s o eco e y in he Coun y o Ba celona, 990 o 1010, we ind him ac ing in a ious sphe es pa icula ly, al hough no exclusi ely, in he ci y. The las ex an documen which indica es ha he was s ill ali e is o Decembe 1009eS, and he was ce ainly dead by May 101344. These da e may sugges ha he was killed du ing one o he Ca alan a acks on Có doba, ei he in 1010 o 1013", al hough his Is Appendix 1, documen 7. 19 ACB Di e so um C(a) 1, 44 o 8.111.993. Au u io iudice ilium Pa e domni. 40 E.g. Pa e domnus Pb . in 971, in MAS, J., No es his d iques del Bisba de Ba celona IX. Rúb ica dels Libn' An iqui a um, Ba celona 1914, p. 21, doc. 47. LAEC 11 16 46 o 15.XI.987. Mas op. ci . p. 37 doc. 89. 52 BONNASSIE, P., OP. ci ., p. 345. LAEC I1 93 282 Mas op.ci . p. 46-7 doc. 110 o 20.VI.991 dedimuc in edempcione P o cap i iS quod posue a Au ucio judice p o se in Spania, and LAEC I 23 46 p io o 995, Mas op.ci . p. 63-4, doc.148, e da e+ensas X ad ~u u io @o suos cap i es. ACB Di e so um C(b) 1, 18. 28.XII. 1009. e4 ACB di e so um A 1441 o 7.V.1013 condam Au u io iudice qui ui . " Fo hese expedi ions see Bonnassie op.ci . pp. 348-349. is unsubs an ia ed, and i is equally possible ha he died om na u all causes, as he mus ha e been abou six y yea s old by his da e. His ole as a public igu e was played in wo p incipal aspec s; i s ly a$ a judge, especially o p ope y owne ship dispu es, which we e pa icula common in hese yea s a e he almos o al 105s o he con eyance docu-. men a ion in 985, and secondly as an execu o o wills. His signa u e as wi ness appea s on a la ge numbe o documen s in he pe iod, he eb indica ing his impo ance in au hen ica ing exchanges". In addi ion, he is ound in he ex an documen s ac ing in his ow J igh , o simply as he owne o p ope y in he ci y and e i o ium o Ba celona. As Bonnassie has poin ed ou , he judges mus ha e been i i an especially p i ileged posi ion o ' inding ou he p ope y a ailabk o exchange o pu chase, and in his way could easily amass conside,. able pe sonal weal hP7. His esidence was loca ed in he sou he n pa o he ci y, nea he de ences and he Regumi ga eP8, an a ea which seemd o ha e su e ed pa icula ly hea ily in 98529, bu whe e he e was 3 nucleus o habi a ion a ound he yea 1000, sepa a ed om he co e o he ci y loca ed a ound he ca hed al and he comi al palace, by a les6 ex ensi ely de eloped quasi-ag icul u a1 zone. He also owned a ga de i in he nascen subu bssO, and p ope y o a ious ypes sca e ed in hC eni o ium, pa icula ly a Au o In en olPa e s Delgades (p obabl! he si e o a Roman illa nea P ~ ensals)~'; in he a ea o he old po o he sou h o Mon juich, which was alling ou o use as his imese: 26 Ac ing as a judge LAEC I1 103 313 o 27.VII.998, Mas op. ci . p. 80 doc. 189 and a documen o 1002 om he a chi e o he Ca hed al o Seu d'U gel Libe Do a ionum ol. 19 ol. 234 dw. 796. Ac ing as an execu o LAEC I 136 349 o 5.11.992, Mas op.ci . p. 48, doc. 115, and p esen a he sac amen al swea ing o a Will LAEC I1 35 101 o 28.1.1009~ Mas op. d. p. 118 doc. 277. BONNASSIE, P., op.ci ., p. 190. 28 On 13.XII.1023 (ACA Be engue Ramón i 47) one o his sons, Gondeballus sold hs b o he , Ennengaudus, ipsa sex a pa e o he pa en a1 home in Ba chinona pope Regumi ad menciianam pa em. 29 To judge om he conside able numbe o casales o pieces o land conside ed i c cons mc ion pu poses o be ound in his a ea in he ollowing yeg s, and because he de e - ces in his o he ci y we e in need o ebuilding in he 1030's. so UDINA MARTORELL, F., El A chiw Condol de Ba celona, Ba celona 1951, p. 417 doc 228 o 18.11.991: and LAEC I 157 412 o 15.VI.997, Mas op. ci . p.76 doc. 179. 8,111,993 ACB Di e som C(a) 1,44: 18.1V.998 ACA Ramón Bo ell 36: 1.1.1002 ACA Ramón Bo ell 59: 8.1X.1007 ACA Ramón Bo ell 90. SP 1 .VI. 1000 ACA Ramón Bo ell 50. Fo he po see CARRERAS CANDI, F., LO Mon- juich de Ba celona. in Bole in de La Real Academia de Buena Le as de Ba celona , (1901), pp. 195-450. along he cou se o he old Roman aqueduc ss; and nea he chu ch o S. Pau del Camps4. These widesp ead p ope ies passed o his wi e, Ma- ia, and child en on his dea h and hey seemed o ha e main ained hem, hough no always wi hau di icul y, as a dispu e wi h Senio ed Rio ubense in 1014 indica ess5. Au ucius' will has no su i ed he cen u ies, al hough o he sou ces indica e ha he p obably had six sonss6 - he names o i e o whom a e clea om he ac ha hey a e s a ed o be he son o Au ucius he judge, o he b o he o ano he who is desc ibed in ha manne 3'. O hese, none ollowed in his a he 's oo s eps as a judge, and he mos ou s anding would appea o be E mengaudus Au ucii, who is ound pu chasing p ope y in he e i onum, and loaning quan i ies o g ain, un i1 he ea ly 1060'ss8. b) Ma cu iw. The second o he se en known ~G eeks~ also bea s a Ch is ian name which is o he wise widdiy a es ed in he a ea a his da- e. Ch onologically, he is he i s o appea wi h he second name ~G e- ekn in he yea 996s9, he ea ly p o en e e ences all being o Au ucius wi hou his ag. Un o una ely, he ac ha his Ch is ian name was ai ly equen , makes is almos impossible o dis inguish him om o he s o he same name, unless he cognomen is applied, and conse- quen ly he numbe o de ini e e e ences is conside ably lowe . The o- al is in ac only se en de ini e ci a ions. Unless he was he same pe son as he bonhom o a documen o 100840, which seems unlikely, he was p obably no a public igu e. He A Cemel, ACB Di e somm B 579 o 27.VIII.1002, and LAEC I 112 227, Mas, op. ci . p. 112 doc. 263 o 25.111.1008.; a Cogoll, ACA Ramón Bo ell 108 o 9.1.1014 and ACB Di- e so um B 112 o 14.1V.1014. 94 Appendix I doc. 4. 35 Doc. ci ed in no e 33 o 14.1V.1014. 36 This is implied om he six pans e e ed o in he documen ci ed in no e 28. 3' The i e ce ain sons we e: E mengaudus and Gondeballus e e ed o in no e 28; Guilabe us in LAEC 11 120 359 o 15.VIII. 1026 Mas op.ci ., p. 198, doc. 429; Pe uc in ACA Be engue Ramón I 74, o 1.X.1028; Guudallus in ACA Ramón Be engue I 130 o 90.1.1053; Two o he possible sons a e Bone/li. s Au ucii (ACA Ramón Be engue I 12 o 12.XI.1037) and Be engan'us (LAEC I 135 346 o 20.IX. 1048 Mas op. ci ., p. 284, doc. 615) bu i is impossible o es ablish a de ini e ela ionship. S8 BONNASSIE, P., op.ci ., p.430 and 560. The numbe o documen s which indica e he ac i i ies o E mengaudw is in ac conside able. s9 Appendix I doc. 1. 40 LAEC I1 201 622 o 28.VIII.1008, Mas op. ci ., p. 115, doc. 271. was, howe e , an impo an p ope y holde in and a ound Ba celona. In 996 he is ound wi h p ope y a Ma unnano, and in 1003 nea S. Pau del Camp, and se en yea s la e a Pociolos, all in he e i o ium o Ba celona4'. In addi ion he owned a leas one p ope y, and possibly mo e, in he expanding subu bs o Ba celona in 101 g4'. He died in 1021, and al hough he p e iously men ioned hal -dozen documen s do no gi- e a e y ample pic u e o his p ope y, he sac amen al swea ing o his will on he al a o S . Ma y in he chu ch o S . James has been ans- mi ed o and his gi es us conside ably mo e in o ma ion. Fi s o all, he beg uea hed o he Ca hed al Chap e a ineya d a Cucullo (Co- goll) o co e he cos s o his bu ial, which sugges s ha he was in e ed in one o he ceme e ies a ound he ca hed al, pe haps e en he canoni- cal one. The bulk o his p ope y passed o his h ee sons, Gi sdw, Compagnus, and Gillabe w. The i s wo ecei ed a owe o he la e Roman de ences, wi h a solla , and adjoining la ge house, he connec- ed ga den, well and ees. The o he son ecei ed ano he owe and solla , wi h a ya d and (wine-) cella . His wi e ecei ed a hi d la ge house and a ious pieces o land, pa icula ly in he Cucullo zone. The emaining beques s a e o pieces o land o ineya ds, no al- ways e y p ecisely de ined, o membe s o he amily o o iends. In addi ion he had a ma ke ~ a11"~ which he le o his widow. The ex en oi his u ban holdings, he owne ship o a cella i~m~~, and he names o his associa es, all join oge he o indicaee ha he was a pe son o some con. side able weal h. Al hough he died in 1021, his memo y li ed on a e him. Fi s ly, i11 he dedica ion o he chu ch o S. Cuga del Camí (la e del Rech) in 1023, he Bishop o Ba celona included among he endowmen s, p o- pe y de i ed om he beques o Ma cu iw G eco. In e es ingly enough, ano he e e ence o him occu s o e o y yea s la e in he sac amen al will o Bema dw Esmegaudi, which men ions land hai 41 Appendix I, doc. 4. 42 Appendix I, doc. 16, and LAEC I 152 398 o 7.11.1018, Mas op.ci . p. 166 doc. 371 and LAEC I 129 326 o 29.11.1018 Mas op.ci ., p. 167, doc. 373. 43 Appendix I, doc. 18. T ansc ibed in appendix 11. 44 A abula. 45 Fo celhnum see BASSOLS DE CLIMENT, M., e alii, Glossa~ium Mediae La ini a is CG- aloniae, Ba celona, 1962, asc. 4 and BALARI, OP. ci ., p. 664. had been o Ma cu ius g ec^^^. The ac ha he memo y o his pe son su i ed so clea ly so long a e his dea h is unusual, bu is also ound in connec ion wi h ano he o he uG eeks,, which may no be coincidence. c) Gui a dw is he hi d o he ~G eekw who simila ly bo e a no a ypical Ch is ian name. Fi s appea ing in 997, he is men ioned a leas wel e mo e imes, and i is qui e p obable ha he emains concealed among o he s occu ences o he name Gui a dw, wi hou he cogno- men G eco4'. Like Au ucius, his a he 's name is known - bu he was he son o ano he Au u iw, no o Pa e~domnw~~, which mus exclude he idea ha hey we e e y closely ela ed, o ha G eco was a pa ony n. The e is no ex an will, no any de ini e e e ence o hei s, al hough i is no impossible ha some o he bea e s o he cognomen Gui a di in he pe- iod 1020 o 1060 we e his sons. Howe e , i is also possible ha he died wi hou di ec descendan s o a docuken o 1028 e e s o he sale o p ope y o condam Gui a do, in an a ea whe e Gui a dw G eco had a His name appea s egula ly in he su i ing sou ces be ween 997 and 1018. This may sugges ha he died c. 1021 like Ma cu ius o possibly sligh ly la e i he e e ence o 1028 is o be asocia ed wi h him. Simi- la ly he e-appea s in he sou ces some conside able ime a e his p esu- med dea h, no only once, bu no less han h ee imes; i s ly in Ma ch 1054, as he la e owne o p ope y a Banyols; secondly, la e in he same yea as he la e owne o a house in he ci y, nea hose o Ma cu- ius and p obably ha e e ed o in 1028; and inally, as he la e owne o p ope y also in he Banyols a ea50. His p ope y, like ha o Au ucius and Ma cu ius, seems o ha e be- en es ic ed o he ci y and he e i onum o Ba celona. Like hem, his u ban p ope y was concen a ed in he sou h-wes e n and Regu ni 46 Appendix I, docs. 19 and 23. 47 Appendi I, docs. 2, 4-6, 12-15, 17, 20, 22 and 24. * Appendix I, doc. 6. 49 ACA Be engue Ramón I 17, o 19.X11.1028. 50 The da e o he inal documen may be dispu ed, since he ele an pa o he pa ch- men is no longe legible, al hough an eigh een h cen u y copy sap i ead anno I egnun e PhilipIi egic. Howe e i is possible ha his was a mis eading o anno I Henna' (i.e. 1032) since he documen ep esen s a dispu e o e pa o he inhe i ance o condam Gui a dig e- d, which one migh expec o ha e Acu ed a da e dea e his dea h han 1061. Be ha as i may, he wo o he documen s clea ly belong o a pe iod a gene a ion a e his dea h. I is no ewo hy ha he momen o ccopening. o he ou side wo ld by Ca alonia belongs o he same decades o he mid- en h cen u y, and some o i s i s mo emen s we e di ec ed owa ds Rome on ecclesias ical g oundss7. The sou ces do no e eal wha o he esul s hese missions may ha e had. The majo I alian po o he en h cen u y, Amal i, klad con ac s wi h he Ibe ian peninsula a ound he yea 100OSs. The mo uas- e y o CuixP had close con ac wi h Venice, which in u n had di ec links wi h sou he n I aly and he eas E9. The o e all pic u e hen is one o some deg ee o mobili y in he mid- en h cen u y and subsequen decades in he no h-wes Medi e anean. Thus he mig a ion o a small numbe o people om a G eek-speaking a ea such as sou he n I aly is no beyond he bounds o possibili y. We do no know whe he his phenomenon is o be ound elsewhe e, o i hese ~G eeksn all came o Ba celona a he same ime. In iew o he lack o e idence o he mo emen o na i es o Ba celona o sou he n I aly and he eas e n Medi e anean in his pe iod, apa om pilg imagesgO, which would seem insu icien g ound o he applica ion o his name, a mino immig a ion appea s a easonable hypo hesis, bu in iew o he lack o de ini e co obo a ing e idence, i can be no mo e han ha , a hypo hesis which may h ow some mo e ligh on he ea ly Medie al his o y o Ba celona and he wes e n Medi e anean. s7 The wo ks ci ed in no e 5. 88 RENOUARD, Y., Les illes d'l alie de h in du Xe si2cle au debu du XIVe sizcle, I' i is, n.d., p. 73. 89 ABADAL I DE VINYALS, R. DE, .Com neix i com c eix un g an mones i pi inenc abans de I'any mil: Eixalada-Cuixa* in Dels Visigo s als Ca alans, Ba celona, 1969, ol. I, p.465 e . seq. g0 Fo pilg images see BONNASSIE, P., op. ci ., pp. 332-7. APPENDIX I DOCUMENTS IN WHICH THE NAME GRECUS APPEARS Num. Da e Name Re e ence Desc ip ion - 24 unda ed Ma cucio G egco ACA R. Bo ell 29 Owne o land a Ma unnano Gi a do G eco LAEC I 157 412 Owne o land a Baudella Damiani G eco ACA R. Bo ell 36 Deceased owne o ine a Pa ie es Delgada Ma cu io G eco ACV Lib. Do , . 55 Land nea S. Pau ex a mu os Gi a do G eco Gui a do G eco LAEC IV 152 355 Buys house in ci y and land a Banyols Mas IX n. 240 F om he Bishop and Canons o Ba celona Gi a dus G eco S. Pe e 10 Buys land, house and s one owe a Banyols ilium Au ucii Au u io G eco LAEC I 112 277 Exchanges 2 modia as o ineya d a C oso qui es iudice Mas IX n. 263 called Cemel wi h Bishop and Canons Via a ius G ecus LAEC IV 74 213 Had gi en an allod called Ca elle o o Ca hed al Mas IX 280 Ianno G eco ACA R. Bo ell 94 Deceased owne o ineya d a Cogoll An ic Felice cle ico (?) ACB Di . C(b)1,18 P e ious owne o house in ci y o Ba celona G eco Ma cucio G eco S. Pe e 14 Owne o land a Pociolos Gi a dus G ego LAEC I1 7 22 Execu o o will o Bon ill Mas IX n. 335 Gui a do G eco ACB Di . C(b)1,38 Owne o clausum in ci y, nea Regumi Cas le Gui a do G ego ACB Di . c(b)1,42 Owne o land a Banyols Gui a do G eco LAEC 111 96 247 P e ious owne o p ope y a Espluges Mas IX 353 Ma cu io G eco LAEC I 114 285 Owne o ga den nea ci y walls p ope de ipsa Palma Mas IX 374 Gui a do G eco Mon se a S. Bene Owne o land in Sa ia de Bages 1291 Ma cu ius G eco LAEC I 63 136 Sac amen al swea ing o his will Mas IX 400 Ma cu ii G eci LAEC I 25 47 Deceased owne o p ope y, o which he i hes and Mas IX 412 i s ui s we e gi en o S. Cuga del Caml Gui a di G eci ACB Di . A 2368 Deceased owne o land a Banyols Gui a di G eci ACB Di . C(b)1,185 Deceased owne o houses in ci y Gui a di G eci S. Pe e 27 bis Deceased owne o allods a Banyols Ma cu ii G eci LAEC 1 58 121 Deceased owne o land a Cogoll Mas X 805 Gi a d Gco ACA R. Bo ell 34 Land e Celada e so Abb e ia ions: ACA R. Bo ell ACB Di . LAEC Mas IX S. Pe e Mon se a S. Bene de Bages ACV Lib. Do . = A chi o de la Co ona de A agón. Cancille ía. Pe gaminos de Ramón B)o ell = A chi o Capi ula de Ba celona. Di e so um ( ollowed by se ies and ddcumen numb~ = Lib i An iqui a um Ecclesiae Ca hed alk in ACB. ( ollowed by olume. olio and documen numbe ) = J, Mas, .No es His B iques del Bisba de Ba celona* Vol. IX. Rúb ica Libn' An iqui a um pa I (and documen numbe ) = A chi o del Monas e io de S. Pe e de les Puelles (pa chmen se ies) = A chi o del Monas e io de Mon se a , pa chmen s o S. Bene de BagCs = A chi o Capi ula de Vich, Libe Do a ionum (and olio numbe ) APPENDIX I1 LAEC. . 63 -64 . doc. 136 MAS, op. ci ., doc. 400 p. 183 Sac amen alis Ma cucii G eci qui dimisi canonice ineam suam apud cucullum. Condi iones sac amen o um ad qua um ex ho dina ione esideba sace do e el iudice, a nomine Guillemus e in p esen ia Bonus Filius cle icus e iudex e alio um mul o um bono um hominum qui ibidem ade an . Tes i ican es es p ela i quis p e e Send edus Vi enis, e Eme mi us Russus e E menga da emina, in aciem de supe dic o sace do e el iudice ad comp abandum causam helemosina iam de condam homine nomine Ma cu ius G eco. E hic sun nomina es ium qui hi es i ican sicu i e ju an . Id es Gi edus e Falcu ius le i a e Deoda us p esbi e . Iu andi au em dicimus in p imis pe Deum Pa em omnipo en em e pe Iesum Ch is um Filium eius Sanc umque spi i um qui es in ini a e unus e e us deus e pe hunc locum ene a ionis Sanc e Ma ie i ginis cuius al a e unda um es in us in aula sanc i Jacobi Apos oli, in a mu os ci i a is Ba chinona, supe cuius sac o sanc o al a io as manos nos as con inemus el ju ando con angimus que nos supe sc ip i es es bene scimus in e i a e sapemus de p esen e e amus oculis nos is idimus e au es nos as audi imus ad ea o a quando condam p e a us Ma cu ius iaceba in sua eg i udine in obii sic nos iden es e audien es commenda i el injuncx omnem suum elemosinam ad is os iamdic os suos elemosina ios e p ecepi eis u si de ipsa eg i udine mo uis uisse sicu i e ui plenam po es a em abuissen adis ibue e omnem acul a em suam, quem ad modum eis o dina i el iniuncxi pe suum es amen um quod an e se sc ibe e iussi e manu p op ia i ma i e es es i ma e oga i . In p imis concessi ad ipsam canonicam Sanc i C ucis ipsam suam ineam quam habe a in e minio de ipso Cucullo, ius a ineam Senio edi Rio ubiensi p o sua sepul u a u memo es sin canonici p e a i domus bene icii, quod Dei g a ia p e a e ecclesia eci e o ac o empo e, e concessi p o sac i icio K Vi de ino. E concessi episcopo Sanc i C ucis mancusos ii p o sua absolu ione. E concessi ilio suo Gi edo e ilio suo Compagno ipsam u em e ipsum sola ium quod iungi u u i Gilmundi Baia ci e ipsam mansionem dispense quod ade e p e a i u i, simul cum o o e a bo ibus e pu eo e palma que in a sun sicu e mina u de ipsa pos e ula unde ing essus es in ipso o o di ec a linea usque in calle publica ans ipsam pa ie em. E concessi ilio suo Gillabe o illi bene se ien e al e um sola ium e u em cum cu e e cella io e pu eo e quoquina e po um e exeum a que eg essium quod es ius a exeum Pe i p esbi e i e Sigui ini. E concessi uxo i sue p e a e mansionem ubi ille de en us eg i udine iaceba cum pa em o uli qui emane de p e a e uxo i sue ipsa e am que es ans ci i a em jus a e am Guagalli e o um Gui a di A nallo. E concessi illi exa i de e a qui es ius a e a Sanc i Iuliani e concessi illi o um quod commu a i cum epscopo Deusdedi e concessi illi medie a em de ipsis ineos que sun in e minio de ipso Cucullo, ius a e as Be na di Gelmi i e ineas ilio um Au ucii Iudicis quondam. Hec omnia p e a a quod illi dona i enea e possides omnibus diebus i e sue e pos obi um suum emanean equali e omnibus iliis e iliabus suis. E concessi p e a o ilio suo Gilabe o ipsum o um de Sal a o e in eg i e causa melio a iones. E concessi p e a e uxo i sue ipsam onnam e ipsum cubum que emi de Bo e o Rena do. Ipsos suos d apos que abeba am de lec o quam alios concessi illis alia au em omnia que emanen e as e ineas cul um si e e emum mobile si e immobile concessi omnibus iliis suis e iliabus equali e excep us ipsam abulam quam concessi uxo i sue e concessi ad no um enien em ipsam e ciam pa em de pane e ino quod Deusdedi in sua possessione p o anima sua e pos quam hec omnia o dina i sic addidi mm in suis e bis co am p e a o E memi o Russu e ~ilabe us ilio suo e Compagno e Bo e o gene suum e Sigi e G ama icu n e E memi sac is e e E menga da uxo sua u medie a em de ipso o ulo ubi E memi Ma a ucos abi a , simul cum ipsa exa de e a qui injungi cum p edic o o o e connec u se cum e a Sanc i Pe i cenobi0 Puella um e adi di ec a linea usque ad domos de Mi T ansgoncia ipsam medie a em a p edic o Gi e , ubi ille uul adp ehende e. Alia e o medie as concessi iliis suis Gilabe o e Companno e i e concessi in suis e bis pos omnem o dina ionem suam ad p e a o Bo e o gene um suum modia a i de ine ad ipsa u e Alba in p esencia E menga da uxo e sua am Gi e ilio suo e Gilabe us Compagno. E pos quam hec omnia o dina i adhuc loquela plena e memo ia in eg a sic obii de hoc seculo in mense decemb is. E nos supe sc ip i es es sic Ju amis in Deum e pe Deum quia quan um is um idium sclup um es nulla aus nec nul10 malo ingeni0 hec p essa non es . Sed secundum olun a em ipsius condi io is es edi us el ac us sic nos adiu e Deus e is o um sanc o um eliqua um. E ea que dicimus ec e e e aci e iu amus a que es i icamus supe e iux um iu amen um in domino. La e condi iones . kalendis janua ii Anno XXVI egni Robe i egis. S + Deoda us pb . S + Falcu ius le i a S + Gui edus. Nos es es sumus e hanc sac amen um ideli a in dno iu amus. S + Sende edus S + Rememi us S + num Gi edus S + n Bo e o S + Adalbe us le i a nos ad p esens uimus e hanc sac amen um audi imus S + Vi as sace e iudex. S + Adalbe us le i a qui hec sc ipsi cum li e as sup aposi as ad capud paginola ubi dici e i e concessi in suis e bis pos omnem suam o dina ionem ad p e a o Bo e i gene um suum modia a i de inea e ad ipsa To e Alba in P esen ia E menga da uxo e sua e Gi e ilio suo e Gilabe us e Compagno e die e anno quo sup a.