1 0 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en
Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies
and O he Language and Con en Resou ces)
Di e ences and Simila i ies o
Mic o-con en and S uc u ed Con en
(Including Te minologies and O he
Language and Con en Resou ces)
BLANCA STELLA GIRALDO PEREZ
Cen e o T ansla ion S udies, Uni e si y o Vienna
CHRISTIAN GALINSKI
In e na ional In o ma ion Cen e o Te minology (In o e m)
KEYWORDS: eCon en , con en in e ope abili y, lexical seman ics, s uc u ed con en , mic o-
con en , e minology and o he language and con en esou ces (TLCR), ac ual knowledge,
mic o lea ning objec s (MLO), e minological da a, lexicog aphical da a
1. THE CONCEPT OF eCONTENT
P e ious con ibu ions ha e shown ha he concep o con en – he e
in he meaning o digi al con en gene ally e e ed o as ‘eCon en ’ – is
subjec o an a ay o in e p e a ions depending on di e en pu poses
ollowing di e ging in e es s. As he e a e many kinds o eCon en , he e
consequen ly a e se e al kinds o con en managemen sys ems (CMS):
“In eali y, a CMS is a concep a he han a p oduc . I is a concep ha
emb aces a se o p ocesses. Ins i u ional needs a e o en highly indi idual
( e lec ing he he e ogenei y o hei p ocesses and back-end in o ma ion
sys ems) …Mo eo e , he bounda ies o he CMS space a e blu ed.
Subs an ial o e laps exis wi h documen managemen sys ems, knowledge
managemen sys ems, en e p ise applica ion in eg a ion sys ems, e-comme ce
sys ems and po als. We also con end ha he e a e signi ican (bu as ye no
gene ally ecognized) o e laps wi h in ane g oupwa e and i ual lea ning
en i onmen s. Indeed, i may u n ou ha one ins i u ion’s ‘managed lea ning
en i onmen ’ is ano he ’s CMS.” (B owning & Lowndes 2001: 2)
The abo e hin s a an o e lap o some CMS wi h ‘managed lea ning
en i onmen s’, which indi ec ly indica es a connec ion be ween con en
and lea ning esou ces.
eCon en s a ed o om ha ing ex ual da a in mind. Soon no only
he exis ence o many languages (and sc ip s) was ecognized, bu soon
Te minologija | 2014 | 21 1 1
eCon en had o be u he ex ended o co e o he kinds o language
esou ces and non-linguis ic da a, such as g aphical da a, audio and audio-
isual da a and ul ima ely mul imedia da a. Inc easingly hese qui e di e en
kinds o da a ( om he con en managemen poin o iew) a e occu ing
in combined o m o in e linked wi h each o he which necessi a ed new
app oaches o enable con en in eg a ion and con en in e ope abili y. Besides,
con en managemen om a heo e ic-me hodological poin o iew usually
does no clea ly dis inguish be ween:
• con en on he one hand and da a – in o ma ion – knowledge on
he o he hand1,
• la ge and small en i ies o con en (and he espec i e con en
esou ces),
• s uc u ed and uns uc u ed con en .
This o en p o es o be a big ba ie agains he in eg a abili y and
in e ope abili y o con en as inc easingly equi ed in mo e and mo e
eApplica ions oday (Gi aldo & Galinski 2014).
This con ibu ion in es iga es a ange o di e en kinds o small en i ies
o s uc u ed con en and hei ole in a a ie y o applica ions, analysed
in ela ion o mic o-con en .
2. CONTENT INTEROPERABILITY
As men ioned abo e, he ea ly concep s o eCon en did no di e en ia e
be ween a ious kinds o con en , nei he be ween la ge con en i ems –
such as whole da abases – and any componen o hem. Soon mul ilingual
da a (incl. di e en sc ip s) became a necessi y in se e al ields o appli-
ca ions, such as in p oduc and so wa e localiza ion. Globaliza ion
s imula ed he de elopmen o ‘in e na ionaliza ion’ app oaches o acili a e
localiza ion. This equi ed a highe deg ee o con en s uc u ing o which
a ious app oaches we e de eloped – inc easingly wi h he aim o cope
wi h ‘seman ics’. Since a ound 1980 a emp s s a ed o s anda dize he
seman ic s uc u ing o small digi al objec s2 o con en – especially hose
eco ded and main ained in da abases. La e also o he kinds o con en –
also p esen ed in a b oade ange o modali ies – we e p ocessed in
1 In gene al one can say ha om he use ’s pe spec i e, in o ma ion is all con en , while om he compu e
p og amme ’s pe spec i e, i is all da a. (Boiko 2004: 5)
2 ‘Digi al objec s’ a e also called i ems, uni s, eco ds, documen s, e c. – in his con ibu ion he neu al
e m ‘en i y’ will be used.
1 2 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en
Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies
and O he Language and Con en Resou ces)
da abases and he eme gence o mobile de ices is u he pushing he
implemen a ion o enhanced modali ies, among o he s also o helping
people wi h disabili ies (PwD) in eAccessibili y and eInclusion (Galinski
& Beckmann 2012). Needless o say his de elopmen makes in e ope abili y
in all i s ace s mo e and mo e impo an .
The e o e, he “Recommenda ion on so wa e and con en de elopmen
p inciples 2010” de ines as basic equi emen s o seman ic in e ope abili y
he i ness o :
• mul ilinguali y (co e ing also cul u al di e si y),
• mul imodali y and mul imedia,
• eAccessibili y and eInclusion,
• mul i-channel p esen a ions.
They should be conside ed a he ea lies s age o he so wa e design
p ocess, and da a modelling (including he de ini ion o me ada a), and
he e a e h oughou all he i e a i e de elopmen cycles (MoU/MG 2012).
This Recommenda ion ine i ably equi es a highe deg ee o s uc u al
complexi y, which has o be coped wi h by a highe deg ee o da a
g anula i y o he da a models.
The Eu opean In e ope abili y F amewo k (EIF – e e ing o pan-
Eu opean eGo e nmen se ices) de ines in e ope abili y as “ he abili y
o communica ion echnology (ICT) sys ems and o he business p ocesses
hey suppo o exchange da a and enable sha ing o in o ma ion and
knowledge” (IDABC EIF 2004: 5). This de ini ion is biased owa ds
echnical in e ope abili y, while alling sho wi h espec o con en
in e ope abili y. I is, howe e , indica ing he complexi y o ‘in e ope abili y’
by iden i ying echnical, o ganiza ional and seman ic in e ope abili y, o
which a decision making le el could be added poli ical in e ope abili y
(be ween coun ies o egions) and s a egic in e ope abili y (wi hin o
be ween o ganiza ions) (Galinski 2008).
Con en in e ope abili y is going a s ep u he han echnical con en
in eg a ion and seman ic in e ope abili y by co e ing (in he meaning o
in e -human communica ion) syn ac ic, concep ual and p agma ic
in e ope abili y. Thus con en in e ope abili y e e s o da a and da a
s uc u es in in eg a ed (and ne e heless possibly he e ogeneous) sys ems –
bu e en mo e so o dis ibu ed (and possibly he e ogeneous) con en
eposi o ies unde he undamen al equi emen s o con en managemen ,
namely ‘single sou cing’, and ‘ esou ce sha ing’. Single sou ce o single
Te minologija | 2014 | 21 1 3
sou cing (de i ed om single sou ce publishing) allows he same con en
i em – s o ed and main ained only once – o be used in di e en documen s
o in a ious o ma s o all kinds o applica ions, while esou ce sha ing
enables use s and c ea o s o con en en i ies o a oid duplica ion o wo k
h ough collabo a i e p ocesses. Thus con en in e ope abili y no only
esponds o oday’s equi emen s o mobili y/ubiqui y as well as dis ibu ed
and ede a ed con en esou ces, bu also is a p e equisi e o a high
pe o mance o he espec i e echnologies. Con en in e ope abili y does
no only comp ise a high deg ee o con en in eg a abili y and e-usabili y,
bu should also make con en highly e-pu posable, e.g. o eLea ning
pu poses. F om a echnical poin -o - iew, da a p ocessing echniques,
( echnically speaking) syn ax and seman ics o con en equi e (especially
so wa e ela ed) echnical me hodology s anda ds. F om he poin -o - iew
o in e -human communica ion, con en in e ope abili y equi es me hod-
o logy s anda ds no only o all kinds o con en , bu also o :
• dis ibu ed (web-based) wo k low managemen ,
• con en quali y managemen ,
• con en i em iden i ica ion,
• copy igh (incl. exploi a ion igh s) managemen ,
• me ada a eposi o y design and main enance,
• gene ic da a modelling p inciples and equi emen s,
• me amodels also o me ada a eposi o ies,
• ede a ion me hods and echniques, e c.
In he ollowing pa ag aphs, eCon en will be analysed om he poin
o iew o di e en kinds o s uc u ed con en , including e minology and
o he language and con en esou ces (TLCR) ega ded as s uc u ed con en
a he le el o lexical seman ics.
3. LEXICAL SEMANTICS AND TLCR
Dic iona y.com’s 21s Cen u y Lexicon (2003-2014) de ines lexical
seman ics as “ he s udy o he meaning o wo ds and ph ases and he
ela ionships be ween hem, such as synonymy, an onymy, and hyponymy”.
(Ba ke & Ch is 2001: 1) s a es “The main eason why wo d-le el seman ics
is especially in e es ing om a cogni i e poin o iew is ha wo ds a e
names o indi idual concep s”. Acco ding o (Baldwin 1998: 7) “Lexical
seman ics o e laps c ucially wi h ields such as:
1 4 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en
Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies
and O he Language and Con en Resou ces)
• lexicog aphy,
• ph aseology,
• philosophy,
• co pus linguis ics,
• syn ax,
• p agma ics,
• child language acquisi ion”.
Baldwin (1998) is subsuming e minological en i ies unde lexicog aphy.
The seman ic en i ies in he li e a u e on lexical seman ics can be
ep esen ed by lexical en i ies anging om mo phemes ia wo ds,
compounds, ph ases up o colloca ions, and also co e ela ionships
be ween hem. Needless o say ha he concep s ep esen ed by lexical
en i ies and he ela ions be ween hem need explana ion o become
explici . A look in o common language dic iona ies and o he wo ks o
e e ence p o es ha lexical en i ies a e o en supplemen ed o exempli ied
by non- e bal ep esen a ions – especially i a conc e e objec o a class
o conc e e objec s is e e ed o.
Te minology heo y and me hods deal wi h scien i ic- echnical concep s
ep esen ed in specialized communica ion p ima ily by designa ions,
including mo phemes (i signi ican ) and e ms (including mul i-wo d
e ms). Te minological ph aseology is also aken in o accoun as
e minological en i ies in co- ex ( e ealing communica i e con en ions o
he espec i e domain o subjec ), o as designa ion in he guise o a
e minological ph aseme. Te minological me hodology in specialized
communica ion no leas o he sake o disambigua ion and consis ency
(among o he s, o a oid legal liabili y and o he issues) se s s ic e
equi emen s on he eco ding o concep desc ip ions, such as de ini ions,
de ining con ex s, e c. Due o he na u e o ex s in specialized communica ion
non- e bal ep esen a ions a e qui e common in many domains/subjec s
and a e o en as au onomous as e bal ep esen a ions. This applies bo h
• o non- e bal designa i e ep esen a ions, such as g aphical and
o he non- e bal symbols;
• o non- e bal desc ip i e ep esen a ions, such as elemen s o
echnical d awings, complex o mulas, e c.
In his con ex i may be o in e es ha in a ic sign design he
elemen s o a ic signs a e called ‘mo phemes’, while he a ic signs a e

Te minologija | 2014 | 21 1 5
called ‘concep s’. On he oads wo o mo e a ic signs can be combined
o ep esen a meaning which can be explained in he o m o wa nings,
in o ma ion, p ohibi ions o es ic ions, e c. Colou and shape o he
a ic signs a e o high seman ic signi icance! (Galinski 2011)
The abo e shows ha he phenomena wi h espec o lexical and
e minological en i ies – bo h ep esen ing concep s – a e qui e pa allel.
Only he ocus, he e common language communica ion, he e specialized
communica ion is di e en . Howe e ,
• acco ding o mode n b ain esea ch, human hinking cons an ly
swi ches be ween gene al concep s and domain/subjec -speci ic
concep s, which can be ega ded as one o he main mechanisms o
knowledge de elopmen ;
• esea che s in he ield o language o speci ic pu poses (LSP)
imes and again assess ha he e is no sha p bo de be ween ex s
in common language communica ion s. ex s in specialized
communica ion. (A n z, Pich & Schmi z 2014: pa 2.2)
Depending on he pu pose and social con ex o he communica ion,
he communica i e con en o he communica ion will con ain mo e
common language lexical en i ies o mo e e minological en i ies o
specialized communica ion. Besides, he e a e
• p ocesses o ‘de- e minologiza ion’ which u n e minological
en i ies in o common language lexical en i ies;
• p ocesses o ‘ e minologiza ion’ e-using common language lexical
en i ies o highly domain/subjec -speci ic e minological en i ies.
The e o e, i sugges ed i sel ha he in e na ional echnical commi ee
ISO/TC 37 “Te minology and o he language and con en esou ces”
decided on his leng hy i le in 2005 ex ending i s scope o ead: “S and-
a diza ion o p inciples, me hods and applica ions ela ing o e minology
and o he language and con en esou ces in he con ex s o mul ilingual
communica ion and cul u al di e si y.”3
In he ligh o he abo e conside a ions, TLCR co e en i ies a he le el
o lexical seman ics.
3 See: h p://www.iso.o g/iso/home/s anda ds_de elopmen /lis _o _iso_ echnical_commi ees/iso_ echnical_
commi ee.h m?commid=48104
1 6 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en
Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies
and O he Language and Con en Resou ces)
4. STRUCTURED CONTENT AND MICRO-CONTENT
Simila o he in e changeable use o con en – da a – in o ma ion one
inds he e ms ‘s uc u ed con en ’, ‘s uc u ed da a’ and ‘s uc u ed
in o ma ion’ used mo e o less in e changeably, as can be ga he ed om
he ollowing ci a ion:
“S uc u ed da a can be de ined as he da a ha esides in ixed ields wi hin a
eco d o ile. Rela ional da abases and sp eadshee s a e examples o s uc u ed
da a.” (PC.COM)/Appa en ly, he opposi e, namely ‘uns uc u ed da a’ is/
“da a ha does no eside in ixed loca ions. ... A huge amoun o company
in o ma ion is uns uc u ed ex .” (PC.COM)
F om such explana ions Gi aldo & Galinski (2014) d ew he conclusion
ha TLCR is s uc u ed con en a he le el o lexical seman ics, oo.
In his connec ion a pa adox has been poin ed ou e e ing o he ac
ha a high deg ee o s uc u al complexi y in he o m o highe g anula i y
ep esen ed by mo e (incl. mo e di e en kinds o ) me ada a in ac educes
complexi y om he poin o iew o in o ma ion p ocessing:
“Highly s uc u ed knowledge bases pe mi a low deg ee o complexi y o be
managed by he in o ma ion sys em. In con as he deg ee o complexi y is
e y high in weakly s uc u ed knowledge bases, whe e by he use does only
need a small amoun o in o ma ion abou he me a-s uc u e.” (Zumpe &
Esswein 2002: 246)
Small o smalles en i ies o con en a e inc easingly e e ed o as
mic o-con en . Acco ding o Leene (2006) mic o-con en as such is no
new; i has been a ound since cen u ies. The e m mic o-con en eme ged
in conjunc ion wi h he de elopmen o da abases and la e web-based
communica ion.
“O iginally Jakob Nielsen (1998) e e ed o mic ocon en as small g oups o
wo ds ha can be skimmed by a pe son o ge a clea idea o he con en o a
Web page. He included a icle headlines, page i les, subjec lines and e-mail
headings. Such ph ases also may be aken ou o con ex and displayed on a
di ec o y, sea ch esul page, bookma k lis , e c.”4
Ano he use o he e m (also called mic o o ma 5) ex ends owa d o he
small in o ma ion chunks ha can s and alone o be used in a a ie y o
con ex s, including ins an messages, blog pos s, RSS eeds, and abs ac s.
4 See: h p://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Mic ocon en #ci e_no e-1
5 See: h p://en.wikipedia.o g/wiki/Mic o o ma )
Te minologija | 2014 | 21 1 7
In any case, hings ha e changed d ama ically since Anil Dash (2002:
2466) de ined ‘mic ocon en ’:
“Today, mic ocon en is being used as a mo e gene al e m indica ing con en
ha con eys one p ima y idea o concep , is accessible h ough a single
de ini i e URL o pe malink, and is app op ia ely w i en and o ma ed o
p esen a ion in email clien s, web b owse s, o on handheld de ices as needed.
A day’s wea he o ecas , he a i al and depa u e imes o an ai plane ligh ,
an abs ac om a long publica ion, o a single ins an message can all be
examples o mic ocon en .”
O he sou ces7 include cha ac e is ics o mic o-con en which he e
a e compa ed o e minological da a in he ollowing able:
Mic o-con en : Compa ed o e minological da a:
gene ic e m o an add essable
s uc u ed indi isible sel -con ained piece
o digi al in o ma ion (usually
monolingual)
 ep esen a ion o a concep by means
o a e minological eco d usually wi h
da a in mo e han one language
sel -con ained piece o in o ma ion which
can s and on i s own, i.e. he e is no
need o con ex since all he meaning is
con ained in i sel
( his cha ac e is ic does no apply o many
kinds o mic o-con en en i ies)
 his may apply o one language sec ion
o an indi idual e minological eco d o
low complexi y o o he whole e minological
eco d, i concep ela ions a e neglec ed
indi isible piece o in o ma ion which
can no longe be cu in o smalle use ul
pieces
( his cha ac e is ic does no apply o many
kinds o mic o-con en en i ies)
 his may apply o an indi idual language
sec ion o a e minological eco d
s uc u ed in he sense ha i does no
consis o a single blob o in o ma ion,
bu has s uc u e
 his also applies o mos TLCR
‘ex e nal s uc u e’ consis s o me ada a  da a ca ego ies a e used in e minology
managemen
add essable in he sense ha i is
add essable on he In e ne which implies
ha i has a pe malink
 his applies o he unique iden i ie
o each e minological eco d (as well
as o many o he kinds o eco ds) which
could – i web-based – be e ie ed h ough
a pe malink
6 See: h p://dashes.com/anil/2002/11/in oducing-mic ocon en -clien .h ml
7 See: h p://www.si as.com/mic ocon en /a icles/de ini ion/de ini ion.h ml
1 8 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en
Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies
and O he Language and Con en Resou ces)
Mic o-con en : Compa ed o e minological da a:
no necessa ily small, as i may in ac be
e y la ge in e ms o megaby es
 mo e o en han no his also applies
o TLCR, especially i non- e bal ep e-
sen a ions a e comp ised
lexible in he sense ha i is possible o
add new ields and hus enhance he
s uc u e o an i em
 his can (and inc easingly should) also
apply o many TLCR
ela ions be ween i ems migh exis
( his con lic s wi h he cha ac e is ic ‘sel -
con ained’)
 his also applies o e minological eco ds
i ems should be owned by hei au ho s
who should be able o change o dele e
an i em
 his inc easingly also applies o TLCR
de eloped and main ained unde web-based
and coope a i e app oaches
allows o e-use o an i em which can
also be called mashup
 his may – howe e , in a di e en way,
as i needs s ic e con ol in e minology –
also be applied o TLCR
needs a ‘con aine ’ in o de o be
exchanged and e-used o which a
‘ o ma ’ is needed
 his also applies o eco ds o TLCR
Fo mally speaking he me ada a, oo, a e a kind o mic o-con en o
which again one needs me ada a in o de o eco d and main ain hem in
me ada a egis ies acco ding o he se ies o in e na ional s anda ds ISO
11179.
F om he abo e one can ga he ha he di e ence be ween TLCR and
mic o-con en heo e ically is no a undamen al one. While mic o-con en
o he kind used in he In e ne is aiming a easily p oducing, simply e-
using and smoo hly e-pu posing he espec i e con en , TLCR ha e e ol ed
wi h he aim o sa is y minimum equi emen s o da a quali y, da a s abili y
and sus ainabili y. Besides, in he ield o e minology managemen he
mul i lingual app oach was p e ailing om he beginning.
Judging om he abo e, TLCR could be used wi hou g ea di icul yin
he o m o mic o-con en in he In e ne .
5. MICRO-CONTENT AND TLCR
A a gene al le el he e a e examples (see among o he s Leene 2006)
o mic o-con en ypes, such as:
Te minologija | 2014 | 21 2 5
equi emen o be easy o edi – jus as blog pos s a e. Fu he , mic ocon en
esul s in a p oli e a ion o mic ome ada a eco ds o a olume ha equi es a
ca e ul conside a ion om he echnical pe spec i e.” (Sánchez-Alonso e al.
2006: 296)
This shows ha he ha moniza ion o me ada a and hei applica ion
would be a le e owa ds implemen ing a highe deg ee o con en
in e ope abili y o his a ea o eCon en which would be pa icula ly
bene icial o he e icien c ea ion and applica ion o MLOs in eLea ning.
Te minology heo y and me hodology could se e as a bes p ac ice in
his connec ion. This is con i med by Sánchez-Alonso e al.:
“On he echnical side, mechanisms o he seman ic sea ch, selec ion and
agg ega ion o mic ocon en s a e equi ed i we wan o eally exploi he
bene i s o me ada a (Kope , 2004). Fu he , ools o he ‘mic o-anno a ion’ o
mic ocon en s o popula echnologies (blogs, Wikis, e c.) should be
de eloped and s udied om di e en pe spec i es – including human compu e
in e ac ion. On he concep ual side, he main open p oblem is how o embed
mic o-pedagogies o mic o-didac ics in o usable on ologies, so ha so wa e
ools can be de eloped o aid humans in he se ing o mic olea ning
con ex s– ...” (Sánchez-Alonso e al. 2006: 302)
Fu he in es iga ion is needed
• o analyse he da a models and o ma s (incl. he me ada a applied)
o di e en kinds o en i ies o s uc u ed con en a he le el o
lexical seman ics – incl. also he aspec o seman ically shallow s.
seman ically ich en i ies;
• o examine how he whole ield o en i ies o s uc u ed con en a
he le el o lexical seman ics can bene i om he mul ilingual and
mul imodal app oach o e minology managemen – gi en he ac
ha inc easingly mul ilinguali y is equi ed om many kinds o
mic o-con en ;
• o in es iga e he possibili y o a gene ic da a model o MLOs
co e ing mos o all o hese en i ies o s uc u ed con en a he
le el o lexical seman ics – a leas wi h espec o co e me ada a
necessa y o all o mos kinds o en i ies o s uc u ed con en a
he le el o lexical seman ics o be e-pu posed as MLOs.
Sánchez-Alonso e al. (2006: 302) a e igh when s a ing: “… bu o
his, s udies on lea ning heo ies mus come be o e ac ual on ology
enginee ing”.

2 6 Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez, Di e ences and Simila i ies o Mic o-con en
Ch is ian Galinski and S uc u ed Con en (Including Te minologies
and O he Language and Con en Resou ces)
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Te minologija | 2014 | 21 2 7
Zumpe S., Esswein W. 2002: Simpli ica ion o Knowledge Disco e y using “S uc u e Classi ica ion”. – Gaul W.,
Ri e G. Classi ica ion, Au oma ion, and New Media: P oceedings o he 24 h Annual Con e ence o he Gesellsch
a ü Klassi ika ione.V., Uni e si y o Passau, Ma ch 15-17, 2000, D esden, Ge many: Sp inge , 245-252
[ iewed 1. June 2013]. A ailable om: h p://link.sp inge .com/chap e /10.1007/978-3-642-55991-4_26
MIKROTURINIO IR STRUKTŪRINIO TURINIO (ĮSKAITANT TERMINIJĄ
IR KITUS KALBOS BEI TURINIO IŠTEKLIUS) SKIRTUMAI IR PANAŠUMAI
Elek oninio u inio a kyboje y a s ičių, okių kaip e minologiniai duomenys,
biblio ekų in o macija, daugelis p oduk ų pag indinių duomenų ūšių, ku iose u inio
iš ekliai – i dėl s anda iza imo pas angų – ampa in eg uojami a ben sude inami.
Ki ose s i yse galima pas ebė i išsisky imo endencijas, dėl ku ių galiausiai iš yškėja
didžiulis pas angų dublia imas. Š ie imo i mokymo s i yje y a labai daug u inio kū-
ėjų i da daugiau šios s i ies u inio iš eklių, ski ų moky ojams i mokiniams. Dau-
gelį šių iš eklių suda o leksinės seman ikos lygmens s uk ū inis u inys, apiman is e -
minologinius, leksikog a inius duomenis i ki us u inio iš eklius. Daba okie duome-
nys laikomi i mik o u iniu.
Anks esniuose da buose e minologiniai, leksikog a iniai duomenys i ki i u inio iš-
ekliai bu o laikomi pag indinėmis leksinės seman ikos lygmens s uk ū inio u inio
ūšimis. Daba pe žiū imame ISO 1087:2000 s anda e e minija apib ėžiama kaip „žy-
miklių, p iklausančių ienai specialiajai kalbai, aibė“. Žymiklis apib ėžiamas kaip „ženk
las, ku iuo žymima są oka“. Šio e mino s aipsnio pas aboje ašoma, kad „ e minolo-
gijos da be ski iamos ys žymiklių ūšys: e minai, simboliai i ik iniai a dai“. Šios i
ki os apib ėž ys iesiogiai a ne iesiogiai apima i nekalbinius są okų i a dų (įskai an
ik inius a dus) ženklus, ku ie y a s a būs daugelyje s ičių, ypač š ie imo s i yje.
Mik o u inys y a labai naudingas i eikalingas į ai iems e slo, iešojo adminis a imo
ikslams, aip pa elek oniniam mokymui(si), ačiau jis da e ai ampa sis emiškai išplė o-
u mokymosi objek u. Š ie imo s i ies u iniui aikomi me odai u i bū i sude inami am,
kad suku iems mokymosi objek ams aip pa bū ų būdingas seman inis sude inamumas.
Mik omokymosi i mik odidak ikos s i ies li e a ū oje ap a iami i mik omokymosi
objek ai. Šio s aipsnio ikslas y a nus a y i, kiek mik omokymosi objek o są oka susi-
jusi su mik o u inio są oka. Sis emiškai aikan e minologijos me odologiją galima
page in i į ai iapusišką mik o u inio kaip mik omokymosi objek ų naudojimą. A si as-
ų daugiau mik o u inio naudojimo galimybių, jį bū ų galima sude in i i su elek oni-
niu u iniu apsk i ai, i panaudo i elek oniniam mokymui(si).
Gau a 2014-06-05
Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pe ez
Cen e o T ansla ion S udies, Uni e si y o Vienna
Gymnasiums asse 50, 1190 Vienna, Aus ia
E-mail sgi aldo@in o e m.o g
Ch is ian Galinski
In e na ional In o ma ion Cen e o Te minology (In o e m)
Gymnasiums asse 50, 1190 Vienna, Aus ia
E-mail cgalinski@in o e m.o g