24 Te minology and Mic olea ning: Con as ing
Thei Respec i e Me hods and Con en
Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez
Ch is ian Galinski
doi.o g/10.35321/ e m31-02
Te minology and Mic olea ning: Con as ing
Thei Respec i e Me hods and Con en
Te minija i mik omokymasis: me odų i u inio
sug e inimas
BLANCA STELLA GIRALDO PÉREZ
In o e m
ORCID id: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0000-9944-0396
CHRISTIAN GALINSKI
In o e m
ORCID id: h ps://o cid.o g/0009-0005-0873-4206
ABSTRACT
In he ield o e minology, a dis inc ion is made be ween e minological science and
i s me hods on he one hand and e minology (o e minologies) in he sense o e -
minological da a on he o he . Conce ning mic olea ning you can make a simila dis-
inc ion be ween Mic olea ning as a subjec ield wi h i s me hods and mic olea ning
objec s in he sense o in o ma ion objec s o eaching and lea ning. The wo ields
a e s emming om o ally di e en oo s. Thei p ac ical esul s, iz. e minological
en ies and mic olea ning objec s (mic oLO) – especially i hey ep esen scien i -
ic o echnical concep s – ha e much in common when compa ing hei me ada a.
Di e en communica i e oles dis inguish e minological en ies – which a e con-
cep -based by de aul – om concep -based mic olea ning objec s (CBmic oLO).
F om a mic ocon en pe spec i e, Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez (2022) p oposes
a gene ic app oach o achie e comp ehensi e con en in e ope abili y be ween
e minological en ies and CBmic oLOs, which bo h a e di e en kinds o con-
cep -based mic ocon en en ies (CBmic oCE), hough wi h di e en communi-
ca i e oles. Unde his pe spec i e, hey ha e much in common and could la gely
bene i om imp o ed con en in e ope abili y. The gene ic app oach p oposed
may also apply o o he kinds o CBmic oCEs, especially in Linked Open Da a
(LOD) en i onmen s. In his connec ion, he applica ion o he FAIR Guiding
P inciples ( indabili y, accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and eusabili y o s uc u ed
con en ) is essen ial. To achie e his aim, he au ho s p opose s anda diza ion ac-
i i ies o a i e a a ha monized me hodology o all kinds o CBmic oCEs – in-
cluding he ha moniza ion o he me ada a (especially he co e me ada a) in ol ed.
25Te minologija | 2024 | 31
KEYWORDS: e minology, mic olea ning, mic ocon en , concep -based mic ocon en
en y (CBmic oCE), concep -based mic olea ning objec (CBmic oLO), quali ied
e minological en y (QTE), con en in e ope abili y, co e me ada a, FAIR Guiding
P inciples.
ANOTACIJA
Te minologijos s i yje ski iami e minologijos mokslas i jo me odai bei e minija
(a ba e minijos) e minologinių duomenų p asme. Kalban apie mik omokymą-
si, galima panašiai a ski i mik omokymąsi kaip dalykinę s i į su jos me odais i
mik omokymosi objek us kaip mokymo i mokymosi in o macinius objek us. Abi
s i ys y a ski ingos p igim ies. Jų p ak iniai ezul a ai, . y. e minologiniai į ašai
i mik omokymosi objek ai – ypač jei jie a s o auja mokslinėms a echninėms
są okoms – u i daug bend o lyginan jų me aduomenis. Ski ingi komunikaci-
niai aidmenys išski ia e minologinius į ašus, ku ie pagal nu ylėjimą y a pag įs i
są okomis, nuo są okomis pag įs ų mik omokymosi objek ų.
Iš mik o u inio pe spek y os Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez (2022) siūlo bend ą
koncepciją, kaip pasiek i isapusišką u inio są eikumą a p e minologinių į ašų
i są okomis pag įs ų mik omokymosi objek ų, ku ie abu y a są okomis pag įs i
mik o u inio į ašai, ik ski ingo ipo, no s i a lieka ski ingus komunikacinius
aidmenis. A siž elgian į ai, jie u i daug bend o i galė ų iš esmės gau i naudos
iš ge esnio u inio są eikumo. Siūloma bend oji koncepcija aip pa gali bū i aiko-
ma ki ų ipų są okomis pag įs iems mik o u inio į ašams, ypač susie ųjų a i ųjų
duomenų (LOD) aplinkoje. Šiuo a ž ilgiu labai s a bu aiky i pag indinius FAIR
p incipus (su andamumas, p ieinamumas, są eikumas, paka o inis s uk ū inio
u inio naudojimas). Siekdami šio ikslo, au o iai siūlo s anda izacijos eiklą, kad
bū ų suku a sude in a isų ūšių są okomis pag įs ų mik o u inio į ašų me odika,
įskai an me aduomenų (ypač pama inių me aduomenų) sude inimą.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: e minija, mik omokymasis, mik o u inys, są okomis pag įs as mik o-
u inio į ašas, są okomis pag įs as mik omokymosi objek as, k ali ikuo as e minologi-
nis į ašas, u inio są eikumas, pama iniai me aduomenys, pag indiniai FAIR p incipai.
1. MOTIVATION AND BASIC CONCEPTS
This con ibu ion is mo i a ed by he inc easing need o con en eusabil-
i y, con en in eg a ion, and con en in e ope abili y, especially o hose
kinds o s uc u ed con en (Galinski, Gi aldo Pé ez 2012) ha a e also
called mic ocon en .
Acco ding o a ious sou ces (analysed and ci ed in Gi aldo Pé ez
2022), mic ocon en was o iginally de ined as:
–a gene al e m indica ing con en ha con eys one p ima y idea o
concep ,
26 Te minology and Mic olea ning: Con as ing
Thei Respec i e Me hods and Con en
Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez
Ch is ian Galinski
– a gene ic e m being ep esen ed by an add essable s uc u ed indi-
isible sel -con ained piece o digi al in o ma ion,
– being cha ac e ized by o ma , ocus, au onomy, s uc u e, add ess-
abili y,
– add essable h ough a single de ini i e URL o pe malink.
Di e en ypes o mic ocon en en i ies also occu in a ious kinds o
uns uc u ed con en bu cons i u e elemen s o such con en .
Mic ocon en en i ies a e c ea ed as da abase en ies s uc u ed acco d-
ing o me ada a o be eusable. In line wi h he o iginal de ini ions o
mic ocon en , hese en ies can be called concep -based mic ocon en en-
ies (CBmic oCE). In his sense, e minological en ies in e minology
da abases (TDB) a e a ypical kind o CBmic oCEs. The same applies o
well-s uc u ed lexicog aphical en ies. I could also apply o ce ain kinds
o lea ning objec s, i hey a e ocused on one concep o meaning, hus
becoming concep -based mic olea ning objec s (CBmic oLO), ano he
kind o CBmic oCEs.
I he co e in o ma ion o be con eyed by a CBmic oLO e e s o a sci-
en i ic- echnical concep , i has much in common wi h he e minological
en y ep esen ing he same concep . Thus, CBmic oCE is an umb ella
concep including among o he s:
– Te minological en ies (i possible, quali ied e minological en ies:
QTE),
– CBmic oLOs e e ing o scien i ic- echnical concep s,
– Lexicog aphical da a, which can be used o eused in bo h, e mi-
nological en ies and CBmic oLOs (incl. CBmic oLO o language
eaching/lea ning).
This aises he ques ions: Wha is he di e ence be ween he e mino-
logical app oach (and e minological en ies) on he one hand and he mi-
c olea ning app oach (and CBmic oLOs) on he o he , and how can con-
en in e ope abili y be ween a ious kinds o CBmic oCEs be achie ed
despi e di e en app oaches?
The ensuing ques ion is: How can he mic ocon en app oach imp o e
indabili y, accessibili y, in e ope abili y, and eusabili y, as well as issues
o con en quali y and con en cu a ion gi en he huge amoun s o mic o-
con en en i ies ha can be ound on he In e ne ?
To eassess he impac o he p oposed gene ic app oach on p ac ical
implemen a ion, his a icle is s uc u ed in o he ollowing sec ions:
27Te minologija | 2024 | 31
–Con as ingly desc ibing e minological en ies and CBmic oLOs (2),
–Con as ingly desc ibing he summa izing he e minological ap-
p oach and he mic olea ning app oach (3),
–Analy ically compa ing he me ada a o QTEs and quali ied CBmi-
c oLOs (QCBmic oLO) (4),
–Con empla ing linking app oaches needed o ul il he equi emen s o
comp ehensi e con en in e ope abili y also enhancing da a quali y (5),
– Con empla ing an iden i ica ion sys em o concep s and hei ep-
esen a ions (6).
2. TERMINOLOGICAL ENTRIES
AND CBMICROLOS
Acco ding o he o iginal de ini ion o mic ocon en , mic ocon en en i ies
should be “concep -based” by de aul , bu un o una ely, mos o hem
a e cu en ly implemen ed in heo y- and me hodology-poo sys em de-
sign. This equi es sepa a ing he whea om he cha o mic ocon en
and applying – p e e ably in e na ionally s anda dized – commonly used
me ada a and da a modelling p inciples o any kind o CBmic oCEs o be
conside ed quali ied. This is especially impo an conce ning e minolog-
ical en ies and CBmic oLOs which belong o he mos p ominen CBmi-
c oCEs ep esen ing scien i ic o echnical concep s o a domain o subjec .
Quali y o con en is undamen al bu di icul o achie e, as i de-
pends on se e al ac o s which, combined, esul in quali ied CBmic oCEs
(QCBmic oCE). Applied o e minology en ies, hey esul in QTEs; ap-
plied o CBmic oLOs hey become QCBmic oLOs.
Mo eo e , lexicog aphical da a canno be a oided in QTEs and a e
e en mo e necessa y in QCBmic oLOs. In e minological en ies, in o -
ma ion o ins ance on noun gende , singula and plu al o ms, e c. a e
ei he neglec ed, because hey can be aken om lexicog aphical da a, o
mus be made explici i hey de ia e om usage in gene al language.
The goals and o ma s o quali ied lexicog aphical en ies (QLE) in CB-
mic oCE- o ma – i.e. ocusing on one idea o concep – a e mo e a ied
han hose o QTEs and hus:
– ocus on one lexicog aphical en y o each “meaning” ep esen ed
by one o mo e wo ds, complex wo ds, wo d combina ions, o mul i-
wo d en i ies,
– occu in communica ion ac s using gene al language,
28 Te minology and Mic olea ning: Con as ing
Thei Respec i e Me hods and Con en
Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez
Ch is ian Galinski
– can p o ide explana ions o he “meaning” o lexical en i ies,
– may indica e co ec gene al language ocabula y use (depending on
he p o iciency le el o he use ).
The main communica i e ole o lexicog aphical en ies in he CBmi-
c oCE o ma is “gene al language communica ion”, which also may ha e
a ious sub-ca ego ies. To non-expe s o a domain o subjec , he con en
o lexicog aphical en ies in a dic iona y migh look like ha o e mino-
logical en ies:
Table 1. Example o he con en o a lexicog aphical en y (cons uc ed by he au ho s)
DATA: METADATA:
claw hamme headwo d / lemma
echnology domain / subjec
noun pa o speech
/language indica ion clea om con ex o s uc u e/ language (explici in he da abase)
~ a e designed p ima ily o ca ying ou ca -
pen e s’ woodwo k bu can also be used o mos
o he o he unc ions o hamme s (see: “ham-
me ”). Fo woodwo k, especially o ex ac ing
nails o simila objec s ou o wood o o he ma-
e ials one end o he hamme ’s head is shaped
as a claw.
de ini ion / explana ion
(incl. c oss- e e ences, depending
on he design)
/one o mo e images o ypical claw hamme s/ non-linguis ic ep esen a ion
(Sou ce: /cons uc ed by he au ho s/) sou ce (explici in he da abase)
I could be deba ed whe he he da a o he lexicog aphical en y abo e
can be seen as a kind o specialized lexicog aphical da a. In any case, he e
is mo e a ia ion in lexicog aphical en ies han in QTEs, which a e seen
as pa o he concep sys em o which a QTE belongs. The dis inc ion o
en i ies o specialized lexicog aphy seen by some as e minological da a
and by o he s as lexicog aphical da a would cease o ma e i hei com-
munica i e ole we e made explici .
2.1. Te minological en ies
The main objec i e o QTEs is:
– o ocus on scien i ic and echnical concep s and hei ep esen a-
ions, as well as hei concep ual ela ions o neighbou ing concep s,
and he e o e:

29Te minologija | 2024 | 31
= one e minological en y is p o ided o each concep
= alling unde a slo in a knowledge o de ing sys em
= can be ep esen ed by one mo e designa ions (incl. synonyms,
di e en modali ies)
= can p o ide designa ions (equi alen s) in o he languages
= should p o ide one concise de ini ion (o explana ion)
= can, i necessa y, p o ide localized ep esen a ions o non-lin-
guis ic da a
– o be p ima ily used by expe -le el use s o knowledgeable use s
(incl. specialized ansla o s, echnical w i e s, e c.)
– o mee he equi emen s o au ho i a i eness, conciseness, and co -
ec ness
– o be complian wi h pe inen me hodology s anda ds
In a wo d, he main “communica i e ole” o e minological en ies is
knowledge ep esen a ion o he sake o specialized communica ion. I
may ha e sub-ca ego ies depending on he kind o domain knowledge, he
communica ion modali y, e c.
The e a e di e en kinds o e minological en ies, e en among he
pu ely concep -based ones. I con en comp ehensi eness and p ecision a e
equi ed, he da a o e minological en ies should o e en mus be based
on one o he o he kind o concep sys em. Especially in p esc ip i e e -
minology wo k, he esul ing e minological en ies a e concep -based by
de aul and usually managed acco ding o ha monized in e na ional s an-
da ds. The applica ion o hese s anda ds mos likely esul s in quali ied
e minological en ies (QTE).
The concep o a e minological en y is ep esen ed by:
–a designa ion, de ined in ISO 1087 as “a sign which deno es [ he con-
cep ] in a domain o subjec ”, whe eby he designa ion can be a e m
including appella ions, a p ope name o a symbol,
–a de ini ion, de ined ibidem as “an exp ession ha desc ibes [ he con-
cep ] and di e en ia es i om ela ed concep s”.
Conce ning he ep esen a ions indica ed abo e, bo h can be linguis ic
and non-linguis ic – in p ac ice e en he de ini ion – depending on he
subjec o modali y used.
Example o a e minological en y (cons uc ed):
30 Te minology and Mic olea ning: Con as ing
Thei Respec i e Me hods and Con en
Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez
Ch is ian Galinski
Table 2. Example o he con en o a e minological en y (cons uc ed by he au ho s)
DATA: METADATA:
claw hamme designa ion
<ca pen e ools> domain / subjec
en language iden i ie
hamme hamme p ima ily used in ca pen y o d i ing nails o
o he as ene s in o o pulling nails om wood
de ini ion
hamme hamme supe o dina e concep
non-linguis ic ep esen a ion
(a conc e e p esen a ion may
be subjec o copy igh )
No e 1: A ypical claw hamme has a me al head wi h
a pai o downwa d-cu ing V-shaped claws on one
side which a e used o p ying and ex ac ing nails o
o he ix u es om wood.
addi ional in o ma ion
Sou ce: / a ious sou ces combined by au ho s/) sou ce
The e minological en y o he supe o dina e concep migh look like:
hamme , n.
en
<s iking ools> hand ool designed o deli e ing epea ed blows on o pounding a small
a ea o an objec
No e 1: Hand hamme s consis o a handle and s iking head, wi h he head o en
made o me al wi h a hole in he cen e o ecei e a wooden handle.
No e 2: Hamme s a e used o a ious pu poses, including d i ing objec s such as
nails in o wood o o he ma e ials, b eaking objec s in o smalle pieces, shaping o
o ming me al, adjus ing o assembling pa s, and demoli ion wo k.
(Sou ce: /cons uc ed by he au ho s/)
The mic ocon en app oach could b idge he heo e ical-me hodologi-
cal gap be ween e minological app oaches and lexicog aphical app oaches
(Budin 2004) gi en he ac ha :
–expe s o all so s canno a oid aspec s o co ec g amma use, em-
bedding o e minological en i ies in specialized ex s (incl. e mi-
nological ph asemes) and gene al ex s (incl. colloca ions), “ ulga -
iza ion” o e minological en i ies depending on he audience, e c.,
31Te minologija | 2024 | 31
– lay people canno a oid using p ecise e minology in mo e and mo e
communica ion si ua ions,
– eache s and lea ne s o a specialized language canno a oid he
combined use o gene al language and e minology.
This coincides wi h “old” indica ions ha he e is no clea -cu bo de -
line be ween e minological en ies and specialized lexicog aphical en ies
on he one hand, and specialized language and gene al language on he
o he hand.
2.2. CBmic oLO en ies
Seen om a mic ocon en pe spec i e (i.e., based on an idea o concep ),
CBmic oLO en ies a e also CBmic oCEs. They can comp ise he ollow-
ing in o ma ion didac ically p esen ed o eaching and lea ning:
–Scien i ic- echnical concep s ep esen ed by e minological in o -
ma ion,
– Indi idual objec s ep esen ed by p ope names and objec p ope -
ies,
– Topics o hemes,
– Some kinds o ac s,
– Gene al language uni s, such as wo ds, wo d elemen s, complex
wo ds o colloca ions, sho u e ances, e c.
Cu en ly, didac ic ca ego ies in mos CBmic oLOs a e no sys em-
a ically applied o explici . O en, hey occu as pa o la ge LOs o o
a mic olesson. When hey a e ex ac ed o euse o e-pu posing, hey
mos ly lose he da a o didac ic ca ego ies. Thus, hey a e no indable by
he didac ic ca ego y and he e o e no eusable as desi ed.
The ollowing da a o a CBmic oLO is gea ed owa ds child en o ge
amilia wi h he concep o “hamme ” and some o i s uses (e.g., as kids’
oys), ypes and cha ac e is ics:
Table 3. Example o he con en o a CBmic oLO o child en
DATA: METADATA:
hamme name o ool
(use o handheld ools) (applica ion)
/language indica ion clea om con ex o s uc u e/ language (explici in he da abase)
32 Te minology and Mic olea ning: Con as ing
Thei Respec i e Me hods and Con en
Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez
Ch is ian Galinski
This is a hamme (+ isualiza ion)
This is also a hamme (+ isualiza ion)
This oo is a hamme (+ isualiza ion)
hamme s belong o use ul ools (+ isualiza ion)
Hamme s a e use ul o many hings:
- o ix some hing (+ isualiza ion)
- o des oy some hing (+ isualiza ion )
- o epai some hing (+ isualiza ion)
- o bend some hing (+ isualiza ion)
- …
Hamme s a e hea y – so be ca e ul! (+ isualiza ion)
Explana ions
(Sou ce: /cons uc ed by he au ho s/) sou ce (explici in he da abase)
The ollowing CBmic oLO ep esen ing he concep o “claw hamme ”
is gea ed owa ds youngs e s o no ices o lea ning abou claw hamme s
and how o use hem (e.g., o ca pen e s’ woodwo k):
Table 4. Example o he con en o a CBmic oLO ep esen ing he concep o “claw hamme ” o youngs e s o
no ice lea ne s
DATA: METADATA:
claw hamme name o handheld ool
handheld ools subjec
/language indica ion clea om con ex o s uc u e/ language (explici in he da a-
base)
claw hamme s a e a kind o hamme especially
o woodwo k by ca pen e s (+ isualiza ion o
a ypical kind o claw hamme )
The e a e di e en kinds o claw hamme s o di-
e en pu poses (+ isualiza ion)
Like mos o he hamme s i consis s o a handle
and s iking head, wi h he head o en made o
me al wi h a hole in he cen e o ecei e a wo-
oden handle. (+ isualiza ion)
I i is used like o he hamme s, i can be used o
s iking (+ isualiza ion)
One side o he claw hamme is V-shaped o
ex ac ing nails o simila objec s. Fo his
pu pose, hold he claw hamme like his (+
isualiza ion)
I you wan o use i o ixing objec s, ake he
claw hamme like his (+ isualiza ion)
Explana ions
(Sou ce: /cons uc ed by he au ho s/) sou ce (explici in he da abase)
39Te minologija | 2024 | 31
Quali ied CBmic oCEs a e s uc u ed acco ding o me ada a and sha e
mos o he essen ial cha ac e is ics such as s uc u e, ocus, being “small”,
being elemen a y (whe he “p imi i e” o “composi e”), being sel -con-
ained s and-alone en i ies, encompassing a ce ain comple eness o in o -
ma ion, and p o iding concep ual con ex . As o QTEs, p o iding con-
cep ual con ex as well as using and e e ing o au ho i a i e sou ces,
belongs o he equi emen s o being conside ed “quali ied”. On he o he
hand, he app op ia eness o he didac ic ea u es applied o a gi en pu -
pose and use ype is a main quali ying equi emen o CBmic oLOs.
Common o bo h is he ac ha ue CBmic oCEs a e mo e likely o be
eusable and in e ope able han o he kinds o mic ocon en – especially
when hey a e QTEs o QCBmic oLOs.
Conce ning he deg ee o heo e ical and me hodological ma u i y, he
ield o e minology is e y ad anced as p o ed by he exis ence o a la ge
se o in e na ional s anda ds gea ed owa ds di e en applica ions. The
ield o mic olea ning shows a lowe deg ee o ma u i y among o he s e i-
den by he lack o in e na ional s anda ds. One o he easons o his ac
could be hei ela i e lack o isibili y (and he e o e indabili y) in he
ield o eLea ning, as hey a e o en embedded in la ge lea ning objec s.
The g ea a ie y o app oaches and applica ions in he ield o mic ole-
a ning is no conduci e o eaching a highe deg ee o ma u i y seen om
he iewpoin o eusabili y and in e ope abili y. Thus, he ield o mic o-
lea ning could bene i conside ably om adap ing o adop ing aspec s o
he e minological app oach. Despi e hei di e en communica i e ole
and he addi ional se o me ada a necessa y o CBmic oLOs, hese wo
ypes o CBmic oCEs a e highly complemen a y. I hei app oaches could
be ha monized, bo h would lead o a highe deg ee o comp ehensi e con-
en in e ope abili y – he same mos likely could apply o o he kinds o
CBmic oCEs.
Fu he o he abo e, any CBmic oCE can occu in all kinds o ex s,
media, documen s, o modali ies (o human communica ion). The e o e,
he de elopmen o a “gene ic app oach” o all kinds o CBmic oCEs in-
ol ed many aspec s hi he o conside ed un ela ed. The po en ial ad an-
ages and bene i s o c oss- e iliza ion o he whole ield o mic ocon en
made i wo hwhile o eexamine exis ing da a models – s a ing wi h a
compa ison o hei me ada a.

40 Te minology and Mic olea ning: Con as ing
Thei Respec i e Me hods and Con en
Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez
Ch is ian Galinski
4. METADATA OCCURRING
IN QTES AND QCBMICROLOS
Below, majo me ada a needed o s uc u ing QTEs and QCmic oLOs a e
g ouped, analysed and con as ed unde he iewpoin o hei impo ance
o con en in e ope abili y. The e m “da a ca ego y” is used in e minol-
ogy managemen , bu da a ca ego ies a e also me ada a – and me ada a
can also be seen as CBmic oCEs. The selec ion is by a no comple e, as
i is in ended o p o o ypically show how he linked da a app oach could
ul il he in en ions o a gene ic app oach.
The me ada a o which a en ion is gi en he e does no conside hose
e e ing o global in o ma ion (GI) de ined in ISO 26162-1, clause 3.2.5
as “ echnical and adminis a i e in o ma ion applying o he en i e e mi-
nological da a collec ion”. GI comp ises o ins ance he i le o he e mino-
logical da a collec ion, e ision his o y, owne o copy igh in o ma ion,
which o a mo e sophis ica ed sea ch migh also become signi ican unde
he iewpoin o eusabili y and in e ope abili y. The same applies o some
o he adminis a i e and echnical da a occu ing in indi idual e mino-
logical en ies o sec ions he eo .
4.1. Me ada a o designa i e concep ep esen a ions
Concep s a e no only designa ed by e ms bu can also be designa ed by
o he designa i e concep ep esen a ions, such as “ e ms, names, signs,
and symbols. The e can be e ms and names (and hei abb e ia ed o ms) in
di e en modali ies (and g amma ical s uc u e, depending on he language),
( isual, audio and audio- isual) sign and symbol sys ems, as well as combina-
ions o all kinds o e bal and non- e bal elemen s. Fu he mo e, con en ions
in a ious domains and subjec s di e – no o men ion compe ing names o he
same “ hing” e en wi hin he same language o socie al en i onmen .” (Gi aldo
Pé ez 2022: 217)
The me ada a o designa i e concep ep esen a ions can be g ouped
in o he ollowing subg oups:
– Te ms and e m-like ep esen a ions,
–Le e symbols,
–G aphical symbols,
– O he audio- isual symbols,
– The abo e in any communica ion modali y.
41Te minologija | 2024 | 31
I is impo an o ecognize ha QCBmic oLOs, oo, can ocus on any
o he abo e. I hey e e o he same scien i ic o echnical concep , he
me ada a a e also he same as in QTEs, bu he communica i e ole is
ce ainly di e en .
4.2. Me ada a o desc ip i e concep ep esen a ions
De ini ions, o concise desc ip ions o explana ions o concep s a e c i ical
in he ield o e minology o di e en ia e one concep om i s neighbou -
ing concep s. Well-chosen o well-cons uc ed non- e bal desc ip i e con-
cep ep esen a ions, as well as con ex s o examples, can be used ins ead
o o in addi ion o e bal desc ip i e concep ep esen a ions. Non- e bal
desc ip i e concep ep esen a ions a e signi ican ly mo e needed as didac-
ic ea u es in QCBmic oLOs o con ey in o ma ion abou a concep o
educa ional / didac ic pu poses.
In line wi h he abo e, me ada a o desc ip i e concep ep esen a ions
can be g ouped in o he ollowing subg oups:
– Ve bal desc ip i e concep ep esen a ion,
– Non- e bal desc ip i e concep ep esen a ion,
– The abo e in any modali y (o human communica ion).
Again, i is impo an o ecognize ha all he abo e can be used in
QCBmic oLOs. Bu i is mo e likely ha didac ic ea u es a e applied o
de ini ions, concep desc ip ions o o he kinds o desc ip i e concep ep-
esen a ion (including o he modali ies). Mo eo e , one o mo e examples,
exe cises, es ques ions, e c. may need o be added. In any case, checking
he QCBmic oLO’s con en – especially he desc ip i e concep ep esen-
a ions – agains he espec i e QTE can be eassu ing o he use , whe he
he ins uc o o he lea ne .
4.3. Me ada a o concep ual con ex
Acco ding o Gi aldo Pe ez (2022:159), “[ ]he concep ual con ex in e mi-
nological en ies e e s o he mic os uc u e o knowledge (i.e., concep ual mi-
c o-con ex ) i i indica es he ela ion o a concep o neighbou ing concep s o
i s posi ion in a concep sys em; o o he mac os uc u e o knowledge (i.e., con-
cep ual mac o-con ex ) i i indica es he domain o subjec o which i belongs.”
Thus, he me ada a o concep ual con ex can be g ouped in o concep ual
mic o-con ex and mac o-con ex .
42 Te minology and Mic olea ning: Con as ing
Thei Respec i e Me hods and Con en
Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez
Ch is ian Galinski
A he le el o concep ual mic o-con ex he e can be e bal o non- e -
bal concep ual mic o-con ex ela ions o one o mo e o he ollowing:
–Supe o dina e concep ,
–B oade concep ,
– Coo dina e concep ,
– O he wise ela ed concep .
A he le el o concep ual mac o-con ex , he e can be e bal o
non- e bal mac o-con ex concep ep esen a ions (in he o m o [ele-
men s o ] heme classi ica ion by Wüs e 1971) including:
– Classes o domain o subjec classi ica ion,
– Thesau us e ms (desc ip o s, non-desc ip o s, e c.),
– (mac o-con ex concep s ep esen ed by) Indexing e ms,
– O he kinds o mac o-con ex concep ep esen a ions.
Again, i is impo an o ecognize ha he abo e also plays a ole o
QCBmic oLOs hough p obably no as s ic as in e minology manage-
men . I hey e e o he same concep , he me ada a a e also he same as
in QTEs, bu hei communica i e ole is di e en . In addi ion, smalle o
younge domains o subjec s could conside ha hey canno be adequa e-
ly ep esen ed in exis ing la ge knowledge o de ing schemes and mus
de elop hei own.
In any case, he knowledge o de ing aspec will equi e u he con-
side a ion in u u e s anda diza ion ac i i ies. ISO/TC 37 is cu en ly
e ising he ISO/TS 24634 echnical speci ica ion, which is ocused on
Te mBase eXchange (TBX) and may no be uni e sally applicable o o he
kinds o s uc u ed con en .
4.4. Me ada a o didac ic in o ma ion in CBmic oLOs
Didac ic ca ego ies e e o uni e sal aspec s o didac ics used in eaching
and lea ning o combine ins uc ional and lea ning p ocesses o a aining
lea ning goals. They a e linked o lea ning heo ies and ela ed pedagog-
ical echniques whose app oaches aim o impac lea ne s’ mo i a ion and
engagemen , and o os e hei lea ning in e es .
The explici indica ion o didac ic ca ego ies acco ding o ha monized
me ada a would highly enhance he indabili y and eusabili y o CBmi-
c oLOs. Gi aldo Pé ez (2022) iden i ied he ollowing didac ic ca ego ies
om pe inen li e a u e:
43Te minologija | 2024 | 31
–pedagogical app oach
–lea ning con ex
= domain o subjec 3
= ype o lea ne
= educa ional le el
= didac ic exploi a ion
= accessibili y le el
–lea ning objec i e
–lea ning s a egies
–lea ning ac i i ies
–lea ning s yles
Some o he abo e may need o be u he di e en ia ed by speci ic
me ada a.
An indica ion o he exis ence o in o ma ion on he espec i e didac ic
ca ego y would enhance he indabili y and eusabili y o a CBmic oLO o
eaching / lea ning pu poses. The wo k on inding ha monized me ada a
o each didac ic ca ego y s ill needs o be done. Anyhow, he me ada a
po en ially needed o desc ibe didac ic ca ego ies a e unique o QCBmi-
c oLOs. They a e no used in e minology, as he objec i e o e minol-
ogy di e s om ha o mic olea ning. Fo da a modelling, he me ada a
desc ibing didac ic ca ego ies should be de eloped sys ema ically and be
anspa en o use s, whe he hey a e ins uc o s o lea ne s.
4.5. Me ada a o complemen a y and seconda y in o ma ion
E en hough called complemen a y o seconda y in o ma ion, some o
his in o ma ion is by no means unimpo an , among o he s unde he
pe spec i e o he FAIR p inciples.
Acco ding o ISO 26162-1:2019, 3.2.6, complemen a y in o ma ion
(CI) “includes among o he s he indica ion o domain hie a chies, ins i-
u ion desc ip ions, bibliog aphic e e ences, and e e ences o ex co po a
<...>”. Taking bibliog aphic e e ences as an example, he sho es o m o
a e e ence can be ound in he s anda dized numbe ing sys ems o all
kinds o publica ions. Thus, an ISBN is he unique iden i ie o a e e ence
o a published book. Using hese numbe s a oids o e cha ging CBmic o-
CEs wi h bibliog aphic da a and suppo s p ocesses o linked da a.
3 Domain o subjec could coincide wi h he me ada a e e ing o concep ual mac o-con ex .
44 Te minology and Mic olea ning: Con as ing
Thei Respec i e Me hods and Con en
Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez
Ch is ian Galinski
Seconda y in o ma ion acco ding o ISO 10241-1 can e e o g am-
ma ical in o ma ion, s a us in o ma ion, language o sc ip code (o bo h),
geog aphical use, p onuncia ion, e c. They can be di ec ly assigned o in-
di idual da a ield con en , sec ions o a eco d o he whole eco d. Lan-
guage iden i ie s o ins ance a e highly ele an o indica e he language
no only o ce ain da a like e bal designa i e and desc ip i e concep
ep esen a ions, bu also o any kind o con en , as well as o use in e -
aces o elec onic de ices, e c. They a e usually aken om he ISO 639
language code4, which i sel is a sys em o QCBmic oCEs.
Ce ainly, he abo e also applies o CBmic oLOs, al hough i s use has
no been o malized as i is in QTEs. In QCBmic oLOs, addi ional com-
plemen a y o seconda y in o ma ion could be used, such as he educa-
ional co(n) ex in which a CBmic oLO occu s.
5. LINKING DATA WITHIN
AND BETWEEN QCBMICROCES
In compu ing, linked da a is s uc u ed da a which is in e linked wi h
o he da a so i becomes mo e use ul h ough seman ic que ies. “S uc-
u ed da a e e s o da a ha is o ganized and o ma ed in a speci ic way o
make i easily eadable and unde s andable by bo h humans and machines. This
is ypically achie ed h ough he use o a well-de ined schema o da a model,
which p o ides a s uc u e o he da a. S uc u ed da a is ypically ound in
da abases and sp eadshee s, and is cha ac e ized by i s o ganized na u e. Each
da a elemen is ypically assigned a speci ic ield o column in he schema, and
each eco d o ow ep esen s a speci ic ins ance o ha da a” (Geeks o Geeks).
The links be ween da a in an en i y a e o en de ined by ela ionships
ha exis be ween di e en da a elemen s and can be es ablished h ough
a ious mechanisms, such as keys and e e ences (ERD). Toge he his
cons i u es he da a model o he espec i e da abase eco ds. Wi hin a
da abase, he s uc u ed da a en i ies a e physically connec ed h ough
he da abase s uc u e. A e lis ing many ad an ages, he abo e sou ce
(Geeks o Geeks) no es: “S uc u ed da a accoun s o only abou 20 %
o da a bu because o i s high deg ee o o ganisa ion and pe o mance
make i he ounda ion o Big da a o ead Di e ences be ween S uc u ed,
Semi-s uc u ed and Uns uc u ed da a”. Howe e , some disad an ages
4 Following ISO 639:2023 Code o indi idual languages and language g oups.

45Te minologija | 2024 | 31
a e also lis ed, such as: “The s uc u ed na u e o he da a can some imes
lead o missing o incomple e da a o da a ha does no i cleanly in o he
de ined schema, leading o da a quali y issues.”
Linking s uc u ed da a en i ies wi h o he en i ies in di e en da abas-
es adds a dimension o linked da a ha would ha e a g ea impac on he
In e ne . This in ol es i s and o emos s uc u ed da a in he o m o
CBmic oCEs whose s uc u e – including he in e nal links – allows o
a seman ically signi ican , and hus e ec i e linking – especially i QCB-
mic oCEs a e in ol ed. Howe e , “I ’s impo an o no e ha he na u e
and complexi y o hese links can a y g ea ly depending on he speci ic
equi emen s o he da a model and he na u e o he da a i sel ” (Geeks-
o Geeks).
The ision o u ning he In e ne in o a global da abase by linked da a
ac oss all kinds o s uc u ed con en en i ies was i s ou lined by Tim
Be ne s-Lee in a design no e abou he Seman ic Web p ojec in 2006 in
which he o mula ed basic p inciples ha we e la e pa aph ased as ollows:
1. All concep ual hings should ha e a name s a ing wi h HTTP.
2. Looking up an HTTP name should e u n use ul da a abou he
hing in ques ion in a s anda d o ma .
3. Any hing else ha ha same hing has a ela ionship wi h h ough
i s da a should also be gi en a name beginning wi h HTTP.5
Simple as i may be he e a e obs acles in he way o ealize he 2006
ision: “<...> o make he Web o Da a a eali y, i is impo an o ha e he
huge amoun o da a on he Web a ailable in a s anda d o ma s anda d o ma , eachable and
manageable by Seman ic Web oolsSeman ic Web ools. Fu he mo e, <...> ela ionships among ela ionships among
da ada a should be made a ailable, oo, o c ea e a Web o Da a (as opposed o a
shee collec ion o da ase scollec ion o da ase s).” W3C Bu Be ne s-Lee hin ed a a po en ial
solu ion o o e come some o he obs acles h ough Linked Open Da a
(LOD) which, he de ined al eady in his 2006 design no e as “Linked Da a
which is eleased unde an open license, which does no impede i s euse
o ee.”
Acco ding o Gi aldo Pé ez (2022) only ce ain ela ionships wi hin
CBmic oCEs, which could also be ega ded as links wi hin he en ies
unde he mos gene al de ini ion o linked da a, and ce ain links o
he same o di e en kinds o CBmic oCEs in o he da abases, can be
5 “Tim Be ne s-Lee on he nex Web”. A chi ed om he o iginal on 2011-04-10. Re ie ed 2009-03-15.
46 Te minology and Mic olea ning: Con as ing
Thei Respec i e Me hods and Con en
Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez
Ch is ian Galinski
conside ed as links be ween da a elemen s alling unde co e me ada a o
enhance indabili y and in e ope abili y be ween CBmic oCEs – and may
ul ima ely lead o new me hods o alida ing and enhancing he quali y o
indi idual CBmic oCEs.
S a ing wi h he CBmic oCE in e nal ela ionships, he mos impo -
an o indabili y and in e ope abili y a e links be ween he iden i ied
concep and:
– Each o i s ( e bal o non- e bal) designa i e concep ep esen a-
ions,
– I s neighbou ing concep s, such as supe o dina e concep , coo di-
na e concep s, o o he wise ela ed concep s – cons i u ing he mi-
c o-con ex ,
– A link be ween he iden i ied concep and he indica ion o a do-
main o subjec , indica ing he loca ion o he concep in i s mac-
o-con ex .
The abo e allows o language-independen ( iz. mul ilingual), amodal
( iz. la gely mul imodal), and sys em-design-independen ( iz. somehow
sys em-agnos ic) designa i e concep ep esen a ions. Mo eo e , he indi-
ca ion o he exis ence o one o he o he desc ip i e concep ep esen-
a ion would be use ul, i no necessa y. Cha ac e is ics o he concep in
a desc ip i e concep ep esen a ion a e also concep s. In his connec ion,
he sys emic na u e o he unde lying concep sys em needs a minimum o
consis ency and cohe ence. This could be enhanced by links be ween each
cha ac e is ic o he iden i ied concep and he CBmic oCE ep esen ing
he concep o he cha ac e is ic – especially in p esc ip i e e minology
app oaches, such as e minology s anda diza ion.
Links be ween di e en kinds o CBmic oCEs wi h di e en commu-
nica i e oles can occu a di e en le els such as:
– links om an iden i ied concep o he same o e y simila concep s
in o he CBmic oCE esou ces, possibly wi h a di e en communi-
ca i e ole,
– links be ween each cha ac e is ic o he iden i ied concep and each
CBmic oCE ep esen ing he concep o such a cha ac e is ic.
The la e would enhance and acili a e he cu a ion o he unde lying
concep sys em – especially in p esc ip i e e minology app oaches, such
as e minology s anda diza ion cha ac e ized by he need o a highe de-
g ee o seman ic and semio ic consis ency and cohe ence.
47Te minologija | 2024 | 31
In addi ion o he abo e, e e ences o links o ex e nal con en esou ces
a e needed o a ious adminis a i e, alida ion o o he pu poses, such as:
– Indica ion o he language o a e bal designa i e concep ep esen-
a ion o he ISO 639 language code, which is a sys em o language
iden i ie s and hei language da a elemen s,
– Indica ion o he kind o non- e bal designa i e concep ep e-
sen a ion possibly esiding in a eposi o y o au ho i a i e simila
non- e bal designa i e concep ep esen a ions,
– Links om coded sou ce indica ions (such as ISBN, ISSN, DOI,
e c.) added o da a elemen s in a CBmic oCE o he ull bibliog aph-
ic desc ip ion o he espec i e code elemen .
The la e would allow cons an o pe iodical e alua ion o he au ho i-
a i e na u e o he da a sou ce h ough one o he o he eme ging Seman-
ic Web ool, hus acili a ing da a cu a ion. Howe e , acco ding o Gi aldo
Pé ez (2022:194), “The ques ions he e a e: Who de elops and p omo es he
s anda d o ma Be ne s-Lee is e e ing o? Who designs he necessa y Seman-
ic Web ools? Who es ablishes he ela ionships among da a? All his does no
come a ound by i sel .” I ce ainly needs u he s anda diza ion ac i i ies
p e e ably a he in e na ional le el. In his connec ion, i can be asked,
whe he he Seman ic Web app oaches and exis ing egula o y ( e. s an-
da diza ion) aspec s a e su icien o ealize Be ne s-Lee’s ision. Gi aldo
Pé ez (2022) explains ha some undamen al heo e ical and me hodolog-
ical issues mus be add essed and esol ed i s be o e echnology and
s anda diza ion can ake o e . One o hese issues e e s o he kind o
links and e e ences men ioned abo e – o he s o he ques ion o how o
o malize he indica ion o he abo e-men ioned links, which necessi a es
unique IDs o concep s and hei ep esen a ions.
6. UNIQUE IDENTIFIERS FOR CONCEPTS
AND THEIR REPRESENTATIONS
Fu he o he abo e, each concep should be uniquely iden i ied – e.g.
acco ding o ISO/TS 29002-5 adap ed o his pu pose. The me hodolo-
gy o his echnical speci ica ion adap ed o e minological me hodology
would be he baseline o achie ing con en in e ope abili y and eusabili-
y ac oss di e en kinds o CBmic oCEs complemen a y o da a exchange
s anda ds in e minology managemen . The p esen s anda d aims o en-
able he smoo h “exchange o cha ac e is ic da a, e.g. in p oduc ca alogues o
48 Te minology and Mic olea ning: Con as ing
Thei Respec i e Me hods and Con en
Blanca S ella Gi aldo Pé ez
Ch is ian Galinski
p oduc lib a ies … p ima ily based on he exchange o <concep iden i ie , al-
ue> pai s: he concep iden i ie uniquely de e mines he concep ha desc ibes he
meaning o he alue”. In he case o QTEs and QCBmic oLOs he <concep
iden i ie , alue> pai s would be composed o he unique concep ID and
one designa i e concep ep esen a ion (o i s iden i ie ) as he alue. Fo
sea ch pu poses – also enhancing indabili y/disco e abili y – i would be
necessa y o add he indica ion o he communica i e ole o each <con-
cep iden i ie , alue> pai as well as he indica ion o he domain o sub-
jec , unde which he concep in ques ion alls. This necessi a es mo e han
one me ada a o
– he da a composing he unique concep ID,
– each designa i e concep ep esen a ion ID,
– he indica ion o he domain o subjec .
I is necessa y o bea in mind ha he ull in o ma ion abou he con-
cep in ques ion would no be con ained in a <concep iden i ie , alue>
pai , bu be de ined ex e nally in he espec i e QTEs o QCBmic oLOs.
The espec i e me ada a o he elemen s o he <concep iden i ie , alue>
pai s mus be in e na ionally s anda dized and eely accessible o enable
he implemen a ion o he gene ic app oach.
In a linked open da a en i onmen , addi ional in o ma ion could be
aken om he espec i e CBmic oCE. This would enhance indabili y/
disco e abili y no only h ough links wi hin QCBmic oCEs bu also be-
ween QCBmic oCEs o a ious kinds. The gene ic app oach complies
wi h and suppo s he FAIR Guiding P inciples: indabili y, accessibili y,
in e ope abili y, and eusabili y as de ined by GO FAIR. Gi aldo Pé ez
(2022) indica es ha QCBmic oCEs a e mo e sui able o allowing com-
pliance wi h he FAIR p inciples.
To a oid he p esen si ua ion whe e FAIR p inciples a e di e en ly
applied by a ious use communi ies – hus impeding con en in e ope a-
bili y – in e na ional s anda diza ion ac i i ies a e necessa y. Te minology
managemen based on e minological heo y and me hods, is highly ad-
anced and la gely ha monized h ough in e na ional me hodology s an-
da ds. As o mic ocon en , he e a e many p ac ical app oaches o man-
aging mic ocon en usually go e ned by pu pose-o ien ed sys em design.
This ha dly acili a es da a in e change, da a in eg a ion and in e ope abil-
i y ac oss applica ions wi hou se ious loss o in o ma ion – o wo se, only
c ea es unnecessa y in o ma ion, i no ga bage.