Te minologija / Te minology
2025, ol. 32, pp. 1–24
Con en s link / Tu inio nuo oda
ISSN 2669-2198 (online / elek oninis)
Copy igh © 2025 Jana Le ická. Published by he Ins i u e o he Li huanian Language. This is an Open
Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Licence, which pe mi s
un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e
c edi ed. // Išleido Lie u ių kalbos ins i u as. Šis s aipsnis y a a i os p ieigos, pla inamas pagal „C ea i e
Commons‚ p isky imo licencijos sąlygas, leidžiančias ne ibo ai naudo i, pla in i i a ku i u inį be kokioje
laikmenoje, nu odan au o ių i šal inį.
Recei ed: / Gau a: 2025-09-22. Accep ed: / P iim a: 2025-10-29. 1
CORPUS-BASED ANALYSIS OF THE SLOVAK TERM NARATÍV AS
AN EXAMPLE OF DETERMINOLOGISATION
Slo akiško e mino na a í eks yninė analizė: de e minologizacijos pa yzdys
JANA LEVICKÁ
Ľ. Š ú Ins i u e o Linguis ics, Slo ak Academy o Sciences
E-mail: jana.le icka@ko pus.juls.sa ba.sk
ORCID ID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-6027-604X
Fields o esea ch: e minology, co pus linguis ics, his o y o e minology.
h ps://doi.o g/10.35321/ e m32-04
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
This s udy aims o analyse he use o he Slo ak e m na a í ‚na a i e‛ bo h in specialised and jou -
nalis ic ex s included in co pus da abases, wi h he aim o iden i ying linguis ic indica o s o i s po en ial de-
e minologisa ion. The i s pa o he pape deals wi h a equency analysis o he e m, while he second one
compa es i s colloca ions wi h adjec i es in specialised and jou nalis ic ex s. Speci ically, a en ion is paid o
he numbe and seman ic con en o he e m’s colloca ing adjec i es, especially o anomalous ones. The au-
ho a gues ha his me hodology can e eal di e ences in usage o he e m be ween specialised and gene al
communica ion. Fu he mo e, co pus da a demons a e ha , in ce ain cases, he e m can be eplaced wi hou
al e ing he meaning o he s a emen .
KEYWORDS: de e minologisa ion, colloca ion, co pus, adjec i e, associa ion measu e.
ANOTACIJA
Šio y imo ikslas – išanalizuo i slo akiško e mino na a í („na a y as‚) a ojimą specializuo uose i
žu nalis iniuose eks uose, į auk uose į eks yno duomenų bazes, siekian nus a y i jo po encialios
de e minologizacijos ling is inius odiklius. Pi moje s aipsnio dalyje nag inėjamas e mino a ojimo dažnis, o
an ojoje lyginamos jo kolokacijos su būd a džiais specializuo uose i žu nalis iniuose eks uose. Ypa ingas
dėmesys ski iamas šių kolokacijų skaičiui i seman iniam u iniui, ypač anomalijoms. Au o ė eigia, kad okia
me odika gali a skleis i e mino a ojimo specializuo oje i bend ojoje komunikacijoje ski umus. Be o,
eks yno duomenys odo, kad kai ku iais a ejais e miną galima pakeis i nepakeičian eiginio p asmės.
ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: de e minologizacija, kolokacija, eks ynas, būd a dis, asociacijos ma as.
2
Al hough de e minologisa ion is no an unknown phenomenon in e minology o
linguis ics, i is a ela i ely ma ginal opic o esea ch
1
. I is gene ally cha ac e ised as a
p ocess whe eby a speci ic e minological uni , o iginally unc ioning in a na owly
specialised communica ion sphe e, en e s e e yday language. I is one o he mani es a ions
o he dynamic ela ionship be ween e minology and gene al ocabula y. This s udy aims
o analyse he use o he Slo ak e m na a í ‚na a i e‛, which appea s equen ly in he
media. We will ocus on i s occu ence in bo h specialised and jou nalis ic ex s included in
co pus da abases, wi h he aim o iden i ying linguis ic indica o s o i s possible
de e minologisa ion.
DEFINITION OF DETERMINOLOGISATION
2
In Slo ak linguis ics, he concep o de e minologisa ion was p obably i s
men ioned by Ján Ho ecký in his 1956 Základy slo enskej e minológie [The Fundamen als o
Slo ak Te minology], albei in he o m o a e b in quo a ion ma ks: ‚I is no uncommon
o e en such highly ‘ echnical’ e ms o en e common usage and hus become
‘de e minologised’‛ (1956: 36). In he collec i e wo k Dynamika slo nej zásoby súčasnej
slo enčiny [DVCS, Dynamics o he Vocabula y o he Con empo a y Slo ak], his e m was
de ined as ‚ he p ocess by which a e m ha was o iginally na owly specialised, wi h a
p ecisely de ined meaning and place in a ce ain sys em o concep s, is selec ed om he
sys em o concep s, en e s in o widesp ead use and hus loses i s de ini ional and sys emic
unambigui y‛ (DVCS 1989: 260).
Julie Humbe -D oz e al. emphasise he mul idimensional na u e o his linguis ic
phenomenon, using he e m no only o e e o he p ocess i sel , bu also o i s esul
(2019: 2). Běla Poš olko á (1980: 56) poin s ou ha de e minologisa ion occu s g adually
and unde he in luence o equen use o a gi en e minological uni and, in some cases,
i s popula i y also plays a ole. The use pe spec i e o he de e minologisa ion p ocess is
highligh ed by Ing id Meye and K is en Mackin osh (2000: 112), acco ding o whom
de e minologisa ion occu s when a e m begins o ‚cap u e he in e es o he gene al
public‛. This emphasis on use s is e iden in se e al F ench de ini ions: Louis Guilbe
(1975: 82, ci ed in Humbe -D oz 2021: 10) s a es ha when a e m passes om one
1
Excep ions include Běla Poš olko á’s 1984 monog aph Odbo ná a běžná slo ní zásoba současné češ iny [Spe-
cialised and Common Vocabula y o Con empo a y Czech]. One o he mos ci ed s udies is he wo k by In-
g id Meye and K is en Mackin osh, ‚When e ms mo e in o ou e e yday li es” (2000), bu we should also
men ion he ecen Czech wo k by Zuzana Hono á (2020), Le e me dans sa a iabili é [The e m in i s a ia-
bili y], and he F ench disse a ion by Julie Humbe -D oz (2021): Dé ini la dé e minologisa ion: app oche
ou illée en co pus compa able dans le domaine de la physique des pa icules [De ining de e minologisa ion: a
ool-based app oach in compa able co pus in he ield o pa icle physics], in which his phenomenon is
linked, among o he hings, o he issues o knowledge ans e , lexicog aphy and neologism.
2
In anglophone linguis ics, he a ian e m de- e minologisa ion can be ound; in F ench linguis ics, o he
(quasi)synonymous e ms deno ing his phenomenon a e used: banalisa ion, dédomanialisa ion, ulga isa ion,
déspecialisa ion/dé-specialisa ion.
3
e minology o speci ic ocabula y o ano he , i acqui es a new meaning ha is no solely
de e mined by i s ela ionship o he new e e en , bu also by he new p o essional
en i onmen o he speake s (1973: 23, ci ed in Humbe -D oz 2021: 10). Robe Galisson
(1978: 9) u he a gues ha his p ocess is mo e o less conscious and aims o acili a e
communica ion be ween expe s and laypeople.
Howe e , only a ew au ho s men ion he consequences o de e minologisa ion a
he concep ual le el – de e minologisa ion causes a e m o lose i s place (Poš olko á 1980:
55), he eby also losing i s ela ionships wi hin he pa ial e minology sys em (Mikelionienė,
Be kmanienė 2018: 238). Poš olko á speci ies ha a e minological uni consequen ly
acqui es ea u es ypical o common wo ds. By his she means he so-called lexibili y
(p obably combinabili y) in pa icula , and he uni becomes in ol ed in ela ionships
common in non-specialised ocabula y (1980: 55).
Na u ally, he seman ic aspec ea u es mos p ominen ly in de ini ions o
de e minologisa ion. The ex en o modi ica ions o he o iginal e minological meaning is
pe cei ed in a ious ways: as a loss o specialised meaning (Masá 1991: 150), he
disappea ance o speci ic seman ic ea u es (DVCS 1989: 266), a loss o seman ic ce ain y
(Buzássyo á 1983: 135), a loss o p ecision o meaning (Poš olko á 1980: 55), he
acquisi ion o new conno a ions (No á 2018: 387), ‚s e ching‛ o e en ‚dilu ion‛ o
meaning (Meye , Mackin osh 2020: 115), o he eme gence o an en i ely di e en meaning
o he o iginal e m (No á 2018: 387). As Klá a Buzássyo á summa ises, he meaning o a
e m ‚becomes less speci ic, mo e gene al, i weakens o shi s‛ (1983: 135).
The seman ic con en o he o iginal e m hus changes and in some cases may esul
in he eme gence o a new meaning. Bo h p ocesses occu simul aneously. An ex eme case
is he comple e loss o ‚specialised ea u es‛, whe eby he gi en lexical o m only ul ils an
exp essi e unc ion and i s igu a i e meaning is c ea ed in non-specialised con ex s
(Mikelionienė, Be kmanienė 2018: 239). Linguis ic p ac ice shows ha he e minological
and non- e minological meanings o en unc ion in pa allel – one in he o iginal echnical
communica ion sphe e and he o he in gene al language (Poš olko á 1980; Buzássyo á
1983). Poš olko á e e s o his as in e -sys em homonymy (Poš olko á 1980: 56). Finally,
when a e m mo es om a specialised ield in o he media, ‚some imes e en o he
colloquial communica ion, i acqui es exp essi eness and mo e di e se combinabili y in
ex s‛ (Buzássyo á 1983: 135).
Se e al au ho s dis inguish be ween wo ypes o de e minologisa ion:
1. in he b oad sense (Poš olko á 1984: 106) o sensu la o (Holubo á 2001: 158),
which e e s o popula e ms ha o en appea in he media and hus en e he language o
laypeople, who use hem in a simila way o expe s, wi h he only di e ence being he
deg ee o hei unde s anding o he o iginal concep s (Meye , Mackin osh 2000: 114):
2. in a na owe sense (Poš olko á 1984: 106) o sensu s ic o (Holubo á 2001: 159):
he esul o his ype is he c ea ion o a sepa a e meaning o he e minological uni
4
(Meye , Mackin osh 2000: 115). The lexical o m no longe e e s o he o iginal concep
and, in a e cases, i may e en become pa o a ph aseologism.
F om he o e iew o he heo e ical issues on de e minologisa ion, we can de i e
wo asks o ou co pus analysis:
1. gi en ha de e minologisa ion esul s in a e m being used by mos o he
language communi y, inc easing i s equency in e e yday communica ion, we will check
he equency o na a í in jou nalis ic ex s;
2. gi en ha a de e minologised e m ends o inc ease i s combina o y po en ial, we
will compa e i s combinabili y in specialised and jou nalis ic ex s. Speci ically, we will
examine a) he numbe and b) he na u e o colloca ing adjec i es. When analysing hese,
we will ocus on hei seman ic con en and conno a ion, as well as anomalous colloca es
(see pa 3).
Howe e , we a e ully awa e o he ac ha he p ocess o de e minologisa ion has
uzzy bounda ies and is one o he linguis ic phenomena cha ac e ised by scalabili y. This is
enhanced by he ansi ion o e minological uni s in o e e yday communica ion, and by he
unce ain y o lay people when using mo e concep ually ague e ms. This esul s in hei
u he ‚concep ual ins abili y‛. The media also play a ole he e. While hey enable he
dissemina ion o scien i ic esul s and he pene a ion o e ms in o e e yday language, hey
also con ibu e o he emp ying o hei seman ic con en and he cons uc ion o new
meanings in e e yday communica ion (Humbe -D oz 2021: 27). This is p ecisely he case
o he e m na a i e, which is conside ed ambiguous in li e a y s udies, as we will ou line in
he nex sec ion.
NARRATIVE
3
The e m na a i e has i s o igins in he s uc u alis li e a y heo y o s o y elling, i.e.
na a ology, which de eloped om he mid-1960s. In his ex “Bounda ies o Na a i e”, he
p ominen F ench s uc u alis , Gé a d Gene e s a es ha na a i e is a ansla ion o he
F ench e m éci , meaning ‚s o y‛ and de ines i as ‚ ep esen a ion o a eal o ic i ious
e en o se ies o e en s by language, and mo e speci ically by w i en language‛ (Gene e
1976: 1). Fu he mo e, he e m na a i e has unde gone conside able de elopmen wi hin
i s discipline and i is now unde s ood much mo e b oadly as ‚a men al image o cogni i e
cons uc ha can be ac i a ed by a ious ypes o signs‛ (Ryan 2003; 2014).
Un il a ound he 1990s, he e m na a i e belonged almos exclusi ely o he
e minology o li e a y s udies, bu his changed adically a he end o he 20 h cen u y wi h
he so-called ‚na a i e u n‛ in he humani ies. Mo eo e , his me hod, o iginally ocused
3
Mo e de ailed in o ma ion on he o igins, his o y and ans o ma ions o na a ological esea ch can be ound
in The Li ing Handbook o Na a ology (2014), o J. D o ský’s 2017 publica ion Od na a í nej g ama iky k
in e disciplina i e na a í u [F om Na a i e G amma o Na a i e In e disciplina i y] o in he 2025 online
Hype lexikon li e á no edných pojmo [HLT, Hype lexicon o Li e a y Te ms].
5
on li e a y s udies, has g adually pene a ed in o o he sciences and become signi ican ly
in e disciplina y (HLT 2025).
This sugges s ha na a i e is no an easy e m o de ine o wo easons:
1. acco ding o S a a a Macho á’s ypology (1995: 144), i can be pe cei ed as a
pseudop esc ip i e e m, i.e. one whose concep ual bounda ies a e de e mined by he
pe cep ion o opinion o a speci ic au ho , school o g oup. Macho á poin s ou ha , when
p ocessing his ype o e m (which includes mos o e minologies in he humani ies), a
e minog aphe can ne e be ce ain o he concep ual meaning o a gi en e m in a
specialised ex . In he con ex o li e a y s udies, his is con i med by se e al li e a y
schola s who emphasize ha na a ological e ms we e concep ually ambiguous as ea ly as
he s uc u alis pe iod (D o ský 2017: 14);
2. as a esul o he so-called na a i e u n, na a ological esea ch has g adually
acqui ed an in e media, ansmedia and e en mul idisciplina y cha ac e . O e he las wo
decades, na a i i y has also been s udied in disciplines ha can be classi ied as
(p edominan ly) non- e bal, such as pan omime, ilm, o music. In hese disciplines, he
ocus has shi ed om he o iginal cons i u i e elemen s o na a i e (cha ac e s, na a o ,
pe spec i e, ime and space) o he plo as he undamen al ea u e o na a i i y (D o ský
2017: 104).
While we will no discuss di e en pe cep ions o na a i e in hese disciplines in
de ail, i is impo an o no e ha na a i e – in poli ical science and poli ical ma ke ing –
can me ge wi h s o y, shi ing he in e p e a i e pe spec i e signi ican ly owa ds he au ho .
As Alžbe a Hanuliako á (2021: 31) s a es, ‚ he ole o na a i es is o in luence socie y's
pe cep ion and, ul ima ely, i s unde s anding o eali y by elling con incing s o ies‛. I
seems ha he issue o he in e p e a ion o na a ed e en s o s o ies and hei impac on
he ecipien migh play a signi ican ole in jou nalis ic ex s.
ANALYTICAL PART
Gene ally, de e minologisa ion can be obse ed wi h loanwo ds (DVCS 1989: 266–
267). The i s eason o his is ha hey ha e a less clea meaning o he gene al public;
he second eason is hei mo e equen use in newe scien i ic ields. Acco ding o esea ch
by Václa a Holubo á (2001: 156), e ms ha we e de e minologised in Czech belonged o
he ields ha came o he o e on o gene al in e es a e 1989, such as economics,
poli ical science, echnology and na u al sciences. Howe e , his is no he case o he e m
na a í
4
, since i s o iginal discipline – li e a y s udies – has ne e been widely discussed in
e e yday communica ion. On he con a y, we would a he place he e m on he pe iphe y
o gene al ocabula y. Ne e heless, we belie e ha i s in e disciplina i y and widely applied
na a ological me hods, pa icula ly in his o y and poli ical science, ha e s imula ed i s mo e
gene al and equen use leading o i s pene a ion in o jou nalis ic communica ion. The
4
He eina e we will use he Slo ak equi alen .

6
inc easing equency o i s use in he las decade is also indica ed by he ac ha , whe eas
he au ho s o he Slo ník cudzích slo [Dic iona y o he Loanwo ds, 2005] did no include i
in hei dic iona y, i ea u es in he hi d olume o he Slo ník súčasného slo enského jazyka
M – N [Dic iona y o he Con empo a y Slo ak Language M–N, 2015] wi h he label odb.
‚specialised‛. The c i e ion o including a e m in his dic iona y is ‚p ima ily he
p e alence o he e m beyond he bounda ies o he ield, as e idenced, among o he hings,
by i s occu ence in a ious ypes o ex s‛ (Ja ošo á e al. 2006: 14).
Acco ding o Pa ick Hanks, dic iona y en ies p o ide a ague, imp essionis ic
ep esen a ion o he meaning o a wo d and a he indica e i s meaning po en ial (Hanks
2013: 88). He a gues ha he analysis o co pus e idence does no p o ide di ec e idence
o he meaning o a gi en uni , only indi ec clues abou pa e ns o i s use. We in end o
apply Hanks’ heo y o lexical no m, i.e. he p o o ypical use o a lexical uni by he g ea
majo i y o use s, which is also e lec ed in i s s a is ical signi icance, and i s c ea i e use in
speech, known as exploi a ion (Hanks 2013: 211). When examining he colloca ions o he
analysed e m wi h adjec i es, we will a emp o iden i y any e idence o c ea i i y, e. g.
any delibe a e anomalies, shi s o depa u es om he colloca ion no m (Hanks 2013: 147),
which can occu o a ious easons, such as linguis ic economy o o name an unusual
phenomenon o si ua ion, o o communica i e e ec .
Desc ip ion o co pus da abases
Ou analysis will be based on he p im co pus o he Slo ak Na ional Co pus (SNK)
5
,
e sion 11.0-public-all, which con ains o e 1.859 billion okens. This allows us o sea ch
speci ically in jou nalis ic and specialised da a sepa a ely, ei he wi hin he specialised
subco po a (p im-11.0-public-p and p im-11.0-public-in ), o by il e ing he sea ch que y
o ele an ex s. A signi ican ad an age, no only o ou co pus linguis ic analysis, is ha
he yea o publica ion o each ex included in he selec ed co pus is eco ded.
Na a í in specialised ex s
When sea ching o wo d o ms o he e m na a í in he specialis subco pus p im-
10.0-public-p (217 million okens), wo ac s mus be conside ed:
1. he possibili y o a ce ain pe cen age o inco ec lemma isa ion
6
, since na a í is a
loanwo d o La in o igin adop ed in o Slo ak. Fo his eason, we decided o i s sea ch o
he s ing na a í .* and hen use he nega i e il e unc ion o exclude i ele an lemmas
om he sea ch esul s, as well as ypos. The sea ch esul s show an absolu e equency o
2140 occu ences (9.85 ipm, ARF: 263.08)
7
;
5
Mo e in o ma ion can be ound a h ps://ko pus.sk.
6
Lemma isa ion is he esul o manual o au oma ed assignmen o he basic o m (lemma) o wo d o ms in
ex s included in he co pus da abase.
7
The numbe 9.85 in b acke s ep esen s he ela i e equency o na a í ha exp esses he a e age numbe o
occu ences o he uni in a hypo he ical ex /co pus wi h he size o 1 million wo ds and enables compa i-
7
2. he exis ence o he e m na a í um om he ield o didac ics, applied psychology
and applied linguis ics, quasi-synonym o na a í . Howe e , we did no exclude i om he
il e ed conco dances because we ound ou , hanks o manual e i ica ion, ha he
lemma isa ion had esul ed in a ‚c ossing‛ o he na a í and na a í um pa adigms. When
assessing and analysing indi idual conco dances, we only conside ed hose wi h co ec
o ms o he lemma na a í .
In o al, na a í appea ed in 241 ex s ac oss almos wen y subdomains o he SNK
co pus
8
. I was mos common in li e a y science and c i icism, ollowed by his o y, ilm,
pedagogy and o he ields. We would like o poin ou ha he SNK p im co pus also
includes a icles om popula science and special in e es magazines. F om he pe spec i e
o ou analysis, hese ep esen a ce ain bias.
In e ms o ime, he na a í i s appea ed in p im-10.0-juls-p in 1996. In he ex s
o his subco pus, i s occu ence a e be ween 2013 and 2023 a ies om 0.15 o 1,87 ipm.
Finally, i should be emphasised ha his subco pus does no consis o quan i a i ely,
quali a i ely o empo ally ep esen a i e da a; he e o e, hese s a is ics canno be
conside ed an accu a e e lec ion o he eal-wo ld use o na a í in specialised language.
Na a í in jou nalis ic ex s
When sea ching o wo d o ms o he e m na a í in he jou nalis ic subco pus
p im-11.0-public-in (1.265 billion okens), we ook bo h ac o s in o accoun , as in he
p e ious subco pus. The sea ch yielded an absolu e equency o 1519 (1.20 pe million,
ARF
9
: 217.01).
In his subco pus, na a í appea s in 20 di e en sou ces, p ima ily in da a om he
SME newspape . Howe e , his subco pus is biased due o he inclusion o he magazine.
Týždeň comp ising no only jou nalis ic, bu also popula science ex s.
Le us ocus on he SME newspape da a now – na a í occu s he e 1018 imes,
mos equen ly in opinion pieces. This e m i s appea ed in his sou ce in 2001 and has
been p esen e e since, wi h i s ela i e equency sco e (ipm) eaching 0.01 in 2014. I s
ipm was 0.04 in 2018, 0.07 in 2019, 0.10 in 2020, 0.12 in 2021 and as much as 0.27 in 2022.
In 2023, howe e , i eached only 0.10 since he subco pus comp ises he SME da a om
jus he i s i e mon hs o he yea .
son ac oss co po a o di e en sizes (h ps://ko pus.cz). The ARF sco e (a e age educed equency) is ‚a
modi ied equency which p e en s he esul o be excessi ely in luenced by one pa o he co pus (e.g. one
o mo e documen s) which con ains a high concen a ion o he uni ‛
(h ps://www.ske chengine.eu/glossa y/a /).
8
Mo e in o ma ion on s yle-gen e anno a ion can be ound in Debná , Kmeťo á (2017).
9
We would like o poin ou ha he ARF sco e is skewed in his case, as i is dis o ed by he way SME
documen s a e p ocessed in his subco pus.
8
Conclusion o he equency analysis
Based on he s a is ical da a om he p im-11.0-public-p and p im-11.0-public-in
and, in pa icula , om he SME newspape , i can be concluded ha he equency o
na a í has been on he ise o e he las decade in w i en communica ion as such, and
pa icula ly in jou nalis ic ex s. The i s p e equisi e o de e minologisa ion can he e o e
be conside ed ul illed.
COMPARISON OF CO-OCCURRING ADJECTIVES
In acco dance wi h he concep o he Slo ník slo ných spojení. Pods a né mená
[Dic iona y o Colloca ions. Nouns, 2017], we sough o iden i y he unique colloca ion
po en ial o na a í , i.e. he numbe o unique wo ds – in his phase adjec i es – wi h which
i can be combined, as well as i s compa ibili y, i.e. he class o wo ds wi h which i can be
meaning ully combined (Ďu čo, Majch áko á e al. 2017: 9). Unlike his speci ic
lexicog aphical wo k, howe e , we eco ded no only he mos equen and ypical
adjec i es, bu also he en i e ange o i s combinabili y – om hose adjec i es wi h which
na a í c ea es (po en ial) mul i-wo d e ms o usual colloca ions, o hapaxes, i.e. o en only
chance co-occu ences. We we e pa icula ly in e es ed in so-called non-canonical
colloca ions, i.e. hose ha a e anomalous in some way in e ms o hei con en (Hanks
2013: 219). Howe e , Hanks (2013: 117) poin s ou ha de ia ion om he combina o ial
no m is ela i ely low, a a ound 10%. A he same ime, when analysing his ype o da a, a
ce ain pe cen age o di icul - o-classi y da a occu . We ha e g ouped hese in he las and
lexically a ied g oup called miscellanea.
Co-occu ing adjec i es
Adjec i es combining wi h na a í we e que ied using he Colloca ions unc ion o
he NoSke ch co pus manage wi hin a ange o up o nine posi ions o he le . This wide
colloca ion ange was necessa y due o he occu ence o na a í wi h mul iple-modi ie
s ings, pa icula ly in specialised ex s, e. g. dicho omous and schema ic o ali a ian-his o ical
na a i e o agmen ed, mosaic-like, in e wined na a i e.
Based on he sea ch esul s, i can be concluded ha , despi e di e ing absolu e
equencies o na a í in bo h subco po a, a compa able numbe o i s colloca ing adjec i es
we e ound in hem. In he specialis subco pus (PRF), a o al o 340 unique adjec i al
lemmas associa ed wi h he e m we e iden i ied, while in he jou nalis ic subco pus (INF), a
o al o 305 unique adjec i al lemmas we e iden i ied (only 11% mo e han in he PRF se ).
Di ision o co-occu ing adjec i es in o lexico-seman ic g oups
Due o he la ge numbe o adjec i es iden i ied and hei seman ic di e si y, we
g ouped hem based on hei meaning esul ing om he occu ence wi h na a í and
9
b oade con ex
10
. In se e al cases, i was possible o classi y adjec i es in o mo e han one
g oup, e. g. mode nizačný ‚mode nising‛ could ea u e in bo h he con en and in en ion
g oup. Con e sely, d ama ický ‚d ama ic‛ can be ound in wo g oups because i occu ed
in he INF in i s i s as well as igu a i e meaning ‚ u bulen ‛ bu is coun ed only once.
Fo cla i y, we ha e o de ed he co-occu ing adjec i es alphabe ically and unde lined hose
ound in bo h subco po a. Finally, we highligh possessi e adjec i es coined om p ope
names in au ho g oup in bold, as hey ep esen an open se and a e no included in he
o al numbe o colloca ing adjec i es. All hapaxes om bo h subco po a a e included in he
appendix.
Table 1. Lexico-seman ic g oups o iden i ied adjec i es om bo h subco po a wi h s a is ical da a conce ning
hei size, numbe o hapaxes and he ex en o he sha ed adjec i es
Numbe o
lemmas in he
PRF
Numbe o
lemmas in he
INF
Numbe o
hapaxes in he
PRF
Numbe o
hapaxes in he
INF
Numbe o
sha ed
adjec i es
1. o m
29
5
12
3
4
2. con en
43
24
29
22
11
3. e alua ion
49
64
24
36
17
4. au ho
17 + 13
14 + 17
10
8
4
5. e hnici y/poli ics/geog aphy
29
46
19
21
15
6. his o y/ideology
34
46
23
35
12
7. in en ion
25
48
19
37
11
8. ime
13
13
7
7
6
9. a s/gen e/s yle
60
19
37
12
10
10. miscellanea
41
27
28
17
12
1. adjec i es ela ing o he o m o na a í and i s o ganisa ion
SPECIALISED TEXTS ( o al o 29 adjec i es):
dlhý ‚long‛, jedno ný ‚uni o m‛, kohe en ný ‚cohe en ‛, komplexný ‚complex‛,
mediálny ‚media‛, ob azo o- ex o ý ‚image- ex ‛, ob azo ý ‚ isual‛, ob ázko o- ex o ý
‚pic o ial- ex ‛, ob ázko ý ‚pic o ial‛, o álny ‚o al‛, ozsiahly ‚ex ensi e‛, sú islý
10
Fo example, we ha e classi ied he adjec i e kolabo ačný ‚collabo a i e‛ in o a s g oup a he han in en-
ion g oup based on i s meaning and occu ence in he ield o digi al games.
16
sco e, which ends o o e es ima e low- equency pai s ha may be me e chance co-
occu ences.
Two ou o i e sha ed adjec i es ha e a compa able logDice sco e (nacionalis ický
‚na ionalis ic‛ and dezin o mačný ‚disin oma ion‛), whe eas he emaining h ee –
konšpi ačný ‚conspi a o ial‛, p ok emeľský ‚p o-K emlin‛ and dominan ný ‚dominan ‛ di e
by a ound wo poin s. When compa ing wo logDice sco es, a wo-poin di e ence indica es
ha he colloca ion wi h he highe sco e is app oxima ely ou imes mo e equen and, a
he same ime, s a is ically s onge (Rychlý 2008), e.g. adjec i e p ok emeľský is s a is ically
s onge and occu s ou imes mo e equen ly wi h na a í in he INF han in he PRF.
The adjec i es in he able om he PRF all in o se en ou o en es ablished lexico-
seman ic g oups, whe eas he adjec i es om he INF ep esen only ou o hese g oups,
pa icula ly he in en ion g oup (eigh o hem) and he e hnici y g oup (six o hem). The
pola i y ea u e is p esen in he able 2 as well: he e is one adjec i e wi h a posi i e p e ix
in he PRF pa and ou adjec i es wi h nega i e pola i y ( wo wi h a nega i e p e ix and
wo wi h a nega i e conno a ion). In con as , he e a e wo adjec i es wi h a posi i e p e ix
in he INF pa and ele en adjec i es wi h a nega i e pola i y, ep esen ing mo e han hal
o he INF adjec i es in he able ( ou adjec i es wi h a nega i e p e ix and se en wi h a
nega i e conno a ion).
CONCLUSION
The o e lap o adjec i es om he wo subco po a ep esen s 102 lemmas in o al
(30% om he specialised subco pus’s pe spec i e and 33.4% om he jou nalis ic
subco pus’s pe spec i e). The emaining 66.6% o iden i ied adjec i es in jou nalis ic ex s
can, in ou iew, be conside ed an ex ension o he seman ic compa ibili y o na a í , hus
answe ing ou second esea ch ques ion. I is also wo h men ioning ha i is he e alua ion
and in en ion g oups ha ha e he lowes sha e o adjec i es, and, a he same ime, ha
di e he mos in pola i y and colou ing.
Ou seman ic analysis iden i ied only a ew non-canonical adjec i es; hese adjec i es
happened o be nonce wo ds. Con e sely, he analysis helped o emphasize wo seman ic
ea u es in adjec i es om he INF ha a e unde ep esen ed in he PRF – exp essed
pola i y and colloquial and pejo a i e colou ing, which Buzássyo á pe cei es as one o he
symp oms o de e minologisa ion (1983: 135).
As p e iously men ioned, he concep ual con en and con ou s o he e m na a í
a e o en desc ibed as ague by li e a y schola s hemsel es. In speci ic con ex s, i s p ecise
equi alence is o en p oblema ic. In some cases, howe e , he au ho o he ex indica es i s
synonym in pa en heses (e.g. ‚indi idual in e p e a ions o he pas ‛). In ce ain jou nalis ic
ex s, his e m can be subs i u ed wi hou al e ing he meaning o he s a emen – o
example wi h he wo d p íbeh ‚s o y‛, o p es edčenie, p eds a a “belie , idea‛. I could be
a gued ha , in his kind o con ex s, he o iginal e m loses i s connec ion o i s o iginal,
speci ic meaning and becomes a pa o a speci ic synonymic se ies.

17
In conclusion, quan i a i e as well as quali a i e analyses showed ha he Slo ak
e m na a í is de e minologised in a b oad sense, as i o en appea s in he media and in he
language o laypeople, who use i wi h a di e en deg ee o unde s anding o expe s.
Howe e , his a gumen mus be suppo ed by he analysis o wo o he key co-occu ing
pa s o speech: nouns and e bs.
REFERENCES
Buzássyo á Klá a 1983: Dynamika odbo nej e minológii [Dynamics in he Specialised
Te minology]. – Jazyko edný časopis 34, 132–144. A ailable a :
h ps://www.juls.sa ba.sk/ediela/jc/1983/2/JC_1983_2_LQ.pd .
Debná Ma ek, Kmeťo á Beá a 2017: Bibliog a ická a š ýlo o-žán o á ano ácia dokumen o
a ex o Slo enskom ná odnom ko puse [Bibliog aphic and S yle-Gen e Anno a ion
o Documen s and Tex s in he Slo ak Na ional Co pus]. – Slo enský ná odný ko pus.
Tex y, ano ácie, yhľadá ania, B a isla a: Mikula, 33–159.
Ďu čo Pe e , Majch áko á Daniela e al. 2017: Slo ník slo ných spojení. Pods a né mená
[Dic iona y o Colloca ions. Nouns], B a isla a: VEDA.
D o ský Ju aj 2017: Od na a í nej g ama iky k in e disciplina i e na a í u [F om Na a i e
G amma o Na a i e In e disciplina i y], Ružombe ok: Ve bum.
Gablaso á Dana, B ezina Vacla , McEne y Tony 2017: Colloca ions in Co pus-Based
Language Lea ning Resea ch: Iden i ying, Compa ing, and In e p e ing he
E idence. – Cu en s in Language Lea ning Se ies: Expe imen al, Compu a ional, and
Co pus‐Based App oaches o Language Lea ning: E idence and In e p e a ion 67, 155–
179. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1111/lang.12225.
Galisson Robe 1978: Reche ches de lexicologie desc ip i e, la banalisa ion lexicale: le
ocabulai e du oo ball dans la p esse spo i e, con ibu ion aux eche ches su les langues
echniques [Reche ches de Lexicologie Desc ip i e, la Banalisa ion Lexicale: le
Vocabulai e du Foo ball dans la P esse Spo i e, Con ibu ion aux Reche ches su les
Langues Techniques], Pa is: F. Na han.
Géne e Gé a d 1976: Bounda ies o Na a i e. – New Li e a y His o y 8.1, 1–13.
Glossa y. Ske ch Engine. A ailable a : h ps://www.ske chengine.eu/guide/glossa y/.
Hanks Pa ick 2013: Lexical Analysis: No ms and Exploi a ions, London/Camb idge: The
MIT P ess. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.7551/mi p ess/9780262018579.001.0001.
Hanuliako á Alžbe a 2021: S a égie poli ickej eklamy [S a egies o he Poli ical
Ad e ising], T na a: Uni e zi a s . Cy ila a Me oda T na e.
Hype lexikon li e á no edných pojmo [Hype lexicon o Li e a y Te ms], ed. R. Mikuláš,
B a isla a: Ús a s e o ej li e a ú y SAV, . . i. A ailable a :
h ps://hype lexikon.sa .sk/
Holubo á Václa a 2001: K poje í de e minologizace [On he Concep o
De e minologisa ion]. – Te mina 2000, ed. M. Žemlička, P aha and Libe ec: Galén a
Technická uni e zi a Libe ci, 157–160.
18
Hono á Zuzana 2020: Le e me dans sa a iabili é [The Te m in i s Va iabili y], Os a a:
Os a ská uni e si a.
Ho ecký Ján 1956: Základy slo enskej e minológie [The Fundamen als o Slo ak
Te minology], B a isla a: Vyda a eľs o SAV. A ailable a :
h ps://www.juls.sa ba.sk/ediela/zaklady_slo enskej_ e minologie/zaklady_slo enskej
_ e minologie.pd .
Ho ecký Ján, Buzássyo á Klá a, Bosák Ján e al. 1989: Dynamika slo nej zásoby súčasnej
slo enčiny [Dynamics o he Vocabula y o he Con empo a y Slo ak], B a isla a:
Veda.
Humbe -D oz Julie 2021: Dé ini la dé e minologisa ion: app oche ou illée en co pus
compa able dans le domaine de la physique des pa icules [De ining De e minologisa ion:
a Tooled App oach in Compa able Co pus in he Field o Pa icle Physics]: PhD
Disse a ion, Uni e si y o Toulouse – Jean Jau ès & Uni e si y o Gene a.
Humbe -D oz Julie, Pic on Au élie, Condamines Anne 2019: How o Build a Co pus o a
Tool-Based App oach o De e minologisa ion in he Field o Pa icle Physics. –
Resea ch in Co pus Linguis ics 7, 1–17. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.32714/ icl.07.01.
Ja ošo á Alexand a, Buzássyo á Klá a, Bosák Ján 2006: Východiská a zásady sp aco ania
slo níka [S a ing Poin s and P inciples o Dic iona y P ocessing]. – Slo ník súčasného
slo enského jazyka A–G, B a isla a: Veda, 13–47.
Macho á S a a a 1995: Te minog a ie [Te minog aphy]. – Manuál lexikog a ie,
ed. F. Če mák, R. Bla ná, P aha: H&H, 13–47.
Masá I an 1991: P í učka slo enskej e minológie [Handbook o Slo ak Te minology],
B a isla a: Veda.
Meye Ing id, Mackin osh K is en 2000: When Te ms Mo e In o Ou E e yday Li es: An
O e iew o De- e minologiza ion. – Te minology 6, 111–138.
Mikelionienė Ju gi a, Be kmanienė Auš a 2018: De e minologisa ion o Li huanian and
English Technical Te ms: The Case o Appa a us. – Readings in Numani ies.
Numani ies – A s and Humani ies in P og ess, eds. O. And eica, A. Ol eanu, 235–246.
DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.1007/978-3-319-66914-4_15.
No á Jana 2018: Te ms Emb aced by he Gene al Public: How o Cope wi h
De e minologiza ion in he Dic iona y? – P oceedings o he XVIII EURALEX
In e na ional Cong ess: Lexicog aphy in Global Con ex s, Ljubljana, Slo enia, 387–398.
Poš olko á Běla 1977: K li u odbo né e minologie na ná odní jazyk [On he In luence o
Te minology on he Na ional Language]. – Slo o a slo esnos 38, 112–120. A ailable
a : h p://sas.ujc.cas.cz/a chi .php?a =2439.
Poš olko á Běla 1980: K speci ičnos i ýznamu e mínů [On he Speci ici y o he Meaning
o e ms]. – Slo o a slo esnos 41, 54–57. A ailable a :
h p://sas.ujc.cas.cz/a chi .php?a =2652.
Poš olko á Běla 1984: Odbo ná a běžná slo ní zásoba současné češ iny [Specialised and
Common Vocabula y o Con empo a y Czech], P aha: Academia.
19
Přehled základních pojmů ko puso é ling is iky [O e iew o Basic Concep s o Co pus
Linguis ics]. A ailable a : h ps://wiki.ko pus.cz/doku.php/pojmy:p ehled_pojmu.
Ryan Ma ie-Lau e 2003: On De ining Na a i e Media. – Image and Na a i e 6. A ailable
a : h ps://www.imageandna a i e.be/ina chi e/medium heo y/ma ielau e yan.h m.
Ryan Ma ie-Lau e 2014: Na a ion in Va ious Media. – The Li ing Handbook o Na a ology.
A ailable a : h ps://www-a chi . dm.uni-hambu g.de/lhn/node/53.h ml.
Rychlý Pa el 2008: A Lexicog aphe -F iendly Associa ion Sco e. – P oceedings o Recen
Ad ances in Sla onic Na u al Language P ocessing (RASLAN 2008), eds. P. Sojka,
A. Ho ák, B no: Masa yk Uni e si y, 6–9. A ailable a :
h ps://www.ske chengine.eu/wp-con en /uploads/2015/03/Lexicog aphe -
F iendly_2008.pd .
Slo enský ná odný ko pus [Slo ak Na ional Co pus] – p im-11.0-public-p . B a isla a:
Jazyko edný ús a Ľ. Š ú a SAV 2025. A ailable a : h ps://ko pus.sk.
Slo enský ná odný ko pus [Slo ak Na ional Co pus] – p im-11.0-public-in . B a isla a:
Jazyko edný ús a Ľ. Š ú a SAV 2025. A ailable a : h ps://ko pus.sk.
Slo níko ý po ál Jazyko edného ús a u Ľ. Š ú a SAV [Lexicog aphic Po al o he Ľ. Š ú
Ins i u e o Linguis ics], Slo ak Academy o Sciences. A ailable a :
h ps://slo nik.juls.sa ba.sk/.
The Li ing Handbook o Na a ology 2014, eds. P. Hühn, J. Ch is oph Meis e , J. Pie ,
W. Schmid . A ailable a : h ps://www-a chi . dm.uni-hambu g.de/lhn/index.h ml.
Appendix
Lexico-seman ic g oups o hapax adjec i es
1. adjec i es ela ing o he o m o na a í and i s o ganisa ion
SPECIALISED TEXTS (12 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
digi álny ‚digi al‛, dicho omický ‚dicho omic‛, agmen a izo aný ‚ agmen ed‛,
implici ný ‚implici ‛, p eple ený ‚in e wined‛, mozaiko i ý ‚mosaic‛, písomný ‚w i en‛,
y mický ‚ hy hmic‛, schema ický ‚schema ic‛, ús ny ‚o al‛, i uálny ‚ i ual‛, izuálno-
e bálny ‚ i ual- e bal‛
JOURNALISTIC TEXTS (3 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
implici ný ‚implici ‛, schema ický ‚schema ic‛, úspo ný ‚e icien ‛
2. adjec i es ela ing o he con en o na a í and i s o ganisa ion
SPECIALISED TEXTS (adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
an agonis ický ‚an agonis ic‛, cyklický ‚cyclical‛, escha ologický ‚escha ological‛,
expono aný ‚exposed‛, ak uálny ‚ ac ual‛, aus o ský ‚Faus ian‛, emslasho ý ‚ emslash‛,
homogénny ‚homogeneous‛, i onický ‚i onic‛, komický ‚comic‛, konzis en ný
‚consis en ‛, kozmologicko-kozmogonický ‚cosmological-cosmogonic‛, k i ický ‚c i ical‛,
20
magický ‚magic‛, minimalis ický ‚minimalis ‛, ne ikčný ‚non- ic ion‛, objek í ny
‚objec i e‛, p o ichodný ‚con adic o y‛, p o i eči ý ‚inconsis en ‛, oz inu ý ‚ad anced‛,
samos a ný ‚au onomous‛, seba e lexí ny ‚in ospec i e‛, spomienko ý ‚commemo a i e‛,
symbolický ‚symbolic‛, ši oký ‚wide‛, špeci ický ‚speci ic‛, agický ‚ agic‛, umelý
‚a i icial‛, ži o ný ‚li e‛
JOURNALISTIC TEXTS (22 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
analy ický ‚analy ic‛, an agonis ický ‚an agonis ‛, an ide elope ský ‚an i-p ope y
de elope ‛, au onómny ‚au onomous‛, ik í ny ‚ ic i ious‛, homogénny ‚homogenous‛,
jasný ‚clea ‛, jednos anný ‚one-sided‛, ka as o ický ‚ca as ophic‛, komický ‚comic‛,
mode nizačný ‚mode nising‛, my ologický ‚my hologic‛, nelogický ‚illogical‛,
nespokojnos ný ‚ ull o dissa is ac ion‛, obja ný ‚o iginal‛, os ý ‚signi ican , c i ical‛,
p ísny ‚consis en ‛, p o ichodný ‚con adic o y‛, spo ný ‚deba able‛, ši oký ‚wide‛,
špeci ický ‚speci ic‛, agický ‚ agic‛
3. adjec i es ela ing o he e alua ion o na a í
SPECIALISED TEXTS (24 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
čudesný ‚s ange‛, ádny ‚bland‛, cha ak e is ický ‚ca ac e is ic‛, kánonický
‚canonical‛, kodi iko aný ‚codi ied‛, kon o e zný ‚con o e sial‛, kon enčný
‚con en ional‛, k ali ný ‚quali y‛, nega í ny ‚nega i e‛, ne ý azný ‚dull‛, no málny
‚no mal‛, pochybný ‚dubious‛, pok y ecký ‚hypoc i ical‛, p ija eľný ‚accep able‛, p os ý
‚plain‛, pú a ý ‚engaging‛, ezonujúci ‚ esonan ‛, ukážko ý ‚exempla y‛, učebnico ý
‚ ex book‛, ús edný ‚cen al‛, äčšino ý ‚majo i y‛, ýbušný ‚explosi e‛, yda ený
‚deligh ul‛, zmysluplný ‚meaning ul‛
JOURNALISTIC TEXTS (36 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
ag esí ny ‚agg essi e‛, bežný ‚common‛, blázni ý ‚ oolish‛, hlboký ‚in ense‛,
chy ľa ý ‚ca chy‛, i acionálny ‚i a ional‛, jedo a o-lži ý ‚poisonously decei ul‛, kľúčo ý
‚key‛, mocný ‚migh y‛, módny ‚ ashionable‛, mylný ‚e oneous‛, nebezpečný
‚dange ous‛, nega í ny ‚nega i e‛, nekompa ibilný ‚incompa ible‛, nepekný ‚ugly‛,
ne hodný ‚unsui able‛, ne kusný ‚ ulga ‛, nezmyselný ‚poin less‛, nudný ‚bo ing‛,
ply ký ‚ la ‛, poklesnu ý ‚damaged‛, po chný ‚supe icial‛, p i odzený ‚na u al‛,
e e enčný ‚ e e en ial‛, sces ný ‚misguided‛, sp á ny ‚co ec ‛, s e eo ypný ‚s e eo ypical‛,
ška edý ‚nas y‛, š anda dný ‚s anda d‛, ollský ‚ oll‛, dý ‚ha d‛, hodný ‚sui able‛,
yšinu ý ‚ba shi ‛, záke ný ‚wicked‛, zaujíma ý ‚in e es ing‛, zú alý ‚bloody‛
4. adjec i es ela ing o he au ho (s) o na a í
SPECIALISED TEXTS (6 adjec i e + 7 possesi e adjec i es hapaxes in o al)
And eje o “And eje ’s”, Dziako “Dziak’s”, G ocho “G och’s”, Hu bano
“Hu ban’s”, Ja ošo “Ja oš’s”, kolek í ny ‚collec i e‛, ľudský ‚human‛, masa yko ský
21
‚Masa yk-like‛, mužský ‚masculine‛, neosobný ‚impe sonal‛, O čenášo “O čenáš’s”,
Robbe-G ille o “Robbe-G ille ’s”, ženský ‚ emale‛
JOURNALISTIC TEXTS (8 adjec i e + 12 possesi e adjec i es hapaxes in o al)
Aničkin “Anička’s”, an iso oso ský ‚an i-So os-like‛, Babišo “Babiš’s”,
Hege o “Hege ’s”, Hobbeso “Hobbes’s”, Kisko “Kiska’s”, Ko lebo “Ko leba’s”,
kolek í ny ‚collec i e‛, Miklošo “Mikloš’s”, Pelleho “Pelle’s”, plicko sko-
ma inčeko ský ‚Plicka-Ma inček-like‛, p o ikisko ský ‚an i-Kiska-like‛, pu ino ský
‚Pu in-like‛, Sal iniho “Sal ini’s”, spoločný ‚common‛, S alino “S alin’s”, Sulíko
“Sulík’s”, umpis ický ‚T ump-like‛, Zaľudného “Zaľudný’s”
5. adjec i es ela ing o he e nici y, na ionali y o geog aphical en i y
SPECIALISED TEXTS (19 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
an iiz aelský ‚an i-Is aeli‛, balkánsky ‚Balkan‛, e nický ‚e hnic‛, e nocen is ický
‚e hnocen ic‛, ancúzsky ‚F ench‛, geopoli ický ‚geopoli ical‛, g éckocen ický ‚G eek-
cen ic‛, lokálny ‚local‛, mul ie nický ‚mul ie hnic‛, nacionálny ‚na ional‛, pa io ický
‚pa io ic‛, poli ický ‚poli ical‛, žido ský ‚Jewish‛, p ouk ajinský ‚p o-Uk ainian‛,
p o uský ‚p o-Russian‛, p o izápadný ‚an i-Wes e n‛, pseudo-balkanis ický ‚pseudo-
Balkanis ‛, osmanský ‚O oman‛, slo ensko-nemecký ‚Slo ak-Ge man‛
JOURNALISTIC TEXTS (21 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
balkánsky ‚Balkan‛, geopoli ický ‚geopoli ical‛, juhoslo anský ‚Yougosla ‛, lokálny
‚local‛, ná odno-š á ny ‚na ional s a e‛, pa io ický ‚pa io ic‛, p oa ický ‚p o-A ican‛,
p oeu ópsky ‚p o-Eu opean‛, p omosko ský ‚p o-Musco i e‛, p o ib uselský ‚an i-
B ussels‛, p o ik emeľský ‚an i-K emlin‛, p o i ómsky ‚an i-Roma‛, so ie sko- uský
‚So ie -Russian‛, s edoeu ópsky ‚Cen al Eu opean‛, š á o o ný ‚s a e- o ming‛,
ehe ánsky ‚Teh ani‛, uk ajinský ‚Uk ainian‛, ul apopulis icko-p o izápadný
‚ul apopulis -an i-Wes e n‛, iseg ádsky ‚Viseg ád‛, las enecký ‚pa io ic‛, západný
‚wes e n‛
6. adjec i es ela ing o he his o ical pe iod o e en o o eligious, poli ical and
ideological belie s
SPECIALISED TEXTS (23 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
buddhis ický ‚Buddhis ‛, bu žoázno-nacionalis ický ‚bou geois-na ionalis ic‛,
dejepisný ‚his o iog aphic‛, dejino o ný ‚his o y o ming‛, his o icko- e lexí ny
‚his o ical e lexi e‛, ideologický ‚ideological‛, ka olícky ‚Ca holic‛, komunis ický
‚Communis ‛, k esťanský ‚Ch is ian‛, ľa ico ý ‚le is ‛, ľudácko-au onomis ický ‚HSĽS-
like-au onomis ‛, ma xis icko-leninský ‚Ma xis -Leninis ‛, medzi ojno ý ‚in e -wa ‛,
neolibe álny ‚neolibe al‛, no malizačný ‚no malising‛, os ie enský ‚enligh ened‛,
p os alinský ‚p o-S alin‛, socialis ický ‚socialis ‛, s alinis ický ‚S alinis ‛, s edo eký

22
‚medie al‛, s e odejinný ‚wo ld-shaking‛, ianonský ‚T ianon‛, eľkomo a ský ‚G ea
Mo a ian‛
JOURNALISTIC TEXTS (35 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
an ilibe álny ‚an ilibe al‛, an iúnio ý ‚an i-EU‛, ci ke nohis o ický ‚chu ch-
his o y‛, ci ke ný ‚Chu ch‛, co ido ý ‚co id‛, dejinný ‚his o ical‛, džihádis ický ‚jihadis ‛,
ašis ický ‚Fascis ‛, globalizačný ‚globalising‛, hegemonický ‚hegemonic‛, konze a í ny
‚conse a i e‛, k esťansko-konze í ny ‚Ch is ian-conse a i e‛, kul ú no-poli ický
‚cul u al-poli ical‛, ľudácky ‚HSĽS-like‛, ľa ico ý ‚le is ‛, nacis ický ‚Nazi‛,
ná odo ecký ‚pa io ic‛, nelibe álny ‚illibe al‛, neolibe álny ‚neolibe al‛, os ie enský
‚enligh ened‛, pok oká sky ‚p og essi e‛, pomanches e ský ‚pos -Manches e ‛,
pono emb o ý ‚pos -No embe ‛, po s alecký ‚ ebel‛, p o iepidemický ‚an iepidemic‛,
p o ládny ‚p o-go e nmen al‛, p o isys émo ý ‚an isys emic‛, p o iu ečenecký ‚an i-
immig a ion‛, epublikánsky ‚Republican‛, ežimo ý ‚ egime‛, sekulá no-konzumný
‚secula consume ‛, sexis ický ‚sexis ‛, socialis icko-osla ný ‚socialis celeb a o y‛,
s alinis ický ‚S alinis ‛, s anícky ‚pa y‛, s edo eký ‚medie al‛
7. adjec i es ela ing o he in en ion o he na a í
SPECIALISED TEXTS (19 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
unkčný ‚ unc ional‛, konku ujúci ‚compe ing‛, manipula í ny ‚manipula i e‛,
mo álny ‚mo al‛, my ologizačný ‚my hologizing‛, obe ný ‚sac i icial‛, osla ný
‚celeb a o y‛, p agma ický ‚p agma ic‛, p opagandis ický ‚p opagandis ic‛,
psychologizujúci ‚psychologizing‛, sub e zí ny ‚sube si e‛, auma ický ‚ auma ic‛,
ply ný ‚in luen ial‛, uni e zálny ‚uni e sal‛, e ejný ‚public‛, zás upný ‚subs i u i e‛,
za ádzajúci ‚misleading‛, zjednocujúci ‚uni ying‛, z kadlo ý ‚mi o ‛
JOURNALISTIC TEXTS (37 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
bezpečnos ný ‚secu i y‛, dehumanizačný ‚dehumanizing‛, dodá ajúci ‚gi ing‛,
ekonomický ‚economic‛, unkčný ‚ unc ional‛, in e ný ‚in e nal‛, ko upčný ‚co up ‛,
k emeľsko-dezin o mačný ‚K emlin-disin o ma ion‛, mili a is ický ‚mili a is ic‛,
mobilizačný ‚mobilizing‛, mocenský ‚powe -based‛, mo alis ický ‚mo alis ic‛, mo álny
‚mo al‛, mo alizá o ský ‚mo alizing‛, mý o o ný ‚my h- o ming‛, nep ipúšťajúci ‚no
allowing‛, oslo ujúci ‚appealing‛, podpo ný ‚suppo i e‛, pod a ný ‚sub e si e‛,
pola izačný ‚pola izing‛, pola izujúci ‚pola ising‛, poly unkčný ‚poly unc ional‛,
popie ačský ‚p omo ing he denial o he esponsibili y‛, po o ná ací ‚compa a i e‛,
p eda ačský ‚helping o sell he EU concep by emphasizing i s bene i s‛, p o-choice ‚p o-
choice‛, p o es ný ‚p o es ‛, eklamný ‚ad e ising‛, simpli ikujúci ‚simpli ying‛,
spásonosný ‚sa ing‛, uni e zálny ‚uni e sal‛, akz aný ‚so-called‛, ium alis ický
‚ iumphalis ‛, s a egický ‚s a egic‛, účinný ‚e ec i e‛, í ačský ‚suppo ing he a i al o
mig an s o he EU in 2015‛, zdo o i ý ‚de ian ‛
23
8. adjec i es ela ing o ime o empo al phenomena
SPECIALISED TEXTS (7 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
budúci ‚ u u e‛, dnešný ‚p esen -day‛, dobo ý ‚pe iod‛, nesko ý ‚la e‛,
no o znikajúci ‚newly eme ging‛, súbežný ‚pa allel‛, znikajúci ‚eme ging‛
JOURNALISTIC TEXTS (7 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
ak uálny ‚cu en ‛, denný ‚daily‛, dlhodobý ‚log- e m‛, dnešný ‚p esen -day‛,
d es o očný ‚bicen ennial‛, počia očný ‚ini ial‛, ži ý ‚li e‛
9. adjec i es ela ing o a and humani ies, a is ic o ms, media, an h opological
cha ac e is ics
SPECIALISED TEXTS (37 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
apologe ický ‚apologe ic‛, au obiog a ický ‚au obiog aphic‛, au opsí ny ‚au opsy‛,
bájko ý ‚ able‛, bele is ický ‚ ic ional‛, biblický ‚biblical‛, ces opisný ‚ a elogue‛,
denníko ý ‚dia y‛, desk ip í ny ‚desc ip i e‛, de ek í ny ‚de ec i e‛, diege ický ‚diege ic‛,
d ama u gický ‚d ama u gic‛, epizodický ‚episodic‛, expe imen álny ‚expe imen al‛,
ilozo ický ‚philosophic‛, he ois ický ‚he eois ic‛, he ný ‚gaming‛, insceno aný ‚s aged‛,
kolabo ačný ‚collabo a i e‛, kon e zný ‚con e sion‛, ly ický ‚ly ic‛, me adiege ický
‚me adiege ic‛, neo- oman ický ‚neo- oman ic‛, palimpses o ý ‚palimpses ‛, pas o álny
‚pas o al‛, pa e nalis ický ‚pa e nalis ic‛, populá no-náučný ‚popula science‛,
pos mode ný ‚pos mode n‛, pseudo edecký ‚pseudo-scien i ic‛, ománo ý ‚no elis ic‛,
oman izujúci ‚ oman icizing‛, sa i ický ‚sa i ic‛, se iálo ý ‚se ial‛, sp a odajský ‚news‛,
subžán o ý ‚subgen e‛, ťahací ‚pullling‛, eleologický ‚ eleological‛
JOURNALISTIC TEXTS (12 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
biog a ický ‚biog aphic‛, olkló ny ‚ olklo ic‛, he oický ‚he oic‛, hudobný
‚musical‛, li e á nohis o ický ‚li e a y his o ical‛, ľudo ý ‚ olk‛, mý ický ‚my hical‛,
p í odopisný ‚na u al his o y‛, i uálny ‚ i ual‛, ozp á ko ý ‚ ai y- ale‛, spoločensko-
edecký ‚socio-scien i ic‛, edecký ‚scien i ic‛
10. adjec i es ela ing o miscellanea seman ic ea u es
SPECIALISED TEXTS (27 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
analyzo aný ‚analysed‛, jediný ‚single‛, jedno ný ‚uni ied‛, p íbuzný ‚ ela ed‛, celý
‚whole‛, di e enco aný ‚di e en ia ed‛, odlišný ‚di e en ‛, os a ný ‚o he ‛, u či ý
‚ce ain‛, ú odný ‚in oduc o y‛, ozličný ‚ a ious‛, ozmani ý ‚di e se‛, ho o ý ‚ eady‛,
ýsledný ‚ esul ing‛, exis ujúci ‚exis ing‛, p a depodobný ‚p obable‛, p íslušný ‚ ele an ‛,
ado aný ‚handed down‛, y o ený ‚c ea ed‛, zmienený ‚men ioned‛, zodpo edajúci
‚co esponding‛, kul ú nospoločenský ‚cul u al-social‛, mnohý ‚nume ous‛, p e á ajúci
‚pe sisen ‛, zá islý ‚dependen ‛, pamäťo ý ‚memo y‛, ak ualizujúci ‚upda ing‛,
24
JOURNALISTIC TEXTS (16 adjec i e hapaxes in o al)
celko ý ‚o e all‛, exis ujúci ‚exis ing‛, ho o ý ‚ eady‛, možný ‚possible‛,
ne yhnu ný ‚ine i able‛, odlišný ‚di e en ‛, ok ídlený ‚well-known‛, posledný ‚las ‛,
p edchádzajúci ‚p e ious‛, p iamočia y ‚s aigh o wa d‛, p ý ‚ i s ‛, sebais ý ‚sel ‛,
sp ie odný ‚accompanying‛, ýs upný ‚ou going‛, zemi ý ‚pe sisen ‛, z yško ý ‚ esidual‛