SOCIALINES
LINGVISTIKOS
PROBLEMOS
LIETUVIU
KALBOTYROS
KLAUSIMAI,
XIX
(1979)
Jléu unac
MAK
YCHC
AKTHBU3AUHA
WH
PETAPAAUMSA
YNOTPEBHTEJIBHOCTH
MCKOHHbIX
CJIOB
B
MMMALFPAHTCKOM
SI3bIKE
(Ha
Ma epHase
auTOBCKO O
93Ka
B
CepepHo
AmepuKe)
BosHHKHOBeHHe
1
CyUeCTBOBAaHHe
UMMHTpaHTCKHX
si3bIKOB
B
CepepHoli
AMepu-
xe
(CIA
n
Ka ala)
HepaspbIBHo
CBs3aHbI,
C
OAHOM
CTOPOHI,
C
pesKHM
H3MeHeHHeM
BHelHel
Cpesbl
HX
HOCHTeJeH,
yCAOBH
PyHKUMOHMPOBaHHA
STHX
ASbIKOB
H,
C
py oii
—
¢
un epdepenuuel
an auiicko o
A3biKa
(TouNee
—
aMepHKaHcko o
BapHaHTa
aHTMiickO O
ASbIKa),
B
YAHHBIX
COMMOKYJbTYPHbIX
YCOBHAX
3aHH-
Maloule o
MojoxKeHHe
OcpHUMaJIbHOTO,
JOMHHMpylollle o,
cyxKaloule o
cpéabi
u
chepbl
HX
HCNOJL3OBaHHA
HM
Mpespaliiaiowle o
HX
B
KOHTAaKTHBIe
AMaseKTEI
(06
3TOM
Tepmune
cM.
Haugen,
1977)
uum
Bapnan i.
Haye
opopa,
lIpH
HcceqOBaHHH
TpOUeCCOB
U3MCHEHHA
STHX
ASbIKOB
MPHXOAHTCA
CTAIKMBaTbCA
C
ABYMA
BUaMu
BHeIMHHX
dakTopoB:
1)
SKCTPpadMHTBHCTHYCCKHMH,
T.
e.
JeKAlHMH
3a
Tipe-
JleuaMu
ASbIKa
H
2)
JHHPBHCTHYCCKH
M4,
T.
€.
3AMKHYTHIMH
B
A3bIKe,
HO
Jena
-
MH
BHe
HX
COOCTBeEHHOM
CTpyKTypbi
(0
Takoli
KNaccuuKallun
BHeUIHHX
(bakTOpOB
cm.
Aspopuu
B.
A.,
1975;
Tyxman
H.
M.,
1964).
Lleab
HacTosileH
CTaTbH
—
BbIABHTb
BOS
leHCTBHE
STHX
JBYX
BHAOB
BHCIIHHX
«pak
TOpoB
Ha
yioTpeOuTeIbHOCTS
MCKOHHDIX
CJIOB
B
KOHTAKTHOM
BapHaHTe
JIMTOB-
cko o
s3bIka
B
CesepHoii
AMepuke.
C eneHb
HCnOb30BaHHsA
HCKOHHOH
JIeKCHKH
Hac
wuTepecyeT
He
KaK
CTaTHCTHYeCKH
ONpesesAeMad
BeM4HHAa,
a
TOAbKO
C
TOUKH
3peHHA
JBYX
MPOTMBONOMOXHbIX
TeHACHILMH,
BOSMOXKHBIX
B
Ce
H3MCHEHHH,
T. e.
TCHACHUMK
AKTHBHSALHM
(pacuIMpeHuA)
MH
peTapawun
(coKpalienua)
yno-
TpeOu embuoc a
(cm.
)Kayx enxo
10.
A.,
1974).
[log
uckonHbim
c/10B0M
M10-
HuMae ca
Ji060e
COBO
[aHHOTO
ASbIKa
KaK
MpeACTaBHTeb
MepBOHaYabHO O,
T.
@,
JO29MHUTpallMOHHOTO
JleKcu¥ecKo o
cocTaBa.
TakuM
o6pasom,
oTMpaBHoli
TOUKOM
AAA
HAC
CJYKMA
TOT
peaIbHbili
A3bIK,
Ha
KOTOPOM
MTOBCKHe
9MU paH-
Tbl
TOBOPHJIM
B
MepHO
IMM paluH.
PogonayaibHuk
coBpemMeHHOH
aHMH BUcTHKA
®.
ye
Cocciop
(1933),
Ko oppili
CuUTad,
YTO
TO
IpHpOse
cBoei
ABbIK
GeccHAeH
OOOPOHATHCA
OT
pasMM4HbIX
(akTO-
pos,
AelicTByIOIHX
Ha
e o
CTpyKTypy,
3aMeTu4:
,,Kakosbl
Obi
HH
ObliM
dak
TOpbi
H3MeHACMOCTH,
JeHCTBYIOT
OHH
H30JIMPOBaHHO
HJIH
KOMOHHUPOBaHHO,
OHH
Bce ja
MIPHBOAAT
K
CABHTY
OTHOUeHHA
Mex
jy
O3HayaIOlMM
uM
OsHayaembIM™.
Tak
Kak
COBO
ABAAETCA
ABYMaHOBOH
eMMHHUel
aAsbIKa
(T.
€.
EeMHHCTBOM
O3Ha¥aeMo o
H
o3Hayalolle o)
H
MOMKeT
HMCTb
CBASb
C
BbIeYNOMAHYTbIMH
BHeLWHHMH
(akTopa-
MH
Yepe3
O3HadaeMoe
H/HJIH
OSHATaIOMIee,
HSMCHEHHe
B
YIOTPeCOHTEbHOCTH
HCKOH-
HOFO
C0Ba
MPOCM@KMBaeTCA
HMEHHO
B
paMKaX
OTHOWIeHH
Mey
STAMH
baKTO-
paMH
H
ABYMA
MlaHaMM
CJ10Ba.
Pe3koe
H3MeCHEHHE
SKCTPAMMHTBHCTHYECKOM
JeHCTBATEJIbHOCTH
y2Ke
Ha
Ha aJb-
HOM
9Ta e
pa3s3BHTHA
HMMHIpaHTCKOYTO
ASbIKa
NOsBep aeT
EO
HCKOHHbIM
JeKCH-
YeCKHii
COCTaB
HCMbITaHHIO
Ha
COMMabHYIO
akTYa/bHOCTb.
IKcTpaswMHTBUCTH-
ueckue
(T.
€.
H€ASbIKOBLIC)
(paKTOPbI
BCTYMAaIT
B
elicTBHe
Yepe3
HX
CBA3b
C
O3HAa-
YaeMbIM
CIOBA:
O3HAYaeMble
OAHAX
COB
TepAIOT
CBOIO
MpPeAKHIOW
COLMAaIbHYIO
AKTYa/IbHOCTb,
a
O3Ha¥aeMble
JPyTHX COB,
HadGopoT,
MpHobpeTaloT
HOBy10
CO-
WHaNbHyl0
akTyabHocTh.
MsMenen e
counabHol
aKTyYaMbHOCTH
O3HayaeMo o
MPOABAAeTCA
AKTHBH3ALlMel
UNM
PeTapanuel
ynoTpeOuTeAbHOCTH
CiOBa:
COBa
a
67
C
HU3KOi
YACTOTHOCTbIO
yHOTpeO/IeHHA
MyCKaloTCA
B
OOOpOT,
a
CMOBa
C
BbI-
COKOii
YaCTOTHOCTHIO
BLIXOAAT
U3
ynoTpeOsenHA.
YunTbIBad,
HaNpHMep,
TOJIbKO
TO
OOCTOATEBCTBO,
UTO
CTapylO
JHTOBCKY!I0
TpyAOBy!0
IMHTpallHio
B
CHIA
u
Ka aje
B
OCHOBHOM
MpeACTaBAAIu
He paMOTHble
H
MaJ1OTpaMOTHBIe
KpeCTbAHe,
KOTOPbIe
CTaIH
PaOOUHMH
WaxXTepCKHX
MOCEIKOB
H
MHAYCTPHAJIbHBIX
TOPOTOB,
HeTpyAHO
TIpeLcTaBUTb
ceGe
O6bEM
HCKOHHO!
JeKCHKH,
yMOTpeOuTebHOCTb
KO-
Topoli
noxBep aacb
usMeHeHHio.
Lemp e
ceMaHTHYeCKHe
NOMA
OOHXOAHOH
JeKCHKH
Tepe
B
MaCCHBHBIi
3anac,
a
OHOBPeMeHHO
MHOTHE
€/MHHLbI
MaCCHBHOTO
3a-
aca
JI@KCHKH
CTaIH
OOHXOAHBIMH.
Konkpe Ho
noka3aTb
TaKHe
H3MCHeHHA
BO3MO%XKHO
TOJIbKO
B
lipeqedax
Gos ee
gaMKHYTbIX
CeMaHTH¥ecKHX
MuKpocuc em.
Hanpumep,
MHTepecHad
cHTyalMsA
clOxKUsach,
KOPa
AMTOBCKHe
MMMHIPAHTbI
MepeKMOWHCb
Ha
aHTHHCKYIO
CH-
c emy
Mep.
Ilo
coumaJbHOl
akTyabHOCTH
CBOe o
O3Ha¥aeMo O
K
He
NOAOWAM
TakHe
CTapble
NPHBOSHbIe
HaHMeHOBaHHA,
Kak
k o a
,,KBap a“,
mylia
Musa“,
péda
»by ,
s a as
,(pyHT“,
KOTOpBle
10
CHX
NOp
TaM
NosbsyloTcsA
GombIlO
yio-
‘TpeOHTeABHOCTHIO,
B
TO
BpeMa
KaK
TIPHBOSHbIe,
Goee
HOBbIe
HAHMCHOBAaHUA
MeTPH-
yecKOl
CHCTeMbI
Mep
NOBeP INch
peTapjallHHn.
TloaHo
npesc TaBuTb
ce6e
BCIO
MaCUITaOHOCTh
MpoleccoB
U3
MeHeHHA
ynoTpe6u-
T@MbHOCTH
HCKOHHBIX
CJIOB
B
HMMHTpaHTCKOM
S3bIKe,
BbISBAHHBIX
BO3/leli-
cTBHeM
yCJOBHi
e o
(YHKUMOHHPOBaHH#,
MOXKHO
TOJbKO
H3y4HB
(popMbI
e o
cyulecTBOBaHHs,
cpeybl
HW
cbepbl
ETO
HCTONb3OBaHHA
(06
9THX
NOHATHAX
CM.
Axpopus
B.
A.,
1975).
Yun bwad
Te
couMaybHbIe
yC/OBHA,
B
KOTOPbIX
THTOB-
ckHii
HMMU paHTCKHii
A3bIK
CbyYHKUHOHMpyeT,
OCOGeHHO
yCMIOBHA
PpasBUTHA
Macco-
BOFO
OJHOCTOPOHHEFO
JIMTOBCKO-aHTMHCKOTO
ABYASBINHA,
B
KOTOPbIX
Cy2KaloTCs
peanbHble
MOTPeOHOCTH
H
BOSMOXHOCTH
€TO
HCHOALSOBAHHA,
O
PeTapAAallHH,
BU-
JIMMO,
MOXKHO
TOBOPHTb
PETPOCMeKTHBHO
H
TIPOCHeKTHBHO
Kak
O
JOMHHHP
YIOILeH
TeHJCHUMH
B
H3MeHeHHH
YMOTPeOHTebHOCTH
HCKOHHBIX
CJIOB,
T.€.
TeHACHILMH,
OXBaTBIBalOUlell
JOBO.IBHO
OONbUIME
MacTbl
HCKOHHOM
JeKCHKH.
Bo
MHo nx
paOoTax,
MOCBAINeHHBIX
mpoOieMam
mpo lecca
npHenoco6.1enHA
HMMHTPaHTCKHX
ASbIKOB
K
HOBbIM
9KCTPaJIMHTBHCTHYeCKHM
YCJIOBHAM
(byHkuHo-
HHPOBaHHA,
HeaeKBaTHOCTb
HCKOHHOTO
C/IOBaps
OOBIYHO
PAaCCMATPHBAeTCA
TOJIb-
KO
Kak
OUlymieHMe
JleKcu4ecKo o
,, ed@unn a™
(lexical
»gap“),
a
NOTpeOHOCTh
B
TlepepacnpeyeeHHH
yMOTPeOHTebHOCTH
HCKOHHBIX
CJIOB
OCTaeTCA
HegaMe4eHHOH,
XOTA
H
ABJAeTCH
He
MeHee
BayKHOMi
3aKOHOMEPHOCTHIO
aTOTO
Mpowecca.
C
Apy oii
CTOPOHBI,
CTaJIKHBaaCb
C
MpoOseMoli
peTapAallHM
MCKOHHDIX
COB
B
HMMUTpaHT-
CKHX
S3bIKaX,
JMHTBHCTbI
pa3bACHAOT
€e,
CCbIAaACh
Ha
Mpouecc
,,saObiBaHHA”
(cm.
Haugen,
1970;
Clyne,
1972)
ua
na
,,o6ulee
ocuabneHHe
“yBCTBa
agbika“
(Sp achge iihl—
Seaman,
1972),
T.e.
akeHTHPyl0T
TOJIbKO
MCHXOJHHTBUCTHYCC-
Kylo
CTOpoHy
9TOFO
Mpoulecca,
BbITLyCKad
H3
MONA
3peHHA
E o
CONMOAHHTBHCTH-
yeckylo
CTOpoHy.
Bo iee
KOHKPeTHO
MpOCJI@KHBAIOTCA
HSMeHEHHA
YMOTPeOHTeAbHOCTH
HCKOH-
HbIX
COB,
MPOHCXOsMHe
NOX
BospelicTBHeEM
ApyTo o
BHA
BHELIHUX
(akTOpoB,
7.e.
MHTBHCTHYeCKUX.
AKTHBH3allMA
HJIM
peTapMallHA
HCKOHHBIX
CJIOB
yxKe
Tpey-
c aBaeT
co6oi
pesy.IbTaT
JelicTBHA
HHTepcepeHMH
KOHTAKTHPYIOule o
ASbIKa.
B
yecsosusix
cyOopAMHaTHBHOTO
JHTOBCKO-aHTIMHCKOTO
ABYASbIMHA
JIeKCHYeC-
KHe@
@(MHUUbI
aH AMHCKOFO
A3bIKa
B
HMMHTPpaHTCKOM
ABbIKe
HCNOJb3YIOTCA
He
TOABKO
JA
NOKPBITHA
JeKCHYeCKOTO
,,lespuyHTa“:
B
pedH
HMMUTPaHTOB
NOABIA-
JOTCA
H
TaK
Ha3bIBAeMbIe
CHHOHUMHYHLIe
H
AyOMpy olll e
aH iMickHe
3aHMCTBO-
Balun,
(POHETHYeCKH
H
MOpcpoJIOTHYeCKH
MHTe pHpOBaHHble
B
CHCTeMy
POAHOTO
a3bIKa,
U
aHT inlicK e
C10Ba,
BBOAHMBIe
TyTeM
KO oBO O
MepekmioyeHuA.
Taku
o6pasoM,
O3HaYaeMbI€
MCKOHHBIX
C/IOB
MpHOOpeTaloT
HOBIE
OSHaualollHe.
Taxol
XapaKkTep
B3aMMOJeHCTBHA
ASbIKOB
Obi
3aMeueH
eu e
JT.
B.
UWep6o%
(1958)
1
Ha-
3BaH
,,CMeI@HHBIM
ASKIKOM
¢
JByMA
TepMHHamu“.
CellanHoe
ucnoabsoBaHne
68
HCKOHHOFO
COBa
H
aHTIMMCKOFO
BbISbIBaeT
PeTApAallMiO
MepBO O:
OHO
y2xKe
NOJK-
HO
Pa3J@IATb
CBOIO
YIOTPeOHTENbHOCTh
CO
COBOM
KOHTaKTHPYlOUle o
sASbIKa.
Vinsimu
copaMu,
akTHBH3allHa
3a4MCTBOBAHHOTO
CHHOHMMAa
MIM
HCIIO/Ib30BaHHe
aHTIMiICKOTO
COBa
MyTeM
KOJOBOTO
MepeKAOVeHHA
MPOHCXOMHT
3a
CueT
pe-
TapalMH
HCKOHHOTO
CJIOBa.
B
ycaoBuax
JByASbMMA,
B
KOTOPBIX
(pyHKUMOHMPylOT
HMMHIpaHTCKHe
ASbIKH
B
Cepepnoi
Amepuke,
moiowenHe
cBoO6o,HO O
BapbHpoBaHHA
3aHMCTBOBaHHOH
JI@KCHKA
C
HCKOHHBIMH
CIOBAMH
CTAHOBATCA
KOMMYHHKaTHBHOH
HOpMol
(0
TepMHHe
cm.
Haugen,
1977)
He
Towpko
B
pa3TOBOPHOH
pew
HMMHTPaHTOB,
HO
jlaxKe
B
H3-
Jjapaemoii
uMM
Mpecce.
BoT
HeCKOJIbKO
MPHMeEPOB
H3
MHOTOYHCMCHHBIX
Ta3eTHbIX
nipeqoxwKeHHli,
B
KOTOPbIX
HCKOHHOe
H
AHTVIHHCKOe
C/OBa
HCNOMbSyIOTCH
Ma-
PasIeIbHO
(O2HO
43
HHX,
OObINHO
aHTAHiicKoe,
AaeTCA
B
cKo6Kax):
Be eik
isi
i8
pilie¢iy
iS ink i
mokesciai
( aksai)
nueina
j
als ijy
bei
ede alinj
izda.
L
75
28.
Pas a uoju
me u
labai
iSsiplé é
a émimas
i8
mo e y
piniginiy
(pu siy)
...
LB
65
1.
Namelius
a ima
uz
skolg
—
mo giciy.
V 60
171.
...mies o
a yba
nu a é
is i i
(in es-
iguo i)
policijos
eikima.
V
61
124.
Dailidziy
(ka pen e iy)
unijos
lokalas
79
jau
du
ménesiai
s eikuoja.
L
7131.
...pasiémé
jsisuny i
(adop in i)
3
ménesiy amZiaus
ai-
kq.
L
71
3.
Kaip
paaiSkin i
pag obimq
(kidnepinima)
milijonie iy
Hea s y
duk os
Pa icijos?
L
74
23.
Daba
séja
pupeles
(binsus)
i
ki us
ja us.
LB
75
12.
B
9TWx
MpeAowKeHHAX
aHPVIMHCKOe
COBO
BbICTyMaeT
B
KayeCTBe
HHTe pupo-
BaHHOTO
8aHMCTBOBaHHA,
HO
BO
MHOFHX
APyF HX
MpeAOKeHHAX
OHO
HCHOWIb-
3yeTCA
B
OPHTHHA/IbHOM
aHT IMiiCKOM
HanMcaHun,
Hamp.:
Dinami as
i
de ona o iai
bu o
suk au i
k/uone
(ba n)
an
g indy.
LB
69
9.
Té ai
i
abiejy
é ukai
(g andpa en s)
labai
dziaugiasi,
sulauke
naujo
Seimos
na io.
LB
75
4.
K anklys
( ul u e)
pakliu o
i
helikop e io
spa nus.
LB
66
7.
Paimk
ke i a
dalj
s a o
mieziy
(ba ley)
i
sume k
i
kyo q
Sal o
andens.
V
62
35.
...
isos
banko
du ys
uzpecé y os
(sealed).
V
60
4.
...
eiséjai
neduoda
pe sky y
(di o se)...
V 60
18.
Tik
ge ai
jsi émyki e
dieng,
ko o
(Ma ch)
18..V
61
26.
...
paimk
ge a
Ziupsnelj
pe usky
(pa sley)...
V
62
80.
...
isi
kamba iai
uZpildy i
inkamais
g aziais
baldais
( u ni u e).
V
62
179.
...
8iy
me y
de -
liui
Ziogai
(g asshoppe s)
daug
daugiau
pada ys
Zalos
kaip
pe ei a
me a.
V
60
160.
Jis
sako,
nu a é
k eip is
p ie
pasalpos
( elie )...
V
61
231.
I8
aguony
(poppies)
y a
da omas
opiumas.
V 60
10.
Reikalingas
pecku ys
( i eman).
L
49
152.
Takoe
yacToe
mapa/iebHoe
HCOb30BaHHe
HCKOHHOFO
HW
aHPIMHCKOTO
CJIOB
CBHJeTeIbCTByeT
O
(byYHKUHOHAIbHOH
caGocTH,
O
HesOCTAaTOUHO!
colaJIbHOK
HHTe pauun
(06
sToM
TepMuHe
cM.
Hasselmo,
1969,
c.
126)
BHYTpH
HMMHTpaHT-
KOH
OOLLMHbI
MHOTHX
HCKOHHBIX
CJIOB.
OHO
BbI3BAHO
YC/JIOBHAMH
JBYASHIMHA,
He-
OMMHAaKOBbIM
3HAKOMCTBOM
HMMHIpaHTOB
CO
COBapeM
POAHOFO
ASbIKa,
OTCYTC-
TBHEM
JI@KCHYCCKHX
HOPM
H
TEM
OOCTOATEMbCTBOM,
UTO
HMMUPPaHTCKad
OOULHHA
BKOVaeT
H
MpeACTaBHTeeli
HOBbIX
MOKOJeHHH,
ASbIKOBbIe
HaBbIKH
KOTOPBIX
(PopMHpoBaJIMcb
HE
B
yCOBHAX
pozHOTO
OLHOASHINHA.
C peMaeHHe
HMMHTpaHT-
CKOl
HHT@JIHeHIHH,
OCOGeHHO
pedaKTOpOB
a3eT,
BOZOOHOBUTb
H
MONOAHHTS
HC-
KOHHY10
JICKCHKY
HMMHIpaHTCKOLO
S3bIKa
H3
PeCYPCOB
COBPEMeHHOLO
AH
TOBCKOFO
o6uley
NoTpe6HTeAbHOLO
AsbIKa
He
YBEHYAeTCA
YCMEXOM:
COUMaJIbHad
HHTe palluA
TaKHX
COB
He
NOCTHTaeT
TaKOli
CTeMeHH,
YTOOI
OHH
yHOTpeOAAMHCh
Ges
Napa. -
enbuol
TosepxkKU
ak aniicKo o
caoBa
WAH
3aMMcTBoBaHHaA.
Hanpumep:
...
pagamino
sumus inius
(sand icius)...
L
76
20.
...
idéki e
jas
Slapias
j
Saldy u q
( e ige a o ).
V
62
35.
Auglys
( umo )
plagiai
apémes
kepenis.
V
62
143.
Eismas
( a ikas)
abelnai
sulaiky as.
V
60
245.
...
pe ka
klasikinés
muzikos
ploks eles
( e-
ko dus).
V
61
25.
...
ak o iaus
padanga
( y e)
bu o
sugadin a.
V
61
179.
...
dienomis
palikda o
jj
aiky
lopSelyje
(nu se y)
...
V
61
179.
BaxkHy!0
pouib
B
H3MeHCHHH
yNOTPeOHTebHOCTH
HCKOHHBIX
CJIOB
B
HMMHT-
PaHTCKOM
ASbIKe
HpaeT
MK
bASHIKOBO
OTOARLECTBICHHE
JIeKCEM,
KOTOPOe
OCHO-
BbIBAeTCA
Ha
ABYX
THMaX
MHa/ICKCEMHBIX
OTHOLIeHHH:
OMO(OHHYECKHX
H
CHHO-
69
HUMHYeCKHX
(co¥eTaHHe
OMOOHHH
H
CHHOHUMHH,
Kak
5TO
IIPHHATO
B
KsaccHyec-
KUX
paGoTaX
MO
TeOPHH
ASKIKOBbIX
KOHTAKTOB,
Ha3OBEM
TOMOJIOTHYECKHM
OTHO-
1lleHHeM).
Eme
Benson
(1957)
sameTua,
YTO
B
peu
pyCCKHX
HMMUTpaHTOB
CIA
u3
zByx
COOCTBeHHEIX
CHHOHHMOB
YacTo
Goslee
ynoTpeOuTeweH
TOT,
KOTOpbIi
CBOHM
3By-
qaunem
To oGeH
cooTBeTc Byouleli
aH sHiicKoli
guaseKceme.
AHaso MuHple
IPHMepbI
MOTYT
ObITh
MPHBeeHbI
H
H3
Ped
JIMTOBCKHX
HMMHTPaHTOB.
Tak,
13-34
3BYKOBOTO
CXOACTBa
C
COOTBETCTBYIOUMMM
aHTJIMiicKHMM
JMaJleKCeMaMH
CTapbIe
BapBapHi3MbI,
Take
KaK
in e esingas
(cp.
au a.
in e es ing),
mize nas
(cp.
aH ul.
mise able),
palocius
(cp.
au a.
palace),
pasazie ius
(cp.
au a.
passenge ),
plecius
(cp.
au a.
place),
undinas
(cp.
au a.
ound),
se ioziai
(cp.
ax a.
se iously),
yakacijos
(cp.
an a.
aca ion),
ely i
(cp.
au a.
wish)
He
TOJIbKO
OCTaJIMCb
B
ynoTpe6eHHH,
HO
HM
NOJyYHIM
MpaBa
paxk aHcTBa
B
Ta3zeTax:
Kiek ienas
pasaké
po
in e esingg
p akalbélg.
L
66
96.
...
ji ininkai
sku s a
gaudami
mize -
nas
algas...
LB
63
3.
Nuola iniai
jo
palocius
saugo
400
pa ink yjy.
V
62
45
....
pasis a y i
au omobilius
am
ikslui
j eng ose
pleciuose.
V
61
183.
...
lék u as
su
24
pasazie iais
iSk ypes
i8
kelio...
V
69
29.
...
dél
pobu io
su
mo e y
g upe
p ie
undino
s alo.
V
60
120.
Vis
dél o
neimki e
pong
sena o iy
se ioziai.
V
61
130.
Ki a
sa ai galj
aZiuojam
akacijy.
Veliname
d augei
g ei o
pas eikimo.
V
60
143.
Mex
bASBIKOBLIM
OTOKCCTBCHHEM,
B
OCHOBE
KOTOPOTO
eXKUT
O6,1bilIee
3ByKOBOe
CXOACTBO,
OODACHACTCA
H
AKTHBHSALMA
TaKHX
CTapBIX
AyO.leTHBIX
PopM,
Kak
a pa
apa“
(cp.
au a.
ha p),
k izis
,.xpusuc
(cp.
au a.
c isis),
o kes a
,,op-
xec p“
(cp.
an a.
o ches a),
F ancija
,®panuua“
(cp.
an a.
F ance)
3a
cuéT
TaKUX
OOLIeyNOTPeOHTEAbHEIX,
OO/Iee
HOBbIX
bopm,
Kak
a a,
k izé,
o kes as,
P ancizija.
Kak
u3BecTHO,
Ha
OCHOBe
OMOOHHYECKHX,
CHHOHHMH4eCKHX
H
TOMOJIOTHYeC-
KHX
JMaJIeKCeMHBIX
CBA3eli
HCKOHHBIe
C10BA
MOTYT
NMOJyYaTb
HOBbIe
JONOMHH-
TenbHbIe
3HayenusA.
PacuimpeHwe
3Ha¥eHHH
CJIOBa
ECTECTBEHHO
BbISbIBaeT
CTO
aK-
THBU3AlIH10,
YTO
B
KOHTAKTHOM
BapHaHTe
WTOBCKO O
s3bIka
CesepHol
Amepuku
ABIACTCA
Hepe(KHM
ABeHHeM.
B
ceTh
OMOGPOHMYECKHX
MIM
Yallle
BCeTO
TOMOJIO-
THYCCKUX
M@KbASLIKOBLIX
OTHOUMIEHHH
OObIMHO
MOMasaloT
Tak
HaSbIBaeMbIe
HHTEP~
HallHoHasbHBIe
cnoBa.
MHo e
43
HUX
JOBOJIbHO
AKTHBHO
HCMONb3YIOTCH
HB
OO-
WeyNOTPeOUTEbHOM
JIMTOBCKOM
A3bIKe,
HO
B
UMMHIPaHTCKOM
BapHaHTe
B
pesyJb-
TaTe
CeMaHTHYeCKOM
HMHTepepeHHH
aHTVIMiCKOTO
ASbIKa
OHH
MOJyYalOT
HOBBIC
3HaueHHA
UM,
cyleqOBaTeIbHO,
HX
yMoTpe6eH e
akTHBusupyeTca.
Hanpumep:
au o i e ai
,,1peqcTaBMTeM
BAacTH“
(<
au ho i ies)
...
Be lyno
au o i e ai
pasiun é
p o es a...
LB
64
1.
Au o i e ai
skuba
e akuo i
Zmones
i8
pa ojingy
ie y.
LB
63
26.
deko uo i
,,Ha payu Tb
opyeHaMu,
Me agsimu“
(<
deco a e)
...
lakiinus
deko ayo
medaliais...
V
62
234.
egzaminuoli
,,ACCeNOBaTb,
OCMaTPHBaTb“
(<
examine)
Tuojau
duoki e
sa o
akis
iSegzaminuo i.
GK
59
2/3.
Kai
dak a as
egzamina o
aikus,
jo
pik umas
augo.
LB
62
6.
k edi as
,,noxBadia,
4ec b;
saueT“
(<
c edi )
I
uz
ai
didelis
k edi as
enka
laik aS iui.
LB
72
21.
Moky ojai
a i enka
didelis
k edi as
uz
oki
puiky
i8la inima.
LB
63
26.
...
gimmazijoje
iSei i
dalykai
i
gau i
k edi ai
no maliai
uzskai omi
ki y
k a8 y
mokyklose.
D
76
27.
nikelis
,,naTWUeHTOBaA
MoHeTa“
(<
nickel)
Jos
17
ménesiy
duk elé
Kim
p a ijo
nikelj...
V
62
167.
...
jis
su inko
nemaza
nikeliy.
ED
278.
o iginalus
,,nepBoHa abubiii
(<
o iginal)
O iginalus
eikala imas
bu o
labai
didelis...
LB
74
4.
O iginali
payeikslo
kaina
$
392,
000.
V
61
171.
70
pa ija
,,puem
oc eii,
BexepuHKa“
(<
pa y)
Vienoj
pa ijoj
iena
ieSnia
pasisiilé
palinksmin i
s e ius,
LB
63
34.
...
bu o
su-
uos a
pa ija
dél
jos
sese écios...
LB
66
30.
p izas
,uipemua“
(<
p ize)
Kas
pi mas
ai
su as,
gaus
Nobelio
p izq...
V
61
199.
Cy us
Ea on
ga o
Lenino
aikos
p izq.
V
60 131.
AKTHBH3aIINA
COOCTBEHHO
HCKOHHBIX
CJIOB
JHTOBCKOTO
A3bIKa
OObMHO
BBISbI-
BaeTCA
CHHOHHMHYCCKHM
paclUHpeHHeM
HX
3Ha4YeHHM,
Halip.:
acii
,,0na onapa“
(<
hanks
o)
Aci
mano
pas angoms
daug
pap as y
Zmoniy
gauna
Zinojima.
V 62
177.
Tik
adi
dideliam
yZ ui
ai
isa
g aziai
j ykdy a.
V
60
230.
galia
,, OCyapCcTBeHHad
BJlacTb“
(<
powe )
Mili a is ai
i8 ijo
ji i
galiq
paémé
pa ys.
LB
63
15.
...
pa ija
neno i
paleis i
galios
i$
sa o
anky.
LB
63
15.
nelaimé
,,kaTac poda,
aBapun“
(<
acciden )
...
Sabo aZininkai
a sakomingi
uz
aukinio
nelaime.
LB
72
7.
...
pa em i
su-
Zeis g
au omobilio
nelaiméje.
D
76
9.
p oga
,,BO3MOXKHOCTh”
(<
chance)
...
Komi e as
s udija o
p ogas
Ame ikos
aikams
j
apS ie a
i
moksla.
L
74
13.
...
jai
sugy i
né a
jokios
p ogos.
L
75
39. Jei
esi
i s
40
me y
i
ne u i
da bo,
ai
labai
maZa
p ogy
u i
gau i
da ba.
LB
65
7.
Sal is
,uacmMopK“
(<
cold)
«ji
u éjo
didelj
Sal j.
L
57
29.
...
si go
Saléiu.
L
5726.
Sal is
y a
eik
kasdieniné
liga.
V
60
17.
Mex
baSbIKOBOe
JIEKCHYECKOe
OTOKMECTBCHHE,
BbISBAHHOe
YHCTO
CeMaHTH-
YeCKHM
CXOJCTBOM
(T.€.
KO a
O3Ha aeMbIe
AHaIeKCeM
YaCTHUHO
TepeceKaloTca),
HHO Aa
AKTHBHSHPyeT
H
TEM
CaMbIM
KOHCepBHPyeT
Takoe
yoTpeO leHHe
HCKOH-
HOO
C1OBa,
KOTOPOe
B
Ja/bHelillleM
pasBHTHH
JHTOBCKOTO
OOlley
NOTPe6uTebHOTO
A3bIKa
ObIIO
OTBEP HYTO
CFO
HOPMOH,
Halp.:
a gal
,,Ha3ay“
(HapeyHe
BpeMeHH)
(<
ago)
Jos
y as
Juozas
mi é
15
me y
a ga/.
LB
75
6.
Keli
me ai
a gal
Si
is o ija
bu o
su-
kel a,
be
nieko
neiSéjo.
LB
75
2.
Kiek
laiko a gal
jie
bu o
abu
ka u
an
JAV
ele i-
zijos.
LB
75
16.
a si ikimas
,,cayuali“
(<
case)
A si ikime
ginéo
a p
d iejy
uniju,
bisia
sp endziama
pe
a pininkus.
LB
63
25.
Taigi,
Siame
a si ikime,
ienu
ikie u
Zmogus
gali
aziuo i
kelis
ka us...
LB
72
13.
..,
as
a si inka
labai
e uose
a si ikimuose.
LB
75
2.
laiky i
,.npoBpoaqu Tb“
(<
hold)
...
leidzia
Jaiky i
susi inkimus
isuose
pa kuose.
LB
63
15.
...
posédj
be
jy
/aiky i
nepa ogu...
V
75
112.
...
pa ija
Jaiko
su azia ima
gim oje
Chicagoje.
L
75
26.
Laiko
in ensy ius
pasi a imus
su
y iausybés
adais.
L
77
34.
Omodonnueckoe,
CHHOHHMHYeCKOe
HM
TOMOJIO HYeCKOe
pacuinpeHHe
3HayeHHii
WH
YNOTPeOUTeLHOCTH
HCKOHHOTO
C/lOBa
HMeeT
H
OTPHAaTeAbHbIe
(HeTaTHBHbIe)
nlocaescTBHA.
OHO
He
MOET
HE
NOBMEYb
3a
COGOH
peTapAallMlo
APy HX
HCKOHHbIX
CoB,
KOTOpbIe
OOc.1y2KHBaloT
Ty
2%e
ccbepy
JeHoTaumH.
C.B.
Cemunucknii
(1973)
B
aBTopedepa e
JOKTOPCKOM
AHCCepTauMH
NUINeT
O06
,,OTPHUATeIbHBIX
CeMaHTH-
YeCKHX
3aHMCTBOBaHHAX,
T.e.
06
yTPaTe
A3bIKOM
HEKOTOPHIX
yHaCc.leJOBaHHBIX
CJOB
HAM
yMpPOUleHHH
CeMaHTHYeCKOH
CTPyKTYPbI
C/IOBa
B
peSyJIbTaTe
HHOASbIY-
Ho o
BunsHua“.
Mb
He
peuiaeMcA
MpHBeCTH
MPHMepbl
NOHOH
aHHH HJIALHH
(o
TepmuHe
cm.
Kayx enko
IO.
A.,
1974)
ucKOHHbIxX
C10B
B
JIHTOBCKOM
HMMH-
TPaHTCKOM
ABbIKe
(e€ O
pa3sBHTHe
ObIIO
HEMOCTATOYHO
JMHTebHBIM),
HO
HX
pe-
Tapyaluio,
KaK
NOCeACTBHE
CeMaHTHYeCKOTO
HAH
(YHKUHOHAIbHOTO
pac uHpe-
HHA
APYTHX
B3aHMOCBASAHHBIX
CJIOB,
MOXKHO
MOKa38aTb
Ha
MHOFHX
MpHMepax.
FL

Hanpumep,
s1HTOBCKoe
cyilecTBHTeIbHOe
jéga
,,cHia”
B
pei
HMMHTpaHTOB
npuoOpeTaeT
3Ha eHHe
»,, ocysapcTBO“
MOA
BAMAHHEM
aT.
powe
Wi
BHISbIBACT
peTap allHio
CHHOHHMHMYHOTO
HCKOHHOTO
CJoBa
als ybé:
...
iSlaiky i
Be lyne
ke u iy
jégy
okupacija...
LB
6230.
K eipdamasis
j
didziyjy
jégy
ado us,
jis
ispéja...
LB
63
16.
Tai
ienin elé
didelé
jéga
pasaulyje,
ku i
da
ne u éjo
aikos
me y.
LB
65
6.
Kak
#
apy e
aa om
Goubulo o
ceMaHTHyecKo o
OGbeMa,
aH . .
make
lelaTb“
CHHOHHMHYHOMY
JIHTOBCKOMY
Twla ouly
HaBASbIBaeT
CeMaHTHYeCKHI
CBHI,
KOTOpBIi
peanuayeTca
B
cipepe
e o
CONeTaeMOCTH
C
CYLeCTBHTEIbHbIMH.
JIu oscxuii
aa om
da y i
nomyyae
ciocoOHOCTh
coyeTaTbcA
c
abCTpaKTHbIMH
OTIMa OJbHBIMH
CYUICCTBHTEbHLIMH
H
OPPaHHYHBaeT
BOSMOXHOCTS
ynoTpeo. e-
HHA
COOTBETCTBYIONAX
HCKOHHBIX
Pla o oB,
Halip.:
...
ie namie iai
g ei ai
ne-
pada ys
nusileidimy
de ybose.
L
67
48.
...
da y i
pas angas
juos
isus
su ink i
i
i8-
gau i...
Di
76
28.
...
mums
eks
da y i
pasi inkimq...
LB
63
1.
AS
u iu
da y i
p i-
sipazinimg.
LB
66
5.
Jis
bandé
da y i
gy enima
augindamas
pupeles
...
V
60
38.
B
JIHTOBCKOM
S3bIKe
MpHTMKATeAbHBIe
MeCTOHMeHHA
ABYX
THMOB:
JIMMHBIe
IpHTsKATeMbHBIe
H
BO3BpaTHoe
sa o.
BosBpaTHoe
MpATAKaTebHOe
MecTOHMe-
He
sa o
yKa3bIBaeT
Ha
IIPHHaeKHOCTS
JIOOOMY
H3
TPEX
JMU,
HO
TOJIbKO
CyObeK-
Ty
Jelic sua.
B
aH aui cKoM
A3bIKe
HeT
TaKOTO
BOSBPaTHOTO
MPH
TAKATe/bHOTO
MeCTOHMCHHA,
KOTOPOe
Tak
2Ke
YHUBEPCaJIbHO
YKa3bIBaio
Obl
Ha
NPHHAATeKHOCTS
oObeKTa
CyOBEKTY
cooTBeTCTBYyIOUIe o
NpesuKa a.
[Ipu
osHa eHHH
STHX
OTHOIIe-
HH
TpeGye cH
OOs3aTebHOe
CO macoBaHHe
TaK
Ha3bIBAeMbIX
aTPHOYTHBHBIX
TIOCeCCHBHBIX
MecTOHMeHHi
(0
TepMHHe
cM.
Qui k,
1974)
c
cy6beKTOM
B
JHUe,
uHcile,
a
B
TpeTbeM
JIMWe
ENMHCTBeHHOTO
4Yuca
HB
po e.
MuTepdepenunA
ax -
JHHCKOTO
ASbIKa
B
Pe
MMTOBCKUX
HMMUPPaHTOB
BbIpa KaeTcaA
ylaseHHeM
AMTOBC-
KOFO
BO3BPaTHOFO
MPT
KATeBHOTO
MECTOHMEHHS
sa o
H
3aMeHOii
ETO
HCKOH-
HbIMM
JIMYHBIMH
MPHTAKATeIbHBIMA
MeCTOMMeEHHAMH,
KOTOppIe
oGecnewHBaloT
Takoe
co acosanue.
Hanpumep:
Vazinéja
isu ,
ik
Elena
ne
isu
gali
su
jos
pasu.
In.
Ap odé
jy
nauja
nama
an
upés
k an o.
In.
Anglija...
siun¢ia
ka inius
lai us
ap-
gin i
jos
Z éjinius
lai us.
L
7550.
...
ji
bu o
nepa enkin a
jos
i sininky
elgésiu.
V
62
175.
...
ligonis
u i
eise
Zino i,
jei
no i,
isa iesa
apie
jo
s eika os
padé i.
L
77
23.
TaKoe
cemaHTu4ecKoe
paciiiMpeHue
ynoTpeOeHH4A
AMTOBCKHX
JIKYHbIX
HIPHTSDKATEIBHBIX
MECTOHMeHHH
MPOUCXOAUT
3a
CYeT
yaseHHA,
T.e.
peTapja-
IMM
BOSBPaTHOTO
sa o.
Vn epcbepeni a
aH aHiicKO O
ASbIKa
BbISbIBAeT
AKTHBH3AaLlHIO
H
PeTapallulo
H
APYTAX
(yHKUMOHAJIbHBIX
COB
(HaNpHMep,
Mpeso os),
OTAe/bHbIX
C10BOOOpa-
30BaTeIbHbIX
KJIaCCOB
HCKOHHBIX
CJI0B.
Takoe
nepeycTpolicTBO
HMMMTpaHTCcKHx
ASbIKOB
B
XOJ@
KOHTAKTOB
C
aHTIHHCKUM
ASbIKOM
B
3HaYHTebHOH
Mepe
onpese-
WIA€T
HX
Pa3BUTHe,
OPHEHTHPOBAaHHOe
Ha
HX
KOHBep eHi{uio.
Jiu epa ypa
Benson
M.
Ame ican
in luence
on
he
immig an
Russian
p ess.
—
Ame ican
Speech,
1957,
.
32,
No
4.
Clyne
M.
Pe spec i es
on
Language
Con ac .
Melbou ne,
1972,
p.
79.
Hasselmo
N.
How
can
we
measu e
he
e ec s
which
one
language
may
ha e
on
he
o he
in
he
speech
o
bilinguals?
—
In:
Desc ip ion
and
Measu emen
o
Bilingualism/Ed.
by
L.
G.
Kelly.
Uni e si y
o
To on o
P ess,
1969.
-
Haugen
E.
Linguis ics
and
dialinguis ics.
—
In:
Bilingualism
and
Language
Con ac /Ed.
by
J.
E.
Ala is.
Geo ge own
Uni e si y
P ess,
1970.
Haugen
E.
No m
and
de ia ion
in
bilingual
communi ies.
—
In:
Bilingualism:
Psychological,
So-
cial
and
Educa ional
Implica ions/Ed.
by
P.
A.
Ho nby.
Academic
P ess,
Inc.,
1977.
Qui k
R.,
G eenbaum
S.,
Leech
G.,
S a ik
J.
A
G amma
o
Con empo a y
English.
Longman,
1974.
Seaman
P.
O.
Mode n
G eek
and
Ame ican
English
in
Con ac .
Mou on,
1972.
Aspopui
B.
A.
[Tpo6.1ems
u3syyenua
cbyHKuMOHaNbHOK
c opons
3bIKa.
—
JI.,
1975,
c.
20.
2
Tyxman
M.
M.
Counoso us
s3pika.
—
B
ku.:
Teope uyeckue
MIpo6.1eMbI
COBpeMeHHO O
COBeTC-
Ko o
s3biko3sHanua.
M.,
1964.
Kayx enko
10.
A.
Jluu suc uueckue
ac ek s
Gunu su3ma.
—
Kuep,
1974,
c.
158.
Cemanuckuii
C.
B.
Ceman uuecka
uNTepdepeHuna
a 3bIKOB
(Ha
MaTepHaJle
C/1aBAHO-BOCTOUHO-
POMAHCKHX
A3bIKOBbIX
KoH akTop).
Ap oped).
noKT.
auc.
—
Kuen,
1973,
c.
40.
Coccwp
®.
ze.
Kype
o6mei
snu BucTHKH.
—
M.,
1933,
c.
84.
Ilep6a
JI.
B.
O
nowa un
cmemeHHa
A3bIKOB.
—
B
xu.:
Ha6panupie
pabo s
10
A3bIKO3HaHHIO
H
one uxe.
JI.,
1958.
4.
I.
Ka beapa
an smi cKoi
pu
ion0 aa
BuabH occku
ocyHupepcuTeT
um.
B.
Kancyxaca
Cnucok
cokpamenni
Di
—
Di a,
Cle eland.
D
—
D augas,
Chicago.
GK
—
Gim oji
kalba,
Chicago.
In
—
Hucopman .
L
—
Lais é,
B ooklyn,
N. Y.
LB
—
Liaudies
balsas,
To on o.
V —
Vilnis,
Chicago.
ED
—
Emig an o
dalia,
lie u iy
bele is ikos
inkinys.
V.,
1973.
TIpume axue.
Uepsax
wu pa
yKaspipae
Ha
oy,
a
BTOpa
— Ha
HOMep
MepHoguyeCKO O
H3AaHHA.
ATSIVEZTINIU
ZODZIU
VARTOJIMO
AKTYVIZACIJA
IR
RETARDACIJA
IMIGRANTU
KALBOJE
Reziumé
S aipsnio
ikslas
—
ap a i
eks aling is iniy
i
ling is iniy
eiksniy
j aka
a si eZ iniy
gim osios
kalbos
Zodziy
a ojimo
in ensyyumui
Siau és
Ame ikos
(JAV
i
Kanada)
imig an y
kalboje.
Pe
ysius
su
ZodZio
u iniu
i /a
o ma
Sie
eiksniai
ampa
jo
a ojimo
d iejy
p ieSingy
ki imo
enden-
cijy
—
ak y izacijos
i
e a dacijos
—
p iezas imi.
Dél
pasikei usiy
unkciona imo
salygy
ieni
a si ez iniai
zodziai
a ojami
daZniau,
ki i
—
e-
Siau.
Tu in
omeny
lie u iy
imig an y
gy enimo
socialiniy
poslinkiy
mas a,
e a dacija
ypaé
palie-
&ia
didelius
a si ez inés
leksikos
sluoksnius.
Jos
a ojima
aip
pa
ge okai
ap iboja
u inio
a z ilgiu
dubliuojan ys
in eg uo i
angliski
skoliniai
i
angly
kalbos
zodziai,
lie u iy-angly
biling izmo
saly-
gomis
a si andan ys
dél
kodo
kai os.
Daugelio
a si ez iniy
ZodZiy
ak y izacija
i
e a dacija
y a
pa-
sekmé
angly
kalbos
in e e encijos,
ku i
ei8kiasi
pe
angly
i
lie u iy
kalby
Zodziy
homo oninius,
sinoniminius
i
homologinius
ySius.