162 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK
Lu sk Ins i u e o Human De elopmen o he Open
The In e na ional Uni e si y o Uk aine is loca ed in Moscow, Russia.
Fields o esea ch: philology, philosophy, psychology,
cul u al science and coun y s udy.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
Ca ego y o epe i ion
In linguis ic discou se
The ca ego y o epe i ion in linguis ic discou se
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle deals wi h he phenomenon o ca ego ies, ype desc ip ion o linguis ic ca ego ies in
he s uc u e o language, as well as he his o y o hei s udy. Due o he ac ha mode n
science is cha ac e ized no only by he o ma ion o new concep s, bu also by en iching he
con en o long-exis ing ones, he emphasis is on he ca ego y o epe i ion. This ca ego y is
unde s ood as he objec i e egula i y inhe en in all objec s and phenomena o he ma e ial
wo ld in o de o ep oduce he objec o phenomenon pa ially o comple ely. The ca ego ical
s a us o epe i ion a ises om he abili y o abs ac and is ansmi ed by a sys em o
language means. The use o his e m and he new concep ual scheme o analysis allows us o
desc ibe he he e ogeneous linguis ic phenomena ha unde lie he epe i ion.
KEYWORDS: ca ego y, linguis ic ca ego ies, ca ego y ype, epe i ion, language
uni s, discou se, philosophy, me hodology. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
The a icle analyzes he phenomenon o ca ego ies, desc ibes he ypes o linguis ic
ca ego ies and he his o y o hei s udy. Since mode n science no only o mula es new
concep s, bu also expands he con en o long-es ablished concep s, he emphasis is on he
ca ego y o ca og aphy. This ca ego y is unde s ood as objec i e ac ion cha ac e is ic o
all objec s and phenomena o he ma e ial wo ld and allowing hose objec s o phenomena o
be pa ially o comple ely ec ea ed. The s a us o he ca ego y o epe i ion s a s om
he possibili y, leads o abs ac ion and is exp essed by he sys em o linguis ic means. The use
A icles o he T ea y
Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se
o his e m and he new scheme o concep ual analysis allow o desc ibe di e en linguis ic
phenomena ha o m he basis o he mapping.
ESMINIAI WORDS: ca ego y, linguis ic ca ego ies, ypes o ca ego ies, epe i ion, uni s
o language, discou se, philosophy, me hodology. This is he i s ime ha he e m has been used in his way.
This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal.
In mode n philosophical and scien i ic discou se, an inc easing numbe o ideas
signs p o e ha science is on he e e o a quali a i ely new s age o i s de elop-
which, wi h a ce ain deg ee o con en ionali y, can be called pos -neoclassical.
One o he mos impo an ea u es o pos -neoclassical science is associa ed
wi h he ansi ion o he knowledge o complexly o ganized, mul i-le el sys ems.
Language, being such a sys em, e lec s he p ocesses and phenomena ha occu
bo h wi hin a single language and beyond i . In gene al linguis ics he scien i ic
concep o language […]as a se o ca ego ies and ules[…] (Budago 1980: 126), which
de ined he concep ual sphe e o he s udy o linguis ic ca ego ies a he
beginning o he 21s cen u y, was widely used.
De ining he concep and gi ing i a ca ego y ank is an impo an s ep in he
s udy, aimed p ima ily a es ablishing he s a us and place o he ca ego y in he
sys em.
Ca ego ies a e ideal en i ies o human consciousness ha acqui e meaning
and p ac ical ealiza ion in language […] hence hei close connec ion wi h
linguis ic o ms.
Linguis ic ca ego ies play a signi ican ole in he unc ioning o he languages o
he wo ld, i espec i e o hei ypological s uc u e and o igin, and such
ca ego ies include he ca ego y o epe i ion. The p oblem o s udying epe i ion
as a esul o ep oduc ion o a linguis ic o speech uni , in whole o in pa , has
always been ele an o science and has i s o igins in ancien he o ic. In mode n
imes, he ac i e s udy o epe i ion as a linguis ic phenomenon began in he
mid-1950s. The la ges numbe o s udies in linguis ics, o e wo hund ed, is ela ed
o ex (Mosk a)
2003: 22).
The linguis ic aspec s o he ca ego y o epe i ion ha e been and s ill a e one o
he cen al p oblems o mode n linguis ics. They do no exhaus hei heo e ical
and p ac ical po en ial, bu encou age a cons an sea ch o a new pe spec i e.
ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK
Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI 164 This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The main pu pose o he a icle is o p esen a new concep ual scheme o
he analysis o CR. Acco ding o his pu pose, he main asks a e o desc ibe
he ypes o linguis ic ca ego ies; o ep esen he his o y o hei s udy;
o CR de ine; o name he uni s o he language sys em ha o m he CR; o
ind ou he place o he CR in he language sys em; o jus i y he necessi y
o he use o he e m CR o he e ogeneous epe i ions.
2. Concep o he ca ego ies
IN LINGUISTICS
The p ocess o lea ning linguis ic ca ego ies began in ancien imes. I was based on
he logical and seman ic p inciple, because o which objec s, p ocesses, and hei
p ope ies we e in he ocus o a en ion. In linguis ic eali y, ca ego ies o pa s
o speech we e dis inguished: noun and adjec i e, e b and ad e b. In he classical
adi ion, pa s o speech began o be conside ed om a new onomasiological
pe spec i e (con en , o m, unc ion) and om he s andpoin o he heo y o
nomina ion (pa s o speech wi h ull and incomple e nomina ion), which implies he
dialec ic o hei cogni ion. A signi ican place in he his o y o science is occupied by
he heo y o Alexande Poi ebny abou he o ma ion o linguis ic ca ego ies in
he s uc u e o language. The scien is was he i s o in oduce he concep o
"g amma ical ca ego y" in o Uk ainian g amma , using i in ela ion o such
phenomena as e b, noun, ense, numbe , pe ec and impe ec o m, anima eness
and inanima eness, 3 d pe son, ins umen al case (Po ebnya 1958: 38-45, 82-83). In he
wo ks o Le Shche ba exp essed he idea ha […] he exis ence o any g amma ical
ca ego y is de e mined by he close, inex icable connec ion o i s meaning and all
o mal ma ke s[…] (Shche ba 1957: 65). Fu he de elopmen o hese ideas can be
ound in I an Meshchanino s wo ks. In ela ion o concep ual ca ego ies, he
esea che concluded ha hey con ey […]in he language i sel he concep s
exis ing in a gi en social en i onmen […] (Meschanino 1978: 238). Je zy Ku ylowicz
no ed ha he ca ego ies o case ( o a noun), ime ( o a e b), and deg ees o
compa ison ( o adjec i es) can be conside ed he mos impo an pa o he
mo phological s uc u e o a language: hey o m he co e o any desc ip i e
g amma and a e o p ima y in e es o a philologis .
(Курилович 1965: 428).
A icles o he T ea y
Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se
Aleksand Bonda ko in he book […]Theo y o mo phological ca ego ies[…]
p esen ed he expe ience o cons uc ing a sub heo y o mo phological
ca ego ies on an induc i e conc e e-linguis ic basis. The au ho 's app oach o
special e minological iden i ica ion is aluable (Bonda ko 1976: 10). One o he mos
s udied ypes o linguis ic ca ego ies a e g amma ical ones, which "gene alize
g amma ical meanings ha a e co ela i e in con en and me hod o exp ession
and combine hem in o a single sys em".
1962: 14).
I is necessa y o dis inguish g amma ical ca ego ies om he lexical and
g amma ical ca ego ies, which a e g oups o wo ds wi hin a ce ain pa o wo ds. A
They a e cha ac e ized by a common seman ic ea u e, he p esence o absence
o mal mo phological exp ession is he in e ac ion wi h ela ed g amma ical
ca ego ies, he p esence o absence o a se ies o o ms wi hin he ca ego y.
Lexico-g amma ical ca ego ies a e o ms o hinking ha e lec any aspec s o
objec i e ac i i y in ou minds. The o ma ion o no ms o g amma ical ca ego ies
occu ed a he same ime as he s udy o concep ual ones, which a e iden i ied wi h
seman ic no ms o ega ded as di e en aspec s o he same objec .
The ques ion emains unclea wha exac ly should be assigned o seman ic
ca ego ies. Consequen ly, he classi ica ion o he linguis ic ca ego ies o he
h ee bina y ypes was p oposed, which is based on p i a i e opposi ions. The
i s ype includes uni e sal ca ego ies inhe en in all o mos languages o he
wo ld, and non-uni e sal, o he o he […] o mal-seman ic ca ego ies, di ided in o
ou g oups: p ope g amma ical, lexical-g amma ical, seman ic, lexical-seman ic
and concep ual; The hi d ype is o med by explici and implici ca ego ies.
The wo ks o o eign schola s we e in ac i e use in gene al linguis ics. The
b ainwa es abou he na u e o he ca ego ies belong o Joseph Vend yes, who
a i med: […]g amma ical ca ego ies and logical ones e y a ely co e each o he ;
almos ne e he numbe o he i s and second does no coincide
20012: 112).
Leona d Bloom ield conside ed ca ego ies o pa s o speech, in lec ional o ms,
syn ac ic ca ego ies cha ac e is ic o di e en languages o he wo ld.
Ne e heless, he emphasized ha pa s o speech should no be s udied in ela ion o
di e en phenomena o he eal wo ld, bu only in hei unc ions in he syn ac ic
s uc u e o he English language. O o Jespe sen, in his […]Philosophy o G amma […],
poin ed ou ha non-language ca ego ies, which a e independen o he andom ac s
o exis ing languages, […]a e uni e sal because hey apply o all languages, al hough
hey a e
ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK
166 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI a ely exp essed in hese languages in a
clea and unambiguous way
20022: 58).
In mode n Wes e n linguis ics, in e es in language ca ego iza ion has in ensi ied
a e he scien i ic esea ch o Eleano Rosch (1978). The app oach based on he
p o o ypes by Geo ges Kleibe (Kleibe 2003) and John Taylo (Taylo 2003) is widely
used. Howe e , such an app oach has been easonably c i icized by William C o
and Alan C use (C o 2004). Resea che s a Law ence Ba clay, William C o , and
Alan C use ha e p oposed imp o ed ca ego iza ion models, based on which Je ome
Feldman o mula ed new es ic ions ha human na u e imposes on
ca ego iza ion p ocesses.
A b ie excu sion in o he his o y o he s udy o linguis ic ca ego ies allows us o
make ce ain ha he philosophical basis o linguis ic me hodology is made up o he
ca ego ies o classical dialec ics. In his ega d, he main me hodological ask is o
sol e such issues: i s , how he ca ego ies a e mani es ed in he unc ioning and
de elopmen o he language; and second, wha he language gi es o hei
o ma ion, de elopmen and unde s anding.
329).
Ca ego ies, being he ideal mo phogenesis o consciousness, ha e meaning and
p ac ical implemen a ion in he language. A i s , hey a e o med unconsciously in
human ac i i y and only hen a e hey e lec ed in language. The p ocess o o ming
ca ego ies is closely connec ed wi h he o ma ion and cons an de elopmen o
human language, and he ques ion o a sys em o scien i ic ca ego ies in a ious
b anches o knowledge, including linguis ics, emains essen ial o science.
Ca ego y is a key concep in linguis ics. On he one hand, a ca ego y has a sys emic
and s uc u al con en as a de e mining componen o he ho izon al and e ical
cons uc ion o he in e p e i e model o a language. On he o he hand, his
concep is me hodological, i is a ool o cognizing and classi ying linguis ic
ma e ial. Linguis ic ca ego ies a e a p ojec ion o no only he mechanism o
cogni ion, bu also human consciousness. The e is a wide and na ow unde s anding
o he ca ego y in linguis ics. In a b oad sense, a ca ego y is conside ed as any
g oup o linguis ic elemen s dis inguished on he basis o some gene al p ope y,
and as a ce ain ea u e which is undamen al o he di ision o homogeneous
linguis ic uni s in o classes, membe s o which ha e he same meaning.
1990: 385).
The di e ences in he use o he e m ca ego y in mode n concep s o
g amma ical heo y we e poin ed ou by John Lyons. This e m is o en used

A icles o he 167 h
Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se
like he e ms […]class[…] o […]se […] o ep esen any g oup o elemen s seen in he
desc ip ion o speci ic languages[…] (Layonz 1978: 286). The al eady ci ed Zhanna
Koloiz sugges s o unde s and a linguis ic ca ego y as […] he abs ac gene ic
concep , which includes species ea u es and is a o m o e lec ion o he mos
gene al laws o objec i e eali y in he minds o people[…]
(Колоїз 2006: 74).
Since a he p esen s age o esea ch he e is no adequa e de ini ion o he
e m […]ca ego y,[…] he e is no gene ally accep ed classi ica ion o linguis ic
ca ego ies a he p esen s age o esea ch.
3. The phenomenon o epe i ion
In ecen decades, epe i ion has been in ol ed in sol ing ca ego iza ion p oblems.
Using he e m epe i ion, we he eby ecognize he quan i a i e deg ee o
ealiza ion o a phenomenon, ac ion, objec , sign, s a e wi hou es ic ion.
Quan i a i e de e mina ion dis inguishes epe i ion p ocess om epe i ion i sel
on a scale o mo e less.
The heme o epe i ions ha a ose in he ancien wo ld has been en iched o e
he cen u ies by empi ical ma e ial ha equi es e hinking and sys ema iza ion.
Despi e signi ican ad ances in he s udy o a ious aspec s o epe i ion, hei
p oblems emain ele an and equi e a numbe o heo e ical p oblems o be
sol ed ha would make i possible o pene a e he mechanisms o language
unc ioning. The ca ego ical s a us o epe i ion, he ea u es o he exp ession
o epe i ion in philosophy and science on he one hand, and in e e yday
consciousness and li e a y wo ks on he o he , a e o mula ed in he s udies o
specialis s om di e en ields o knowledge.
Language, like hinking, e lec s he eal wo ld by i s own means and
ex a-linguis ic eali y, which is con ained in speci ic meanings, linguis ic
abs ac ions o wo ds and g amma ical o ms. Tha 's why he language e lec s
no only objec s, bu also hei inhe en connec ions. Since he connec ions
be ween he phenomena o eali y as i is ha e a dialec ical dependence, mode n
eali y is also cha ac e ized by de elopmen o dialec ics.
linguis ics has an unde s anding o epe i ion as a p ocess and i s esul , ha is, a
uni o epe i ion.
In o al monologue, he e a e many epe i ions o sounds, syllables, wo ds,
ph ases and sen ences. Mos ly hey a e unin en ional and a ely used as a
special echnique o emphasizing hough . Some o hem a e ela ed o he
uno icial ans o ma ion o he in e nal speech in o he ex e nal o o he simple.
ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK
168 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI sounding o he in e nal speech, i you do no
wan o ind o he wo ds o he objec o in luence. The e a e many pleonasms and
au ological exp essions. Speake s, i hey do no pay special a en ion o i , do no
hea in hei speech he wo ds used wi h he same oo , anapho a o epipho a. The
epe i ions in he dialogic speech a e p o oked by spon anei y, he need o espond
immedia ely o he p e ious u e ance o he add essee. Since e lec ion is
minimized, he o ma ion and exp ession o hough occu s almos simul aneously
wi h he ansmission o he add essee. Func ional ea u es o dialogical
epe i ions gi e he eason o di ide hem in o wo g oups. The i s con ains
epe i ions o na a i e sen ences ha do no cause a speech esponse; hey mus
be ega ded as mechanical, unconscious ep oduc ion o a p e ious ema k. This ype
o epe i ion is based on echolalia […] an unconscious epe i ion o ano he pe son's
wo ds, which lacks subjec i e-modal meanings o he speake and does no elucida e
any in o ma ion. The second g oup o dialogic epe i ions include such ema ks ha
con ey subjec i e-modal meanings and seek new in o ma ion. In addi ion, his g oup
can be di ided in o wo subg oups. The i s is a epe i ion o exclama ion,
in e oga i e and na a i e sen ences ha begin wi h he wo ds yes o no. The
sen ences o his subg oup do no ca y new in o ma ion, hey include objec ions,
doub s, dissa is ac ion, e c. The second subg oup is o med by ema ks ha a e
domina ed by in ellec ual in o ma ion. W i en speech is mo e gene alized and logical
han o al, i is no spon aneous, i can be edi ed, so he epe i ions used in i should
be p ope ly e alua ed. The unconscious use o epe i ion leads o hei edundancy,
is pe cei ed as a speech de ec caused by ocabula y po e y, inabili y o use
synonymy. Conscious use allows he use o epe i ion as a s ylis ic mo o. I comes
om a olk adi ion known o all peoples o he wo ld. An example o he conscious
use o he mul i unc ionali y o his phenomenon. In spoken language, he e is o en a
epe i ion o wo ds, due o he lack o speech cul u e o he speake . I is di icul
o choose he igh wo d and a pe son does no da e o exp ess an opinion clea ly,
epe i ion is a is ic speech, in which he au ho demons a es he dep h o un-
illing he meaning ul pauses wi h uni s ha ha e no meaning. Such epe i ions a e
called ille wo ds.
Clichés a e well-known in e e yday speech, because in o dina y communica ion ac s
we y o use eady-made e ique e o mulas o g ee ings, wishes, goodbyes, e c.
The appea ance o he cliché is ela ed o he equency and epe i ion o he
speech si ua ion.
A icles by A icles 169
Ca ego y o Repe i ion in Linguis ic Discou se
High- equency uni s in a speech o in a sepa a e ex a e called key wo ds;
They a e included in he speake 's ac i e ocabula y and a e illus a i e o
impo an concep s.
4. Repe i ion ca ego y
The p esence o ca ego iza ion in he language should be seen in he possibili y o
abs ac ion. The basis o ca ego iza ion is " he abili y o he human mind o isola e
om he phenomena o he su ounding eali y, om he low o in o ma ion, any
common, ai ly s able ea u es ha a e egula ly epea ed in some backg ound
en i onmen ." In linguis ics, he ques ion o CR om an aspec ological poin was
conside ed by Olga G eko a o he i s ime (G eko a 1979: 37-48) and Galina Pano a
(Pano a 1979: 8). The essence o epe i ion is o con ey a deg ee o measu e, quali y,
ac ion ela i e o he no m. The linguis ic aspec s o CR ha e been and emain one
o he cen al p oblems o mode n linguis ics.
Linguis ic epe i ion is an ex emely wide ange o heo e ical p oblems in i s
spec um. I co e s esea ches o on ology, epis emology, and a he same ime
he in e ac ion o epe i ion wi h o he language ca ego ies: quan i y, in ensi y,
quali y, and aspec . The decisi e componen o unde s anding he essence o
epe i ion in a language is he iden i ica ion and comp ehensi e analysis o he
ea u es o i s o mal ep esen a ion, syn ac ic implemen a ion, o ma ion o a
seman ic scope, and in luence on he ac ual di ision o a sen ence. The linguis ic
aspec s o he epe i ion ca ego y we e and s ill a e one o he cen al p oblems
o mode n linguis ics. Being a he junc ion o allied and non-con iguous disciplines,
he p oblems o epe i ion no only do no exhaus hei heo e ical and p ac ical
po en ial, bu , on he con a y, encou age a con e gence.
s an sea ch o a new pe spec i e in he s udy. I ʼs no coincidence as a back as
30–31).
Among he ca ego ies ha a e on he ma gins o scien i ic esea ch, o a long
ime he e was a ca ego y o epe i ion. Howe e , i is now one o hose language
ca ego ies whose in e es in s udy is g owing, since i is associa ed wi h such
basic philosophical concep s as quali y, quan i y, ex en , deg ee, which a e
essen ial cha ac e is ics o any phenomenon. The essence o epe i ion is he
ans e o he ex en o deg ee, quali y ex en , ex en o ac ion, compa ed o
he no m (i.e., a e e ence poin o a ze o deg ee o ex en ).
ZINAIDA PAKHOLOK
170 Ac a Linguis ica Li huanica LXXXI This Regula ion shall en e in o o ce on he wen ie h day ollowing ha o i s publica ion in he O icial Jou nal o he Eu opean Union.
The concep ual scope o he ca ego y o epe i ion lies in i s on ological na u e,
because i no only e lec s he objec i e wo ld, bu is an in eg al pa o i s
being.
The p ocess o epe i ion ac s as an objec i e eali y ha a pe son
unconsciously assimila es while gaining expe ience. The abili y o epea can be
in e p e ed in e ms o he a che ype o human consciousness. The philosophical
basis o epe i ion is he law o he ansi ion om quan i a i e o quali a i e
changes. In linguis ics, i inds display a he le el o seman ics, since an elemen
epea ed wice o se e al imes acqui es a new meaning.
The ca ego y o epe i ion is included in he ca ego y o lexical and g amma ical
ca ego ies, ha is, he meaning o he deg ee ex ends, quali y ex ends, ac ion
ex ends, is exp essed by lexical and g amma ical means, and he
unc ional-seman ic ca ego y o epe i ion is cha ac e ized by he uni y o
o m and con en .
In mode n imes, he ca ego y o epe i ion, which is conside ed a uni e sal
language ca ego y ha o ganizes he communica ion p ocess, co e s he
psychological, linguis ic and communica i e-p agma ic aspec s o communica i e
ac i i y. pa icipa es in he implemen a ion o he in o ma i e and ad e ising
unc ion o ex s; p o ides hei p agma ic-communica i e e ec i eness. Mode n
science is cha ac e ized no only by he o ma ion o new concep s, bu also by
en iching he con en o long-exis ing ones, expanding he scope o hei
applica ion. A he p esen s age o linguis ic de elopmen , new oppo uni ies open
up o ui ul esea ch, bo h gene al heo e ical, undamen al, and applied, which
is a he c oss oads o a ious sciences, in pa icula na u al and echnical, and is
ela ed o scien i ic knowledge as a whole in all b anches.
In he ca ego y o epe i ion as a ca ego y o consciousness, in addi ion o
he adi ional logical o m, a pe cep ual o m o ca ego iza ion is dis inguished.
The pe cep ual comp ehension o epe i ion is domina ed by logical ca ego ical
con en , bu i is no exhaus i e o he pe cep ual image o ime. The uni e sal
cha ac e is ics o epe i ion a e eco ded in logical ca ego ies; In he pe cep ual
ision o ime hey ake he o m o subjec i e being. Pe cep ual ca ego iza ion, in
con as o logical ca ego iza ion, has i s own cons an con en , seman ic
con en , and s uc u ed subca ego y o ganiza ion, which gi es i a ull ca ego ical
s a us.
Pe cep ual epe i ion can be de ined as he in e nal empi ical o ganiza ion o
human sensa ions, in which objec i e empo al eali y is e lec ed. The
ca ego ical na u e o pe cep ual ime lies in he ac ha , wi h all he indi idual
a iabili y o he imagina i e pe cep ion o ime, he e is a cons an uni e sal con en .