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People and Na u e. 2023;5:1262–1283.wileyonlinelib a y.com/jou nal/pan3
Recei ed: 18 Janua y 2023
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Accep ed: 14 May 2023
DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10506
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Plu alizing en i onmen al alues o u ban planning: How o
unco e he di e si y o imagina ies abou socio- na u es om
Vi o ia- Gas eiz (Basque Coun y, Spain)
Julia Neidig1,2 | Isabelle Anguelo ski1,3 | Bosco Lliso2,4 | Unai Pascual2,5,6
This is an open access a icle unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License, which pe mi s use, dis ibu ion and ep oduc ion in any medium,
p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
© 2023 The Au ho s. People and Na u e published by John Wiley & Sons L d on behal o B i ish Ecological Socie y.
1Ins i u e o En i onmen al Science and
Technology, Uni e si a Au ònoma de
Ba celona, Ba celona, Spain;
2Basque Cen e o Clima e Change (BC3),
Leioa, Spain;
3Ins i ució Ca alana de Rece ca i Es udis
A ança s, Ba celona, Spain;
4Wo ld Benchma king Alliance (WBA),
Ams e dam, The Ne he lands;
5Ike basque, Basque Founda ion o
Science, Bilbao, Spain and
6Cen e o En i onmen and
De elopmen (CDE), Uni e si y o Be n,
Be n, Swi ze land
Co espondence
Julia Neidig
Email: julia.neidig@bc3 esea ch.o g
Funding in o ma ion
Ci y o Vi o ia- Gas eiz— Con ene
"REVALUE"; Depa men o Educa ion
o he Basque Go e nmen , G an /
Awa d Numbe : PIBA19- 0096; Ma ía
de Maez u Excellence Acc edi a ion
2018- 2022, G an /Awa d Numbe : MCIN/
AEI/10.13039/501100011033/
Handling Edi o : P iscilla Wehi
Abs ac
1. Ci ies ha e pushed o wa d e- na u ing ini ia i es in local planning agendas.
Discou ses and a ionales o such in e en ions end o ollow ins umen al
amings o en na owed down o he economic, heal h and ecological ben-
e i s o na u e's con ibu ions o people (NCP). Ye , di e se u ban esiden s
o en connec o o he socio- na u e amings ha a e associa ed wi h a plu-
ali y o alues held o na u e, including ela ional, in insic, and ins umen al
alues.
2. Focusing mos ly on u ban NCP, we used Q- me hodology o explo e he pe spec-
i es and exp essions o u ban esiden s' di e si y o alues o u ban g eene y
and b oade human- na u e ela ionships. We explo e he ole o bo h ins umen-
al and ela ional alues, as well as ce ain po en ial dis alues o u ban NCP. In
ligh o he ecen IPBES alues assessmen (IPBES, 2022) we ollow a call o
empi ical s udies and me hodologies o explo e, elici and isibilize plu al alues
abou na u e.
3. We base ou s udy in he Basque ci y o Vi o ia- Gas eiz, Spain (2012 Eu opean
G een Capi al) whe e we iden i y ou dis inc pe spec i es, all o which e-
la e o a di e si y o alues abou u ban na u e. U ban esiden s mos ly pe -
cei e posi i e alues o NCP as di ec ly connec ed o hei wellbeing. Ye , NCP
ha impac social bonds wi hin hei social communi y, exp essed o ins ance
h ough communi y- ela ed alues, a e pe cei ed di e en ly ac oss he ou
pe spec i es.
4. We conclude ha planne s and decision- make s should pay sc u iny o include
he ou , pa ly di e ing, pe spec i es abou he plu al alues o (u ban) NCP in
policymaking p ocesses o assu e jus and inclusi e ou comes. He e, in e sec-
ional and pa icipa o y app oaches a e needed beyond domina ing amings o
NCPs and ela ed alues, especially hose ha can ake in o accoun he needs
and p e e ences o ma ginalized social g oups. Special emphasis should be pu
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NEIDIG e al.
1 | INTRODUCTION
As ci ies a e acing a socio- en i onmen al c isis, u ban g eening
in e en ions (UGI) a e inc easingly p esen ed in u ban planning
heo y and p ac ice as win- win solu ions o mul iple challenges a -
ec ing human well- being (Melanidis & Hage man, 2022). Wi h main-
s eaming o UGI in day- o- day planning p ac ice, na u e has u ned
in o a co e elemen o a con empo a y g een planning o hodoxy
(Connolly, 2019). The eby, UGI a e dominan ly p esen ed h ough
hei mul i unc ionali y and he mul iple social, economic and en-
i onmen al bene i s hey add o u ban habi a s (Angelo, 2019a;
Pineda- Pin o e al., 2022).
Despi e he di e se bene i s o UGI, hei amings and jus-
i ica ions in policy- making p ocesses o en ollow a uni e sally
applied ye simpli ied de ini ion o na u e's con ibu ions ha in
eali y suppo a p ocess o commodi ica ion o u ban g eening
(Anguelo ski & Co be a, 2022; Ga cía- Lama ca, Anguelo ski, &
Venne , 2022; Neidig e al., 2022). UGI a e inc easingly p esen ed
as pa o a uni e sal social imagina y po aying u ban na u e
as a hegemonic “one- size- i s- all” app oach wi h pu ely posi-
i e impac s ac oss di e se geog aphical, cul u al and economic
u ban con ex s (Angelo, 2019b; Toze e al., 2020; Wachsmu h &
Angelo, 2018). The po en ial bene i s o UGI he eby end o be
na owed down o hei (o en ma ke ela ed) ins umen al con i-
bu ions o people, including he inc eased compe i i eness o ci -
ies by imp o ing hei ai , wa e and soil quali y (Ba ó e al., 2019;
Haase e al., 2014); os e ing a g owing ou ism and eal es a e
sec o (Ga cía- Lama ca, Anguelo ski, Cole, e al., 2022); o hei
impac on men al and physical heal h while educing heal hca e
expendi u es (Be dejo- Espinola e al., 2021; Capaldi e al., 2015;
Labib e al., 2022).
Ye , ocusing on na u e's u ili y o humans exp essed h ough
only ins umen al amings educes he mo e complex socie y-
na u e ela ionships, including hose in ci ies, o unidi ec ional and
uni o m ela ions (Mu adian & Pascual, 2018). Recen discou ses
and imagina ies a ound na u e's in eg a ion in o u ban en i on-
men s show a endency o become co- op ed by a neolibe al a-
ionale (Anguelo ski & Co be a, 2022; Ko sila e al., 2021; Toze
e al., 2020; Tzoulas e al., 2021). Fo ins ance, c i ical esea ch on
he concep s o ecosys em se ices and na u e- based solu ions,
bo h widely pe mea ed u ban planning heo y and p ac ice, exhib-
i s he o en ma ke - d i en logic o implemen ing UGI (see e.g. Babí
Almena e al., 2021; Chan e al., 2012; Kiss e al., 2021; Langemeye
& Connolly, 2020). These na ow ins umen al amings o u ban
na u e's bene i s may hence accele a e an inc easing i be ween
he o en an agonis ically po ayed concep s o socie y and na u e
(Gandy, 2018) and mo e conc e ely o an ampli ica ion o he ci y-
na u e bina y (Angelo, 2017).
To o e come his concep ional an agonism o socie y and na u e,
in his seminal essay “The ci y as a hyb id”, Swyngedouw (1996) p o-
posed he concep o “socio- na u es” o shi u ban heo y owa ds
acknowledging ci ies as socio- ecological sys ems. He desc ibed he
chao ic en anglemen s o socie y and na u e, whe ein (humans' e-
la ionships wi h and alua ions o ) na u e is he ou come o social
p ac ices and p ocesses. He w i es:
Social ela ions ope a e in and h ough me abolizing
he "na u al" en i onmen h ough which bo h soci-
e y and na u e a e ans o med, changed, o al e ed
and new socio- na u al o ms a e p oduced. While na-
u e p o ides he ounda ion, he dynamics o social
ela ions p oduce na u e's and socie y's his o y.
(ibid, p. 68)
Since hen, he e a e inc easingly calls o including mo e- han-
human hinking in u ban planning heo y and p ac ice o mo e beyond
he in ellec ual di ide o socie y and na u e (A ms ong e al., 2022;
Malle , 2021; Pineda- Pin o e al., 2022). Fo ins ance, Hinchli e and
Wha mo e (2006) a gued o shi ing concep ualiza ions o he ci y
ha depic (human- )buil en i onmen s as opposi e o he “wild”,
“coun y”, “non- human” (ibid, p. 124) owa ds isions o li ing ci ies.
Human and non- human elemen s a e hus con i ial, co- exis ing, and
co- dependen in di e se kinds o socio- na u es. Hous on e al. (2018)
and Wiesel e al. (2020) go e en u he in ad oca ing o a pos - human
planning heo y and p ac ice. He e, mo e- han- human hinking should
be a co e componen o designing and building ci ies p io i izing in i-
ma e socie y- na u e ela ionships and p ac ices o esponsibili y and
ca e o na u e.
Using hese calls o al e na i e imagina ies abou u ban socio-
na u es as ou s a ing poin , ou objec i e he e is o explo e di -
e en imagina ies and pe spec i es su ounding na u e hold by
u ban esiden s. We show di e en o ms o socio- na u es in he
case s udy o he ci y o Vi o ia- Gas eiz, he 2012 Eu opean G een
Capi al loca ed in he Basque Coun y, Spain. We he eby d aw on a
amewo k o plu al alues abou na u e ha in eg a es he concep
o ela ional alues and hence suppo s concep ualizing na u e's
added alue o u ban a eas beyond ins umen al and posi i e am-
ings o na u e's bene i s (IPBES, 2022).
on in eg a ing ela ional alues as nou ishing such alues h ough planning can
play an impo an ole in c ea ing place- oo ed connec ions wi h local u ban land-
scapes and he communi y.
KEYWORDS
inclusi e g eening, plu al alues abou na u e, Q- me hod, ela ional alues, socio- na u es,
u ban en i onmen al planning, Vi o ia- Gas eiz
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1.1 | The no ion o ela ional alues o
u ban planning
As a co e componen o he Values Assessmen Repo o he
In e go e nmen al Science- Policy Pla o m on Biodi e si y
and Ecosys em Se ices (IPBES, 2022), he no ion o ela ional
alues has gained p ominence ecen ly. I helps expand he
unde s anding o na u e's bene i s by means o he mo e encom-
passing concep o na u e's con ibu ions o people (NCP; Díaz
e al., 2018; Pascual e al., 2017); ha is, a mo e nuanced desc ip-
ion o socie y- na u e- ela ionships, including mul iple posi i e
and nega i e alues o na u e a ec ing humans' quali y o li e
(Díaz e al., 2018; Kadykalo e al., 2019; Lliso e al., 2022; Pascual
e al., 2017).
So a , in wes e n cul u es alues o na u e ha e adi ionally
been concep ualized dicho omously: as being ei he ins umen al
o in insic. Ins umen al alues ypically emphasize na u e's social
and economic alue h ough an an h opocen ic lens, p io i izing
ideas such as na u al capi al and ecosys em se ices wi h speci ic
NCP being la gely o pa ially subs i u able (Deplazes- Zemp &
Chapman, 2021; Himes & Mu aca, 2018; Tadaki e al., 2017). By
con as , in insic alues de i e om bio- cen ic wo ld iews and
gene ally e e o he inhe en wo h o na u e o i s own sake
(Deplazes- Zemp & Chapman, 2021; O'Conno & Ken e , 2019;
Piccolo, 2017). They hus exp ess he no ion ha na u e has igh s
o exis and h i e i espec i e o whe he i is (ins umen ally) use-
ul o humans; i s p o ec ion is associa ed wi h mo al obliga ions.
These alues can be ound in ea ly na u e conse a ion hink-
ing, such as A ne Naess' deep ecology (Naess, 2008). Howe e ,
in insic alues a e ecei ing ela i ely li le a en ion in oday's
en i onmen al (human- cen ed) policies gi en hei as abs ac and
philosophical pe cei ed concep ualiza ion o na u e (O'Conno &
Ken e , 2019).
Rela ional alues coun as a p agma ic app oach o o e come
he ins umen al- ela ional alues dicho omy and i s c i ique o
being an o e simpli ica ion o complex symbio ic mul idi ec ional
ela ionships be ween socie y and na u e (B i o dos San os &
Gould, 2018; Kleespies & Die kes, 2020; Pineda- Pin o e al., 2022).
They conce n no ions o a good li e, ha is eudemonia, and mo e
conc e ely e e o “p e e ences, p inciples, and i ues associa ed
wi h ela ionships, bo h in e pe sonal and as a icula ed by policies
and social no ms.” (Chan e al., 2016, p. 1462). Rela ional alues
o e di e en on ological and coun e - hegemonic ways o de-
sc ibe meaning ul socie y- na u e ela ionships (IPBES, 2022; Jacobs
e al., 2020) a icula ed bo h collec i ely and indi idually h ough
o example, no ions o ca e, jus ice, kinship, sense o place, eci-
p oci y o indi idual and collec i e iden i y (Calcagni e al., 2019;
Chan e al., 2018; Himes & Mu aca, 2018). Fi mly linked o local
landscapes (S enseke, 2018) and local knowledge sys ems (Díaz
e al., 2018), hey help s eng hening a sense o place and belong-
ing o he local communi y and na u al en i onmen s, hus c ea ing
mul iple o ms o socio- na u es.
1.2 | Jus posi i e (u ban) socio- na u es?
The conside a ion o alue plu ali y, speci ically h ough in eg a ing
ela ional alues, bea s a lo o po en ial o achie ing mo e
equi able u ban planning p ocesses. Ye , cu en dominan amings
o na u e's alues as uni e sally posi i e held by u ban planne s may
isk unde mining he possible nega i e impac s o UGI, speci ically
on ma ginalized and ulne able communi ies (Bi ch e al., 2020;
Rishbe h & Bi ch, 2020) o he con lic ing pe cep ions esiden s
migh exp ess abou na u e. A g owing body o li e a u e in c i ical
u ban planning esea ch shows how ce ain UGI con ibu e o
inc easing social inequali y and socio- cul u al exclusion, exempli ied
o ins ance h ough g een gen i ica ion and displacemen o
ulne able g oups (Anguelo ski e al., 2022; Gould & Lewis, 2017;
Rigolon & Néme h, 2019). Tha is, despi e he endency o depic
na u e's con ibu ions as me ely bene icial o humans (Hoelle
e al., 2022), u ban e- na u ing p og ams may no always be
welcomed posi i ely.
A mo e holis ic iew on u ban na u e mus also conside i s “dis-
alues” (Lliso e al., 2022) o “ ade- o s” (Haase e al., 2017). Fo
example, UGI may ansla e in o displacemen because o ising
p ope y p ices, eal es a e specula ion and ou ism- cen ed de el-
opmen s (Ga cía- Lama ca, Anguelo ski, Cole, e al., 2022; Ga cía-
Lama ca, Anguelo ski, & Venne , 2022). This in u n ypically esul s
in bo h an economic loss, ha is, ins umen al dis alue, o hose
being p iced- ou o hei neighbou hoods and a diminishing sense
o communi y and loss o place- speci ic cul u e and local adi ions,
ha is, ela ional dis alues (Lliso e al., 2022). I is he e o e essen ial
o no only conside posi i e bu also po en ial nega i e alues in
planning p ocesses o new na u e- cen ed p og ams o be e cap-
u e he complex scope o u ban socie y- na u e ela ionships.
Plu al alues app oaches can se e as a “ echnology o pa ic-
ipa ion” (Tadaki e al., 2017) when planning UGI. I co ec ly im-
plemen ed, hey may le e age u ban planning p ocesses owa ds
achie ing equi y and inclusi i y by acknowledging, elici ing, and
including h oughou he di e en planning phases a di e si y
o , some imes di e ging, alues abou na u e held by mul iple
s akeholde s (Mansu e al., 2022). Ca e ully implemen ed plu al
alua ion app oaches can also shed ligh on powe dynamics ha
unde pin socio- en i onmen al con lic s as hey allow o deco-
lonialized in e p e a ions o NCP based on di e en wo ld iews
and knowledge sys ems (Díaz e al., 2018; IPBES, 2022; Jacobs
e al., 2020; Toze e al., 2020). Fo example, UGI ha e been shown
o accele a e o p oduce en i onmen al injus ices in ma e ial p ac-
ices and imma e ial discou ses a ound g eening h ough he ex-
clusion o ma ginalized oices (wi h hei own associa ed alues
and needs; Anguelo ski e al., 2020; Kabisch & Haase, 2014; Pé ez
del Pulga e al., 2020; T igue o- Mas e al., 2021). In con as , a
decolonized eading o NCP opens space o a ca e ul conside -
a ion o hose o en- o e looked alues ha may be a ec ed by
UGI (Anguelo ski e al., 2020; Langemeye & Connolly, 2020;
Toze e al., 2020).
25758314, 2023, 4, Downloaded om h ps://besjou nals.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pan3.10506 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [15/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
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1.3 | The aim o he s udy
Since he call o shi owa ds plu alizing alua ions o na u e is s ill
ecen (IPBES, 2022), empi ical s udies o e ing me hodological
ools o explo e plu al alues, speci ically in u ban a eas, a e
ela i ely ew (Te mansen e al., 2022). We d aw on empi ical
da a om ou case s udy o Vi o ia- Gas eiz, a o me Eu opean
G een Capi al, which has been p aised o he ambi ion o i s
g eening mission and p ojec s (Neidig e al., 2022), wi h a wo old
objec i e: i s , o elici plu al and con ex - speci ic alues abou
na u e held by u ban esiden s in he case s udy con ex using a
Q- me hodology app oach. Second, o in o m decision- making and
implemen a ion o UGI, d awing on a place- speci ic unde s anding
o na u e's alues and ecognizing he di e si y o u ban dwelle s'
pe spec i es abou UGI. We he e o e ask: (a) Wha a e he plu al
alues (ins umen al, in insic o ela ional) u ban esiden s hold
in ega d o u ban g eene y and he b oade idea o na u e? (b)
Do u ban NCP end o be pe cei ed as a posi i e impac on well-
being o may aspec s o na u e also be nega i ely alued by u ban
esiden s? and (c) How do plu al, pa ly di e ging, alues abou
na u e impac u ban policymaking p ocesses?
In he ollowing, we in oduce he con ex o ou case ci y
Vi o ia- Gas eiz. We hen u n o a de ailed desc ip ion o he Q-
me hodological app oach used o iden i y collec i e pa e ns o how
u ban esiden s espond o, ank and/o compa e a mix u e o ela-
ional, ins umen al, and in insic alues abou u ban g eening. This
will be ollowed by he desc ip ion o he esul s, ocusing on ou
elici ed, dis inc , pe spec i es on he alues o na u e we ound in
he u ban con ex o Vi o ia- Gas eiz, and on addi ional quali a i e
indings. Las ly, we discuss he implica ions o he indings o plan-
ning UGI mo e gene ally.
2 | CONTEXTUALIZING
VITORIA- GASTEIZ’ URBAN TRAJECTORY
AND GREENING AMBITIONS
We base ou s udy in Vi o ia- Gas eiz, Basque Coun y, Spain, a
250.000 esiden mid- sized ci y ha g ew apidly du ing he indus-
ializa ion pe iod om he 1950s o 1970s wi h a i e old inc ease
o he popula ion ( om 40.000 o 190.000 esiden s), a ac ing
people om u al and dep i ed a eas o Spain. In Vi o ia- Gas eiz,
his shi ed he u ban iden i y and wo k o ce om he ag icul u al
sec o wi h s ong connec ions o local landscapes o an indus ial
p oduc ion cen ed a ound he au omo i e sec o (Gonzaléz de
Langa ica Mendizábal, 2007; Pé ez- Ál a ez, 2020). As o 2021, only
a ound hal o he ci y's esiden s we e bo n in Vi o ia- Gas eiz wi h
an addi ional 11% bo n in he Basque Coun y, while 23% came om
he es o Spain and 14% immig a ed om o he coun ies (mos
o whom om Colombia, Mo occo, and Alge ia; Ayun amien o de
Vi o ia- Gas eiz, 2021).
Th ough he 2010s, Vi o ia- Gas eiz has ecei ed b oad in-
e na ional ecogni ion o i s long- e m poli ical commi men o
g eening and sus ainabili y and has, in e alia, been awa ded as
he 2012 Eu opean G een Capi al and he 2019 UNESCO Global
G een Ci y o i s u ban g eening e o s. The ci y's g een ans-
o ma ion s a ed in he ea ly 1990s wi h an ecological and social
a ionale o ede elop con amina ed b own ields o ec ea ional
g een ameni ies. As global na a i es o g een policies changed
o e ime, en i onmen al p ojec s became he embodimen o de-
poli icized discou ses domina ed by ecomode nis and economis
amings (Neidig e al., 2022).
In e ms o i s na u al en i onmen , he ci y coun s on di e se
ypes o u ban and pe i- u ban landscapes anging om g een
co ido s, pa ks, ga dens, we lands, i e sides, o o es s. These
spaces a e connec ed h ough a holis ic g een in as uc u e ne -
wo k mos ly known o i s emblema ic pe i- u ban 35 km G een Bel
(Azna ez e al., 2022). This bel se s a spa ial limi o p e en u he
u ban and indus ial expansion and sepa a es he ci y om i s su -
ounding ag icul u al land (40% o he municipali y's su ace). In ad-
di ion, wo moun ain anges in he wes and sou h o he ci y, zones
o special en i onmen al p o ec ions, make up ano he 40% o he
ci y- owned land (O i e & Dios Lema, 2012; Figu e 1).
In sum, he ci y's u ban de elopmen his o y, including he long-
e m g een and sus ainabili y ajec o y wi h shi ing a ionales o
g eening, and he access o di e se ypes o u ban and pe i- u ban
na u al landscapes make Vi o ia- Gas eiz an emblema ic case o
s udy di e se ypes o plu al alues abou na u e and i s di e en
embodimen s in he ci y.
3 | METHODOLOGY: Q- METHOD
We used Q- me hod, a semi- quan i a i e me hodological app oach
o in es iga e a di e si y o pe spec i es on speci ic, o en con-
lic ed, opics (Sneegas e al., 2021). O igina ing om psychology,
Q- me hod has been used o shed ligh on opinions and pe spec-
i es by expe s and policymake s o lay people a ound a speci ic
en i onmen al opic ha hen can be in eg a ed in he policy design
and implemen a ion (Ba y & P oops, 1999; Wa s & S enne , 2012;
Zabala e al., 2018). The s eng h o his app oach lies in clus e -
ing indi idual esponses and opinions in o social discou ses, ha is,
unde s and ime- and con ex - speci ic pa e ns in he way people
ela e o he discussed esea ch ques ion by examining nuanced
di e ences and communali ies be ween pe spec i es on he con-
lic ed discou se (Mania akou e al., 2020). Unlike o he quan i a i e
(posi i is ) me hodologies, Q- me hod ollows an explici no ma i e
app oach (Nielsen e al., 2019), as he esea che is u ged o ake
an in e p e a i e and e lec i e ole a e e y s ep o he i e a i e
phases o esea ch design, da a collec ion and da a analysis (Zabala
e al., 2018).1
Un il now, only ew s udies used Q- me hod o elici local plu al
alues abou na u e h ough s a emen - o image- based alua ions
building upon he ca ego iza ion o NCP h ough ins umen al, ela-
ional and in insic alues (IPBES, 2022). Fo example, Mania akou
e al. (2020) s udied he pe cei ed impo ance o we land- based
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ecosys em se ices h ough hese h ee di e en alue dimensions;
Inglis and Pascual (2021) ocused on he ole o languages in he
alua ion o o es bene i s, including a se ies o ela ional alues
linked o Euska a (Basque language) and ela ionships o o es s in
he Basque Coun y; and Holmes e al. (2022) used image- based Q
me hodology o be e g asp con es ed ela ional discou ses a ound
u al landscape changes.
In he ollowing, we desc ibe in g ea e de ail he esea ch design
based on he Q- me hod, pa icula ly he c ea ion o he Q- concou se
and he Q- se and he selec ion o pa icipan s. We hen u n o a
desc ip ion o he da a collec ion and analysis ( o a summa y o he
esea ch p ocess, see Figu e 2).
3.1 | Resea ch design
3.1.1 | The Q- concou se
The Q- concou se desc ibes he se o s a emen s ha con ey he
ull scope o pe spec i es abou he esea ch opic in he s udy
con ex (Robbins & K uege , 2000). In his pape , i desc ibes
he di e si y o pe cep ions and alues abou (u ban) NCP in he
cul u al, linguis ic and place- speci ic con ex o Vi o ia- Gas eiz.
Fo his end, we consul ed di e se ypes o s a emen sou ces,
ha is, eigh s uc u ed in e iews wi h esiden s, pos s on so-
cial media, local media a icles and p e ious scien i ic s udies.
This was u he complemen ed by s a emen s pu posi ely c e-
a ed by he au ho s e e ing o hemes no co e ed by any o
he abo e s a emen sou ces ( o a de ailed desc ip ion o each
o hese s a emen sou ces, consul Table 1). F om hese sou ces,
we e ie ed he Q- concou se used in his s udy, a o al o 284
s a emen s ha desc ibed he di e en pe spec i es and alues
associa ed wi h NCP, e e ing o bo h u ban g eene y, ei he
wi h links o speci ic places in Vi o ia- Gas eiz o wi h emphasis
on u ban- speci ic NCP, and o na u e as a b oade socially con-
s uc ed concep .
3.1.2 | The Q- se
F om he Q- concou se we selec ed a ep esen a i e sample o s a e-
men s, he so- called Q- se , ha was hen used du ing he anking
o s a emen s, ha is he Q- so (see Sec ion 3.2). The selec ion
p ocess o hose ep esen a i e s a emen s consis ed o an i e a i e
coding p ocess whe e each s a emen o he Q- concou se was la-
belled as ei he associa ed wi h ela ional, ins umen al, and in insic
FIGURE 1 Map o u ban, pe i- u ban and u al g een in as uc u e ne wo k o he municipali y o Vi o ia- Gas eiz. Sou ce: Cen o de
Es udios Ambien ales de Vi o ia- Gas eiz, 2023.
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alues, o b oade human- na u e ela ional models (as in Mu adian &
Pascual, 2018). Nex , each s a emen ecei ed a ag ha exp essed
an associa ed no ion o na u e's alue, ela ed o o example heal h,
sense o communi y, ca e, ea o na u e, economic bene i s, bo e-
dom o de achmen . Th oughou six i e a i es ounds o coding, we
educed he Q- concou se o a Q- se o 40 s a emen s ep esen -
ing he he e ogenei y o pe spec i es abou alues o na u e in he
s udy con ex (Sneegas, 2020).
A e a pilo s udy wi h 10 expe s and lay esiden s om Vi o ia-
Gas eiz o es he s a emen s o cla i y and comp ehensibili y, we
educed he inal Q- se o 39 s a emen s ha exp essed a di e se
and nuanced no ion o he plu al alues o u ban na u e applicable
in he con ex o Vi o ia- Gas eiz ( o he ull lis o s a emen s, see
Table 2).
O his inal Q- se , a ela i ely la ge numbe o s a emen s (#1–
#13) exp ess posi i e no ions o na u e's ela ional alues. These
FIGURE 2 Syn hesis o he esea ch p ocess, including esea ch design, da a collec ion and da a analysis using Q- me hodology.
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s a emen s e e o NCP exp essing a posi i e ela ional bond be-
ween indi iduals and na u e necessa y o a good li e, o example,
h ough eudaimonia (#1), ca e (#4), ecip oci y (#5), o ha mony (#7)
o be ween humans wi hin hei social communi ies h ough na u e,
exp essed o ins ance by hei sense o communi y (#8), collec i e
iden i y (#9), o ca e o p esen (#12) o u u e (#13) gene a ions.
S a emen s #14– #20 a e associa ed wi h ela ional dis alues (i.e.
nega i e ela ional alues). They e e o a nega i e ela ional, o en
emo ional, bond be ween indi iduals and na u e hinde ing achie ing
a “good li e”, o example, h ough he dislike o speci ic ea u es o
(u ban) na u e such as insec s, a s o pigeons (#15) o he emo ion
o ea o na u e (#16). They can also desc ibe nega i e ela ional
bonds be ween humans wi hin hei social communi ies h ough na-
u e, such as pe cep ions o insecu i y in pa ks (#19) o he dislike
o ha ing o sha e u ban g eene y wi h people di e en o onesel
(#20).
O he s a emen s (#21– #29) exp ess posi i e amings o he in-
s umen al alue o NCP. Na u e is pe cei ed as a means o achie e
a highe quali y o li e. I is no he ela ionship wi h na u e pe se
ha is alued bu na u e as he means o deli e angible bene i s o
well- being, ha is, e enues h ough g een ou ism (#21), local ood
p oduc ion (#22), a place o ec ea ion (#25 and #29), o access o
be e ai quali y (#27).
S a emen s ha e lec ins umen al dis alues (#30– #34) de-
sc ibe indi iduals' p e e ences o p io i iza ion o o he (non- g een-
based) expe iences o e expe iences in na u e o associa ed wi h
speci ic NCP. U ban esiden s may he e o e p e e subs i u ing
u ban g eene y and i s ela ed NCPs o , o example, going o he
cinema (#34). This may also lead o a p e e ence o ewe public
unds o UGI (#31) and ins ead dedica ed o o he u ban planning
p io i ies, such as housing (#33). The ins umen al dis alue may also
be e lec ed in amings ha desc ibe a unidi ec ional nega i e im-
pac on people's wellbeing, such as nega i e impac s on ec ea ion
o a pa k pe cei ed di y and ull o mosqui os (#30).
The o iginal Q- concou se showed a dominan ly an h opocen ic
aming o socie y- na u e ela ionships wi h only ew s a emen s
exp essing an eco- cen ic pe spec i e on he alues o na u e. We
he e o e included mainly s a emen s e e ing o ela ional and in-
s umen al aspec s o NCP in o he inal Q- se ; only s a emen #35
(“I do no hink ha he main unc ion o na u e is o se e o hu-
mans.”) and #36 (“Animals dese e o ha e igh s o hei own.”) ex-
p ess some o m o in insic alue o na u e held by people.
Las ly, based on he “ex inc ion o expe ience” hypo hesis e-
e ing o a lack o di ec and meaning ul expe iences wi h na u e,
especially in u ban en i onmen s, ha may lead o an emo ional,
physical, spi i ual o in ellec ual aliena ion om na u e (Mille , 2005;
Soga & Gas on, 2016), he inal Q- se also con ains s a emen s
exp essing ideas o human sepa a ion om na u e. He e, we used
Mu adian and Pascual's (2018) ypology o human- na u e ela ional
models, speci ically hose models ele an in an u ban en i onmen
u he ing an i- en i onmen al beha iou : u iliza ion o na u e (#37),
domina ion o na u e (#38) and de achmen om na u e (#39).
Th oughou he ull se o 39 s a emen s, we paid a en ion
o include bo h place- based s a emen s, ha is, wi h e e ence o
TABLE 1 Types o s a emen sou ces consul ed o c ea ing he Q- concou se o 284 s a emen s.
Types o s a emen sou ces o he Q- concou se Ra ionale (objec i es) o using di e en sou ces o he s a emen s
In e iews wi h esiden s To include s a emen s ha exp ess indi idual alues abou na u e p e alen in he case- s udy
con ex : We conduc ed eigh s uc u ed in e iews in No embe 2020 o 45– 60 min in
Spanish a ound indi iduals' unde s andings o he e m ‘na u e’ and ela ed associa ions.
These included ques ions abou uses o u ban g eene y, he pe cei ed impac s on
physical and men al well- being, and p ac ices o ca e wi h na u e. In e iewees we e
pu posi ely selec ed h ough snowball sampling and esided in Vi o ia- Gas eiz o a leas
1 yea wi h di e en socio- demog aphic backg ounds (i.e. age, gende and place o o igin)
Social media pos s To include s a emen s ha exp ess indi idual alues abou na u e p e alen in he case- s udy
con ex : We sea ched o pos s on he social media pla o ms Twi e and Ins ag am ha
we e pos ed unde he hash ags “G een Bel ”, “Na u e”, “Vi o ia- Gas eiz” and “G een
Capi al” combined wi h geo ags o speci ic u ban pa ks in Vi o ia- Gas eiz (e.g. “Ola izu”,
“A men ia”, o “Salbu ua”)
Local media a icles To include s a emen s ha exp essed he local public discou ses abou na u e: We e iewed
a icles om local newspape s and local online media ou le s. These we e, o example,
a icles e e ing o speci ic pa ks o u ban g een ini ia i es, o he impo ance o public
g een spaces especially du ing he COVID- 19 pandemic, o a icles ha deal wi h
b oade en i onmen al opics
P e ious scien i ic li e a u e To include s a emen s exp essing no ions o socie y- na u e ela ionships building on he
s a e o a o he scien i ic li e a u e: We e iewed p e ious empi ical s a emen - based
s udies, ocusing on, o example (cul u al) ecosys em se ices, humans' connec ion o
na u e, he new en i onmen al pa adigm, and ela ional and plu al alues
S a emen s pu posi ely c ea ed To include s a emen s exp essing no ions o dis alues abou na u e, de achmen om
na u e, o u ban- speci ic unde s andings o na u e: We c ea ed and added s a emen s
ha we could no ind in any o he abo e sou ces ye conside ed ele an o he guiding
esea ch ques ions
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TABLE 2 Q- se and s a emen desc ip ions.
S a emen no. S a emen (English ansla ion) S a emen ag Place- speci ic?a
S a emen
sou ceb
Posi i e ela ionship be ween indi iduals and na u e ( ela ional alue)
#1 When I connec wi h he na u e o VG I ha e a sense o anquilli y, I am happie . I helps me o li e a ul illed and
good li e
Eudaimonia Yes In e iew
#2 The g een spaces o Vi o ia- Gas eiz (VG), such as he G een Bel , a e impo an o my men al heal h Men al heal h Yes In e iew
#3 I eel ha he na u e and landscapes o VG a e an impo an pa o my iden i y, o who I am as a pe son Pe sonal iden i y Yes In e iew
#4 Ca ing o na u e helps me lead a mo e ul illed li e Ca e No Li e a u e
#5 Na u e gi es me so much mo e han I can gi e he . I I ea he well, she e u ns i o me Recip oci y No In e iew
#6 I hink ha na u e is he o igin o humankind, whe e we came om. Na u e is like ou big house Kinship No In e iew
#7 The e a e places in na u e ha gi e me a sensa ion o ha mony Ha mony No In e iew
Posi i e ela ionship be ween humans wi hin hei social communi ies h ough na u e ( ela ional alue)
#8 The g een spaces o VG a e con ibu ing o a s onge sense o communi y Sense o communi y Yes Local media
#9 Na u e is pa o ou collec i e iden i y as he ci y o VG Collec i e iden i y Yes In e iew
#10 The pa ks o VG a e places whe e I can sha e expe iences wi h people who a e e y di e en om me Communi y di e si y Yes Pu posi ely
c ea ed
#11 I na u e is well, we a e well oo. The heal h o ou communi y depends on he s a e o na u e Heal h o communi y No In e iew
#12 We a e esponsible o he impac s we ha e on he en i onmen because hey can ha m o he people Ca e o p esen
gene a ions
No In e iew
#13 We ha e an obliga ion o ake ca e o na u e o u u e gene a ions Ca e o u u e
gene a ions
No Li e a u e
Nega i e ela ionship be ween indi iduals and na u e ( ela ional dis alue)
#14 Many o us humans a e losing ou connec ion wi h na u e Disconnec ion No In e iew
#15 Na u al spaces in ci ies a e a ac ing di , insec s, a s and pigeons. I do no like ha Dislike o non- human
O he s
No Pu posi ely
c ea ed
#16 The e a e aspec s o na u e ha sca e me Fea o na u e No Pu posi ely
c ea ed
#17 I do no need o spend ime in na u e o eel good An i- eudaimonia No Pu posi ely
c ea ed
Nega i e ela ional bond be ween humans wi hin hei social communi ies h ough na u e ( ela ional dis alue)
#18 Now ha he g een spaces in VG a e mo e c owded because o he pandemic, you ha e o go u he away o be
alone. This is no good
Lack o soli ude Yes In e iew
#19 A nigh I do no usually walk in he pa ks o VG. I y o a oid hem because I do no eel e y sa e Pe cei ed insecu i y Yes In e iew
#20 I do no go o some pa ks in VG because hey a e usually ull o people I do no like Dislike o human
O he s
Yes In e iew
(Con inues)
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S a emen no. S a emen (English ansla ion) S a emen ag Place- speci ic?a
S a emen
sou ceb
Posi i e aming o he ins umen al alue o NCP (ins umen al alue)
#21 The G een Bel con ibu es o gene a ing ou ism and economic bene i s o he ci y Economic bene i
( ou ism)
Yes Local media
#22 The neighbou hood ga dens and u ban ag icul u e o VG a e impo an places o p oduce heal hy and local ood Na u al esou ces
( ood)
Yes Pu posi ely
c ea ed
#23 The p o ec ion o na u e in VG is symbolic o he quali y o li e o he ci izens o his ci y Quali y o li e Yes Social media
#24 The u ban and pe i- u ban pa ks o VG a e con ibu ing o a heal hy en i onmen . They ha e a posi i e impac on
ou physical heal h
Physical heal h Yes In e iew
#25 The pa ks o VG a e spaces whe e I can go o a un, ake he bike, o ska e. They make me eel e y ac i e Rec ea ion (physical) Yes Li e a u e
#26 P o ec ing na u e will help us p e en u u e economic c ises caused by species loss and clima e change Economic bene i
(heal h)
No Local media
#27 Na u e makes a signi ican con ibu ion o imp o ing ai quali y Na u al esou ces (ai ) No Local media
#28 P o ec ing na u e will help us educe he isk o new pandemics and o he public heal h eme gencies Public heal h No Local media
#29 I like na u al spaces o elax. They a e spaces whe e I can spend many hou s Rec ea ion (men al) No Pu posi ely
c ea ed
Nega i e aming o ins umen al alues o NCP (ins umen al dis alue)
#30 I do no like he G een Bel because I hink i s pa ks a e di y and ull o mosqui os Unpleasan na u e Yes In e iew
#31 I hink VG spends oo much public money on na u e conse a ion p og ams Was ed expenses Yes Li e a u e
#32 I hink he pa ks in he ci y and i s su oundings a e e y bo ing. They do no ha e much alue o me Bo edom Yes In e iew
#33 I hink ha pa s o he G een Bel should be used o build new cheap housing o he esiden s o VG T ade- o s Yes Pu posi ely
c ea ed
#34 I usually p e e o wa ch a mo ie wi h a good iend han ake a walk in na u e wi h ha same iend Disin e es No Pu posi ely
c ea ed
In insic alue o na u e
#35 I do no hink ha he main unc ion o na u e is o „se e o humans”. Na u e has alue in i sel In insic wo h No In e iew
#36 Animals dese e o ha e igh s o hei own In insic igh s No Li e a u e
Human- na u e ela ional models
#37 I 's okay i we lose o es s and we lands, as long as we keep enough o humans U iliza ion No Li e a u e
#38 We human beings ha e he igh o use na u e he way we wan Domina ion No Li e a u e
#39 I p e e li ing in an u ban en i onmen o a u al en i onmen De achmen No Pu posi ely
c ea ed
No e: The o iginal s a emen s in Spanish can be ound in he Appendix (Table A1).
aPlace- speci ic? Yes: s a emen s e e o aspec s o u ban na u e speci ic o Vi o ia- Gas eiz. No: s a emen s exp ess no ions o na u e as a social o biophysical en i y beyond u ban bounda ies.
bS a emen sou ce: indica es he sou ce he s a emen s we e e ie ed om, ha is, in e iews, social media, local media, (p e ious scien i ic) li e a u e, (s a emen s) pu posi ely c ea ed ( o desc ip ion o
each s a emen sou ce, see Table 1).
TABLE 2 (Con inued)
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na u e, may be a s a ing poin o c ea e place- speci ic connec ions
o u ban landscapes and he local communi y.
Ou o he ou pe spec i es, only he P eca ious and Communi y-
d i en Newcome shows a mo e u ili a ian app oach o u ban g eene y
ha is especially alued o he oppo uni y o i s use as a social mee -
ing and communi y- building asse . This pe spec i e gi es insigh s in o
how his o ically ma ginalized esiden s in he ci y, such as ecen im-
mig an s, app ecia e u ban na u e, in pa icula accessible u ban pub-
lic pa ks, as a subs i u e o he lack o o he mee ing spaces. U ban
g eene y may hence u n in o a ehicle o c ea e a localized sense o
place and o belonging o he new communi y. This pe spec i e mi -
o s indings om p e ious s udies (see e.g. Bi ch e al., 2020; Ono
e al., 2021; Rishbe h & Bi ch, 2020) ha desc ibe u ban na u e as
impo an socializing places ha can help newcome s and mig an s o
build a connec ion and adap o he new cul u al and social con ex ,
hey ind hemsel es in. Fu he , as highligh ed in p io s udies on ga -
dening and collec i e e icacy (Teig e al., 2009) and ga dening and
place building (Anguelo ski, 2014; Ha wig & Mason, 2016; T uong
e al., 2022), u ban g een spaces o e newcome s and immig an s
spaces o p ac ices o ca e and s ewa dship, ha , while e- connec ing
o memo ies o hei home coun y, also help de elop and s eng hen
place- based ela ional alues. In his ega d, g een planne s should
keep unding and building g eenspaces ha can suppo such social
ac i i ies in na u e and sus ain he posi i e links di e en g oups o m
wi h each o he and wi h g eenspaces.
We a gue ha especially he G een Indi idualis and he P eca ious
and Communi y- d i en Newcome s' pe spec i es abou (u ban) NCP
may equi e special a en ion in planning e- na u ing ini ia i es and
UGI. The di e se pe spec i es abou communi y- ela ed alues in
connec ion o u ban na u e sugges ha he con ibu ion o UGI o
human- human ela ionships wi hin he local communi y may be pe -
cei ed as dis alues (Lliso e al., 2022) by some esiden s— con a y o
he inhe en ly bene icial assump ions ha pe mea e domina ing po-
li ical g een(ing) discou ses (Angelo, 2019a). U ban esiden s' needs
and pe cep ions hus di e in ela ion o bo h he ma e ial g een
space and he in angible ela ional bonds be ween cul u ally di e se
esiden s ha may a ec membe s o he communi y nega i ely.
Fo mula ing a social imagina y o u ban na u e ha can be mo e in-
clusi e o he mul iple (place- speci ic) o ms o u ban socio- na u es
equi es u ban planne s o pay close a en ion o why and how hose
dis alues a ise and mani es . We he e call o an in e sec ional plan-
ning app oach, o example, in he o m o ca e ully implemen ed
pa icipa o y p ocesses, ha emphasizes hese di e ences based on
he mul iples iden i ies and bodies ha pe cei e (u ban) NCP and
hei in eg a ion h ough na u e wi hin di e en social communi ies
(Anguelo ski e al., 2020). Unde s anding and emb acing esiden s'
plu ali y in ega d o design, main enance, and use o u ban g een
spaces is he e o e key o suppo esiden s in sa ely nego ia ing and
con es ing dominan p e alen alues associa ed wi h UGI.
The Rela ionalis s' and G een Ci izens' pe spec i es on he alue
o u ban NCPs a e mo e in une wi h domina ing u ban g eening dis-
cou ses as hey ega d NCP as a pu ely posi i e con ibu ion o human
well- being. Especially he Rela ionalis 's pe spec i e shows a much
mo e nuanced and localized unde s anding o (u ban) NCP consis ing
o plu al posi i e alues abou na u e as i could ha e been ound in
Vi o ia- Gas eiz’ ea ly local en i onmen al poli ical discou ses in he
1980s/1990s ha d ew upon an in insic ecological conse a ion a io-
nale. O e ime, na u e became p esen ed as a win- win s a egy o bo h
he en i onmen and he local economy (Temenos & McCann, 2012;
While e al., 2004), a aming ha mi o s ecen in e na ional u ban dis-
cou ses a ound he G een(es ) Ci y (Rosol e al., 2017). Wi h ha , he
social imagina y eplica ed in Vi o ia- Gas eiz’ en i onmen al poli ical
discou se shi ed owa ds ecomode nis unde s andings ha en ision
a sma ca bon- neu al ci y and ha depic s na u e's bene i h ough a
dominan ly u ili a ian, ins umen al aming (Neidig e al., 2022).
Especially since he ecen IPBES Values Assessmen Repo
(IPBES, 2022), he concep ualiza ion o plu al alua ion app oaches is
gaining isibili y in high- le el policymaking. Ye so a , only ew policy-
making p ocesses ac ually use alua ion app oaches o conside di-
e se pe cep ions o na u e in en i onmen al planning (IPBES, 2022).
To implemen and apply hem in local decision- making, an ope a ion-
alizing o ela ional alues is needed which could se e as a ool o
“in eg a e issues o jus ice in o assessmen s o mul i unc ionali y”
(Pineda- Pin o e al., 2022). This could u he s ee u ban en i onmen-
al planning owa ds unde s anding socio- ecological sys ems h ough
mul iple o ms o socio- na u es (Swyngedouw, 1996). Ou s udy has
d awn on Q- me hodology o elici , o mula e, and isibilize he mul-
iplici y o alues abou na u e held by di e se esiden s which has
allowed us o iden i y di e se socio- na u e in he u ban con ex . Q-
me hodology shows p omise as an explo a o y app oach wi hin a
mul i- me hod app oach o meaning ully in eg a e plu al alues o na-
u e h oughou he policy- making p ocess, especially o hose u ban
esiden s who emain mos in isible o excluded in policy and plan-
ning. The esea ch design phase, and mo e speci ically con eying he
ull ange o he local discou ses, is a a he ime- in ensi e p ocess
since he Q- concou se should mi o comp ehensi e place- speci ic
no ions abou na u e. Howe e , he me hodology's main ad an ages
lie, i s , in he ela i ely small sample size needed as i can al eady
allow de i ing key insigh s in o he ull dep hs o pu posi ely sampled
pe spec i es p esen in any gi en local con ex , including hose o en
o e looked and ma ginalized. Second, he Q- so ing p ocess con ains
a play ulness in i s se - up ha esponden s exp essly enjoyed. We
conside i a use ul i s s ep o de ine he s a ing base o a longe
i e a i e and pa icipa o y plu al alua ion app oach.
6 | CONCLUSION
Ou esea ch on elici ing and iden i ying plu al alues abou na u e
ha u ban esiden s hold owa ds (u ban) NCP in he case con ex o
he mid- sized ci y Vi o ia- Gas eiz showed ha people hold di e se,
pa ly con adic ing, o ms o socio- na u es ha can be nei he e-
duced o ins umen al no ela ional amings o NCP. The in eg a-
ion o a plu ali y o alues h oughou decision- making p ocesses
hence equi es a ca e ul examina ion o p e alen alues and spe-
ci ically hose unde mined by domina ing ins i u ional discou ses.
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1278
|
People and Na u e
NEIDIG e al.
A en ion should be paid o unde s anding whose alues a e being
pu o wa d, wha is he unde lying a ionale o emphasizing spe-
ci ic alues o e o he s, and how can hose alua ion app oaches
a ge speci ically socially ulne able g oups whose needs and
pe cep ions ega ding u ban na u e may di e om mains eam
poli ical amings. Fu u e esea ch will ha e o dissec how people
wi h di e ing alues con es and nego ia e hei needs and neces-
si ies in a day- o- day basis o be able o be e adap u ban plan-
ning p ocesses owa ds hei exis ing and o en con lic ing iden i ies
(Oscilowicz e al., 2023). This will equi e an in e sec ional app oach
o pu emphasis on he plu ali y o needs ha di e ac oss in e sec -
ing g oups, such as women, immig an s, child en o elde ly esiden s.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Julia Neidig, Bosco Lliso and Unai Pascual concei ed he ideas and
designed me hodology; Julia Neidig collec ed he da a; Julia Neidig
analysed he da a; Julia Neidig w o e he o iginal d a , Julia Neidig,
Isabelle Anguelo ski, Bosco Lliso and Unai Pascual e iewed and ed-
i ed he manusc ip subs an ially. All au ho s con ibu ed c i ically o
he manusc ip and ga e inal app o al o publica ion. Unai Pascual
ob ained unding o ca y ou he esea ch.
ACKNO WLE DGE MENTS
We hank Ai o Albaina and Aio a Zabala o hei eedback h ough-
ou he design and da a collec ion phase and he wo anonymous e-
iewe s o hei cons uc i e commen s. We also hank he Cen o
de Es udios Ambien ales Vi o ia- Gas eiz o he ime and e o o
sha ing documen s and hei knowledge abou he s udy con ex .
This wo k was suppo ed by he Depa men o Educa ion o he
Basque Go e nmen (PIBA19- 0096), he Ci y o Vi o ia- Gas eiz (and
he Cen o de Es udios Ambien ales) and by he Ma ía de Maez u
excellence acc edi a ion 2018– 2022 (Re . MDM- 2017- 0714), unded
by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The da a ha suppo he indings o his s udy a e openly a ailable
in D yad Digi al Reposi o y: h ps://doi.o g/10.5061/d yad.qnk98
s nj (Neidig e al., 2023).
ORCID
Julia Neidig h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6560-9664
Isabelle Anguelo ski h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-6409-5155
Bosco Lliso h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-2460-4322
Unai Pascual h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5696-236X
ENDNOTES
1 Fo a de ailed desc ip ion o he di e en me hodological s eps o Q-
me hodology, see o example Wa s and S enne (2012) o McKeown
and Thomas (2013).
2 This is also in line wi h Wa s and S enne 's (2012) ule o humb o
ex ac ing one ac o o e e y six o eigh Q- so s.
3 Fac o s loadings o each Q- so can be ound in Table A2. Those load-
ings exp ess he associa ion o each Q- so wi h each o he ou ex-
ac ed ac o s.
4 The numbe s in he b acke s indica e he s a emen numbe and he
sco e i would ecei e in an a che ypical Q- so ha would load 100%
on he espec i e pe spec i e. Fo example, o pe spec i e A, s a e-
men #6 ecei ed a sco e o +4. The a che ypical ypes o Q- so s o
each pe spec i e can be ound in Figu e 4.
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APPENDIX
TABLE A1 O iginal s a emen s in Spanish.
I em no. O iginal s a emen in Spanish
Posi i e ela ionship be ween indi iduals and na u e ( ela ional alue)
#1 Cuando conec o con la na u aleza de Vi o ia- Gas eiz engo una sensación de anquilidad, soy más eliz. Me ayuda i i una ida plena y buena
#2 Los espacios e des de Vi o ia- Gas eiz, como el Anillo Ve de, son impo an es pa a mi salud men al
#3 Sien o que la na u aleza y los paisajes de Vi o ia- Gas eiz cons i uyen una pa e impo an e de mi iden idad como pe sona
#4 Cuida de la na u aleza me ayuda a lle a una ida más plena
#5 La na u aleza me da muchísimo más de lo que yo le puedo da a ella. Si la a o bien, ella me lo de uel e
#6 Pienso que la na u aleza es el o igen del homb e, de donde inimos. La na u aleza es como nues a g an casa
#7 Hay en o nos na u ales que me p oducen una sensación de a monía
Posi i e ela ionship be ween humans wi hin hei social communi ies h ough na u e ( ela ional alue)
#8 Los espacios e des de Vi o ia- Gas eiz ayudan a mejo a el sen ido de comunidad
#9 La na u aleza es pa e de nues a iden idad como ciudad de Vi o ia- Gas eiz
#10 Los pa ques de Vi o ia- Gas eiz son luga es donde puedo compa i expe iencias con pe sonas que son muy di e en es de mi
#11 Si la na u aleza es á bien, noso os ambién es amos bien. La salud de nues a comunidad depende del es ado de la na u aleza
#12 Somos esponsables de los impac os que gene amos en el medio ambien e po que pueden pe judica a o as pe sonas
#13 Tenemos la obligación de cuida de la na u aleza pa a las gene aciones u u as
Nega i e ela ionship be ween indi iduals and na u e ( ela ional dis alue)
#14 La mayo ía de las pe sonas es amos pe diendo nues a conexión con la na u aleza
#15 Los espacios na u ales den o de las ciudades a aen suciedad, insec os, a as y palomas. Es o no me gus a
#16 Hay aspec os de la na u aleza que me dan miedo
#17 No necesi o pasa iempo en espacios na u ales pa a sen i me bien
Nega i e ela ional bond be ween humans wi hin hei social communi ies h ough na u e ( ela ional dis alue)
#18 Aho a que los espacios e des de Vi o ia- Gas eiz es án más llenos de gen e debido a la pandemia, ienes que i e más lejos pa a es a
solo. Es o no es á bien
#19 Po la noche no malmen e no paseo po los pa ques de Vi o ia- Gas eiz. In en o e i a los po que no me sien o muy segu o/a
#20 No oy a algunos pa ques de Vi o ia- Gas eiz po que suelen es a llenos de gen e que no me gus a
Posi i e aming o he ins umen al alue o NCP (ins umen al alue)
#21 El Anillo Ve de con ibuye a gene a u ismo y bene icios económicos pa a la ciudad
#22 Los hue os de los ba ios y la ag icul u a u bana de Vi o ia- Gas eiz son impo an es pa a una alimen ación sana y de p oximidad
#23 La p ese ación de la na u aleza de Vi o ia- Gas eiz es sinónimo de calidad de ida pa a los ciudadanos de es a ciudad
#24 Los pa ques u banos de Vi o ia- Gas eiz ayudan a gene a un en o no saludable. Tienen un impac o posi i o en nues a salud co po al
#25 Los pa ques de Vi o ia- Gas eiz son espacios que me o ecen la opo unidad de hace eje cicio como co e , anda en bicicle a, o
pa ina . Me hacen sen i muy ac i o/a
#26 P o ege la na u aleza nos ayuda á a p e eni u u as c isis económicas causadas po la pé dida de especies y el cambio climá ico
#27 La na u aleza con ibuye de o ma no able a mejo a la calidad del ai e
#28 P o ege la na u aleza nos ayuda á a educi el iesgo de nue as pandemias y o as eme gencias de salud pública
#29 Los espacios na u ales me gus an pa a elaja me. Son espacios donde puedo pasa muchas ho as
Nega i e aming o ins umen al alues o NCP (ins umen al dis alue)
#30 No me gus a el Anillo Ve de po que sien o que es á sucio y llenos de mosqui os
#31 C eo que Vi o ia- Gas eiz se gas a demasiado dine o publico en p og amas pa a conse a la na u aleza
#32 Pienso que los pa ques en el cen o y en las a ue as de Vi o ia- Gas eiz son un abu imien o. No ienen demasiado alou pa a mi
#33 C eo que pa e del Anillo Ve de debe ía de usa se pa a cons ui i iendas más ba a as pa a la gen e de Vi o ia- Gas eiz
#34 Po lo gene al p e ie o e una película con un buen amigo que da un paseo po la na u aleza con ese mismo amigo
In insic alue o na u e
#35 No c eo que la unción p incipal de la na u aleza sea se i a los humanos. La na u aleza iene alou en si misma
#36 Los animales se me ecen ene de echos
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TABLE A2 Fac o loadings o each Q- so and ac o .
Numbe Q- so
Q- so loadings on each ac o
Fac o A Fac o B Fac o C Fac o D
Q1 0.8236a0.4065 0.1799 0.1714
Q2 0.5196 0.6880a0.1696 0.1180
Q3 0.7939a0.4251 0.0146 0.2215
Q4 0.2791 0.6965a0.1906 0.2882
Q5 0.1956 0.6064a0.0115 0.5384
Q6 0.6765a0.3432 0.3236 0.2864
Q7 0.6281a0.4577 0.3747 0.0773
Q8 0.2019 0.5723a0.3140 0.3919
Q9 0.1540 0.0845 0.7229a−0.1978
Q10 0.7136a0.3678 0.2203 0.1934
Q11 0.7466a0.3894 0.2302 0.2760
Q12 0.5343 0.7080a0.1920 0.0235
Q13 0.7173a0.3769 0.2472 0.1183
Q14 0.1249 0.8964a−0.0191 0.0727
Q15b0.5115 0.5913 0.4186 0.0956
Q16 0.7030a−0.0521 0.0016 −0.1436
Q17 0.3338 0.6893a0.2048 0.2088
Q18 0.6843a0.4219 0.0656 0.3069
Q19 0.2436 0.1863 0.7315a0.3847
Q20 0.3547 0.5606a0.2821 0.0880
Q21b0.3322 0.6333 0.5405 −0.1005
Q22 0.2760 0.4866 −0.0888 0.6132a
Q23 0.1096 0.0549 0.0276 0.8752a
Q24 0.3867 0.7020a0.1251 0.2027
Q25 0.3956 0.6477a0.2690 0.1352
Q26 0.6607a0.2567 0.5322 0.2078
Q27 0.7752a0.4476 0.2623 0.1040
Q28 0.5556a0.2825 0.2428 0.2186
Q29 0.7283a0.3745 0.3587 0.2223
Numbe o loading Q- so s
∑ = 27 13 10 2 2
Pe cen age o explained a iance
∑ = 73.63 28.95 25.73 10.10 8.85
Fac o
EIgen alue
8.40 7.46 2.93 2.57
aThe lagged Q- so s o each ac o .
bCo ounded Q- so s ( hey loaded signi ican ly on mo e han one ac o ).
I em no. O iginal s a emen in Spanish
Human- na u e ela ional models
#37 No pasa nada si pe demos bosques y humedales, si man engamos lo su icien e pa a los humanos
#38 Los se es humanos enemos el de echo a usa la na u aleza de la mane a que que amos
#39 P e ie o i i en un en o no u bano a un en o no u al
TABLE A1 (Con inued)
25758314, 2023, 4, Downloaded om h ps://besjou nals.onlinelib a y.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pan3.10506 by Readcube (Lab i a Inc.), Wiley Online Lib a y on [15/02/2024]. See he Te ms and Condi ions (h ps://onlinelib a y.wiley.com/ e ms-and-condi ions) on Wiley Online Lib a y o ules o use; OA a icles a e go e ned by he applicable C ea i e Commons License
