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Aniso opy o magne ic suscep ibili y o he
Py enean g ani es
Manuel Po que , Emilio L. Pueyo, Te esa Román-Be diel, Philippe Oli ie ,
Luis A. Longa es, Julia Cue as, Ja ie Ramajo, he Geokin3DPy wo king
g oup by alphabe ical o de , Bo ja An olín, Ai o A angu en, Jean Bap is e
Au éjac, Jean-Luc Bouchez, An onio M. Casas, Yoann Denèle, Ge a d Gleizes,
Asie Hila io, Es he Izquie do-Lla all, Dennis Leblanc, Belén Oli a-U cia,
Vicen e San ana, José M. Tubía & Nes o Vegas
To ci e his a icle: Manuel Po que , Emilio L. Pueyo, Te esa Román-Be diel, Philippe Oli ie ,
Luis A. Longa es, Julia Cue as, Ja ie Ramajo, he Geokin3DPy wo king g oup by alphabe ical
o de , Bo ja An olín, Ai o A angu en, Jean Bap is e Au éjac, Jean-Luc Bouchez, An onio M. Casas,
Yoann Denèle, Ge a d Gleizes, Asie Hila io, Es he Izquie do-Lla all, Dennis Leblanc, Belén Oli a-
U cia, Vicen e San ana, José M. Tubía & Nes o Vegas (2017) Aniso opy o magne ic suscep ibili y
o he Py enean g ani es, Jou nal o Maps, 13:2, 438-448, DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2017.1302364
To link o his a icle: h p://dx.doi.o g/10.1080/17445647.2017.1302364
© 2017 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma
UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis
G oup on behal o Jou nal o Maps
View supplemen a y ma e ial
Published online: 25 May 2017. Submi you a icle o his jou nal
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SCIENCE
Aniso opy o magne ic suscep ibili y o he Py enean g ani es
Manuel Po que
a,b
, Emilio L. Pueyo
a,c
, Te esa Román-Be diel
c,d
, Philippe Oli ie
e
, Luis A. Longa es
b
,
Julia Cue as
, Ja ie Ramajo
c,d
and he Geokin3DPy wo king g oup by alphabe ical o de ; Bo ja An olín
c,d
,
Ai o A angu en
, Jean Bap is e Au éjac
e
, Jean-Luc Bouchez
e
, An onio M. Casas
c,d
, Yoann Denèle
e
,
Ge a d Gleizes
e
, Asie Hila io
, Es he Izquie do-Lla all
c,d
, Dennis Leblanc
e
, Belén Oli a-U cia
c,d
,
Vicen e San ana
, José M. Tubía
, Nes o Vegas
a
Ins i u o Geológico y Mine o de España (IGME) –Unidad de Za agoza, Za agoza, Spain;
b
Depa amen o de Geog a ía y O denación del
Te i o io, Uni e sidad de Za agoza, Za agoza, Spain;
c
Unidad Asociada en Ciencias de la Tie a IGME/Uni e sidad de Za agoza, Uni e sidad
de Za agoza, Za agoza, Spain;
d
Depa amen o de Ciencias de la Tie a, Uni e sidad de Za agoza, Za agoza, Spain;
e
GET–UMR 5563,
Uni e si é de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, OMP, Toulouse, F ance;
Depa amen o de Geodinámica, Uni e sidad del Pais Vasco / EHU, Bilbao, Spain.
ABSTRACT
In his pape , we epo on a compila ion o mo e han 2200 si es (mo e han 10,000 indi idual
measu emen s) whe e aniso opy o magne ic suscep ibili y (AMS) was s udied in g ani es om
he Va iscan Py enees. The s anda diza ion and homogeniza ion o his in o ma ion has allowed
us o p oduce h ee Main Maps ha syn hesize all he in o ma ion ela ed wi h he AMS o he
Py enean g ani es. We also desc ibe he p oblems ound du ing he cons uc ion o he
da abase ( a iable geo-posi ioning, di e en published in o ma ion, e c.). The in o ma ion
de i ed om 21 g ani e bodies, he da abase, and he syn hesis maps (magne ic
suscep ibili y, Km, and he o ien a ion o he magne ic olia ion, plane pe pendicula o k3,
and o he magne ic linea ion, k1) allow us o see o he i s ime a comple e image o his
impo an kinema ic and pe og aphic indica o .
ARTICLE HISTORY
Recei ed 26 May 2016
Re ised 13 Feb ua y 2017
Accep ed 1 Ma ch 2017
KEYWORDS
AMS; Va iscan Py enees;
magne ic linea ion; magne ic
olia ion; bulk suscep ibili y;
g ani oid
1. In oduc ion
Aniso opy o magne ic suscep ibili y (AMS) is a sound
and p o en echnique o de e mine he mine al-p e e ed
o ien a ion o ock olumes (Bo adaile & Hen y, 1997;
G aham, 1954;Pa és, 2015;Ta ling & H ouda, 1993). I
is ounded on he pa allelism be ween he c ys allo-
g aphic and magne ic ab ics o some pa amagne ic
mine als, especially phyllosilica es (Ma ín-He nández
& Hi , 2003). As long as some condi ions a e me ,
AMS is a quick, inexpensi e, e ec i e, and non-des uc-
i e way o de e mine ock ab ic, and is able o ob ain
he mine al-p e e ed o ien a ion in ocks wi h appa -
en ly absen mac oscopic and e en mic oscopic e idence.
Compa ed o measu emen s on sedimen a y and
me amo phic ocks (G aham, 1954), he applica ion o
g ani e s a ed la e (Helle , 1973;King, 1966). AMS in
g ani e wi h a calc-alkaline a ini y seems o display a
be e cha ac e iza ion o he ock ab ic when com-
pa ed o classic echniques such as hose based on ou -
c op o mic oscope measu emen s o eldspa and
bio i e c ys als, and so on. The eason lies in he o al
con en in i on and i s mine al ac ioning, a ac ha
p omo ed a classi ica ion o g ani es as ei he magne ic
o non-magne ic (Ellwood & Wenne , 1981;Ishiha a,
1977). Fo all hese easons, he applica ion o AMS in
calc-alkaline plu ons (non-magne ic; i on is ac ioned
mos ly in bio i e) has ep esen ed a u ning poin in
he in e p e a ion o he kinema ics o hei emplace-
men modes (Bouchez, 1997). Apa om being able
o p ecisely de e mine he p e e ed o ien a ion o bio-
i es in appa en ly iso opic ocks (a main ma ke o
he ock ab ic), AMS also yields a con ol o he de o -
ma ion in ensi y ( ela i e di e ences among he AMS
ellipsoids) and can be used as a pe ological mapping
a iable, being co ela ed wi h i on con en (Gleizes,
Nédélec, Bouchez, Au an, & Roche e, 1993).
The Geokin3Dpy g oup (Communau é de T a ail
des Py énées; INTERREG III p og am) was o med
in 2003 and in eg a ed all Py enean uni e si ies and
esea ch cen e s in Ea h Sciences. A main goal o
his p og am was he de elopmen o elec onic and
public da abases including he p elimina y compila ion
o AMS da a (López, Oli án, Oli a, & Pueyo, 2008;
Pueyo e al., 2006). Recen ly, he AMS da abase o
he Py enees has been comple ed and upda ed bo h
in sedimen a y ocks (Poco i e al., 2014) and g ani es
(Po que , 2014). In his pape , we in oduce he maps
ha syn hesize in o ma ion om he la e , whe e
AMS da a om 21 di e en g ani es and one gneissic
dome (As on) ha e been homogenized and compiled.
© 2017 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup on behal o Jou nal o Maps
This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/), which pe mi s un es ic ed
use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed.
CONTACT Manuel Po que [email p o ec ed]; [email p o ec ed] Ins i u o Geológico y Mine o de España (IGME) –Unidad de Za agoza, Manuel
Lasala 44, 50006 Za agoza, Spain
Supplemen al da a o his a icle can be accessed h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/17445647.2017.1302364.
JOURNAL OF MAPS, 2017
VOL. 13, NO. 2, 438–448
h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/17445647.2017.1302364
The inal goal o his da abase is o be in eg a ed, in he
nea u u e, in he In o ma ion Web Resou ces o he
Geological Su eys o Spain and F ance (www.igme.es
and www.b gm. , espec i ely).
2. Map speci ica ions
The maps included in his pape use he ETRS 1989
da um and he UTM Zone 30 p ojec ed coo dina ed
sys ems, al hough he eas e n pa o he map belongs
o he 31T zone, i has been con e ed o 30T coo di-
na es. All h ee maps ul ill he Mapping S anda ds o
A agón (Spain; h p://idea agon.a agon.es/nca/).
The geologic map used as a backg ound (Ba nolas
e al., 2008) is la ge scale (1:400,000) bu displays
enough s uc u al ea u es ( old axes, h us aces,
e c.). Howe e , ca og aphic de ail on ock ages and
li hologies has been simpli ied conside ably, ollowing
he s yle o Chouk oune and Segu e ’s classic s uc u al
map (1973) o he Py enees.
3. Geological se ing
The Py enees a e a collision chain o med du ing he
La e C e aceous and Eocene epochs, up o he Miocene
on he sou he n pa o he ange, due o con e gence
be ween he Ibe ian and Eu asian pla es (Muñoz,
1992). They a e loca ed be ween he Gul o Lion in
he Medi e anean Sea and he Biscay Bay in he A lan-
ic Ocean (Muñoz, 1992;Ve a, 2004). The Axial Zone
o he Py enees (backbone o he chain), whe e mos o
he He cynian bodies a e loca ed, depic s an an i o mal
geome y. I is made up o P ecamb ian and Paleozoic
ocks a ec ed by he He cynian ec onic phases,
ewo ked, o some ex en , by Alpine de o ma ions.
The Py enean He cynian basemen belongs o he
sou he n pa o he Eu opean Va iscides (inse
Figu e 1), an o ogenic bel mos ly o med du ing
La e Ca boni e ous imes and pa ly ewo ked du ing
he Alpine o ogeny, and is composed o sedimen a y,
me amo phic, and igneous ocks, anging in age om
Uppe P o e ozoic o Pe mian epoch. The Alpine o o-
geny b ough abou an an i o mal s ack o basemen
nappes, and he subsequen exhuma ion o Paleozoic
uni s in he co e o he Py enean ange du ing Eocene
and Miocene imes (Beamud e al., 2011;Fi zge ald,
Muñoz, Coney, & Baldwin, 1999) allowed access o
he ac ual ou c op, making obse a ions o he He cy-
nian c us possible. Reac i a ion o p e ious Va iscan
s uc u es cons i u es an impo an de o ma ion mech-
anism in Alpine ec onics, and p ecludes he accu a e
ch onological and kinema ic analysis o ec onic phases
ela ed o he i s o ogenic e en .
The Va iscan s uc u e o he Py enean Axial Zone
is he esul o a polyphased s uc u al e olu ion ela ed
o an oblique con inen al collision and c us al hicken-
ing. Ea ly sou h- e ging h us shee s in ol e Silu ian
o Ca boni e ous ocks in he hanging wall and Cam-
b o–O do ician ocks in he oo wall (e.g. Bodin &
Led u, 1986;Losan os, Sanz, & Palau, 1986;Majes é-
Menjoulas, 1982;Raymond, 1986). The Silu ian sla es
ac commonly as he de achmen le el be ween he
wo uni s. Subsequen sou h- e ging olds and h us s
a e ela ed o a widesp ead egional pene a i e clea-
age wi h s eep o mode a e dips (Ca e as & Capella,
1994;Soula, Deba , Dé amond, & Pouge , 1986), he
so-called D2 phase (Zwa , 1986), which has been
cha ac e ized as a comp essional– ansp essional
egime wi h dex al shea mo ion a he inal s ages,
accompanied by g ani e in usions (e.g. E ans, Gleizes,
Figu e 1. Geological ske ch map o he Py enees, showing he si ua ion o he Va iscan g ani e bodies om he Axial and No h-
Py enean Zones. 1-Aya, 2-Eaux-Chaudes, 3–4 Cau e e s-Pan icosa, 5-Néou ielle, 6-Bo dè es, 7-Bielsa, 8-Milla es, 9-Pose s, 10-Lys,
11-Malade a, 12-Ma imanha, 13-Lacou , 14-E cé, 15-T ois Seigneu s, 16-Foix, 17-Bassiès, 18-As on Gneiss Dome, 19-Qué igu ,
20-Mon -Louis-Ando a, 21-S . A nac, 22-Millas and 23-S Lau en -La Jonque a.
JOURNAL OF MAPS 439
Leblanc, & Bouchez, 1997;Gleizes, Leblanc, & Bou-
chez, 1998;Leblanc, Gleizes, Roux, & Bouchez, 1996).
Pa ial usion due o c us al hickening du ing he
Va iscan o ogeny ga e ise o calc-alkaline plu onism.
The U–Pb ages published in ecen decades o he
Py enean g ani es indica e ha he Va iscan plu onism
o he Py enees is essen ially Uppe Ca boni e ous a
301–314 Ma (Denèle, Paque e, Oli ie , & Ba bey,
2011) and syn ec onic (Gleizes, C e on, As a , & Ba -
bey, 2006;Gue o , 1998,2001;Mau el, Respau ,
Monié, A naud, & B unel, 2004;Oli ie , Gleizes, &
Paque e, 2004;Paque e, Gleizes, Leblanc, & Bouchez,
1997;Robe s, Pin, Clemens, & Paque e, 2000;Rome
& Sole , 1995). A younge plu onism, Pe mian in age
(267 ± 1 Ma) has ecen ly been ob ained o he Aya
plu on (Denèle e al., 2011). These magma ic bodies
a e ound in low-g ade o middle-g ade me amo phic
domains, ollowing he dominan end o he Va iscan
s uc u es. Some au ho s ha e claimed coe al de elop-
men o his magma ism wi h me amo phism and he
main Va iscan de o ma ion (e.g. Ca e as & D ugue ,
1994;E ans, Gleizes, Leblanc, & Bouchez, 1998;
Leblanc e al., 1996).
Pionee s udies o AMS in Py enean g ani es
ocused on he Pan icosa, Mon -Louis, Foix, and
Pose s massi s (Bouchez, Gleizes, Djouadi, & Roch-
e e, 1990;Ga cía-Maiz egi, A angu en, & Tubía,
1991;Gleizes & Bouchez, 1989;San ana & Tubía,
1988). These in es iga ions we e led by he Labo a-
oi e des Mécanismes de T ans e en Géologie om
heUni e si éPaul-Saba ie –Obse a oi e Midi Py -
énées (Toulouse), which has ackled 13 ba holi hs in
ecen decades. The Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y
(Ga cía-Maiz egi e al., 1991;Hila io, A angu en,
Tubía, & Pino i, 2003;San ana, Bouchez, Gleizes, &
Tubía, 1992) and he Uni e si y o Za agoza (Pueyo,
Román, Bouchez, Casas, & La asoaña, 2004;
Román-Be diel, Casas, Oli a-U cia, Pueyo, & Rillo,
2004) ha e con inued his esea ch, in es iga ing six
addi ional massi s. Cu en ly, s udies on AMS ha e
been comple ed in 21 plu ons, and co e almos all
Py enean massi s (25). These s udies combined ha e
p o ided e idence o he syn ec onic cha ac e o
he g ani e bodies, and ha e allowed a new emplace-
men model unde a dex al ansp essi e egime o
be p oposed, ela ed o he D2 Va iscan de o ma ion
phase (An olín-Tomás e al., 2009;Au éjac, Gleizes,
Dio , & Bouchez, 2004;E ans e al., 1997,1998;
Gleizes, Leblanc, & Bouchez, 1998,Gleizes, Leblanc,
San ana, Oli ie , & Bouchez, 1998,Gleizes, Leblanc,
Oli ie , & Bouchez, 2001;Gleizes e al., 2006;
Izquie do-Lla all e al., 2012;Leblanc e al., 1996;
Román-Be diel e al., 2004,2006). The main s uc-
u es obse ed in he g ani es a e magma ic ab ics
and localized shea zones wi h la e-Va iscan and
Alpine ages (Ca e as & Ci es, 1986;Román-Be diel
e al., 2004).
4. Me hodology
The AMS echnique is based on he measu emen o
he magne ic suscep ibili y (k) o a s anda d cylind ical
sample (25 mm diame e and 22 mm heigh ) in di e -
en di ec ions, in o de o calcula e he magne ic ellip-
soid o ha sample. This me hod is based on he
ela ion be ween he induced magne iza ion (M) wi h
he magne ic ield (H), whe e M = kH. The magne ic
suscep ibili y kis a hi d-o de enso ha can be
g aphically desc ibed by an ellipsoid whose h ee axes
k
1
,k
2
, and k
3
(also called k
max
,k
in
, and k
min
) co e-
spond o he maximum, in e media e, and minimum
suscep ibili ies, espec i ely (Figu e 2).
Magne ic ab ic analysis is a powe ul app oach o
s udying g ani e bodies, because i may p o ide mag-
ma ic in o ma ion a a egional scale, in ocks whe e
ab ics a e di icul o measu e op ically o by o he
echniques (Bouchez, 2000). P o iding ha he pa a-
magne ic con en domina es he bulk suscep ibili y
(i.e. bio i e and amphiboli e a e he main ca ie s)
and because o he co espondence be ween he c ys al-
log aphic and suscep ibili y main di ec ions o phyllo-
silica es (Ma ín-He nández & Hi , 2003) hen, a
di ec compa ison be ween he magma ic and magne ic
ab ics can be es ablished. In hese cases, he AMS can
be in e p e ed in e ms o mine al- (phyllosilica e) p e-
e ed o ien a ion; he p incipal AMS axis (k1) is hen
di ec ly co ela ed o he magma ic linea ion and he
minimum axis (k3) can be conside ed as he pole o
he magma ic olia ion. Howe e , ecen s udies
sugges ha du ing he emplacemen (magma ic con-
di ions) some de o ma ion phases may o e p in each
o he con ibu ing o he ini e s ain ellipsoid and,
hus, he s udy o AMS alone does no necessa ily un a-
el he comple e de o ma ional his o y o he g ani e
(Schulmann & Ježek, 2012). In addi ion, he co espon-
dence be ween de o ma ion axes om elspa and bio-
i e is no always uni ocal (K a ino á e al., 2010;
Román-Be diel, Pueyo-Mo e , & Casas-Sainz, 1995).
In his sense, some wo k in weakly de o med sedimen-
a y ocks sugges s he impo ance o magne ic
Figu e 2. Concep and a iable o he AMS ellipsoid (modi ied
om Bouchez, 1997).
440 M. PORQUET ET AL.
sub ab ic sepa a ion (Oli a-U cia e al., 2009) o disen-
angle he de o ma ion his o y. This p oblem is beyond
he scope o his pape and we simply espec he o ig-
inal in e p e a ion o he sou ce pape s o build he
o e iew map. S udies o AMS measu emen s in calc-
alkaline g ani es we e pionee in he Py enees
(Bouchez e al., 1990;Ga cía-Maiz egi e al., 1991;
Gleizes & Bouchez, 1989;San ana & Tubía, 1988)
and usually assume a simple de o ma ional his o y
du ing he emplacemen ; hey hypo hesized ha
AMS blocks an in ini esimal de o ma ion ellipsoid
coinciden wi h he ini e s ain enso .
The a iables ep esen ed on he maps o his pape
a e b ie ly desc ibed below; he o ien a ion o he mag-
ne ic olia ion (plane pe pendicula o k
3
), linea ion
(k
1
), and he magne ic bulk suscep ibili y (km). Using
he magni ude o he k
1
,k
2,
and k
3
axes, i is possible
o ob ain some simple pa ame e s, as he a e age o
he magne ic suscep ibili y is ob ained om:
km =(k1+k2+k3)/3.
5. Sou ces o da a
5.1 Raw da a
Mo e han 20 pape s and PhD heses om di e en
au ho s (see Table 1) ha e been compiled o me ge
he da a necessa y o build he syn he ic maps. These
da a also equi ed a homogeniza ion p ocess in o de
o ep esen all he a iables in he same uni s and o -
ma s. Un o una ely, he aw da a om he pape s we e
mos ly gi en in ables and ep esen ed on la ge-scale
maps, wi hou he co esponding geo e e enced in o -
ma ion (Figu e 3). In his pape , e e y map and e e y
measu emen si e has been geo e e enced and all he
in o ma ion has been compiled in o new ables.
5.2 Raw maps
Some ca og aphic esou ces o cons uc he maps
we e used as backg ound laye s in he GIS p ojec :
.The wo main sou ces o geologic maps we e he
Geologic and Mining Spanish Ins i u e (IGME)
and he F ench Geological Su ey (BRGM). On
one side, he IGME p o ides he MAGNA maps
(1:50,000 scale), on he o he , he BRGM also p o-
ides he en i e F ench e i o y a he same scale.
As shown in Figu e 4, we combine bo h sou ces
depending on loca ion o he g ani e (whe he i is
loca ed in F ance o in Spain). On he le side, he
igu e shows wo di e en laye s: he Aya plu on
shape, laid o e he MAGNA map. On he igh
side, he igu e shows Neou ielle plu on d awn on
Google Ea h. MAGNA maps a e a ailable online
(h p://in o.igme.es/ca og a ia/magna50.asp).
.Mo eo e , he e a e e y ew ca og aphic compi-
la ions in he Py enees. The ecen map by Ba nolas
e al. (2008) has been used as a backg ound map
(Figu e 5(a)). Howe e , he simplici y o he s uc-
u al map o he Py enees by Chouk oune and
Ségu e (1973,Figu e 5(b)) inspi ed o he au ho s
(Ramón O iga, 2013) o modi y he Ba nolas
map. In his pape , we ha e used he simpli ied e -
sion used by Ramón O iga (2013,Figu e 5(c)).
Table 1. AMS da a om he Py enees, so ed by alphabe ical o de o he g ani e bodies (modi ied and enla ged om Pueyo e al.,
2006).
Name (abb e ia ion in maps) Si es Su ace (km
2
) Si es/km
2
K bulk (10–6 S.I.) Re e ences
1 As on Dome (AS) 247 345 0.7 183 Denèle e al. (2009)
2 Aya (AY) 93 57 1.6 174 Oli ie , Ameglio, Richen, and Vadeboin (1999)
3 Bassiès (BA) 88 90 1.0 172 Gleizes, Leblanc, and Bouchez (1991)
4 Bielsa (BI) 60 58 1.0 180 Román-Be diel e al. (2004)
5 Bo de es (BO) 64 21 3.0 323 Gleizes e al. (2006)
6–7 Cau e e s-Pan icosa (CA, PA) 310
(200 + 110)
252
(210 + 42)
1.2 211 Gleizes, Leblanc, San ana, e al. (1998) and San ana
(2001)
8 Eaux-Chaudes (EC) 28 19 1.5 304 Izquie do Lla all (2010) and Izquie do-Lla all e al.
(2012)
9 E cé (ER) 46 37 1.2 169 Helle (1992)
10 Foix (FO) 69 45 1.5 172 Bouchez e al. (1990)
11 Lacou (LA) 21 16 1.3 274 Gleizes, Bouchez, Lespinasse, and Roux (1992)
12 Lys (LY) 101 55 1.8 211 Hila io e al. (2003) and Hila io O ús (2004)
13 Malade a (MA) 253 415 0.6 213 Leblanc, Gleizes, Lespinasse, Oli ie , and Bouchez
(1994)
14 Ma imanha (MH) 62 32 1.9 203 An olín-Tomás (2006) and An olín-Tomás e al.
(2009)
15 Milla es (MI) 54 30 1.8 270 Román-Be diel e al. (2006)
16 Mon -Louis-Ando a (ML) 254 550 0.5 195 Gleizes (1990) and Gleizes e al. (1993)
17 Néou ielle (NE) 132 104 1.3 220 Gleizes e al. (2001)
18 Pose s (PO) 69 21 3.3 270 Ga cía-Maiz egi e al. (1991) and Hila io O ús (2004)
19 Qué igu (QU) 121 200 0.6 227 Au éjac e al. (2004)
20 S Lau en –La Jonque a (LJ) 188 298 0.6 212 Oli ie , D ugue , Cas año, and Gleizes (2016)
21 S A nac (ST) 117 30 3.9 303 Oli ie , Gleizes, Paque e, and Muñoz-Sáez (2008)
22 T ois Seigneu s (TS) 34 10 3.4 237 Leblanc e al. (1996)
To al 2157 2340 0.92 231.2
JOURNAL OF MAPS 441
6. Discussion
6.1 Geo e e encing e o s
The o iginal maps ha we e con ained in he pape s had
e y poo geog aphic in o ma ion (bo h quali y and
accu acy). This ac made he geo-posi ioning p ocess
di icul , and e o s could no be ully a oided. The ol-
lowing able shows he mean e o s ound in each g an-
i e. No quan i iable uni s (e.g me e s) a e gi en o he
e o s because he o iginal maps (ex ac ed om he
pape s) do no supply such in o ma ion (Table 2).
6.2 S anda diza ion o in o ma ion
In his pape , when discussing AMS sphe ical in o -
ma ion, we had o ace h ee main p oblems: (1) da a
we e ep esen ed in scala o ma , hus hey had o
be con e ed o di ec ional o ma wi h hund eds o
measu emen s; (2) in some cases magne ic olia ion
had o be con e ed in o k
3
; (3) mos o he di ec ion
da a needed o be changed in o s e eog aphic space
(360°) ins ead o he 180° space used by some au ho s,
which mean adding he N–S–E–W. This las s ep was
o i al impo ance because, al hough he eade may
easily unde s and ha 210° = 30S, he so wa e A cGIS
is unable o do so.
6.3 Global da a in o ma ion
In o al, 21 di e en ables (one o each g ani ic body)
wi h abou 2210 si es and mo e han 12,000 di e en
da a we e ob ained. These esul s ha e been syn-
hesized in h ee di e en maps:
Figu e 3. Example o AMS da a om he pape by Izquie do-Lla all e al. (2012) in he Eaux-Chaudes massi in he wes e nmos pa
o he Axial Zone. Le : able o aw da a displaying s anda d in o ma ion. Righ : geological map. This was he only case in which he
au ho s p o ided he o iginal UTM coo dina es o he si es aken in he ield wi h a GPS. In he emaining cases, we had o ex ac
he geo-posi ioning using his kind o g aphic in o ma ion.
Figu e 4. Example o MAGNA (le ) and BRGM (on Google Ea h, igh ) maps o he Aya and Neou ielle Plu ons. The con ac wi h
he hos ocks has been highligh ed and used as a main ma ke du ing he geo e e encing p ocess.
442 M. PORQUET ET AL.
The bulk suscep ibili y map con ains si e mean
alues and a mapping ollowing ixed in e als o sus-
cep ibili y o all bodies. This in o ma ion allows us
o apidly assess he o al i on dis ibu ion in he Py -
enean plu ons, and he e o e an app oach o he pe o-
logic acies. These in e als ha e been se acco ding o
Gleizes e al. (1993), who p oposes a co espondence
be ween bulk suscep ibili y and pe ologic acies.
He e, measu es below 100 × 10
−6
SI co espond o
leucog ani es; measu es om 100 o 200 × 10
−6
SI co -
espond o monzog ani es; measu es om 201 o
300 × 10
−6
SI co espond o g anodio i es; and
measu es abo e 300 × 10
−6
SI co espond o qua z
dio i es.
Figu e 5. The addi ion o (A) he map by Ba nolas e al. (2008) plus (B) he s yle and simplici y o he map by Chouk oune and
Ségu e (1973) has gi en ise o (C) ou backg ound map. Taken om (Ramón O iga, 2013).
JOURNAL OF MAPS 443
In e es ingly, and apa om he da a o he As on
gneissic dome (Denèle, Oli ie , Gleizes, & Ba bey,
2009), he magne ic suscep ibili y his og am
(Figu e 6( igh )) displays alues simila o hose
ound in many sedimen a y ocks (see da a om he
co e ocks by Poco i e al., 2014). This obus obse -
a ion (>10,000 indi idual measu emen s) con adic s
he gene al assump ion on he magne ic na u e o he
he cynian basemen ha has been used in many pe o-
physical and geophysical s udies.
The Folia ion map includes he magne ic olia ion a
e e y si e, ha is, he plane pe pendicula o he k
3
(k
min
)
axis. As he e is no de o ma ion in he solid s a e, i is
no possible o commen on pole o he clea age, bu
i is ue ha he pole o k
3
and his pole o clea age
a e e y simila , which means ha g ani es could ha e
su e ed his de o ma ion in a passi e way. I is wo h
no ing ha only aw da a ha e been plo ed, and we
ha e no pe o med any kind o in e pola ion. Addi ion-
ally, we ha e plo ed oge he in he s e eoplo (Ca dozo
& Allmendinge , 2013;Allmendinge , Ca dozo, &
Fishe , 2013) all mean da a o k
3
o ien a ion (Figu e 7,
igh ). He e some obse a ions can be made:
.Al hough he s e eoplo lookssligh lynoisy,asmany
peculia i ies om e e y plu on a e assembled oge he ,
he main eigen ec o i ed by Bingham s a is ics
(1974) su p isingly esembles he pole o he Py enean
clea age (Chouk oune & Ségu e , 1973). This ac
likely e lec s, a leas pa ially, a no hwa d il in
he plu ons caused by alpine basemen nappes. Bimo-
dal subho izon al dis ibu ions indica e ha mos o
he bodies a e ba holi es.
.As expec ed, he main gi dle is no coaxial o he
p esen Py enean ending.
The Linea ion map includes he mapping o indi id-
ual magne ic linea ions k
1
(k
max
) axis. Rega ding he
o e iew s e eone , we can highligh some ac s:
.Magne ic linea ion seems o display a bimodal dis-
ibu ion; ENE–WSW and E–W(Figu e 7, le ).
.Simila o he possible ewo king caused by he
alpine il ing de ec ed in he magne ic olia ion,
he linea ions can be i ed o a gi dle ha could
be p oduced by Py enean de o ma ion (passi e
mo emen in o he basemen nappes).
Table 2. Rela ionship be ween he numbe o benchma ks and he e o ob ained (no de ined uni s) o each g ani e.
Name To al benchma ks E o Name To al benchma ks E o
As on Gneiss Dome 9 3.5195 Lys 10 3.7007
Aya 15 4.8668 Malade a 10 3.5116
Bassiès 11 3.6300 Ma imanha 7 2.0254
Bielsa 10 2.2151 Milla es 10 1.065
Bo dè es 10 4.1508 Mon -Louis-Ando a 10 3.5666
Cau e e s-Pan icosa 8 2.0196 Néou ielle 8 0.9016
Eaux Chaudes 10 0.7687 Pose s 8 3.1023
E cé 10 1.6677 Qué igu 10 4.6654
Foix 10 3.7587 S A nac 14 4.3911
Lacou 10 4.7548 T ois Seigneu s 9 3.5431
No e: Cau e e s–Pan icosa was geo e e enced as one body.
Figu e 6. Suscep ibili y o e iew. Le : densi y o sampling o AMS si es pe plu on. La ge bodies ha e a sligh ly lowe densi y o
sampling. Righ : Suscep ibili y dis ibu ion ollowing he same classi ica ion as on he map, and i s co espondence wi h pe ologic
acies acco ding o Gleizes e al. (1993). Only si e means we e conside ed in his g aph. The As on dome was no conside ed in hese
g aphs.
444 M. PORQUET ET AL.
Rega ding he map o e iews, bo h linea ion and
olia ionsymbolson hemaps ha e been ep oduced
ollowing he s yle used by Román-Be diel e al.
(2004), which is simple and easy o ead. In he linea ion
case, he op o he a ow indica es he di ec ion, and
he e a e h ee di e en le els depending on he azimu h
esul s: less han 30°, be ween 30 and 60°, and mo e han
60°. Fo he olia ion, he e a e again h ee le els o dis-
play he dip in each case. In he bulk suscep ibili y case,
we pick a simple g een scale ollowing 100 10
−6
S.I. s eps,
allowing o quick da a in e p e a ion.
7. Conclusions
In his pape , we ha e syn hesized in h ee di e en
maps he in o ma ion de i ed om mo e han 25
pape s and PhD heses on he aniso opy o he mag-
ne ic suscep ibili y o 21 g ani ic bodies, and one gneis-
sic dome om he Py enees. The homogenous
ca og aphic da a, oge he wi h he s anda dized mag-
ne ic in o ma ion, allow us o display a be e cha ac-
e iza ion o he egional dis ibu ion o he a iables;
bulk suscep ibili y (km), magne ic linea ion (k
1
) and
pole o magne ic olia ion (k
3
).
Speci ically, 22 bodies (21 g ani es and a gneissic
dome) ha e been ed awn, in ol ing mo e han 2200
si es wi h mo e han 12,000 o iginal AMS measu emen s.
This in o ma ion is now in a da abase which we plan o
upload on he webGIS se e s o he IGME and BRGM
(Spanish and F ench geological su eys). This pape
shows only he h ee inal maps o he en i e Py enees
–howe e , 22 di e en maps we e gene a ed, one o
each g ani e, wi h hei espec i e able o in o ma ion.
So wa e
Es i A cGIS 10.2 was used o (1) ga he ing and isua-
liza ing he unde lying da a, (2) geo e e encing g ani e
bodies and si es, (3) digi izing and edi ing magne ic
da a laye s and (4) p oducing he map layou and co -
esponding legend.
Disclosu e s a emen
No po en ial con lic o in e es was epo ed by he au ho s.
Funding
This wo k was ounded by he p ojec s DR3AM (CGL2014–
55118), PmagIGME and GeoPy Da abases (PI165/09)
inanced by he MINECO, IGME and he A agonian Go -
e nmen , espec i ely.
ORCID
Manuel Po que h p://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5127-0153
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Figu e 7. AMS o e iew. Magne ic linea ion (k
1
) and pole o
magne ic olia ion (k
3
) s e eoplo s. Again, only si e means
we e conside ed. Signi icance le el: 4, con ou in e al:
2. Eigen en o s a e also displayed o bo h modulus and o ien-
a ion ( end, plunge). Nis he numbe o AMS si es conside ed.
E e y do in he s e eone is he mean o a si e (3–8 indi idual
measu emen s). Numbe o si es conside ed: 2354.
JOURNAL OF MAPS 445
