Winds at the Mars 2020 Landing Site. 2. Wind Variability and Turbulence

1. In oduc ion
Va iabili y in su ace winds is a key elemen in aeolian s udies. Two mechanisms domina e he dus li ing on
Ma s: su ace wind s ess li ing and con ec i e o ex li ing. Ou side con ec i e o ices, dus is li ed when
he su ace wind s ess exceeds a h eshold alue, and sand pa icles a e hen mo ed by d ag o ces and bounce
along he su ace, in a p ocess known as sal a ion (e.g., Pe osyan e al.,2011). Sal a ion esponds o changes
Abs ac Wind speeds measu ed by he Ma s 2020 Pe se e ance o e in Jeze o c a e we e i ed
as a Weibull dis ibu ion. InSigh wind da a acqui ed in Elysium Plani ia we e also used o con ex ualize
obse a ions. Jeze o winds we e ound o be much calme on a e age han in p e ious landing si es, despi e
he in ense aeolian ac i i y obse ed. Howe e , a g ea in luence o u bulence and wa e ac i i y was obse ed
in he wind speed a ia ions, hus d i ing he p obabili y o eaching he highes wind speeds a Jeze o,
ins ead o sus ained winds d i en by local, egional, o la ge-scale ci cula ion. The powe spec al densi y o
wind speed luc ua ions ollows a powe -law, whose slope de ia es depending on he ime o day om ha
p edic ed conside ing homogeneous and iso opic u bulence. Day ime wa e ac i i y is ela ed o con ec ion
cells and smalle eddies in he bounda y laye , ad ec ed o e he c a e . The signa u e o con ec ion cells was
also ound du ing dus s o m condi ions, when p e ailing winds we e consis en wi h a idal d i e. Nigh ime
luc ua ions we e also in ense, sugges ing s ong mechanical u bulence. Con ec i e o ices we e usually
in ol ed in apid wind luc ua ions and ex eme winds, wi h a ia ions peaking a 9.2 imes he backg ound
winds. T ansien high wind e en s by o ex-passages, u bulence, and wa e ac i i y could be d i ing aeolian
ac i i y a Jeze o. We epo he de ec ion o a s ong dus cloud o 0.75–1.5km in leng h passing o e he
o e . The obse ed aeolian ac i i y had majo implica ions o ins umen a ion, wi h he wind senso su e ing
damage h oughou he mission, p obably due o lying deb is ad ec ed by winds.
Plain Language Summa y Jeze o winds as measu ed in he c a e loo by Pe se e ance we e
ound o be much calme on a e age han in p e ious landing si es. Tu bulence and wa e ac i i y p o oked
apid luc ua ions ha changed wind speed om calm condi ions o mo e han 10–15ms
−1 in he imescale o
seconds o minu es. Day ime wa e ac i i y is ela ed o con ec ion cells and smalle eddies in he bounda y
laye , ad ec ed o e he c a e . These con ec ion cells a e p oduced unde s ong he mal g adien s ypically
p esen du ing day ime. P essu e d ops, associa ed wi h con ec i e o ices, we e usually in ol ed in apid
wind luc ua ions and, in some cases, in ex eme winds as measu ed by Pe se e ance. An in ense aeolian
ac i i y was obse ed a Jeze o c a e p oduced by ansien high wind e en s. This aeolian ac i i y had majo
implica ions o ins umen a ion, wi h he Pe se e ance wind senso su e ing damage p obably due o lying
deb is ad ec ed by winds. Also, we epo he de ec ion o a s ong dus cloud o 0.75–1.5km passing o e
he o e . This pape has a companion pape (pa 1) in he same issue, which is ocused on wind pa e ns and
analyzed he mechanisms d i ing a mosphe ic ci cula ion a Jeze o.
VIÚDEZ-MOREIRAS ETAL.
© 2022. The Au ho s.
This is an open access a icle unde
he e ms o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i s
License, which pe mi s use and
dis ibu ion in any medium, p o ided he
o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed, he use is
non-comme cial and no modi ica ions o
adap a ions a e made.
Winds a he Ma s 2020 Landing Si e. 2. Wind Va iabili y and
Tu bulence
D. Viúdez-Mo ei as1 , M. de la To e2 , J. Gómez-El i a3, R. D. Lo enz4 , V. Apés igue3 ,
S. Guzewich5 , M. Mischna2 , R. Sulli an6 , K. He kenho 7 , D. Toledo3 , M. Lemmon8 ,
M. Smi h5 , C. E. Newman9 , A. Sánchez-La ega10 , J. A. Rod íguez-Man edi1,
M. Richa dson9, R. Hueso10 , A. M. Ha i11, L. Tamppa i2 , I. A uego3 , and J. Bell12
1Cen o de As obiología (CAB, CSIC-INTA) and Na ional Ins i u e o Ae ospace Technology (INTA), Mad id, Spain, 2Je
P opulsion Labo a o y, Cali o nia Ins i u e o Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, 3Na ional Ins i u e o Ae ospace Technology
(INTA), Mad id, Spain, 4Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, Lau el, MD, USA, 5NASA Godda d Space ligh Cen e ,
G eenbel , MD, USA, 6Co nell Uni e si y, I haca, NY, USA, 7USGS As ogeology Science Cen e , Flags a , AZ, USA,
8Space Science Ins i u e, College S a ion, TX, USA, 9Aeolis Resea ch, Chandle , AZ, USA, 10Uni e sidad del País Vasco
(UPV/EHU), Bilbao, Spain, 11Finnish Me eo ological Ins i u e, Helsinki, Finland, 12School o Ea h and Space Explo a ion,
A izona S a e Uni e si y, Tempe, AZ, USA
This a icle is a companion o Viúdez-
Mo ei as e  al. (2022), h ps://doi.o g/
10.1029/2022JE007522
Key Poin s:
• Jeze o winds a e ound o be much
calme on a e age han in p e ious
landing si es, despi e he in ense
aeolian ac i i y obse ed
• Tu bulence, wa e ac i i y, and
con ec i e o ices d i e he peak
wind speeds obse ed a Jeze o
• We epo he de ec ion o a dus cloud
o 0.75–1.5km in leng h passing o e
he o e
Co espondence o:
D. Viúdez-Mo ei as,
[email p o ec ed];
[email p o ec ed]
Ci a ion:
Viúdez-Mo ei as, D., de la To e,
M., Gómez-El i a, J., Lo enz, R. D.,
Apés igue, V., Guzewich, S., e al.
(2022). Winds a he Ma s 2020 landing
si e. 2. Wind a iabili y and u bulence.
Jou nal o Geophysical Resea ch:
Plane s, 127, e2022JE007523. h ps://doi.
o g/10.1029/2022JE007523
Recei ed 6 AUG 2022
Accep ed 29 NOV 2022
10.1029/2022JE007523
Special Sec ion:
The Ma s Pe se e ance Ro e
Jeze o C a e Floo Campaign
RESEARCH ARTICLE
1 o 22
Jou nal o Geophysical Resea ch: Plane s
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in wind speed on imescales o a second (Kok e al.,2012 and e e ences he ein), he e o e bo h ins an aneous
and sus ainable winds could in luence his p ocess. Once in he a mosphe e, dus can be quickly anspo ed
and e ained o longe pe iods (e.g., Basu e al.,2006; Kah e e al.,2006; Sánchez-La ega e al.,2019; Wang
e al.,2003,2005) be o e being deposi ed. Gi en he s ong ex inc ion o sola adia ion ha his ae osol species
p oduces in he a mosphe e, suspended dus is a signi ican d i e o wea he and clima e on Ma s (e.g., Habe le
e al.,1993; Kah e e al.,2017; Pollack e al.,1979; Wilson & Hamil on,1996; and e e ences he ein). The
a iabili y in su ace winds also a ec s he dispe sion o chemical species in he Ma ian plane a y bounda y
laye (PBL) (e.g., Spiga & Fo ge ,2009; Viúdez-Mo ei as,2021). Mo eo e , wind a iabili y can a ec su ace
missions. Wind gus s, o peak wind speeds inside con ec i e o ices, can damage he ins umen a ion o in si u
obo ic missions by lying deb is (Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.,2019b) and may cons ain u u e manned missions o
he su ace o Ma s.
The a iabili y in su ace winds can esul om a ious mechanisms a ec ing di e en imescales. On sho
imescales (i.e., less han an hou ) he a iabili y o winds in he Ma ian PBL, and in he su ace laye in pa icu-
la , is domina ed, as on Ea h, by u bulence and wa e ac i i y. Thus, wind u bulence can be obse ed as apid
luc ua ions in winds, which can be caused by di e en phenomena. Du ing he day ime, he s ong he mal g adi-
en s p esen on he Ma ian su ace gene ally imply buoyancy-d i en u bulence, while u bulence is expec ed o
be much lowe and mechanically d i en du ing he nigh ime, when he a mosphe e is e y s able (e en p esen -
ing an in e sion laye close o su ace). Wind a ia ions on longe imescales han 1h a e mainly con olled by
mesoscale and synop ic a ia ions.
The companion pape (pa 1) (Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.,2022a) p esen ed he wind pa e ns as measu ed in he
Jeze o c a e loo by Ma s 2020 and analyzed he mechanisms d i ing a mosphe ic ci cula ion a Jeze o. This
second pa complemen s hose esul s, ocusing on wind a iabili y as obse ed by he mission in all imescales
om he u bulen o he seasonal scale. This second pa is s uc u ed as ollows: Sec ion2 desc ibes he models
used o cha ac e ize he wind a iabili y. Sec ion3 p esen s he a e age wind a iabili y o e he mission, and
Sec ion4 he diu nal, sol- o-sol, and seasonal a iabili y o wind speed. Sec ion5 p esen s he cha ac e iza ion
o u bulence and wa e ac i i y and Sec ion6 desc ibes he ex eme winds obse ed by he Ma s 2020 mission.
Sec ion7 p esen s he in e ac ion be ween winds and su ace, ocusing on aeolian ac i i y, dus clouds, and
e ec s on o e ins umen a ion. Finally, Sec ion8 p esen s he conclusions.
2. Me hods: Weibull Wind Models
The Ma s 2020 wind speeds (see he companion pape , pa 1) we e cha ac e ized by i ing he wind da a as a
Weibull dis ibu ion (e.g., Segu o & Lambe ,2000). InSigh wind da a acqui ed in Elysium Plani ia (a ∼4.5°N,
136°E) we e also used o compa a i e pu poses. The Weibull dis ibu ion is widely used o cha ac e ize wind
speed p obabili y dis ibu ions on Ea h and i has been success ully applied o Ma ian wind da a (Lo enz,1996;
Scho bach & Weiland,2022; Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.,2019b); empi ical esul s ha e also been applied o pa am-
e e ize un esol ed subg id u bulence in nume ical models (e.g., Roback e al.,2022).
This dis ibu ion gi es a p obabili y densi y unc ion (PDF):
𝑓𝑓(𝑣𝑣)=(𝑘𝑘∕𝑐𝑐)(𝑣𝑣∕𝑐𝑐)
𝑘𝑘−1
𝑒𝑒
−(𝑣𝑣∕𝑐𝑐)
𝑘𝑘
(1)
and a cumula i e p obabili y unc ion:
𝐹𝐹(
𝑣𝑣
)=1−
𝑒𝑒−(𝑣𝑣∕𝑐𝑐)
𝑘𝑘
(2)
whe e he scale pa ame e c ela es o he mean wind speed while he shape pa ame e k con ols he shape o he
dis ibu ion. Highe k alues co espond o na owe wind speed p obabili y dis ibu ions, while lowe k alues
co espond o b oade dis ibu ions, ha is, mo e a iable winds. Weibull bes i pa ame e s ha e been compu ed
o he wind da a se , acqui ed a 1.5m, using he p ocedu e desc ibed in Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.(2019b); ha
is, he model was i ed by maximum likelihood es ima ion a e emo ing calm pe iods ( <0.2ms
−1). The
pe cen age o wind speeds wi h such low eloci ies was less han 0.1% (see he companion pape , pa 1). Unlike
he common use o Weibull models on Ea h on imescales o 10min o cha ac e ize sus ainable wind speeds o
wind ene gy s udies, we ocus his s udy, as in Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.(2019b), on wind a iabili y on he imes-
cale o seconds, gi en hei ela ionship wi h aeolian s udies and mission isk assessmen (e.g., Cha alambous
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Jou nal o Geophysical Resea ch: Plane s
VIÚDEZ-MOREIRAS ETAL.
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e al.,2021; Lo enz,1996; Roback e al.,2022; Sulli an e al.,2020). Timescales as e han 0.5Hz a e il e ed
ou by he senso e ie al p ocess. Thus, models ha e been pe o med in his s udy o e he 0.25Hz wind da a
(4s imescale). This is well abo e he equency cu o o he Ma s En i onmen al Dynamics Analyze (MEDA)
wind senso (WS) e ie als. As Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.(2019b) no e, he sampling a e is expec ed o a ec he
Weibull pa ame e s, gi en ha wind luc ua ions a e il e ed as he a e aging baseline is inc eased. Resul s o
o he sampling a es app op ia e o sus ained winds a e included o compa a i e pu poses.
To illus a e how he wind speeds a he senso heigh , zs, could be p edic i e o he wind speed ha d i es sal a-
ion nea he su ace, he cha ac e is ic imescale, τe, o he u bulen eddies a zs ele an o sal a ion need o be
compu ed. Only u bulen eddies wi h cha ac e is ic leng h l>zs a e assumed o be able o a ec he sal a ion
laye . Thus, τe∼(zs
2/ε)
1/3, whe e ε is he dissipa ion a e o u bulence kine ic ene gy (TKE) in a neu al a mos-
phe ic bounda y laye ha can be app oxima ed by u*
3/(k zs) (Comola e al.,2019; S ull,2012), u* is he ic ion
eloci y, and kV he Von Ká mán cons an , ypically ∼0.4. Conside ing mean wind speeds o 3.24ms
−1 (see he
companion pape , pa 1) and assuming a loga i hmic p o ile unde neu al condi ions, his leads o τe o 5.6s.
Thus, he imescale o he Weibull models ag ees wi h he eddies expec ed o a ec he su ace. In any case,
Weibull pa ame e s we e no ound o be e y sensi i e on he imescales o seconds.
As in Ma s Science Labo a o y (MSL) Ro e En i onmen al Moni o ing S a ion (REMS) da a (Gómez-El i a
e al.,2012), he acquisi ion s a egy yielded signi ican asymme ies in he numbe o a ailable measu emen s
in pa icula pe iods o ime; he e o e, he da a ha e been no malized in size o co ec his i egula dis ibu ion
o da a. Th ee di e en model se s ha e been pe o med in he empo al scale: (i) an a e age Weibull model
conside ing he ull da a se , ep esen ing he a iabili y in he o al winds; (ii) models dis inguishing se e al
diu nal imeslo s, ep esen a i e o he wind egimes and pe iods obse ed du ing he diu nal cycle, and (iii) a
comp ehensi e cha ac e iza ion as a unc ion o ime o day and sol pe iod. The diu nal imeslo s a e es ablished
in local ue sola ime (LTST) (see he companion pape , pa 1): (a) mo ning (DW), om 07:00 o 10:00 LTST,
(b) midday (MD), om 10:00 o 15:00 LTST, (c) a e noon (DL), om 15:00 o 18:00 LTST, (d) nigh all (Nigh -
all), om 18:00 o 21:00 LTST, (e) nigh (NL-1), om 21:00 o 24:00 LTST, ( ) midnigh (NL-2), om 00:00
o 03:00 LTST, and (g) ea ly mo ning (EM), om 03:00 o 07:00 LTST. In MSL, signi ican gaps we e p esen
in he da a a e emo ing he low-quali y wind da a as a esul o he senso ailu e du ing MSL landing, o cing
a e aging o mul iple (100) sols in he seasonal cha ac e iza ion pe o med in (iii). He e, bo h o InSigh and
Ma s 2020, his highly es ic i e a e aging was no necessa y, equi ing only 5 sols o o e come he ins umen-
a ion cadence and o he gaps p esen in he wind da a se (see pa 1); hence, 5-sol sliding window models could
be p oduced o he i s ime.
3. A e age Wind Speed Va iably O e he Mission
Figu e1 shows he bes i PDF o he ull Ma s 2020 MEDA da a se (mission sol ≤315) a he Jeze o landing
si e and o he ull InSigh da a se a Elysium Plani ia landing si e. The Weibull dis ibu ion i s he wind speed
da a a Jeze o using a scale pa ame e c=3.57ms
−1 and a shape pa ame e k=1.49, and he Elysium Plani ia
using a scale pa ame e c=6.20ms
−1 and a shape pa ame e k=1.92.
These pa ame e s align wi h hose ound a Gale C a e (Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.,2019b), which we e ob ained in
he same imescale, al hough Jeze o c a e winds we e much quie e han hose ound in p e ious missions. No a-
bly, he esul s a Gale exclude he pe iod o 3–7 LTST (EM imeslo ) due o lack o high-quali y wind da a. Wi h
only he exclusion o his imeslo , he same models ob ained o Jeze o and Elysium Plani ia a e shown in Table1
o compa a i e pu poses. Among he h ee landing si es on Ma s in which high- equency measu emen s a e
a ailable, Jeze o c a e showed he lowes o al wind speeds ( he wind speeds conside ing all imeslo s h oughou
he sol) excluding he EM imeslo . This esul was ep oduced e en cons aining he da a se o he same seasonal
pe iod co e ed by Ma s 2020 (Ls∼22° o Ls∼155°) in he InSigh da a (Tables1 and2). I leads o wind speed
p obabili ies P( >8ms
−1) o ∼21% and 3.6%, espec i ely, a he Elysium Plani ia and Jeze o landing si es, and
P( >12ms
−1) o 5.1% and 0.2%, espec i ely. A he Elysium Plani ia landing si e, 95% o wind speeds we e
below 12.1ms
−1 and 99% o wind speeds we e below 15.7ms
−1. A he Jeze o landing si e, 95% o wind speeds
we e below 7.46ms
−1 and 99% o wind speeds we e below 9.95ms
−1 (Table2).
The wind a iabili y de i ed om he p e iously desc ibed Weibull pa ame e s in ol ed all he imescales in
wind a ia ions, om he as e imescales o he la ge-scale a ia ions in he seasonal pa e n. Ten-minu e
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a e ages ins ead o high- equency measu emen s, mos ly emo ing he u bulen scales, showed a null di e -
ence on he c pa ame e s, and an inc ease in he k pa ame e , om 1.49 o 1.71. The inc ease in he k pa ame e
is expec ed, gi en he emo al o wind a iabili y p esen in u bulen imescales, hus shaping a na owe wind
speed p obabili y dis ibu ion. Conside ing en-minu e a e ages, i leads o P( >8ms
−1) and P( >12ms
−1) o
Figu e 1. (le ) Weibull p obabili y densi y unc ion ob ained o Jeze o ( ed line) and compa ison wi h Ma s 2020 Ma s En i onmen al Dynamics Analyze da a (blue
his og am) o he whole sol and spli ing he nigh ime (3–7h LTST) and he day ime (10–18h LTST). ( igh ) As in he le , bu o Elysium Plani ia, and compa ison
wi h InSigh TWINS da a. Day ime and nigh ime his og ams a e also shown highligh ing he di e en egimes ound in bo h landing si es.
Elysium plani ia a Elysium plani ia b Jeze o c a e c
Timeslo LTST ange c (m/s) k c (m/s) k c (m/s) k
Mo ning (DW) 07:00–10:00 8.54 2.91 9.74 3.73 3.02 2.01
Midday (MD) 10:00–15:00 8.87 2.77 10.28 3.60 5.28 2.16
A e noon (DL) 15:00–18:00 6.26 1.93 6.86 1.90 6.80 3.02
Nigh all (NF) 18:00–21:00 3.31 1.97 2.18 2.62 3.24 1.97
Nigh (NL-1) 21:00–24:00 4.32 2.25 2.94 3.60 3.42 2.54
Nigh (NL-2) 00:00–03:00 5.12 2.34 3.48 4.04 2.13 1.49
Ea ly mo . (EM) 03:00–07:00 4.88 2.69 4.12 2.66 1.31 1.97
To al excep EM _ 6.45 1.89 6.63 1.64 4.19 1.75
To al _ 6.20 1.92 6.13 1.62 3.57 1.49
aInSigh ull da a se ; acqui ed be ween MY34 Ls∼330° and MY36 Ls∼153°.
bInSigh da a se ; acqui ed a he same season
han as he M2020 da a (Ls∼022° o Ls∼153°).
cM2020 ull da a se un il he WS ailu e a sol 315; acqui ed be ween
MY36 Ls∼022° o Ls∼153°.
Table 1
Weibull Bes Fi Pa ame e s o Di e en Times o Sol a he Jeze o Landing Si e and Compa ison Wi h Those Ob ained o
Elysium Plani ia as Measu ed by InSigh Lande
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Jou nal o Geophysical Resea ch: Plane s
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∼2% and ∼0.04%, espec i ely, hus s ongly educing he p obabili ies o high wind speeds. This esul is indic-
a i e o he g ea in luence o sudden changes in wind speed a he han sus ained winds d i en by mesoscale o
la ge-scale dynamics in he obse ed wind speed a iabili y, wi h u bulence d i ing he likelihood o high wind
speeds being eached a Jeze o.
The wind speed dis ibu ions a Jeze o, as well as a Elysium Plani ia, p esen ed ma ked diu nal a ia ion, in
acco dance wi h changes in he wind egimes h oughou he diu nal cycle (Tables1 and2). A he Jeze o landing
si e, he highes a e age wind speeds we e ound in he a e noon (DL imeslo , =6.08ms
−1 and c=6.80ms
−1).
Wind speeds we e also high, on a e age, du ing he midday (MD) imeslo ( =4.67ms
−1 and c=5.28ms
−1).
The e was a la ge b eak wi h he emaining imeslo s, which p esen ed <3.1ms
−1 and c<3.5ms
−1. Wind speed
p obabili y P( >8ms
−1) equaled ∼20% du ing he a e noon (DL imeslo ), and such a p obabili y was negli-
gible (<0.2%) o all he imeslo s du ing he nigh (NL-1, NL-2 and EM). Also, du ing he DL imeslo , 99% o
wind speeds we e below 11.3ms
−1, whils , du ing he EM imeslo , 99% o wind speeds we e below 2.84ms
−1
(Table2). These esul s highligh he in ensi y and con ec i e ac i i y in ol ed in he eas e ly and sou heas e ly
winds obse ed du ing he day.
Maximum wind speeds we e measu ed in he DL imeslo , ma ching he pe iod o s onges egional and local
upslope winds ac ing cons uc i ely (see he companion pape , pa 1). This imeslo in ol ed e y s able wind
di ec ions and speeds, wi hou signi ican depa u es om mean wind speeds, leading o high alues in he k
pa ame e (see Sec ion2). A high alue o k la gely o e came he cha ac e is ic alue o he Rayleigh dis ibu ion
(k=2), which is widely used on Ea h s udies when only a e age wind speeds a e a ailable. A high k pa ame e
alue (2.54 in Table1) was ound as well du ing NL-1 (21–24h LTST), whe e sus ainable downslope winds
we e p esen , al hough in ha case p esen ing lowe mean wind speeds (see he companion pape , pa 1). The
lowes k pa ame e was ound du ing he NL-2 pe iod (00–03h LTST), due o downslope lows las ing a ious
leng hs in his imeslo . As desc ibed in he companion pape , he i s pa o he nigh , om sunse o 01h
LTST, p esen ed qui e s able wes e ly/no hwes e ly downslope winds, peaking a ound midnigh . A e ha ime,
winds dec eased in in ensi y owa d a calm pe iod. The s eng h o he downslope winds a NL-2 also had ma ked
seasonal a ia ion. Thus, he low alue in he k pa ame e (Table1) can be a ibu ed o bo h pe iods wi h signi -
ican ly di e en wind condi ions in ol ed in his imeslo , and wi h a ma ked a iabili y in longe imescales.
This was also obse ed in he pa ame e s ela ed o he o al winds a Jeze o, conside ing and excluding he calm
pe iod (EM imeslo ). The emaining diu nal imeslo s/pe iods p esen ed alues close o a Rayleigh dis ibu ion.
Su ace winds a InSigh 's landing si e we e he esul o complex in e ac ion be ween egional and local slope
lows induced by Elysium Plani ia opog aphy, p oducing a diu nal pe u ba ion supe imposed on a mean low,
domina ed by he Hadley cell bu wi h modi ica ions due o channeling e ec s om he egional opog aphy
Elysium plani ia a Elysium plani ia b Jeze o c a e c
Timeslo (m/s) F
−1(0.95) F
−1(0.99) (m/s) F
−1(0.95) F
−1(0.99) (m/s) F
−1(0.95) F
−1(0.99)
Mo ning (DW) 7.64 12.50 14.50 8.80 13.01 14.58 2.68 5.22 6.47
Midday (MD) 7.93 13.26 15.49 9.28 13.87 15.61 4.67 8.77 10.69
A e noon (DL) 5.53 11.02 13.77 6.10 12.22 15.31 6.08 9.78 11.28
Nigh all (NF) 2.92 5.76 7.15 1.93 3.31 3.90 2.87 5.66 7.03
Nigh (NL-1) 3.80 7.02 8.50 2.64 3.99 4.50 3.04 5.26 6.23
Nigh (NL-2) 4.53 8.17 9.81 3.16 4.57 5.08 1.91 4.45 5.94
Ea ly mo . (EM) 4.36 7.38 8.66 3.67 6.20 7.27 1.16 2.29 2.84
To al excep EM 5.72 11.54 14.49 5.90 12.88 16.72 3.73 7.84 10.01
To al 5.49 11.01 13.78 5.45 12.06 15.73 3.22 7.46 9.95
aInSigh ull da a se ; acqui ed be ween MY34 Ls∼330° and MY36 Ls∼153°.
bInSigh da a se ; acqui ed a he same season han as he M2020 da a (Ls∼022° o
Ls∼153°).
cM2020 ull da a se un il he WS ailu e a sol 315; acqui ed be ween MY36 Ls∼022° o Ls∼153°.
Table 2
Wind Speed S a is ics a 1.5m, in ms
−1 (Mean Wind Speed, , and F
−1(α), Tha Is, Wind Speed u Such Tha P( ≤u)=α, Bo h o α=95% and α=99%, Rela ed o
he Weibull Pa ame e s P esen ed in Table1
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(Ban ield e al.,2020; Fo ge e al.,2021; Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.,2020). The seasonal pe iod co e ed by Ma s
2020 wind da a (Ls∼22° o Ls∼153°) was cha ac e ized by a e age sou heas e ly winds close o he equi-
noxes, which u ned o sou he lies a ound he no he n summe sols ice due o he enhanced zonal mean sou he n
la ge-scale ci cula ion. Be ween Ls∼153° and Ls∼22° ( he pe iod no co e ed by Ma s 2020 wind da a), mean
su ace wind speeds a Elysium Plani ia we e wes -no hwes e lies be ween Ls∼200° and 320° due o he e ec
o no he lies associa ed wi h he e e sal o he Hadley me idional o e u ning low wi h season, including as
well wo ansi ion pe iods a Ls∼153°–200° and a Ls∼320–153°. Diu nal-mean wind speeds peaked close
o he no he n win e sols ice. No e ha li le in e annual a iabili y was obse ed in he wind da a, excep (a)
du ing dus s o m pe iods (e.g., MY34/2019 la ge dus s o min no he n win e , ou side he pe iod co e ed by
Ma s 2020 da a), and (b) du ing MY36, whe e he spa se da a acqui ed p esen ed lowe wind speeds in pa icula
pe iods.
Mos o he diu nal imeslo s (Table1) a he Elysium Plani ia landing si e showed bo h highe a e age wind
speeds and s eadiness han a Ma s 2020 Pe se e ance's landing si e, e alua ing he same seasonal pe iod o bo h
landing si es. This could be he esul o a lack o signi ican opog aphy a InSigh 's landing si e. Wind speeds
a Elysium Plani ia we e 72% g ea e , on a e age, han a Jeze o, which u he inc eased o mo e han 200%
be ween 03 and 10h LTST (EM and DW imeslo s), ha is, he calm pe iod obse ed in Jeze o c a e a nigh is a
unique ea u e o he c a e (p obably due o con e gen downslope lows on he c a e loo ac ing des uc i ely),
which was no obse ed in he plains o Elysium Plani ia.
InSigh 's landing si e showed he opposi e esul s in e ms o he skewness o he Weibull dis ibu ion. The
mos cons an winds we e ound a e midnigh , be ween 00 and 03h LTST, when downslope lows p oduced a
o a ion om no hwes e lies o sou hwes e lies, while he mos a iable winds we e ound du ing he a e noon
(15–18h LTST), when he obse ed wind speeds dec eased as upslope winds diminished in s eng h. This di e -
ence highligh s he dis inc wind dis ibu ions ob ained a he same diu nal imeslo s a bo h landing si es, each
d i en by i s own mesoscale and la ge-scale phenomena.
4. Diu nal, Sol-To-Sol, and Seasonal Va iabili y in Wind Speed
To see how he esul s a e a ec ed by seasonali y and sol- o-sol a iabili y, i is use ul o ocus now on hese
mul isol imescales. As s a ed, sol- o-sol a ia ions could no be sys ema ically pe o med wi h MSL as a
esul o he spa se da a a ailable due o he loss o a WS boom and o he senso issues (Viúdez-Mo ei as
e al.,2019a,2019b), needing a e aging o e se e al sol pe iods (100-sols sliding windows) o e alua e seasonal
ends. Ma s 2020 da a in ol e signi ican gaps as well, al hough o a lesse ex en , allowing a 5-sol sliding
window. This il e ing p obably emo es a signi ican po ion o he a mosphe ic a eling wa es a Jeze o (see
he companion pape , pa 1). We p esen esul s o P( >4ms
−1), P( >8ms
−1), and P( >12ms
−1). Figu e2
p esen s he p obabili ies o wind speeds g ea e han 4ms
−1 as a unc ion o season o he diu nal imeslo s
conside ed in Table1. The EM imeslo (03:00–07:00 LTST) is excluded due o i s low P( >4ms
−1) alues.
Figu e3 p esen s he p obabili ies o 8 and 12ms
−1, ocusing on he in e als whe e F
−1(0.99)>8ms
−1 (MD
and DL ime in e als).
The diu nal end in P( >4ms
−1) (Figu e2) is consis en wi h he obse ed end in mean wind speeds (see
Table1 and he companion pape ). High P( >4ms
−1) was obse ed in he a e noon (DL imeslo ), gene -
ally g ea e han 70%, ollowed by he midday (MD imeslo ) wi h 40%<P( >4ms
−1)<70%. The day ime
imeslo s p esen ed a seasonal beha io wi h maximum alues in ea ly summe . The nigh ime imeslo s showed
g ea e sol- o-sol a iabili y han he day ime imeslo s and a huge seasonal a iabili y. A he beginning o he
Ma s 2020 wind obse a ions (Ls∼22°), P( >4ms
−1) a NL-1 (21:00–24:00) eached ∼90%. P( >4ms
−1)
we e g ea e han 40% in he i s sols o he mission; hen, hey dec eased p og essi ely o less han 10% in
ea ly summe and inc eased again a Ls∼150°. A simila end was obse ed in NL-2, wi h P( >4ms
−1) close
o ze o in ea ly summe . This opposi e beha io in he seasonal end be ween nigh ime and day ime was he
esul o he wind egimes obse ed a Jeze o. Thus, he day ime egime is d i en by egional anaba ic upslope
lows, likely enhanced a ound he summe sols ice by la ge he mal g adien s and p obably a ec ed by Hadley
cell e u n low (see he companion pape , pa 1). Con e sely, he nigh ime egime (21:00–03:00 LTST) is
d i en by downslope lows, p obably ka aba ic, which p esen ed s ong a iabili y in wind di ec ion as a esul
o egional and local slope lows compe ing on he Jeze o c a e loo and hus being e y sensi i e o a ia ions
in o e loca ion. Toge he wi h he esul s p esen ed in pa 1, hese obse a ions sugges he possibili y o some
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in luence, e en du ing nigh ime, om he zonal-mean sou he ly la ge-scale lows a ound he summe sols ice,
likely wi h a mino con ibu ion by he mal ides, inc easing he day ime winds and educing he in ensi y o
nigh ime winds.
Figu e3 shows he end o P( >8ms
−1) and P( >12ms
−1) ocusing on he diu nal imeslo s whe e maximum
wind speeds we e measu ed (MD and DL imeslo s). P( >8ms
−1) and P( >12ms
−1) ne e exceed 40% and
10%, espec i ely. This con as s wi h he obse a ions a Gale C a e (Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.,2019b) and a
Elysium Plani ia, whe e p obabili ies o high wind speed la gely exceed he Jeze o alues, eaching P( >8ms
−1)
and P( >12ms
−1) o 90% and 45%, espec i ely. The sol- o-sol a iabili y in he p obabili y o high wind speeds
is mos ly associa ed wi h he s ochas ic na u e o wea he , as well as o he sou ces such as a mosphe ic wa e
ac i i y (see companion pape , pa 1).
Figu e 2. Seasonal a iabili y in p obabili ies o wind speeds g ea e han 4ms
−1 o Jeze o, based on Weibull models using Ma s En i onmen al Dynamics Analyze
wind da a o Jeze o landing si e. F om op o bo om: DW, MD, DL (le column) and NF, NL-1, and NL-2 ( igh column). The ea ly mo ning imeslo (03:00–07:00
LTST) is excluded gi en he negligible P( >4ms
−1) alues. A mo ing a e age as a unc ion o Ls is also added.
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5. Tu bulence and Wa e Ac i i y
As desc ibed, a signi ican con ibu ion o he a iabili y in Ma s 2020 winds p esen in he wind speed his og ams
can be alloca ed o he sol- o-sol and seasonal imescales. Addi ionally, he mesoscale and la ge-scale domains
mos ly shaped he wind a iabili y in he diu nal imescale. Howe e , mos o he a iabili y was p oduced on
u bulen imescales. The la e scale is an unexplo ed a ea, gi en he ew high- equency wind measu emen s
om he Ma ian su ace o da e.
On Ea h, he spec a o su ace winds can be di ided in o h ee di e en pa s (e.g., Pe osyan e al.,2011): (a) he
low- equency ange, whe e ene gy is injec ed in o he PBL, p esen ing a sligh nega i e slope o e en a cons an
alue, (b) he ine ial sub ange, whe e iscous dissipa ion is ela i ely weak and TKE is eely exchanged be ween
leng h scales, app oaching a powe law, and (c) a high equency ange whe e iscous dissipa ion becomes ele-
an and ene gy d ops apidly. Gi en ha he kinema ic iscosi y in he nea -su ace a mosphe e o Ma s is much
g ea e han on Ea h, he Kolmogo o scale o iscous dissipa ion, η, scales acco dingly up o alues ha a e
o he o de o cen ime e s. A he Jeze o a mosphe ic condi ions, η=(ν
3/ε)
1/4, whe e ν is he kinema ic iscos-
i y o ai and ε is he dissipa ion a e o TKE as de ined in Sec ion2, anges be ween 0.5 and 3cm, albei wi h
imescales ha mos ly emain abo e he sampling a e o he WS. Thus, he wind spec a acqui ed by MEDA a e
p edic ed o be asc ibed mos ly o he p oduc ion ange and o he ine ial sub ange. Figu e4 shows he powe
spec al densi y (PSD) o he wind speed on a ypical sol. I can be seen ha he slope depa s om ha p edic ed
by he Kolmogo o model (−5/3) (Kailman e al.,1972; Kolmogo o ,1941) conside ing homogeneous and
iso opic u bulence. The depa u e ollows a diu nal cycle, being highe a nigh , whe e he u bulence is mos ly
mechanically d i en.
Pe iodic wind luc ua ions we e commonly p esen in he wind da a, bu wi hou an o e all dominan equency,
ei he du ing he day o a nigh . Howe e , ce ain day ime pe iods p esen ed a dominan oscilla ion equency
in he wind luc ua ions, which in some cases ma ched wi h oscilla ions in o he me eo ological a iables such
as wi h a mosphe ic p essu e. These cases usually appea ed du ing sho pe iods o ime, he e o e hey we e no
easily obse ed in he wind spec a. Figu e5 p esen s some examples o he ime e olu ion o winds ob ained by
Figu e 3. As in Figu e2 bu o 8ms
−1 and 12ms
−1 and es ic ed o he wo diu nal imeslo s wi h highes wind speeds, MD (le column) and DL ( igh column).
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Ma s 2020 MEDA du ing he day ime. Wind u bulence and wa e ac i i y o e whelmed he signal, p o oking
apid luc ua ions ha changed wind speed om calm condi ions o mo e han 10–15ms
−1 on sho imescales.
These luc ua ions we e also p esen in wind di ec ions. P essu e d ops, associa ed wi h con ec i e o ices,
we e usually in ol ed in apid wind luc ua ions and ended o ele a e wind speeds in acco dance wi h wha was
expec ed by model p edic ions (Balme e al.,2012; Kahanpää & Viúdez-Mo ei as,2021; Lo enz,2016; Toigo
e al.,2003). Figu e5b shows high- equency wind oscilla ions on sol 269 (Ls∼130°), mos ly dominan be ween
11.75 and 11.80h LTST, wi h a ∼1.5min pe iod. Figu es5a and5c (sols 222 and 313, espec i ely, co espond-
ing o Ls∼107° and 152°) show ela i ely a e cases whe e oscilla ions, coupled wi h su ace wind gus s, we e
sus ainable in ime and p esen ed a ema kable pe iod o oscilla ion (∼15–20min o sol 222 and ∼2–3min o
sol 313), wi h backg ound winds a ound 5ms
−1 in bo h cases.
These pe iodic wind luc ua ions, which occu du ing he con ec i e pe iod, a e consis en wi h con ec ion cells
and smalle eddies in he PBL ad ec ed o e he c a e a di e en scales. Al hough heo e ically possible, hese
pe iodic luc ua ions, e en he smalles obse ed eddies, a e no conside ed as g a i y wa es. This is owing o
he di icul y ha g a i y wa es occu in he day ime PBL because hey need o p opaga e h ough a s able laye ,
and he day ime PBL is highly uns able. Typically, con ec ion has been obse ed o gene a e g a i y wa es
when i pe u bs he PBL op (a he bo om o he mo e s able a mosphe e abo e). Those g a i y wa es hen
p opaga e upwa d and a e de ec ed a highe al i udes. Nea he su ace, he de ec ion o g a i y wa es is mainly
expec ed a nigh , when he nea -su ace a mosphe e is s able, gene a ed by, o example, s ong slope lows o
noc u nal u bulence. Con ec ion cells a e suppo ed by mesoscale models and la ge eddy simula ions (Spiga
e al.,2021). Newman e al.(2022) sugges ed con ec ion cells wi h pe iodici ies o 8.6–15min (cell wid hs om
2.4 o 5.3km), based on analysis o wind luc ua ions on sols 116–120. Spiga e al.(2021) epo ed, based on
he InSigh da a se , luc ua ions in ag eemen wi h con ec ion cells ad ec ed o e Elysium Plani ia wi h pe i-
ods om 16 o 33min, sugges ing cell wid hs om 10.5 o 16km. Lo enz e al.(2021) ound ∼10-min wind
luc ua ions likely p oduced by con ec ion cells in co ela ion wi h empe a u e a ia ions in he InSigh sola
a ays. Quasipe iodic wind luc ua ions can also be obse ed in he high- equency wind da a om he Viking
Lande s (Lo enz e al.,2017). The cases showed he e using Ma s 2020 wind da a, in which pa icula pe iodic
signals g ea ly o e whelmed o he ha monics (e.g., sol 222, 269, and 313), would sugges leng h scales be ween
4km–6km, 400m–500, and 700m o 1.2km, espec i ely. No e ha he la e sol co esponds o dus s o m
condi ions, in which p e ailing winds a e consis en wi h a idal d i e ins ead o a slope d i e (see he compan-
ion pape , pa 1). The wa e pe iod o hose luc ua ions a ied one o de o magni ude om he imescale o
Figu e 4. Powe spec al densi y (PSD, m
2s
−2Hz
−1) o he luc ua ions in he zonal componen o wind speed o e a se o
3 sols a Ls∼60°, de ined as a di e ence o hei 720s unning means. The slope o a powe -law i ing ( (x)=
𝐴𝐴aFm
whe e m
he slope) is also included. Kolmogo o scaling law (−5/3) is shown o compa a i e pu poses. The 0.5Hz equency alue is
he cu o o he wind da a (see ex ).
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7.2. A Dus Cloud Passing O e he Ma s 2020 Ro e
Al hough, o a la ge ex en , he majo i y o he obse ed dus e en s we e di ec ly associa ed wi h he passage
o con ec i e o ices (i.e., dus de ils), ce ain e en s can be associa ed wi h con ec ion cell on s o cases
in which hese on s exceed he h eshold wind speed (s ess) equi ed o dus li ing. Newman e al.(2022)
p esen ed one o hese cases, obse ed on sol 117 by he Pe se e ance came as and MEDA senso s. Tha dis an
dus -li ing e en co e ed an es ima ed a ea o a leas 4km
2 and las ed se e al minu es, aising a dus cloud a
couple o km o he no h o he o e . We p esen in Figu e10 ano he dus e en , on sol 311 a 12.7h LTST,
which, unlike he p e ious one, passed o e he o e . The e a e no images associa ed wi h his e en , bu wind
speeds and di ec ions and i adiance a ia ions could be measu ed by he Radia i e and Dus Senso (RDS) o
MEDA (Apés igue e al.,2022; Rod íguez-Man edi e al.,2021). The RDS includes channels in se e al spec al
bands poin ed a he zeni h when he o e does no p esen il ( op channels, e e ed he ea e as TN, whe e N is
he speci ic numbe o he channel), in addi ion o 7 channels a 750nm poin ed a di e en azimu hal di ec ions
(la channels, e e ed he ea e as LN, whe e N is he speci ic numbe o he channel), whe e L2 o L7 poin a
70° zeni h angle.
This dus e en on sol 311 occu ed be ween wo majo p essu e d ops sepa a ed by ∼5min (Figu e10a), and in
a con ex o la ge dus li ing and dus de il ac i i y, p eceding he MY36/2022A egional dus s o m (Lemmon
e al.,2022). A he ime o he e en , p essu e was alling and wind speed was ising, likely as a esul o he
passage o a con ec ion cell ad ec ed by he backg ound wind. Winds we e eas -sou heas e lies and oughly
cons an in his pe iod, consis en wi h he upslope winds d i ing he day ime beha io . RDS a ia ions began
be o e he i s p essu e d op (Figu es10a and10b) in bo h he la and he op channels (Figu es10g and10h).
The dis u bances we e i s obse ed in he L2, L3, and L4 channels (poin ing o S, SE, and E, espec i ely).
Then, he dis u bances peaked in he op channels and dis u bed he L5 channel (poin ing o NE) and, inally,
e ec s we e obse ed in he L6 and L7 channels (poin ing o N and NW). Va ia ions g ea e han 8% we e
obse ed in some o he channels, including he op ones. The s ong peak in T6 (>6%), which is sensi i e o
he sca e ed sunligh p oduced by he dus cloud in he close encoun e s, oge he wi h he a ia ions in he
emaining channels, indica e ha he e en passed o e he o e . O e all, he e en las ed a ound 10min, wi h
he co e o he dis u bances aking place in an in e al las ing 3–4min wi hin wo p essu e d ops, which we e
sepa a ed by ∼5min. Compa a i ely, he a ia ions in i adiance du ing he e en a sol 117, shown in Figu e10
as well, peaked a ∼3% in one la e al channel, and p oduced li le o negligible e ec s in he emaining ones. The
du a ion o he e en and he measu ed winds oge he sugges ha he dus cloud ha passed o e he o e is
0.75–1.5km in leng h.
7.3. E ec s o Aeolian Ac i i y on Ro e Ins umen a ion
The dus li ing obse ed a Pe se e ance's landing si e also had majo implica ions o ins umen a ion. The
WS su e ed damage o some boa ds h oughou he mission, p obably due o lying deb is. This issue was also
epo ed o he MSL REMS WS, which uses he same echnology as he MEDA WS (Gómez-El i a e al.,2014;
Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.,2019a,2019b). On MSL REMS, he damage du ing MSL's landing on one senso boom
s ongly limi ed he capabili y o de i e winds. As he ield o iew o each senso boom is cons ained by he
ha dwa e and by he o e pe u ba ions, bo h booms a e necessa y o p ope ly measu e winds independen ly o
he incoming low di ec ion (see he companion pape , pa 1); hus, i was necessa y o de elop new e ie al
algo i hms o cha ac e ize he wind pa e ns a Gale C a e (Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.,2019a,2019b). La e on,
he emaining boom ailed, p obably by lying deb is du ing in ense wind pe iods as MSL climbed he slopes o
Aeolis Mons, a e success ully ope a ing o ∼1,500 sols. The InSigh WS, using he same echnology as well,
has been success ully ope a ing on Ma s o mo e han 1,000 sols, consis en wi h he lack o signi ican aeolian
ac i i y a ha landing si e.
A close encoun e wi h a dus de il on sol 313 u he damaged Pe se e ance's WS2. Figu e11 p esen s he e ec
o he e en a sol 313 on p essu e, RDS channels and local winds as measu ed by Ma s 2020. The wind e ie ed
o bo h senso booms is p esen ed as well. These signals a e combined p ope ly o de i e he wind speed and
di ec ion (Gómez-El i a e al.,2014; Viúdez-Mo ei as e al.,2019a), p omo ing he senso boom ha is be e
o ien ed o he incoming wind di ec ion. He e, i can be seen ha be o e he encoun e , WS2 was be e o ien ed
o he incoming low while WS1 had a sa u a ed signal. The encoun e inc eased wind speeds, as usual du ing
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Figu e 10. Dus e en a sol 311, 12.7h LTST, no di ec ly linked o con ec i e o ex ac i i y. ±15min is shown a ound he e en . E olu ion in ime o (a) p essu e
(Pa); (b) ela i e a ia ion in Radia i e and Dus Senso (RDS) signals o bo h la e al and op channels; (c) wind speed (ms
−1), and (d) wind di ec ion (deg). (g and h)
Enla gemen o he RDS a ia ions a ound he e en , spli ing be ween op and la e al RDS channels. (e and ) As in (a and b), bu ep esen ing he e en a sol 117 as
epo ed in Newman e al.(2022) o compa ison.
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hese e en s (Figu es8 and9), bu in his case eaching ex eme wind speeds o 22ms
−1. The e o e, his e en
was one o hose p oducing he highes wind speeds eco ded on Jeze o.
The con ec i e o ex, ea u ing a maximum p essu e d op o 1.8Pa as obse ed by MEDA (Figu e11), also
p oduced app eciable dus li ing (i.e., i was a dus de il), as he d ama ic ela i e a ia ions in he RDS i a-
diance signals indica ed (g ea e han 10% a ia ions bo h in RDS T6 and RDS T7 du ing he passage). Due o
damage o a senso boa d, p obably by impac s wi h li ed dus in he elec onics, WS2 s opped e ie ing winds
jus when maximum wind speeds and signals o p essu e d ops we e eco ded. This loss p e en ed he cu en
enginee ing e ie al om de i ing wind magni udes. The emaining boom, WS1, su e ed a mal unc ion wo
sols la e , on sol 315 and he WS was u ned o o se e al sols o analyze he issue. As desc ibed in pa 1, he
senso was again u ned on, on sol 342 (Ls∼168°), al hough wi hou e ie ing wind da a p oduc s. Fu he
damage on o he boa ds du ing he egional dus s o m was de ec ed, con inuing a sol 413 (Ls∼210°) and
making he senso inope a i e o e ie e da a wi hou majo modi ica ions o he pipeline and addi ional calib a-
ion es s in he wind unnel. I is expec ed ha wind da a om sol 342 o 413, and possibly da a since sol 413,
will be a ailable when he e ie al algo i hm o each boom is modi ied o ocus on he nondamaged boa ds o
he senso , al hough g ea e unce ain y in he wind da a will be in ol ed in he e ie als.
8. Summa y and Conclusions
Sus ained winds a Jeze o as measu ed by Ma s 2020 we e weak on a e age. Mean wind speeds we e 3.2±2.3ms −1
in no he n sp ing and summe , wi h 99% o wind speeds below 10ms −1. Du ing he a e noon, winds peaked and
eached 6.1±2.2ms
−1. The wind s ess was gene ally less han 0.01Pa e en du ing day ime, when peak wind
speeds we e eached.
The wind speeds we e cha ac e ized by i ing he wind da a as a Weibull dis ibu ion. InSigh wind da a acqui ed
in Elysium Plani ia we e also used o con ex ualize he obse a ions. The Weibull dis ibu ion i s he wind speed
da a a Jeze o using a scale pa ame e c=3.60ms
−1 and a shape pa ame e k=1.49, and he wind da a a Elysium
Plani ia using a scale pa ame e c=6.20ms
−1 and a shape pa ame e k=1.91. Elysium Plani ia alues align
Figu e 11. Close encoun e wi h a dus de il on sol 313 a 13:42h LTST. ±15min is shown a ound he maximum p essu e
d op.( op-le ) p essu e signal (Pa), ( op- igh ) wind speed signal (ms
−1) o bo h WS1 and WS2, (bo om-le ) ela i e
a ia ion in Radia i e and Dus Senso signals o bo h la e al and op channels, and (bo om- igh ) wind di ec ion signal bo h
o WS1 and WS2.
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wi h hose p e iously ound o Gale c a e , bu Jeze o winds s ongly di e ge and a e much quie e han hose
ound in p e ious missions. Among he h ee landing si es on Ma s in which high- equency measu emen s a e
a ailable, Jeze o c a e shows he lowes wind speeds in he o al winds. The p obabili y o wind speeds g ea e
han 12ms
−1 was 0.2% du ing he mission, and i was only close o 10% a ound he summe sols ice a e noon.
Wind speeds a Elysium Plani ia we e 68% g ea e , on a e age, han a Jeze o.
On he diu nal imescale, he wind speed dis ibu ions a Jeze o, as well as a Elysium Plani ia, p esen ed a ma ked
diu nal a ia ion, in acco dance wi h hei changes in he wind egimes h oughou he diu nal cycle, each land-
ing si e d i en by i s own mesoscale and la ge-scale phenomena. A he Jeze o landing si e, he highes a e age
wind speeds we e ound du ing he a e noon and midday, p esen ing eas -sou heas e ly and eas -no heas e ly
(upslope) winds, wi h a ma ked di e ence om he emaining diu nal imeslo s. F om sunse o 01h LTST,
wes e ly/no hwes e ly downslope winds made wind speeds peak a ound midnigh . A e ha , winds dec eased
owa d a calm pe iod las ing un il sun ise. In Elysium Plani ia, howe e , mos o he diu nal imeslo s showed
bo h highe a e age wind speeds and s eadiness han a Ma s 2020 Pe se e ance's landing si e a Jeze o, he la e
likely as a esul o he lack o signi ican opog aphy a ound InSigh 's landing si e. The skewness o he dis i-
bu ion showed he opposi e beha io in se e al diu nal imeslo s a bo h landing si es. Addi ionally, he InSigh
and Ma s 2020 da a allowed s udying o he sol- o-sol a iabili y. On he seasonal imescale, he day ime diu nal
imeslo s, domina ed by upslope winds, p esen ed a seasonal beha io wi h maximum alues in ea ly summe .
Con e sely, he nigh ime imeslo s, domina ed by downslope winds, p esen ed a as seasonal a iabili y and
oughly he opposi e end, wi h minimum alues in ea ly summe .
A g ea in luence o u bulence, wa e, and o ex ac i i y was obse ed in he wind speed a ia ions, hus d i -
ing he highes wind speeds obse ed a Jeze o, ins ead o sus ained winds d i en by mesoscale o la ge-scale
dynamics. Ma s 2020 MEDA wind da a showed ypical s anda d de ia ion o 0.57±0.29ms
−1 du ing nigh ime
and 1.85±0.57ms
−1 du ing he day ime in a en-minu e imescale, wi h peak alues g ea e han ∼3.5ms
−1
du ing he day ime. The PSD o wind speed luc ua ions ollows a powe -law, whose slope de ia es depend-
ing on he ime o day om ha p edic ed conside ing homogeneous and iso opic u bulence, being highe a
nigh , whe e he u bulence is mechanically d i en. Tu bulence and wa e ac i i y p o oked apid luc ua ions
ha changed wind speed om calm condi ions o mo e han 10–15ms
−1 on he imescale o seconds o minu es.
These luc ua ions d ama ically dis u bed he wind di ec ions as well. Al hough he mos in ense luc ua ions
we e obse ed du ing he day ime, nigh ime luc ua ions we e also e y high, sugges ing s ong mechanical
u bulence du ing nigh ime. The TI le els de ec ed by Ma s 2020 a Jeze o c a e a e g ea e han hose de ec ed
by InSigh a Elysium Plani ia, and bo h p oduced by buoyancy and shea -d i en u bulence.
We epo pe iodic wind luc ua ions ha a e expec ed o be ela ed o con ec ion cells and smalle eddies in he
PBL ad ec ed o e he c a e on di e en scales. The wa e pe iod a ied by one o de o magni ude, om he
imescale o 1–10min, while backg ound wind speeds we e oughly simila . These pe iods would lead o leng h
scales om a ew hund ed me e s o 6km, as indica i e o he u bulen ac i i y p esen on he day ime Ma ian
PBL. Such luc ua ions we e ound du ing dus s o m condi ions, when winds a e consis en wi h a idal d i e
ins ead o a slope d i e, complemen ing he de ec ion o g a i y wa es a e sunse as p esen ed in pa 1. P essu e
d ops associa ed wi h con ec i e o ices we e usually in ol ed in ansien s ong winds. Winds measu ed inside
o ices showed ela i e a ia ions be ween 0.8 and 9.2 imes abo e he backg ound winds. Weibull models
we e cons uc ed in he pe iods a ound he p essu e d ops de ec ed h oughou he mission, showing ex eme
winds a ound hese e en s. The scale pa ame e c inc eased 65% and he shape pa ame e k kep oughly cons an .
This a ia ion in he Weibull pa ame e s esul ed in a d ama ic e ec in he ail o he PDFs a Jeze o, hence in
he p obabili y o high wind speeds. Thus, P( >8ms
−1) inc eased om 8.6% o 40% and P( >12ms
−1) u he
inc eased oughly 40 imes inside he pe iods o hese e en s. Cu iously, he e ec was no so p onounced in
he InSigh da a. This di e ence be ween bo h missions was possibly a ec ed by he educed sensi i i y o as
changes by he InSigh WS. Fu he mo e, he a mosphe ic dynamics a each landing si e could be in luen ial. I
so, despi e ha ing a simila numbe o p essu e d ops and in ensi y o hose obse ed a Elysium Plani ia, Jeze o
c a e would be subjec ed o d ama ic dis u bances in he nea su ace winds by he passage o con ec i e o i-
ces, wi h much g ea e a ia ion han a Elysium Plani ia.
These esul s gi e quan i a i e indica ion ha Pe se e ance landing si e is less windy on a e age han InSigh
landing si e, despi e he in ense aeolian ac i i y obse ed a Jeze o c a e and he low aeolian ac i i y epo ed a
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Elysium Plani ia. These appa en ly con adic o y esul s could be explained by h ee mechanisms ac ing oge he :
(a) as desc ibed, Jeze o c a e would be subjec o d ama ic dis u bances in he nea -su ace winds ega ding
he backg ound winds by he passage o con ec i e o ices, a much g ea e a ia ion han a Elysium Plani ia,
in ol ing ansien high wind e en s, (b) he Jeze o si e is also subjec o addi ional ansien high wind e en s
om g ea e TI le els and wa e ac i i y, which could be p omo ing aeolian ac i i y a Pe se e ance's landing si e
by ansien ly s ong winds abo e he usual ela i ely calm mean alues, and (c) he e is ela i ely less sand and
su ace dus capable o being mo ed by ansien wind e en s a he InSigh landing si e, compa ed wi h Jeze o,
indica ing mo e abundan sand supply capable o being mo ed by any ansien ly s ong wind e en s ha migh
occu .
We also epo he de ec ion, by MEDA senso s, o a dus cloud passing o e he o e on sol 311, associa ed wi h
con ec i e cell on s passing o e he o e . The du a ion o he e en and he measu ed winds oge he sugges a
dus cloud o 0.75–1.5km in leng h. The a iables measu ed by MEDA we e s ongly dis u bed. The dus li ing
e en s a Pe se e ance's landing si e had majo implica ions o he ins umen a ion. The WS su e ed damage o
some boa ds h oughou he mission p obably due o lying deb is. A close encoun e wi h a dus de il on sol 313
u he damaged he WS2, making he boom inope a i e un il new e ie al algo i hms and calib a ion es s may
allow o he use o he nondamaged boa ds o he senso independen ly o he damage in he emaining pa s.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen
The de i ed da a used o gene a ing he igu es displayed in his a icle a e a ailable on Mendeley Da a
(Viudez-Mo ei as,2022). O he calib a ed and de i ed Ma s 2020 da a used in his wo k a e publicly a ailable
in he NASA's Plane a y Da a Sys em (PDS) (Rod iguez-Man edi & de la To e Jua ez,2021). The InSigh da a
used in his wo k a e publicly a ailable in he NASA's Plane a y Da a Sys em (PDS) (Rod iguez-Man edi,2019).
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Acknowledgmen s
The au ho s acknowledge and hank he
Ma s 2020 eam. The au ho s would like
o hank Edi o s and wo anonymous
e iewe s o hei cons uc i e e iews,
which g ea ly imp o ed his manusc ip .
This wo k is suppo ed by he Spanish
Minis y o Science and Inno a ion,
unde p ojec RTI2018-098728-B-C31.
The de i ed da a p esen ed in his
wo k we e p ocessed in he DPS24PA
sys em, which is suppo ed by p ojec no.
DV2020-ATM-A01. Pa o he esea ch
was ca ied ou a he Je P opulsion
Labo a o y, Cali o nia Ins i u e o
Technology, unde a con ac wi h
he Na ional Ae onau ics and Space
Adminis a ion (80NM0018D0004). The
UPV/EHU eam is suppo ed by G an
PID2019-109467GB-I00 unded by 1042
MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and
by G upos Gobie no Vasco IT1742-22.
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