Else ie Edi o ial Sys em( m) o Cons uc ion & Building Ma e ials
Manusc ip D a
Manusc ip Numbe : CONBUILDMAT-D-10-01061R2
Ti le: Rehabili a ion o mason y a ches wi h compa ible ad anced composi e ma e ial
A icle Type: Special Issue: Mason y Resea ch
Keywo ds: mason y; a ch; s eng hening; composi e; TRM; es s
Co esponding Au ho : Ms Lei e Ga mendia, Ph.D
Co esponding Au ho 's Ins i u ion: Tecnalia
Fi s Au ho : Lei e Ga mendia, Ph.D
O de o Au ho s: Lei e Ga mendia, Ph.D; José-Tomás San-José, Ph.D; Da id Ga cía, Ph.D; Pello
La inaga
Manusc ip Region o O igin: SPAIN
Abs ac : S one mason y a ches a e s uc u es o g ea unc ional and a chi ec u al impo ance as hey
may be ound in a la ge numbe o cons uc ions ha a e mainly his o ic buildings. Al hough ela i ely
solid s uc u es, ime has augh us ha en i onmen al condi ions, as well as hei load his o y, use and
possible acciden s can lead o hei collapse, all o which en ails a isk o losing a la ge amoun o ou
a chi ec u al and cul u al he i age.
In his esea ch wo k a compa ible s eng hening sys em o he ehabili a ion o s one a ches was
in es iga ed. The s eng hening ma e ial was cons i u ed o basal ex ile embedded in an ino ganic
ma ix known as Basal Tex ile-Rein o ced Mo a (BTRM) and p o ides an al e na i e o he usual
ein o cemen me hods. The esea ch wo k was based on an in eg al analysis o his ein o cemen
solu ion and i s applica ion o s one mason y. The i s s age in ol ed physical-chemical and
mechanical es s o cha ac e ize he ma e ials ha cons i u e he mason y and he s eng hening
sys em. In he second s age, six a ches we e es ed by means o displacemen con ol up o he poin o
collapse. These a ches we e buil acco ding o di e en c i e ia: (1) d y o wi h mo a join s and (2)
non-s eng hened o s eng hened on he ex ados.
The expe imen al esul s ob ained in his esea ch wo k demons a ed good physical-chemical
compa ibili y be ween he BTRM ein o cemen sys em and he co esponding s one mason y
subs a e and alida ed i s mechanical e ec i eness o he ein o cemen o a ched s uc u es in
e ms o load bea ing capaci y and duc ili y.
This is he Accep ed Manusc ip e sion o a Published Wo k ha appea ed in inal o m in Cons uc ion and Building Ma e ials 25(12) :
4374-4385 (2011). To access he inal edi ed and published wo k see h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.conbuildma .2011.03.065
© 2011. This manusc ip e sion is made a ailable unde he CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
1. S udy o he compa ibili y and e ec i eness o Basal Tex ile Rein o ced Mo a
(BTRM) as s eng hening ma e ial o a ched mason y s uc u es.
2. In eg al cha ac e iza ion o indi idual ma e ials and s eng hening composi e
ma e ial.
3. Cons uc ion, s eng hening and es ing o mason y a ches in labo a o y.
4. Discussion o he esul s ha alida e he s eng hening sys em.
*Resea ch Highligh s
Cons uc ion and Building Ma e ials
Rehabili a ion o mason y a ches wi h compa ible ad anced composi e ma e ial
L. Ga mendiaa*, J.T. San-Joséa,b, D. Ga cíaa, P. La inagaa
a TECNALIA. c/Geldo – Pa que Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Ed. 700, 48160 - De io, Spain
b Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y, Dep . o Enginee ing o Ma e ials. c/ Alameda U quijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
*lei e.ga mendia@ ecnalia.com, TEL : + 34 94 607 33 00 ; FAX +34 94 607 33 49
ABSTRACT
S one mason y a ches a e s uc u es o g ea unc ional and a chi ec u al impo ance as hey may be
ound in a la ge numbe o cons uc ions ha a e mainly his o ic buildings. Al hough ela i ely solid
s uc u es, ime has augh us ha en i onmen al condi ions, as well as hei load his o y, use and possible
acciden s can lead o hei collapse, all o which en ails a isk o losing a la ge amoun o ou a chi ec u al
and cul u al he i age.
In his esea ch wo k a compa ible s eng hening sys em o he ehabili a ion o s one a ches was
in es iga ed. The s eng hening ma e ial was cons i u ed o basal ex ile embedded in an ino ganic ma ix
known as Basal Tex ile-Rein o ced Mo a (BTRM) and p o ides an al e na i e o he usual
ein o cemen me hods. The esea ch wo k was based on an in eg al analysis o his ein o cemen
solu ion and i s applica ion o s one mason y. The i s s age in ol ed physical-chemical and mechanical
es s o cha ac e ize he ma e ials ha cons i u e he mason y and he s eng hening sys em. In he second
s age, six a ches we e es ed by means o displacemen con ol up o he poin o collapse. These a ches
we e buil acco ding o di e en c i e ia: (1) d y o wi h mo a join s and (2) non-s eng hened o
s eng hened on he ex ados.
The expe imen al esul s ob ained in his esea ch wo k demons a ed good physical-chemical
compa ibili y be ween he BTRM ein o cemen sys em and he co esponding s one mason y subs a e
and alida ed i s mechanical e ec i eness o he ein o cemen o a ched s uc u es in e ms o load
bea ing capaci y and duc ili y.
KEYWORDS: mason y, a ch, s eng hening, composi e, TRM, es .
1. In oduc ion
Mason y s uc u es o m pa o ou a chi ec u al he i age. Thei p esence in ou e e yday li e is such
ha we end o ega d hem as quin essen ial elemen s in ou landscape. Indeed, i is di icul o imagine
he buil en i onmen wi hou hese s uc u es. Fu he mo e, hey o en comp ise mason y a ches ha a e
essen ial o a la ge numbe o buildings, many o which a e his o ic and all o which a e o g ea
unc ional as well as cul u al impo ance: housing, eligious buildings, b idges, oo b idges, aqueduc s,
and wa e ways, among o he s.
A ches a e building a e ac s made o oussoi s which a e placed in a speci ic cu ed o m in o de
o s and o e he emp y spaces benea h hem. Thei s abili y is achie ed by simple g a i y o ce, which
means ha hey wo k only unde comp ession. As well as hei spec acula design, hey a e imp essi e
because o hei capaci y o adap o mo emen in hei suppo ing s uc u es and o wi hhold g ea e
loads han o eseen, opening and closing c acks ha a e no in hemsel es ha m ul o he s uc u e un il a
numbe o hinges a e o med which con e he a ch in o a mechanism.
The e o e, in iew o he need o conse e he he i age inhe i ed om ea lie gene a ions and he ac
ha his ac i i y is suppo ed by in es men policy ha a ge s es o a ion wo ks (in Spain, go e nmen
plans o 2009-2012), he impo ance o an in-dep h s udy o e ec i e and easible es o a ion me hods
and solu ions ha a e applicable o mason y s uc u es becomes appa en . The main challenge esides in
u he de elopmen o new echniques, ma e ials and ein o cemen p ocesses ha will lead o he
disco e y o al e na i es o he mo e adi ional solu ions, which a e incompa ible in ce ain scena ios
( echnical-cul u al incompa ibili ies).
Howe e , mason y s uc u es ha e, un il ecen ly, la gely been igno ed as an a ea o in e es o
s uc u al esea che s. In his con ex , poo knowledge o mason y s uc u es, assessmen me hods and
ein o cemen echniques should be acknowledged in compa ison wi h o he cons uc ion ma e ials.
Mason y a ches can be damaged due o inadequa e design, poo cons uc ion p ac ices, changes in
hei use, ageing e ec s, poo main enance, a igue e ec s, ounda ion se lemen , ea hquakes,
a chi ec u al changes o load inc emen s. As a consequence, i is impo an o e alua e he s uc u al
*Manusc ip
Click he e o iew linked Re e ences
Cons uc ion and Building Ma e ials
sa e y o he building and la e , i so equi ed, o design a ein o cemen solu ion. E ec i e ein o cemen
es o es s uc u al pe o mance, inc eases load capaci y and p e en s b i le collapse. Con e sely,
ein o cemen is also necessa y in he cases whe e he s uc u es mus sa is y he equi emen s o cu en
codes and s anda ds. Coupled wi h conce ns o e he main enance o ou a chi ec u al he i age, he e is
wide in e es nowadays in s udying new s eng hening echniques in g ea e de ail.
P io o applying he ein o cemen , all possible solu ions mus be s udied, gi ing special
conside a ion o hei e icacy and compa ibili y. Con en ional ein o cemen echniques (saddling,
sho c e e sp ayed on o he in ados, e c.) can be di icul o use and hey in oduce new igid and esis an
s uc u al elemen s which inc ease he applied load and change he na u al s uc u al beha iou o he
building.
In he pas ew yea s, new ein o cemen ma e ials used in o he applica ions, such as ae onau ics,
ha e been in oduced o he wo ld o es o a ion. These ma e ials ha e, on he whole, been p esen ed in
he o m o Fib e-Rein o ced Polyme s (FRP), which a e made up o syn he ic ib es embedded in esins.
To da e, he mos widely used FRP, by eason o i s mechanical ad an ages and despi e i s high cos , is
made o ca bon ib es embedded in an epoxy esin.
The possibili y o adop ing FRP composi es o he s eng hening o mason y was ini ially
in es iga ed by C oci in 1987 [1]. O e he pas wo decades, g ea in e es was de o ed o he
ein o cemen o a ches and aul s using FRP ma e ials and se e al expe imen al wo ks show ha i is a
alid op ion o he s eng hening and/o epai o mason y [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] and, pa icula ly, a ched
mason y s uc u es [7, 8, 9, 10]. Howe e , se e al d awbacks o he FRP mus be unde lined as na ow
wo king empe a u e ange , high cos , inabili y o apply FRP on we su aces, i s agili y, e c. Mo eo e ,
in many he i age cases, epoxy esins a e o ally o bidden o hei incompa ibili y wi h subs a es.
In he case o s uc u es wi h an a ch shape, ein o cemen can ake place in di e en ways in o de o
a oid hinge o ma ion. I can be applied o he ex e nal as well as o he in e nal su ace o he a ch (o o
bo h) and i can also be a con inuous ein o cemen o he whole su ace [7, 8, 11, 12, and 13] o a pa ial
ein o cemen [14] i i only co e s hose a eas ha can be conside ed as mos c i ical. This las op ion
only shi s he posi ion o he hinge o med a he han a oid i . Tes s ha e also been ca ied ou on a ches
ein o ced wi h FRP s ips ha a e ancho ed wi h spike ancho s made o he same ma e ial [15, 16, 17].
Howe e , he in luence o he di e en s eng hening layou s on he s uc u al beha iou is no en i ely
clea . The e is no consensus abou which s eng hening layou p o ides he highes inc ease in he
collapse load o he bes duc ili y beha iou [17,18].
Wi h he objec i e o p o iding a solu ion o he physical-chemical incompa ibili ies ha FRP
p esen s [19] when applied o mason y, al e na i e ein o cemen solu ions mus be s udied, as is he case
o he Tex ile Rein o ced Mo a (TRM) co e ed in his esea ch p ojec .
TRM comes om subs i u ing an o ganic ma ix wi h an ino ganic ma ix. This could be a mo a ,
ei he cemen -based (whe e he use o cemen is accep able) o a local non-cemen based mo a
compa ible wi h he speci ic ma e ials used in each wo k. This new ma e ial seems o be a p omising
solu ion o s eng hening mason y s uc u es as i s main p ope ies a e: wa e - apou pe meabili y which
makes i compa ible o be applied on mason y, app op ia e o use o e a humid subs a e, i does no emi
oxic subs ances, he e o e, i does no equi e he use o special equipmen , i is easy o manipula e, i is
applicable o e i egula de e io a ed su aces, such as a le elling ma e ial, wi hou he need o a speci ic
ea men , hus educing he numbe o weak join in e aces, i is i e esis an and i does no need
specialized labou .
A u he issue is ha , when mo a is used as a ma ix o he composi e s eng hening sys em, he
ib es should be in a ex ile ins ead o a ab ic o m, as in polyme ma ices, in o de o gua an ee
adhesion be ween he ma ix and he s eng hening co e. Mo eo e , an app op ia e ex ile mus be ound
(en i ely compa ible) wi h good physical-chemical cha ac e is ics.
The basal ib es ha e no been ex ensi ely used in FRP, despi e p esen ing simila mechanical
p ope ies o glass a a much lowe cos han ca bon o a amid, which makes hem e y app op ia e o
low-cos in e en ions. Fu he mo e, some esea ch g oups ha e demons a ed be e esul s o ul ima e
esis ance and global duc ile beha iou when he a ch is ein o ced wi h glass FRP as opposed o ca bon
FRP [6]. As a consequence, i seems logical o hink ha basal ib e ex iles will wo k adequa ely in he
ino ganic ma ix.
The speci ic enaci y ( a io: up u e s ess/densi y) o basal ib es g ea ly exceeds ha o s eel ib es.
Basal is oughly 5% dense han glass. The elas ic ensile modulus o basal ib es (82-110 GPa) is highe
han ha o E-glass ib es (70-75 GPa). Basal ib es show excellen na u al adhesion o a b oad ange o
binde s, coa ing compounds and ma ix ma e ials in composi e applica ions [20]. I esul s in ab ics wi h
high le els o dimensional s abili y ha exhibi easonable suppleness, d ape abili y and good a igue
esis ance. Basal is non- oxic, comple ely ine and wi hou any en i onmen al es ic ion. Because o i s
Cons uc ion and Building Ma e ials
he mal insula ing p ope ies, hey a e ideally sui ed o use as i e-p o ec ion applica ions. All hese
p ope ies mean ha basal ab ics a e an a ac i e op ion o composi e s eng hening [21, 22].
2. Objec i e
As a consequence o he exis ing p oblem p esen ed, an in-dep h s udy o a ein o cemen sys em o
he es o a ion o s one a ches has been conduc ed wi hin he amewo k o his esea ch wo k. I seeks o
con ibu e o a b oade knowledge on he beha iou o s one a ches and he e ec i eness o a inno a i e
ein o cemen sys em based on basal ex ile embedded in ino ganic ma ices (mo a modi ied wi h
polyme s) known as Basal Tex ile-Rein o ced Mo a (BTRM). I mus be a compa ible, minimally
in asi e, easy o apply and cos e ec i e s eng hening solu ion o s one mason y a ches.
As a i s s ep, ma e ial cha ac e iza ion was ca ied ou . The physical-chemical p ope ies allow he
ob aining o da a o de e mining he compa ibili y be ween he ma e ials ha make up an a ch and hose
used o i s ein o cemen ; while he mechanical p ope ies o he ma e ials allow he de e mina ion o he
esis ance pa ame e s and he beha iou al laws.
As a second s ep, he expe imen al wo k on mason y a ches (cons uc ed wi h ma e ials and
geome y p esen in eal s uc u es) was designed in o de o ul il he ollowing objec i es: o
cha ac e ize he s uc u al beha iou o non-s eng hened a ches and s udy he in luence o he
s eng hening sys em on he beha iou o he a ches as i ela es o he ailu e mode, esis i e capaci y and
de o ma ion and o con ibu e o wide knowledge o he beha iou o s eng hened a ched mason y
s uc u es.
3. Ma e ial Cha ac e iza ion
This sec ion is aimed a he chemical, physical and mechanical cha ac e iza ion o e e y ma e ial
used in his esea ch p ojec .
The a ches we e buil using s ony ma e ial known as A enisca de Aguila sands one ex ac ed om
he qua y a Quin anilla de las To es, in he p o ince o Palencia (Spain). This s one is cu en ly used
o subs i u ions in eal in e en ions.
The composi ion o he mo a used o se ing he oussoi s was adjus ed in line wi h he
cha ac e is ics o mo a s commonly used in ancien mason y s uc u es. The co ec p opo ions we e
es ablished by ga he ing da a om he speci ica ions o ancien mo a s, which we e de e mined a
TECNALIA om eal li e s udies.
Wi h ega d o he s eng hening ma e ial, i is based on basal ex ile embedded in a pozzolanic
mo a ma ix (Basal Tex ile-Rein o ced Mo a -BTRM). The ype and quali y o mo a used in he
ein o cemen a e ex emely impo an and c ucial o he li e o a s one building. A cemen - ee ma ix
mo a is he e o e used (Mape-An ique S u u ale). Fu he mo e, a cemen - ee base mo a (Mape-
An ique Rinza o) was applied in o de o imp o e adhesion and add chemical/physical esis ance o
soluble sal s o mac o-po ous dehumidi ying mo a s. Bo h a e pozzolanic mo a s modi ied wi h
polyme s, supplied by IBERMAPEI. Apa om he excellen physical-chemical p ope ies o basal ,
he e a e h ee main easons why his mine al ib e was selec ed:
1. As discussed be o e, mason y s uc u es need ein o cemen s which a e no oo igid
and can adap o he high de o ma ion hey a e subjec ed o. Basal ib es show simila
p ope ies o hose o glass ib es wi h a sligh imp o emen , which makes hem e y
sui able o hese applica ions.
2. They a e easy o ob ain and he e o e ha e a low cos .
3. They a e ideal o use wi h mo a .
The bi umen-imp egna ed basal ex ile used in his esea ch is supplied by FYFE Eu ope. The
manu ac u ing speci ica ions a e p esen ed in Table 1:
Table 1. Technical speci ica ions o he basal ex ile used in his esea ch
3.1. Physical-Chemical Analysis
The pe og aphic analysis (see Figu e 1) shows ha he ock has ine e enly-sized g ains and
p esen s medium o low cohesion and a low deg ee o compac ion. I is composed o 65% qua z in which
whi e g ains p edomina e alongside eddish eins. The sands one is a uni o m, ine-g ain, yellowish-g ey
sands one ock wi h ligh ose-colou ed ones, somewha weak o he ouch. The ock could be classi ied
as sub-a kose [23], i.e., a sands one ock wi h less ha 15% o sands one ma ix, e y ich in qua z and
wi h less han 25% o eldspa in he we .
Cons uc ion and Building Ma e ials
Figu e 1. Pe og aphic analysis o he sands one. Mac oscopic (le ) and mic oscopic ( igh ) pho og aphs
The join ing mo a is made o lime, whi e cemen , sand and wa e , in olume p opo ions o 0.5, 2,
10 and 4, espec i ely. Gi en ha lime mo a akes a lo longe o each he necessa y mechanical
s eng h, in some cases one can speak o cen u ies, i was conside ed necessa y o add whi e cemen so
ha he s eng h o he mo a would inc ease a an ea lie age. I is used o ill he join s and i s pu pose is
o s op he passage o wa e , egula ize he sea ing be ween blocks uni o mly dis ibu ing he load and,
inally, o ansmi he s ess.
The mine alogical analysis o he ma e ials was ca ied ou using he X- ay di ac ion echnique.
The di ac ome ic measu emen s we e aken using a Philips X’Pe P o MPD pw3040/60 di ac ome e
equipped wi h a coppe ce amic ube. The ins umen condi ions a he ime o aking he measu emen s
we e con inuous 2 o 75° 2 cu en o one hou . The analysed sample
was g ound and homogenized au oma ically in an MM301Re sch mixing g inde in o de o p ocess i
adequa ely. The esul s a e p esen ed in Table 2 and 3. Black do s indica e he ela i e abundance o he
mine al in each specimen.
Table 2. Mine alogical cha ac e iza ion o he s one and join ing mo a
The mo a s ha composed he s eng hening sys em a e wo: a base mo a named Mape An ique
Rinza o o su ace p epa a ion and a ma ix mo a Mape An ique S u u ale, whe e he ex ile is
embedded. Bo h a e pozzolanic mo a s modi ied wi h polyme s.
Table 3. Mine alogical cha ac e iza ion o s eng hening mo a s
In addi ion o he mine alogical cha ac e iza ion, he pa ame e s p esen ed in Table 4 we e all
de e mined o each ma e ial based on cu en s anda ds: capilla i y abso p ion (UNE-EN 1925:1999 and
UNE-EN 1015-18:2003), abso p ion unde a mosphe ic p essu e (UNE-EN 13755:2002), wa e apou
pe meabili y (UNE-EN 1015-19:1999) and po osi y, a e age po e size and dis ibu ion o po e sizes by
means o me cu y po osime y (ISO 15901-1:2007).
Table 4. Physical analysis o he ma e ials
3.2. Mechanical Analysis
The mechanical analysis was pe o med on he cons i u i e ma e ials o he a ches and he
s eng hening, as well as on he composi e s eng hening ma e ial by means o ensile es s.
3.2.1. S one and mo a s
Comp essi e s eng h es s on en s one specimens we e based on S anda d UNE-EN 1926:2007. The
alue o he elas ic modulus was calcula ed on h ee specimens in acco dance wi h S anda d ASTM C
469:2002 while he indi ec ensile s eng h (B azilian me hod) was ca ied ou on i e specimens
ollowing he speci ica ions s a ed in S anda d UNE-EN 22950-2:1990.
Rega ding he di e en ype o mo a s, he samples we e aken di ec ly du ing he cons uc ion and
s eng hening o he a ches and we e s o ed a oom empe a u e and a a con olled ela i e humidi y (20
ºC and HR 60%). Subsequen ly, comp ession and lexo ac ion es s on h ee specimens each we e
pe o med as pe s anda d UNE-EN1015-11:1999. The modulus o elas ici y was ob ained ollowing
S anda d ASTM C 469:2002. Resul s o a e age comp ession alue ( cm), ensile s eng h ( m) and elas ic
modulus (E) a e p esen ed in Table 5.
Table 5. A e age alues o mechanical es esul s o ma e ials
3.2.2. Basal Tex ile
The ex ile has been cha ac e ised in labo a o y by means o uniaxial ensile es s, a ying he amoun
o o ings, as p esen ed in Figu e 2. The s anda ds ela ing o he es ing o simila p oduc s we e
consul ed p io o he cha ac e iza ion o his ex ile. Howe e , no explici egula ions o
ecommenda ions o es ing mine al ib es wo en as a mesh a e a ailable. On he whole, 40 specimens
o be ween 400 – 500 mm long we e es ed in acco dance wi h in e nal p ocedu e which was based on
Cons uc ion and Building Ma e ials
S anda d ASTM D5034. One (TL 1), wo (TL 2) and ou (TL 4) o ing specimens es ed in longi udinal
di ec ions and ou (TT 4) o ing specimens in ans e sal di ec ion we e es ed. The es ing machine
displacemen a e was 5mm/min.
Specimen TL-1
Specimen TL 4
Specimen TT 4
Figu e 2. Pu e ensile es s o se e al basal ex ile specimens
A compa ison be ween he a e age alues o he o al load bea ing capaci y in di e en uni s ( , σ ),
elonga ion a he ul ima e load (e( )) and he elas ic modulus o ib es (E )ob ained o he di e en ype
o specimens is shown in Table 6. Table 6. Tex ile ensile es esul s
Du ing he es s, ib es s a ed o abso b he load slowly up un il all he s ands a e aligned. F om his
poin on, he load was dis ibu ed among all he s ands and he load abso p ion inc eased quicke and in a
linea manne . When he o ings s a ed o b eak, he load dec eased apidly.
Ha ing elimina ed hose specimens om he esul s ha we e spoil o ha had b eaks nea he ends,
a sca e in he esul s was no iceable (a ound 10%). This sca e is explained by he p ocessing o he
ib es and he manu ac u e o he ex ile. In all cases, he de elopmen o he de o ma ion and he ailu e
mode a e signi ican ly a ec ed by he p ac ical impossibili y o p o iding he same ini ial leng h and load
o each one o he housands o ib e s ands ha compose he ex ile. The ib es ha had been subjec ed
o g ea e ac ion we e he i s o b eak.
Compa ing he esul s ob ained in he case o one and wo o es, he inc emen in he ul ima e
esis ance o he specimen is app oxima ely p opo ional o he numbe o o es; ne e heless, his no he
same o a la ge numbe o o es. In he speci ic case o he TL4, he ul ima e esis ance is 24% less
compa ed o he ul ima e esis ance o he specimen wi h a single s and. I seems logical o hink ha he
ul ima e load o a specimen wi h ou o es would be ou imes he load o a specimen wi h a single
s and, unde simila ailu e modes i he e we e no peculia i ies ha would make he pull non-
homogeneous. On he o he hand, one mus highligh he ac ha he ailu e on he specimens ype TL4
has occu ed close o he clamps in he majo i y o cases, p obably due o he s ess concen a ion.
The e o e, i can be assumed ha he ac ual ensile s eng h o he specimens is highe han ha eco ded.
I can also be no iced ha in he longi udinal di ec ion p esen s a sligh ly g ea e esis ance compa ed
o he pe pendicula one, which in his case is a ound 33% la ge . This could be due o he g ea e
quan i y o ex ile in he longi udinal di ec ion.
Rega ding he de o ma ion elas ic modulus (E ), he single-s and specimens (TL1) ha e a highe
modulus alue, which would imply a mo e igid beha iou o he specimens. This can be a ibu ed o he
ac ha in a single-s and specimen i is easie o all he ib es ha make i up o be pulled
simul aneously. The alue o he modulus is close o he wo-s and (TL2) and ou -s and (TL4)
specimens. In he case o specimen wi h ou o es in he ans e sal di ec ion (TT4), he alue o he
modulus in smalle , which implies a bigge de o mabili y o he specimens due o he lesse numbe o
ib es.
3.2.3. Tex ile ein o ced mo a (TRM)
Rega ding he ex ile ein o ced mo a (TRM), he unde s anding o he c acking p ocess is o
c ucial impo ance a he ime o calcula ing load-bea ing capaci y, de o ma ion beha iou and limi ing
alues in o de o design se iceabili y. C acking dis ance and c ack wid h a e de e mined no only by he
s ess bu also by he bonding ac ion be ween he ex ile ein o cemen and he mo a ma ix.
Wi h he pu pose o analysing he BTRM ensile beha iou , specimens o 100 x10 mm2 c oss-
sec ional a ea and 600 mm in leng h we e p epa ed.
The specimens we e buil wi h wo laye s o basal ex ile which we e embedded in Mape-An ique
S u u ale mo a . In o de o p omo e he ailu e o he specimen in i s middle hi d po ion, he ends o
he specimen we e ein o ced wi h wo addi ional laye s o 200 mm x 100 mm ex ile. A e hei
cons uc ion, he specimens we e kep o 7 days in a damp chambe (20ºC and 100% RH) and la e on, in
a con olled en i onmen (18 ºC and 60% RH) du ing 28 days o cu ing ime.
The e we e wo a iables ela ed o he g ipping sys em o he ex ile. Fi s ly, en specimens (TRMA)
we e es ed whe e he g ipping de ices comp essed he compound ma e ial, which was imp egna ed on
he ex e io wi h an epoxidic esin in o de o p e en slippage. A e wa ds, se en addi ional specimens
(TRMB) whose wo ex ile laye s had an excess leng h o ex ile on i s ends we e es ed. In his case, he
g ipping de ice comp essed no only he compound ma e ial bu also he excess ex ile, p e en ing he
slippage be ween he ex ile and he mo a . This la e es was ca ied ou wi h he objec i e o
eplica ing be e he wo king condi ions o he ein o cemen abo e he a ches. A he ime o es ing he
Cons uc ion and Building Ma e ials
ein o ced s uc u es, a slippage be ween he mo a and he ex ile could no be obse ed un il he poin
o collapse. Tes s (see Figu e 3) we e ca ied ou using a speed o 0.5 mm/min. The s ains wi hin he
measu emen ange we e eco ded wi h ou Linea Va iable Displacemen T ansduce s (LVDTs), wo
on each side.
P epa a ion
Specimen a e es ing
Figu e 3. P epa a ion and es ing o he TRM specimens
Figu e 4 p esen s he esul s ob ained o TRMA specimens.
Figu e 4. Tex ile s ess-s ain cu es: wo-ply specimen (TRMA) ensile es s – 0.5 mm/min
The s ess-s ain cu e is cha ac e ized by h ee e y di e en s ages. In S age I, he specimens show
a e y igid beha iou whe e loads a e abso bed wi h e y li le de o ma ions. This phase ends wi h a load
dec ease due o he c acking o he ma ix. In S age II, he specimen eco e s he load linea ly and i s
beha iou is basically in luenced by he mechanical p ope ies o he ex ile. The wid h o he c acks
g ows due o he delamina ion be ween ib es and mo a , and leads o a loss o he ension s i ening
e ec . Howe e , he ans e sal ib es oppose he esis ance so ha he load can con inue o inc ease. A
he ime o eaching he ul ima e s eng h, he ib es ail pa ially, he second phase ends and S age III
s a s wi h a sudden loss o mechanical capaci y. Some o he specimens su e ed la ge de o ma ions due
o he lack o adhe ence be ween he in e nal s ands and be ween he ex ile and he ma ix.
In e e ence wi h specimens ype TRMB, he es speed was educed o 0.3 mm/min o he pu pose
o being able o be e app ecia e he specimen’s esponse o he load applica ion. The esul s ob ained a e
p esen ed in Figu e 5.
Figu e 5. Tex ile s ess-s ain cu es: wo-ply specimen (TRMB) ensile es s – 0.3 mm/min
In his case, opposed o TRMA, delamina ion was p e en ed as ailu e happened due o b eakage o
he whole sec ion. The s ess-s ain g aphs ob ained a e cha ac e ized by he p esence o wo s ages. In
S age I, e en hough small issu es appea , he slope is linea up o he poin whe e he ul ima e load is
eached, wi h he excep ion o specimens TRMB-1, TRMB-3 and TRMB-5 which a e cha ac e ized by
showing an ini ial mo e uns able a ea, wi h small load losses caused by he appea ance o c acks. The
composi e beha iou in his s age is in luenced mainly by he p ope ies o he ex ile. The alue o he
Young’s modulus is highe han ha o he ex ile. In S age II, which s a s a e eaching he ul ima e
load, he g aph shows small load oscilla ions caused by he ailu e o he s ands a speci ic poin s. The
s ess is ansmi ed om one s and o he o he un il he whole sec ion ails. A pic u e o he es is
p esen ed in Figu e 3.
4. A ch Cons uc ion
A o al o six a ches we e buil wi h he ollowing dimensions: 1130 mm span, 440 mm heigh , 250
mm dep h and 120 mm wid h (see Figu e 6). Th ee non-s eng hened a ches ( ype A) and h ee
s eng hened on he ex ados ( ype EX). This s eng hening solu ion was chosen because, o en, he
isible side o his o ic s uc u es ( he lowe su ace) canno be changed.
Wi h a iew o ep oducing he s one a ches p esen in he exis ing he i age wi h he highes possible
p ecision, he s uc u es we e buil by expe builde s om he San a Ma ia de la Real Founda ion, which
among i s o he ac i i ies is ac i e in he es o a ion o mason y s uc u es. Acco ding o exis ing
bibliog aphy [24], he selec ed geome y accomplishes he exis ing a ch ypologies in No hwes Ibe ian
Peninsula and can be classi ied as semi-shallow sho span a ch ype. Fu he mo e, hey also accomplish
wi h he ise/span a io es ablished by Russian and Ge man Enginee s o a ch b idges [25].
Figu e 6. Geome y o he a ches
Wi h he objec i e o s udying he way in which he mo a in luences he mason y, one o he non-
s eng hened a ches (A1) was buil wi hou mo a as opposed o he o he wo (A2 and A3) ha we e
buil using lime mo a join s. The es o he a ches had a small amoun o mo a (a ound 5 mm
hickness) o se ing he join s, which is he mos common case in he no h o Spain.
P e ious s udies ha e demons a ed ha , a he han p e en ing hinge o ma ion, he use o non-
con inuous s eng hening s ips [14] simply displaces he poin s a which he hinges o m. Mo eo e , he
load-bea ing capaci y and he de o mabili y o he s uc u e a e be e in hose cases whe e he
Cons uc ion and Building Ma e ials
s eng hening s ips a e con inuous h oughou he leng h o he a ch. I was he e o e decided o apply a
con inuous s eng hening laye o he en i e su ace.
The basal ex ile in use is bi-di ec ional. The p esence o ans e sal ilamen s was no jus i ied as
he e we e no loads in ha di ec ion, bu hey did help o imp o e ib e-ma ix adhe ence and i s
adap a ion o he o m o he s uc u e. Mo eo e , wi h he objec i e o inc easing he capaci y o he
s eng hening sys em, i was decided ha wo laye s o ex ile would be applied.
The s eng hening sys em was composed o a i s laye o he cemen - ee Mape-An ique Rinza o
base mo a and a second laye o cemen - ee Mape-An ique S u u ale ma ix mo a , whe e he wo
laye s o basal ex ile we e embedded. The cells o his mesh we e displaced in ela ion o he cells o he
i s laye so ha he longi udinal o ings o bo h meshes we e dis ibu ed uni o mly o e he su ace o
he a ch.
P e ious esea ch wo ks p opose he use o ancho s o imp o e he adhe ence be ween he ex ile
laye s and he a ch [14, 15, 16]. As a consequence, spike ancho s we e placed in he h ee a ches in
al e na i e oussoi s (see Figu e 7). They consis o a h eaded basal ya n inse ed in o a p e-d illed hole
in he s one ha is illed wi h comme cial g ou . Hal o he leng h o he spike ancho was in oduced in
he s one, he o he hal ha was ou side he s one, g abbing he basal laye s. Finally, a las laye o
ma ix mo a is applied. The mean hickness o he s eng hening sys em was 15 mm.
Figu e 7. Spike ancho s loca ion (le ) and s eng hening o mason y a ch ( igh )
This expe imen al wo k has been designed in o de o ul il he ollowing objec i es:
To cha ac e ize he s uc u al beha iou o non-s eng hened a ches and a ches s eng hened wi h
BTRM, which a e es ed by means o displacemen con ol up o ailu e.
To s udy he in luence o he s eng hening sys em on he beha iou o he a ches as i ela es o
he ailu e mode, esis i e capaci y and de o ma ion.
To con ibu e o wide knowledge o he beha iou o s eng hened a ched mason y s uc u es.
5. A ch Tes ing
The es s we e pe o med on he TECNALIA pla o m o s uc u al es ing. The load was applied a
he qua e o he span (see Figu e 6), dis ibu ed along he whole o he uppe su ace o oussoi numbe
5, in o de o acili a e he collapse o he s uc u e. The es s we e ca ied ou up o collapse, using
displacemen con ol, a a speed o 0.12 mm/min. The a ches we e es ed on a me al ame in o de o
p o ide hem wi h a igid suppo .
Bo h he ho izon al displacemen as well as he e ical displacemen o al e na e oussoi s we e
eco ded du ing he es using LVDTs. Likewise, displacemen ou side he e ical plane o oussoi 8
and he s abili y o he abu men s we e egis e ed. Finally, in o de o moni o he e icali y o he
applied displacemen mo e closely, ins umen s we e se up o eco d any possible o a ion o oussoi 5.
In o al, 14 displacemen me e s we e used. The applied load was measu ed using load cell. Rega ding
da a acquisi ion, he so wa e MGCpluc wi h an indica o and con ol panel AB22A/AB32 om HBM
we e used. Da a was eco ded a a equency o 10 Hz.
Du ing he es s, con inuous isual inspec ions we e ca ied ou o he con ol and eco ding o
issu es, o ma ion o hinges, ailu e modes, beha iou , e c.
5.1. Non-s eng hened A ches
An a ched mason y s uc u e is s able unde a gi en load condi ion p o ided ha he h us line,
which ep esen s he in e nal o ces a e e y c oss-sec ion, is kep inside he cen al co e (cen al hi d o
he hickness). When he h us line mo es ou side he cen al co e, he o ma ion and consequen opening
o a c ack akes place and a plas ic hinge is o med. The appea ance o successi e hinges o ms a
mechanism ha igge s he collapse o he s uc u e [26]. The ailu e o he a ch akes place when ou
hinges a e o med.
Figu e 8 p esen s he esul s ob ained o non-s eng hened a ches. The da a eco ding a e allows a
p ecise analysis o he s uc u e beha iou . Howe e , in o de o acili a e he comp ehension o he
global beha iou by means o a smoo he cu e, he polynomial eg ession cu es a e also p esen ed.
Mo eo e , he pos -peak beha iou has been omi ed as he compa ison among he h ee a ches om his
poin on is no di ec .
Figu e 8. Load-Displacemen o load applica ion poin o non-s eng hened a ches
Table 3. Mine alogical cha ac e iza ion o s eng hening mo a s
Mine al Phase
Specimen
M-A Rinza o
M-A S u u ale
Ma e ial
powde o m
Ha dened
specimen
Ma e ial
powde o m
Ha dened
specimen
Calci e
CaCO3
Qua z
SiO2
Epido e
Ca2FeAl2Si3O12(OH)
E ingi e
Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12*26H2O
Po assium eldspa (Mic ocline)
KAlSi3O8
Sodium Feldspa
(albi e)
NaAlSi3O8
Po landi e
Ca(OH)2
Gypsum
CaSO4*H2O
Zeoli e (gismondi e)
CaAl2Si2O8*4H2O
Table 3. Mine alogical cha ac e iza ion o s eng hening mo a s
Table 4. Physical analysis o he ma e ials
Mo a
ype
Densi y
Abso p ion by
capilla i y
Abso p ion unde
a mosphe ic
p essu e
Wa e apou
pe meabili y
Po osi y
A e age
po e size
Po e size
dis ibu ion
[Kg/m3]
[Kg/m2 min-1/2]
%
[Kg/m s Pa]
%
Ø [µm]
Sands one
2011
1.48
6.5
-
20.4
28
Unimodal wi h
asymme y
(lowes alues)
Join ing
Mo a
1625
1.74
-
-
34.1
-
M-A
Rinza o
1880
0.18
11.69
2.97E-12
26.44
0.05
Bimodal. Two-
po e amilies.
A e age size o
0.75 and 0.04
µm.
M-A
S u u ale
2060
0.36
15.79
2.07E-12
29.92
0.04
Unimodal.
Table 4. Physical analysis o he ma e ials
Table 5. A e age alues o mechanical es esul s o ma e ials
cm [MPa]
m [MPa]
E [GPa]
Sands one
21.3
(0.19)
1.36
(0.13)
5.94
(0.14)
Join ing mo a
2.03
(0.007)
0.98
(0.1)
5.04
(-)
Base mo a
12.6
(0.03)
1.9
(0.04)
7.19
(0.09)
Ma ix mo a
21.0
(0.04)
3.5
(0.1)
15.65
(0.027)
Coe icien o a ia ion be ween b acke s
Table 5. A e age alues o mechanical es esul s o ma e ials
Table 6. Tex ile ensile es esul s
Specimen ype
σ
e( )
E
[N]
[MPa]
[N/ o ing]
[mN/Tex]
[kN/m]
[GPa]
TL1
1240
1170
1240
417
50
0.0224
56
TL2
2693
1101
1347
453
54
0.0292
49
TL4
3790
894
948
319
38
0.0218
52
TT4
2849
631
712
240
29
0.0238
43
TL1: mean alue om 10 es s TL2: mean alue om 5 es s
TL4: mean alue om 10 es s TT4: mean alue om 9 es s
Resis ance exp essed as mN/ ex is used in indus y speci ica ions on ib e ex iles. I ep esen s he suppo ed mili-New ons by
he weigh in g ams o 1000 me es o he ib e ya n
Tensile esul s we e ob ained o an equi alen sec ion o 1.06 mm2 pe s and.
Table 6. Tex ile ensile es esul s
Table 7. Summa y o expe imen al es esul s
Specimen
Maximum Load
[kN]
Load Poin Displacemen
a Maximum Load
[mm]
Failu e Mode
A1
0.98
(1.24)
CV: 0.16
2.46
(2.45)
Mechanism
A2
1.30
3.86
Mechanism
A3
1.45
1.04
Mechanism
EX1
19.30
(16.26)
CV: 0.17
13.50
(8.79)
Mechanism
EX2
16.83
7.14
BTRM debonding
EX3
12.65
5.73
Mason y c ushing
A e age alue is shown in b acke s
CV: Coe icien o Va ia ion
Table 7. Summa y o expe imen al es esul s
Figu e 1. Pe og aphic analysis o he sands one. Mac oscopic (l
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 1. Pe og aphic analysis o he sands one. Mac oscopic (l
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 2. Pu e ensile es s o se e al basal ex ile specimens
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 2. Pu e ensile es s o se e al basal ex ile specimens
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 2. Pu e ensile es s o se e al basal ex ile specimens
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 7. Spike ancho s loca ion (le ) and s eng hening o mas
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 8. Load-Displacemen o load applica ion poin o non-s
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 9. Compa ison o he displacemen o he le and igh h
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 10. Loca ion and o de o appea ance o he hinges on non
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 11. Load/Displacemen o load applica ion poin o a che
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 12. Loca ion and o de o appea ance o he hinges on a c
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 13. De ailed pho og aphs o a ch EX2
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 13. De ailed pho og aphs o a ch EX2
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
Figu e 13. De ailed pho og aphs o a ch EX2
Click he e o download high esolu ion image
