Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 142 (2021) 110851
A ailable online 3 Ma ch 2021
1364-0321/© 2021 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license
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Modeling, simula ion and con ol ools o nZEB: A s a e-o - he-a e iew
J.M. San os-He e o
a
,
*
, J.M. Lopez-Guede
b
, I. Flo es-Abascal
a
,
c
a
Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y UPV/EHU, Facul y o Enginee ing o Bilbao, Spain
b
Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y UPV/EHU, Facul y o Enginee ing o Vi o ia, Spain
c
ENEDI Resea ch G oup, Facul y o Enginee ing o Bilbao, Spain
ARTICLE INFO
Keywo ds:
Nea ly-ze o ene gy buildings
nZEB
Model p edic i e con ol
MPC
Ene gy-e icien buildings
Building ene gy sys ems
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, mos a eas o human ac i i y should be e iewed wi h he aim o educing CO
2
emissions, since hese
ac i i ies a e p oducing he majo i y o hese emissions. Speci ically, he building sec o is one o he main
esponsible ac i i ies. In o de o minimize he ecological oo p in and ensu e ene gy su iciency, Eu opean
Union c ea ed he nea ly-Ze o Ene gy Building (nZEB) concep . Mo e han en yea s ha e elapsed and i wo h o
e iew he cu en s a e a ound he concep , conside ing he new ad ances in compu e de elopmen ha a e
al eady applicable o his ield. Acco dingly, ecen esea ches published in epu ed indexed jou nals and in-
e na ional con e ences ha e been e iewed. This pape explains he nZEB concep and e iews esea ch a icles
ocused on achie ing i . A esea ch gap is de ec ed, so enabling concep s and echnologies as Building Ene gy
Pe o mance Simula ion (BEPS) ools and Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) a e ecalled, and ele an esea ches
whe e used a e included in a speci ic s a e-o - he-a o each concep , since he academia conside s ha hese
ools should be applied in building ai condi ioning o achie e nZEB. A e his deep analysis, we conclude ha
he possibili ies o op imize he ene gy consump ion a e huge combining p ope ly in a holis ic way BEPS ools o
modeling and simula ion and MPC o con ol s a egies. I is possible o manage a Hea ing, Ven ila ion and Ai
Condi ioning (HVAC) sys em using Renewable Ene gy Sou ces (RES) in an e ec i e means, educing CO
2
emissions p oblems wo ldwide and eaching conside able ene gy sa ings.
1. In oduc ion
The en i onmen al deg ada ion wi h i s subsequen isk o na u al
disas e s equi es p omp ac ion o be aken, because we, human beings,
a e he main culp i s o his si ua ion. The mos impo an goal is o
dec ease CO
2
gases p oduced because ou plane is acing a clima e
change wi hou p eceden and wi h un o eseen consequences due o he
g eenhouse e ec . The building sec o is one o he majo liable human
ac i i y gi en he le el o CO
2
emissions i gene a es. “Buildings accoun
o 40% o o al ene gy consump ion in he Union. The sec o is expanding,
which is bound o inc ease i s ene gy consump ion. The e o e, educ ion o
ene gy consump ion and he use o ene gy om enewable sou ces in he
buildings sec o cons i u e impo an measu es needed o educe he Union’s
ene gy dependency and g eenhouse gas emissions”, was s a ed in he Ene gy
Pe o mance o Buildings Di ec i e (EPDB) 2010/31/EU [1]. This
di ec i e se a new e m called “nea ly-Ze o Ene gy Building” (nZEB)
when i was eleased by Eu opean Pa liamen .
Mo e han en yea s a e he e m nZEB was es ablished in he EU, i
wo h assessing he ad ances ha ha e been achie ed in he scope
h ough a s a e-o - he-a e iew, paying an especial a en ion o he
ools ha a e he hand o scien is s and p ac i ione s. They a e usually
compu e p og ams de o ed o modeling, simula ion, and con ol, and
gi en he echnological e olu ion and i s p og essi e cheapening, i is
expec ed o ind ou an in e es ing a ie y o modeling, simula ion and
con ol ools o achie e he goal o nZEB.
Hence he use o Building Ene gy Pe o mance Simula ion (BEPS)
and Model P edic i e Con ol (MPC) o help he achie emen o nZEBs,
he au ho s ha e e iewed di e en pape s abou hese concep s pub-
lished in he las yea s in epu ed scien i ic jou nals and in e na ional
con e ences, and ha e analyzed he main ac o s o be aken in o
conside a ion. Ob iously, he loca ion o each building and also i s
su oundings, which includes opog aphy condi ions, ege a ion, he
dis ance be ween buildings, and he use o open spaces, a e e y
impo an ac o s and should be aken in o accoun by he a chi ec s in
he design phase. I mus also no be o go en he clima ic condi ions o
which his building will be subjec ed, ha could change e y quickly in
unc ion o he season o he yea and he momen o he day. Wi h he
* Co esponding au ho Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU), Depa men o Ene gy Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing in Bilbao, Alda. U kijo s/n,
Bilbao, 48013, Spain.
E-mail add ess: [email p o ec ed] (J.M. San os-He e o).
Con en s lis s a ailable a ScienceDi ec
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews
jou nal homepage: h p://www.else ie .com/loca e/ se
h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j. se .2021.110851
Recei ed 1 June 2020; Recei ed in e ised o m 7 Feb ua y 2021; Accep ed 16 Feb ua y 2021
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 142 (2021) 110851
2
implemen a ion o sui able Passi e S a egies du ing he design phase,
he ollowing s eps, as he de ini ion o he app op ia e Hea ing,
Ven ila ion and Ai Condi ioning (HVAC) sys em and i s possible con ol
al e na i es, will be much mo e e ec i e. To de e mine he ac i e
s a egies is undamen al o conside an economic analysis: o ins ance,
he selec ion o he ype o HVAC sys em and he mos adequa e
Renewable Ene gy Sou ce (RES) o ensu e he com o le els equi ed, as
well as o educe he impac o he clima e inside he building. The
beha io o he occupa ion is ano he c ucial poin . Such a a ied se o
ac o s ad ises he de ini ion o s a egies in a mul idisciplina y way so
ha high le els o ene gy e iciency can be achie ed, e en eaching
nZEB s anda ds.
Due o he p e ious easons, bea ing in mind he di e en echno-
logical ad ances cu en ly a ailable, he e iciency o building man-
agemen could also be imp o ed by BEPS and MPC. These ools a e
ba ely being used in buildings now and, despi e hey ha e g ea po-
en ial. Thei economic cos can be ela i ely low o achie e sa is ac o y
esul s i we compa e i o o he passi e app oaches men ioned la e .
Based on he pape s shown in Table 3 and discussed in Subsec ion 2.6, i
can be s a ed ha MPC is an in e es ing ool since i s use allows op i-
mizing he ene gy consump ion o he buildings. Fo example, o
manage cooling o hea ing wi h RES h ough occupancy and clima e
o ecas s accessible om a ious exis ing modeling applica ions and
me eo ological se ices.
The majo con ibu ion o his wo k is o make a comp ehensi e
e iew o he s a e o a on he scope o nZEBs, BEPS ools and MPC
based sys ems o building clima iza ion, p o iding a s uc u ed
amewo k o unde s and and deepen in o hose concep s.
The s uc u e o his pape is as ollows. Wi hin Sec ion 2, he
me hodology applied o his e iew pape is explained in Subsec ion
2.1. The nZEB concep is ou lined in Subsec ion 2.2, ollowed by a e-
iew o ele an li e a u e conduc ed o achie e i in Subsec ion 2.3. In
Subsec ion 2.4, a backg ound is gi en o in oduce he concep o he
BEPS ools, and se e al success ul in es iga ions whe e hese ools ha e
been applied a e e iewed. In Subsec ion 2.5 he MPC concep is
explained, and Subsec ion 2.6 analyzes se e al ele an pape s o MPC
applied o buildings clima iza ion. The main ac o s which in luence an
MPC implemen a ion a e discussed in Sec ion 3. Finally, in Sec ion 4 a
c i ical e iew is made, he main conclusions a e summa ized and he
u u e challenges a e p oposed.
2. Me hodology, concep s and li e a u e e iew
2.1. Me hodology
This pape aims o cla i y he nZEB concep , he easons o i s
de ini ion and impo ance, as well as he ools and he main ac o s ha
a e equi ed o achie e i . Fo his, i has been sea ched, using he
keywo d “nZEB” and “nZEB buildings”, in a icles published in p es i-
gious scien i ic jou nals and in e na ional con e ences du ing he las en
yea s. A summa y o all hese in es iga ions is shown in Table 1. A e a
p elimina y analysis, i has been conside ed ha he e is a esea ch gap
ha is wo h s udying. All he esea ches e iewed had a speci ic ocus,
in mos cases only conside ing passi e ac ions on he building en elope.
Fo hese easons, i was conside ed in e es ing o ackle he issue wi h a
mul idisciplina y app oach and in es iga e s udies whe e ene gy e i-
ciency was imp o ed by applying BEPS ools.
Following he same p e ious me hodology, a icles published in
epu ed scien i ic jou nals since 2010 ha e been e iewed, using he
keywo ds “BEPS Tools”, “Building Modeling” and “Building Simula ion”.
These a icles allowed us o check and compa e he di e en BEPS ools
ha ha e been applied success ully, as shown in Table 2. This summa y
indica es hese implemen a ions oge he wi h he BEPS ool applied.
Finally, i was decided o p o ide u he insigh in o his subjec ,
speci ically on he implemen a ion o MPC sys ems. Nowadays, his
seems he mos logical choice in changing en i onmen bu whe e usage
p o iles can be es ablished. Scien i ic a icles on he de elopmen o
“MPC” in buildings o e he las en yea s we e esea ched, excep o
wo p e ious a icles (1989 and 2003) o being his o ical e e ences. In
hese in es iga ions, he main ac o s o be conside ed o i s co ec
applica ion ha e been ound, as shown in Table 3. These ac o s ha e
been analyzed and e iewed in he sec ion Discussion, o inally s a e he
pe inen Conclusions a e all hese analyses ha e been ca ied ou .
2.2. nZEB concep
As indica ed in he sec ion In oduc ion, he EPBD 2010/31/EU [1]
in oduced he concep named nZEB and se down unde i s A .9 ha
Eu opean Union Membe S a es (MS) shall ensu e ha all new building
cons uc ions a e Decembe 31, 2020 mus achie e all key p inciples o
nZEBs. Tha means ha hese new buildings will ha e highly
ene gy-e icien sys ems because he e y low ene gy demand ha e-
qui es an nZEB will ha e o be mainly co e ed by nea by o on-si e
ene gy p oduc ion om RES, as s a ed in i s A .2 [1].
The EPBD 2010/31/EU [1] is an upda e o he EPBD 2002/91/EC
[2]. MSs ied o ackle his global challenge by ocusing hei e o s on
all componen s ha a ec building pe o mance and laying down hei
minimum equi emen s o enhance he ene gy pe o mance, se ing
nZEB as a policy objec i e. Indeed, o s a e o a u he g ow h in he
G eenhouse Gas emissions (GHG) le els, MS decided o issue se e al
di ec i es wi h he a ge o encou aging he educ ion o ene gy con-
sump ion and p omo ing he use o RES. A amewo k was ini ially
de ined o all he MS in o de o:
• educe GHG a leas 20% below 1990 le els by 2020,
•inc ease he RE´
as sha e in he o e all ene gy mix o 20% wi hin MS
(and a sha e o bio uels o 10% in uels o anspo ),
•achie e he 20% ene gy e iciency a ge by 2020, educing he
consump ion o p ima y ene gy h ough he implemen a ion o en-
e gy e iciency ins umen s and echnologies.
Nomencla u e
ANN A i icial Neu al Ne wo ks
BAS Building Au oma ion Sys em
BEPS Building Ene gy Pe o mance Simula ion
EPBD Ene gy Pe o mance o Buildings Di ec i e
FLC Fuzzy Logic Con olle
GHG G eenhouse Gas emissions
HP Hea Pump
HVAC Hea ing, Ven ila ion and Ai Condi ioning
LCC Li e Cycle Cos
MPC Model P edic i e Con ol
MS Eu opean Union Membe S a es
nZEB nea ly-Ze o Ene gy Building
PCM Phase Change Ma e ial
PID P opo ional-In eg al-De i a i e
PV Pho o ol aic sys em
REHVA Fede a ion o Eu opean Hea ing, Ven ila ion and Ai -
condi ioning Associa ions
RES Renewable Ene gy Sou ce
SMPC S ochas ic Model P edic i e Con ol
STPV Pho o ol aic semi- anspa en ma e ials
WSN Wi eless Senso Ne wo k
WWR Window o Wall Ra io
J.M. San os-He e o e al.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 142 (2021) 110851
3
This was denomina ed 20/20/20. The Eu opean policy s a emen
issued wi h i a c oss-cu ing guideline o challenging objec i es o
ealize high-ene gy e iciency in buildings. La e , he new guidelines
ha e kep ollowing wi h he same wo king policy and se ou e en mo e
challenging goals as p o ided on ene gy pe o mance [3] in 2012, ha
unde lines key issues like “sma ” g ids. Ano he key ac o was high-
ligh ed in Janua y 2014 [4], whe e goals we e es ablished in e ms o
ene gy and clima e looking o wa d o 2030. This new guideline seeks o
dec ease by 40% GHG compa ed o he le els eached in 1990, as well as
o enhance ene gy pe o mance by 30% o each a binding a ge o a
leas 27% o RES along he MS.
These Eu opean egula o y amewo ks abou he EPBD mean a eal
change o he cu en way o designing (inside o he discipline o A -
chi ec u e) and building (a Enginee ing le el), h ough echnical sys-
ems: om he HVAC o he ligh ing. In addi ion, a me hodology abou
cos -op imal le els was de ined o ene gy e iciency s anda ds (bo h o
exis ing and new buildings), which ins uc s MS on he way o lay down
conce ning minimum s anda ds and keep hem away om high cos s o
in es men .
2.3. Li e a u e e iew o nZEBs
The me hodology ollowed in his wo k has been o e iew di e en
pape s published in he las yea s dealing wi h nZEB concep , in o de o
ob ain a global ision and o de ec i he e is any knowledge gap.
Se e al a chi ec u al esea ches [5–10] assess di e en passi e s a e-
gies, which mus be used om he design s age wi h he implemen a ion
o passi e encou age na u al echniques p o i ing om sola shading
e iciency such as g ound exchange s, nigh sky adia ion o e apo a i e
cooling. The building en elope pe o mance can also be imp o ed wi h
new insula ing ma e ials, changing i s ine ia h ough Phase Change
Ma e ial (PCM) o by modi ying i s Window o Wall Ra io (WWR). And
in he same way, when i comes o a e o i ing building, whe e he e
a e usually mo e es ic ions and he o iginal s uc u e o he building
o en mus be main ained, also a emp s o apply new passi e s a egies
ha se e o imp o e i s ene gy e iciency a e conside ed. Among he
mos common he e a e he windows eplacemen and he imp o emen
o he ai - igh ness.
Se e al esea ches analyze and sugges some imp o emen s epo ed
om di e en echnical poin s o iew a he enginee ing le el,
compa ing he ad an ages o di e en HVAC sys ems using RES [11–13]
o a he end-use le el, ollowing dis inc s a egies o com o [14].
None heless, o he au ho s gi e mo e p io i y o economic issues
[15–20] and examine he economic e u n o se e al al e na i es, ying
o seek he bes cos -e ec i e solu ion.
The analyzed pape s a e summa ized in Table 1, whe e a e lis ed
including he ollowing in o ma ion:
•Focus o he a icle.
•Type o building analyzed ( esiden ial dwelling and/o public
building).
•Con ibu ion and s a egy a he le el o he building en elope
( ea u es, compa a i es o new passi e s a egies).
•Whe he occupancy beha io o analysis o com o equi emen s
we e conside ed.
•Type o HVAC Sys em, highligh ing he use o enewable sou ces
(Sola The mal, Pho o ol aic sys em (PV) o Hea Pump (HP)) and
he kind o emi e ( adian loo , an coil o adia o ).
•How was de ined i s building ene gy managemen , i hey ha e used
some Wi eless Senso Ne wo k (WSN), i was applied MPC o any
simula ion p og ams.
•And inally, he coun y o egion whe e hey we e implemen ed.
Loukaidou e al. [5] pe o med es s wi h di e en es -cell buildings
o cos -op imal analysis o building en elope cha ac e is ics. As e e al.
[6] e alua ed he ene gy e iciency o an in eg a ed mul i unc ional
sys em enginee ed o sa is y he HVAC equi emen s u ilizing RES on
esiden ial buildings. Ba helmes e al. [7] analyzed an example building
o a single- amily house newly buil using he cos -op imal me hodology
om he p elimina y design phase o he p ojec . Mu ano e al. [8]
in es iga ed unde wha condi ions and ex en a la ge imbalance o he
ene gy needs occu s o hea ing e sus cooling in di e en ypes o
buildings loca ed in se e al I alian clima ic zones. Co na o e al. [9]
cha ac e ized a comme cial PCM panel, and subsequen ly om hei
expe imen al da a alida ed a PCM compu e ized ool pe o med in an
ene gy and indoo en i onmen compu e applica ion. In Re . [10] au-
ho s p esen ed an app aisal o po en ial ene gy sa ings o ou dis inc
kinds o pho o ol aic semi- anspa en ma e ials (STPV) compa ed o
con en ional double panel glass. Ku ni ski e al. [11] de e mined
cos -op imal and nZEB ene gy pe o mance le els ollowing he
“Fede a ion o Eu opean Hea ing, Ven ila ion and Ai -condi ioning Associ-
a ions” (REHVA) de ini ion. Kang e al. [12] de eloped a me hod o he
op imiza ion o he economic sus ainabili y o he Li e Cycle Cos (LCC)
o implemen ene gy-sa ing echnologies in he ea ly s ages o building
design. Ka lessi e al. [13] p o ed he undamen als o he in eg a ed
design p ocess and linked he me hod o echnologies o a sma build-
ing, and p esen ed some me hodologies o ene gy e iciency and o he s
pionee ing solu ions implemen ed a he cons uc ion le el. P´
ean e al.
[14] ca ied ou a simula ion wo k o look in o he impac o a s a egy
o con ol demand-side ene gy managemen in a e u bished nZEB
dwelling. Guill´
en e al. [15] pe o med simula ions o check he success
o com o c i e ia conce ning powe consump ion o he clima iza ion
o nZEB dwellings ollowing he Passi haus (“Passi e House”) s anda d.
Kel sch e al. [16] in es iga ed he po en ial o nZEB s anda d by
s udying en cases o non- esiden ial buildings o a ious pu poses uses
in Ba a ia. Cellu a e al. [17] explained he expe ience o e-designing
an al eady exis ing u al building loca ed in Sicily, pe o med an en-
e gy audi on his building and i s ene gy consump ions we e ully
inqui ed o alida e a model aimed owa ds he achie emen o he nZEB
a ge . Mon ei o e al. [18] e alua ed he p ope implemen a ion o he
nZEB p ocess in he upda ing o a Po uguese ypical house buil in
1950. Becchio e al. [19] in oduced a guideline o designing e e ence
echnical sys ems solu ions and building en elopes o esiden ial nZEB
while, Adhika i e al. [20] showed ha a ze o-ene gy building can pose
an a o dable in es men cos , especially i in eg a ed wi h PV acili ies.
Paole i e al. [21] made an o e all desc ip ion o he cons uc ion key
cha ac e is ics in 17 coun ies om Eu ope, o bo h esiden ial and
public buildings, checking hei e iciency pe o mance and insula ing
ma e ials oge he wi h he use o RES as sola he mal and PVs acili ies.
A ia e al. [22] made a gene al o e iew and iden i ied he u u e
challenges o nZEB design in Sou he n Eu ope. And las ly, Zanghe i e al.
[23] de ined cos -op imal and nZEB e o i ing le els o di e en
building ypologies and se e al meaning ul clima es o e Eu ope.
All hese men ioned esea ches a e highly in e es ing and wo hy
since hey open up he oppo uni y o u he de elop in i s ield, bu
hey do i om pa ial poin s o iew o speci ic disciplines: new he mal
insula ion ma e ials de elopmen , economic iabili y, enginee ing le el
solu ions, a chi ec u al solu ions, compa a i es. Howe e , i would be
ad isable o ackle he issue om a mo e holis ic poin o iew, wi h a
mul idisciplina y app oach aking in o accoun ha se e al a eas can
help o imp o e ene gy e iciency. Mo e global managemen should help
o each he a ge a ainmen in a as e , mo e economic and
J.M. San os-He e o e al.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 142 (2021) 110851
4
Table 1
Lis o he e iewed pape s abou nZEB.
Type o building Building En elope Occupancy HVAC Sys em Building Ene gy Managemen
Re . Au ho s Focus o he a icle Dwelling Public Con ibu ion Passi e
S a egies
Beha io Requi emen s Renewable
Sou ces
Emi e WSN MPC Simula ion
P og am
Coun y
/Region
[5] Loukaidou
e al. (2017)
“nZEBs: Cos -Op imal
Analysis o Building”
Yes Yes En elope
ea u es
Insula ing
&Windows
Yes No Boile & HP – No No Ene gyplus Cyp us
[6] As e e al.
(2017)
“Mul i- unc ional In eg a ed
Sys em o Ene gy e o i ”
Yes No En elope
ea u es
Insula ing
&Windows
Yes No Ai -Wa e HP
& PVs
Radian
loo
No No Ene gyplus
TRNSYS
I aly
[7] Ba helmes
e al. (2014)
“The In luence o Ene gy
Ta ge s and Economic …”
Yes No Compa a i e
insula ion
Insula ing
ma e ials
– – Wa e HP
&Ven ila .
Radian
panels
No No Ene gyplus I aly
[8] Mu ano e al.
(2017)
“The signi ican imbalance o
nZEB ene gy need”
Yes Yes En elope
ea u es
Insula ing &
Shading
– – – – No No Design Builde I aly
[9] Co na o e al.
(2017)
“Ou doo Cha ac e iza ion o
PCMs and Assessmen ”
No Yes En elope
ea u es
PCM Yes Yes No (boile +
chille )
Fan coil No No IDA-ICE
en i onmen
I aly
[10] Co na o e al.
(2017)
“Ene gy Sa ing Assessmen
o Semi-T anspa en PVs”
No Yes En elope
ea u es
STPV No No PVs – No No IDA-ICE
(EQUA Sim)
I aly
[11] Ku ni ski e al.
(2011)
“Cos op imal and nea ly
ze o ene gy pe o mance …”
Yes No Compa a i e
HVAC sys ems
Insula ing
&Windows
– – Sola Th.,
HP sBolie
Radian
loo
No No IDA-ICE Es onia
[12] Kang e al.
(2017)
“De elopmen o an nZEB
Li e Cycle Cos Assessmen ”
No Yes Compa a i e
HVAC sys ems
Insula ing
&Windows
– – – – – – Ene gyplus Ko ea
[13] Ka lessi e al.
(2017)
“The concep o sma and
NZEB buildings”
Yes Yes Compa a i e
Sma Build.
The mal mass – Yes Sola Th., HP &
PVs
Radian
loo
No Yes MyLea , Idea
F esco
G eece,
C e e, I aly
[14] P´
ean e al.
(2017)
“Impac o Demand-Side
Managemen on The mal”
Yes No E iciency
Analysis
The mal mass Com o
S a egy
Com o
C i e ia
HP & PVs Radia o No Yes TRNSYS Spain
[15] Guill´
en e al.
(2017)
“Com o se ings and ene gy
demand o esiden ial nZEB"
Yes No E iciency
Analysis
– – The mal
Com o
– – No No TRNSYS F ance,
Spain, I aly
[16] Kel sch e al.
(2017)
“nZEB S anda d o Non-
Residen ial buildings”
No Yes E iciency
Analysis
The mal mass No No Geo, Sola Th.,
HP&PV
– No No No Ge many
[17] Cellu a e al.
(2017)
“Redesign o a Ru al Building
in a He i age Si e”
No Yes E iciency
Analysis
Insula ing
ma e ials
Yes Yes HP & PVs Fan coil No No TRNSYS I aly
[18] Mon ei o e al.
(2013)
“Applica ion o he nZEB
me hodology in e o i ing”
Yes No E iciency
Analysis
The mal
En elope
– – Sola Th., HP &
PVs
– No No No Po ugal
[19] Becchio e al.
(2015)
“Cos op imali y assessmen
o a single- amily house”
Yes No E iciency
Analysis
Insula ing
ma e ials
– – Ven ila ion,
HP&PVs
Radian
loo
No No Ene gyplus I aly
[20] Adhika i e al.
(2012)
“Ne Ze o Ene gy Buildings:
Expense o In es men ?”
Yes No E iciency
Analysis
– – – G ound HP &
PVs
Radian
loo
No No Ene gyplus I aly
[21] Paole i e al.
(2017)
“nZEBs: An O e iew o he
Main Cons uc ion Fea u es”
Yes Yes E iciency
Analysis
Insula ing
ma e ials
– – Sola Th. &
PVs
– No No No Eu ope
[22] A ia e al.
(2017)
“O e iew and u u e
challenges o nZEB design”
Yes Yes Challenges o
design
Passi e
cooling
– – Sola Th., HP &
PVs
Yes – – – Sou he n
Eu ope
[23] Zanghe i e al.
(2017)
“Iden i ica ion o cos -
op imal and nZEB
e u bishmen ”
Yes Yes Benchma k – – Com o le els PVs sys ems – – – – Eu ope
J.M. San os-He e o e al.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 142 (2021) 110851
5
s aigh o wa d way.
2.4. Li e a u e e iew o buildings modeling and simula ion ools
The ene gy consumed by ai condi ioning sys ems in buildings is e y
high, and he e o e, i is he o igin o much o he o al GHG, as indica ed
in di e en s udies and s a is ical epo s as “Why buildings” [24] by
Uni ed Na ions En i onmen P og amme, “EU Ene gy in Figu es” [25] by
he Eu opean Union and “Mon hly Ene gy Re iew” [26] by he Uni ed
S a es. These igu es alida e he wo h o enhancing he e ec i eness,
a bo h economic and echnical le els, o he managemen o hea ing
and cooling in buildings. Fu he mo e, i is o be no ed ha se e al e-
sea ches ca ied ou in ecen yea s, echnological de elopmen s in
building modeling applica ions and he exis ing da abases enable us o
be con iden : Rupa a hna e al. [27] wen o e dis inc ini ia i es o
enhance he building ene gy pe o mance, and de ined a oad map in
o de o imp o e he ene gy pe o mance in o icial and comme cial
buildings; Ha ish e al. [28] e iewed modeling and con ol o powe
sys ems in buildings; Robe s [29] analyzed passi e and ac i e ac ions
implemen ed in exis ing cons uc ions; Chandel e al. [30] showed
no ms, bylaws, codes, and ene gy pe o mance me ics; San os e al.
[31] exposed he ac o s ha in luence he ene gy sys em o any
building and Knei el [32] calcula ed he LCC o make di e en
cos -e ec i e ene gy e iciency imp o emen s in no el comme cial
buildings.
E e y building is singula , no only because o i s emplacemen ,
o ien a ion, o i s su ounding condi ions bu also because o i s di-
mensions, geome y, he cons uc ion ma e ials u ilized in i s en elope,
he dis ibu ion o each a ea, he use o each space, and i s iden i ica ion
depending on i s cons uc ion ype. I is clea ha he en elope o a
building is one o he mos signi ican ac o s since i akes in o accoun
he enes a ion cha ac e is ics, ai leakage o igh ness o he en elope,
building con igu a ion, shape and heigh o he building, o ien a ion,
WWR, dayli a eas, na u al en ila ion, cha ac e is ics o he wall and
ceiling ma e ials, as explained by Suso o a e al. [33] and Lin e al. [34].
Many esea che s ha e p oposed ac ions o inc ease he he mal e i-
ciency o he building. Among hem, one possibili y is o eplace win-
dows wi h be e insula ion as in As e e al. [35] o o use PCM on he
oo , as de eloped in Chung e al. [36]. Any imp o emen in a building
opaque en elope in e ms o i s he mal insula ion is e y impo an
because i can change i s he mal ine ia and signi ican ly educe i s
ene gy losses. Fo his pu pose, he p e ious modeling o he building
helps o make a co ec analysis and de elopmen . A he same ime, i
allows e alua ing di e en al e na i es o ob ain he desi ed esul ,
educing he ime and in es men equi ed o i .
The e a e di e en Building Ene gy Pe o mance Simula ion (BEPS)
ools ha allow o model and pe o m ene gy simula ions o buildings
such as IDA-ICE, Ene gyPlus, CPLEX, o TRNSYS, as shown in Table 2
along wi h a e iew o se e al esea ches wi h hei ocus and he BEPS
ool used in each case. These in es iga ions a e men ioned h oughou
his pape and hey ha e shown how he use o BEPS ools is applied
success ully o op imize he clima iza ion o buildings, and he e o e
hey could also be applied in nZEBs.
BEPS ools can be used du ing hei design phase, bu hey a e also
e y use ul du ing o he phases o he buildings li e-cycle because hey
enable o op imize ene gy consump ion, especially in he e o i ing
p ocesses o buildings. T adi ionally he BEPS concep consis s o
de e mining he building pe o mance using ma hema ical models
c ea ed on he basis o undamen al physical p inciples h ough a
compu e -based ool. Sha e al. [52] sugges ed a wo king p ocess o a
ool o in eg a ed HVAC imp o emen design and explained he
ollowing concep s:
•“Whi e box” o physical-based modeling: a me hod whe e a se ies o
ma hema ical models a e c ea ed elying on i s p inciples o p e-
ious physical da a o mass, momen um and ene gy conse a ion
Table 2
Lis o he e iewed pape s abou BEPS.
Re . Au ho s Focus o he a icle BEPS Tool
[37] Magnie e al.
(2010)
“Op imiza ion o building design using
TRNSYS simula ions and algo i hms”
TRNSYS
[11] Ku ni ski e al.
(2011)
“Cos op imal and nZEB ene gy
pe o mance calcula ions o esiden ial
buildings”
IDA-ICE
[20] Adhika i e al.
(2012)
“nZEBs: Expense o In es men ?” Ene gyPlus
[7] Ba helmes
e al. (2014)
“The in luence o ene gy a ge s and
economic conce ns in design s a egies o
a esiden ial nZEB”
Ene gyPlus
[19] Becchio e al.
(2015)
“Cos op imali y assessmen o a single-
amily house o he nZEB a ge ”
Ene gyPlus
[28] Ha ish e al.
(2015)
“A e iew on modeling and simula ion o
building ene gy sys ems”
TRNSYS
[38] De Boeck e al.
(2015)
“A li e a u e e iew abou imp o ing he
ene gy pe o mance o esiden ial
buildings”
TRNSYS
[39] Valdise i e al.
(2015)
“Re o i s a egies applied o a e ia y
building assis ed by TRNSYS”
TRNSYS
[40] Vocale e al.
(2015)
“Space hea ing load es ima ion p ocedu e
o CHP sys ems sizing”
TRNSYS
[41] Ca ascal e al.
(2016)
“Hea ing Sys em use in aged buildings ia
MPC”
TRNSYS
[42] Sa bu e al.
(2016)
“E alua ion o adia o and adian loo
hea ing sys ems”
TRNSYS
[43] Sa bu e al.
(2016)
“Ad ances in geo he mal ene gy, using
g ound-sou ce hea pump sys ems”
TRNSYS
[44] Ha ish e al.
(2016)
“Reduced o de modeling o a building
ene gy sys em model h ough an
op imiza ion ou ine”
TRNSYS
[12] Kang e al.
(2017)
“De elopmen o an nZEB li e cycle cos
assessmen ool o as decision making in
he ea ly design phase”
Ene gyPlus
[6] As e e al.
(2017)
“Mul i- unc ional in eg a ed sys em o
ene gy e o i o exis ing buildings: a
solu ion owa ds nZEB s anda ds”
TRNSYS
[45] Ogando e al.
(2017)
“Ene gy modeling and au oma ed
calib a ions o ancien building
simula ions: a school”
TRNSYS
[46] Bagli o e al.
(2017)
“En elope design op imiza ion by he mal
modeling o a building in a wa m clima e”
TRNSYS
[14] P´
ean e al.
(2017)
“Impac o managemen on he mal
com o s ene gy cos s in a esiden ial
nZEB”
TRNSYS
[15] Guill´
en e al.
(2017)
“Com o se ings and ene gy demand o
esiden ial nZEB in wa m clima es”
TRNSYS
[17] Cellu a e al.
(2017)
“Redesign o a u al building in a He i age
si e in I aly: owa ds he nZEB a ge ”
TRNSYS
[8] Mu ano e al.
(2017)
“The signi ican imbalance o nZEB ene gy
needs o hea ing and cooling in I alian
clima ic zones”
Ene gyPlus
[9] Co na o e al.
(2017)
“Ene gy sa ing assessmen o STPV
modules In eg a ed in o nZEB”
IDA-ICE
[10] Co na o e al.
(2017)
“Ou doo cha ac e iza ion o PCM and
assessmen o hei ene gy sa ing
po en ial o each nZEB”
IDA-ICE
[5] Loukaidou e al.
(2017)
“nZEBs: Cos -op imal analysis o building
en elope cha ac e is ics”
Ene gyPlus
[47] Gonz´
alez e al.
(2018)
“Op imiza ion model o e alua ing on-
si e enewable echnologies wi h s o age
in nZEBs”
CPLEX
[48] Bozkaya e al.
(2018)
“A dynamic building and aqui e co-
simula ion me hod o he mal imbalance
in es iga ion”
TRNSYS
[49] Palme e al.
(2018)
“UWG-TRNSYS Simula ion coupling o
u ban building ene gy modeling”
TRNSYS
[50] I u iaga e al.
(2018)
“Op imal eno a ion o buildings owa ds
he nZEB s anda d”
TRNSYS
[51] Yoon e al.
(2018)
“S a egies o i ual in-si u senso
calib a ion in building ene gy sys ems”
TRNSYS
J.M. San os-He e o e al.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 142 (2021) 110851
6
equa ions, hea ans e , e c. These physical-based echniques a e
ela ed o he modynamic p ope ies o in-dep h modeling and
analysis, which use physical concep s o sol e calcula ions ep e-
sen ing he physical phenomena o hea ans e . I is commonly used
in he HVAC indus y.
•“Black box” o da a-based model: a me hod c ea ed om a la ge
amoun o empi ical da a ob ained om he eal-wo ld. The
easoning o ma hema ical models and s a is ical echniques a e
applied o p edic u u e alues h ough an algo i hmic me hod ha
is used on a la ge numbe o calcula ions. These me hods do no
equi e knowing he in insic na u e o he phenomenon ha is
happening eal-wo ld phenomena because hey a e amed on a
unc ion de i ed only om physical-sample eco ds ha explain he
beha io o a pa icula sys em. Among he black box models used in
ene gy o ecas ing in buildings a e Mul iple Linea Reg ession (MLR)
o s a is ical eg ession model, Suppo Vec o Machine, and A i i-
cial Neu al Ne wo ks (ANN). One o he mos used models o his
kind is ANN, a machine lea ning app oach aking he in e ela ion
be ween ou pu and inpu a iables. I s p inciple is inspi ed by he
human b ain.
•“G ey box” o hyb id model: i uses bo h black box and whi e box
me hods. This app oach elies on physical laws, al hough some
p ocess pa ame e s a e es ima ed by aking da a-based models.
Wi hin his me hod, esis o -capaci o ne wo ks (a simile wi h an
elec ic ci cui ep esen ing he hea ans e h ough he building
en elope) a e highly used o es ima ing clima iza ion loads.
A e he model es ima ion p ocess, he nex s ep is he decision
making and unce ain y analysis whe e exis ing me hods indica ed in
Re . [52] such as Gene ic algo i hms, Dynamic p og amming, Expe
sys ems, and Mon e Ca lo simula ion. And ecen ly wi hin hese p o-
cesses o decision making and unce ain y analysis, di e en imple-
men a ions o ANN ha e been ca ied ou success ully: Du e al. [53] in a
u al house in China, whe e ene gy consump ion and indoo en i on-
men pa ame e s we e eco ded du ing one yea and we e compa ed
wi h he ob ained annual simula ion esul s; Escandon e al. [54]
de eloped a su oga e model o e alua e he he mal beha io o social
housing s ock in Spain; Ciulla e al. [55] implemen ed a pa ame ic
simula ion o assess he ene gy pe o mance o 195 scena ios and
jus i ied he use o MLR me hod; Besides o hese success ul imple-
men a ions wi h ANNs o modeling app oaches, hey ha e been also
used o con ol asks. Hussain e al. [56] p esen ed he ene gy modeling
wi h a nonlinea -au o eg essi e ANN wi h exogenous inpu in a chille
plan ; Mehboob [57] de eloped an op imiza ion o pa ame ic adjus -
men making ANN model op imal o i e clima ic egions and Nas-
uddin e al. [58] add essed he mul i- a ge op imiza ion o a
wo-coole sys em, which shows he po en ial o his way o de e mine
he p ope ope a ion o high- echnology HVAC sys ems in a house.
I is also no ed ha he echnological ad ances made in ecen yea s
ha e p o ided modeling and simula ion ools wi h accep able accu acy.
A e analyzing all p e ious esea ches, i is conside ed ha con en-
ional con ol sys ems based on P opo ional-In eg al-De i a i e (PID)
con olle s o simila s a egies a e no an op imal solu ion o managing
a building clima e con ol, whe e he e a e changing si ua ions and a
high isk o unce ain y. Conside ing he a ie y o exis ing in elligen
con ol s a egies, which ha e been in oduced in he las pa o he
20 h cen u y, i has been hough ul o analyze he mos e icien
ad anced con ol echniques in he esea ch o he las en yea s in
building clima iza ion, as jus i ied by D goˇ
na e al. [59]. In his sense,
he MPC sys ems ha e a wide ans e sal ange o applica ions, and
he e o e, i s de elopmen is being p omo ed in indus ial a eas o all
ypes o applica ions. In building ai condi ioning, MPC is cu en ly he
mos ex ended choice because he e is a changing en i onmen bu he
usage p o iles can be es ablished and/o p edic ed. No many yea s ago,
i s compu a ional equi emen s we e a signi ican handicap o i s use.
Howe e , he de elopmen achie ed so a in ha dwa e and so wa e
ools has o e come his d awback. Then, all he elemen s o i s suc-
cess ul applica ion a e a ailable. Also, i is possible o p o ide ela i ely
good wea he and occupa ion o ecas s. In e nal gains can be calcula ed
ia BEPS ools and he equi ed com o speci ica ions a e known. Fo all
hese easons, i has been conside ed o in e es o ca y ou an analysis
o he cu en s a e-o - he-a on he MPC sys ems applied o building
clima iza ion.
2.5. MPC concep
To explain i g aphically, i is ypical o make he simile o when we
d i e a ehicle o mo e a ound. The a iabili y in he consump ion o
uels is unde he in luence o dis inc a iables such as he design o he
ehicle, ype o ca , i s weigh , i s ae odynamic, s a e o i s i es, e c. The
same applies in buildings wi h he e ec o hei design, o ien a ion,
size, insula ing ma e ials, shape and ype o windows, e c. In he ca
example, his will also a y acco ding o he ou e whe e e we d i e,
he oad ype (mo o way, moun ain o u ban oads), as well as he
numbe o passenge s, weigh o he luggage, o a ic condi ions, such
as he s a e o he a ic ligh s, con ols, a ic jams and long and
in e minable unp edic able si ua ions ha we a e unable o con ol. Fo
buildings, hese ac o s a e wea he and occupa ion condi ions which
a e p edic able bu no con ollable. In spi e o his appa en complex
si ua ion, we can ha e a g ea in luence on consump ion depending on
he condi ions o ou ehicle, he s a e o he i es o he ype o wheels.
We can e en imp o e hei ae odynamics wi h spoile s, di use s, side
ski s and on wind spli e s o minimize such consump ion, as we do in
buildings imp o ing hei en elope wi h new insula ing ma e ials o
eplacing hei windows. Also we should ha e a "g een d i ing" mode
(less spo ing and aking ad an age o he ine ia o ou ehicle), hus
dec easing uel consump ion. Mo eo e a oiding sudden b aking a a
ed ligh o choosing he oads wi h he mos ad an ageous condi ions,
Fig. 1. Example o explain g aphically he concep o MPC.
J.M. San os-He e o e al.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 142 (2021) 110851
7
he e is a e y posi i e impac on he inal consump ion o he ca .
Con inuing wi h he simile, many imes a ehicle is used o make
egula ips. Tha is, almos e e y day people go o hei jobs h ough a
ou e ha based on hei expe ience, is conside ed he bes o being he
mos com o able o as e . Wha would happen i we ollow he same
s a egy in a building? Tha is o say, wha would happen i we manage
an adequa e algo i hm wi h which we could con ol he HVAC sys em o
op imize he he mal ine ia o he building, also conside ing a o ecas
o occupa ion and clima e as he basis? Fig. 1 illus a es i wi h a classic
example o show he di e ences be ween he wo s a egies ha a e
no mally used. Bo h con olle s PID and MPC know he e e ence a-
jec o y o he sys em ( he map o he oad o mo e ou wi h he ca ).
The PID con olle s make he con ol ac ion once he e o has been done
and measu ed, i.e., once ha he ca has passed he cu e, wi hou
possibili y o p e en ing i . I is like d i ing looking in he ea iew
mi o . Howe e , MPC con olle s ha e a model o he ehicle (how he
dynamics o he sys em is) and make a calculus o se e al con ol ac ions
applying only he i s one o hem, aking in o accoun how hey will
a ec he con ol o he ca du ing se e al sampling imes. In sho , i is
as d i ing looking o wa d he oad.
Tha could help o lay down he mos sui able “ ou e” o dec ease
consump ion as much as possible and wi hin he cheapes ime pe iods.
Con inuing wi h he ca example, i anybody d i es a ca h ough he
ou e ha is heo e ically he mos app op ia e and also he d i e
knows he s a e o he a ic and e en when he sees a ed ligh in a a ic
ligh , he allows as much as possible o he ehicle o app oach wi h i s
own ine ia, wi hou accele a ing o ba ely using he b ake, i is su -
p ising he consump ion anges ha i can each. We conside pa al-
lelism can be es ablished wi h ene gy consump ion in buildings and
he e o e, conside ing he MPC as an in e es ing ool o achie e nZEBs.
2.6. Li e a u e e iew o MPC applied o buildings clima iza ion
Au ho s ha e e iewed se e al pape s abou MPC which ha e been
published in he ecen li e a u e o show he cu en si ua ion in his
ield and he al e na i e app oaches in use. In his e iew, he de el-
opmen o MPC based echniques o building clima iza ion in ecen
yea s can be obse ed. The e a e nume ous esea ches om he la e
1980s o he p esen day, s udying he bes way o wo k ou an MPC
based s a egy o minimize ene gy consump ion and a ious es s o
deploymen s which ha e been conduc ed. The mos signi ican ones a e
shown in Table 3, whe e hey a e analyzed wi h he ollowing ields:
•Focus o he a icle.
•Type o building analyzed ( esiden ial dwelling o public building).
•I s con ibu ion o imp o emen a he p edic i e con ol le el and i
he esea ch has conside ed he beha io o he building he mal
mass unde s udy.
•Type o wea he da a managed (Real and/o Fo ecas ).
•Whe he occupancy beha io o analysis o com o equi emen s
we e conside ed.
•Whe he he esea ch has conside ed he ene gy sou ce and he kind
o emi e used.
•How was de ined i s building ene gy managemen de ined, and
whe he hey ha e used some Wi eless Senso Ne wo k (WSN) o any
simula ion p og am.
Ga cía e al. [60] demons a ed ha MPC is an accu a e con ol
al e na i e because i conside s bo h occupancy and clima e o ecas ing
o achie e op imal ene gy managemen . Cho e al. [61] used and
checked se e al app oaches h ough which o enhance he powe pe -
o mance o discon inuous hea ing by means o adian loo acili ies,
demons a ing ha he MPC app oach could achie e sa ings om 10%
o 12% o he powe equi emen .
Oldewu el e al. [62,63] de eloped clima e managemen by
applying a S ochas ic MPC. ˇ
Si oký e al. [64] pe o med an expe imen al
es o MPC o building ai condi ioning. Cigle e al. [65] applied an
MPC s a egy on building clima iza ion. Fabie i e al. [66] ope a ed
HVAC sys ems h ough implici and explici MPC. Xiwang e al. [67]
o e iewed building powe modeling echniques o i s unning and
con ol. De Coninck e al. [68,69] c ea ed a oolbox o ob ain accep ed
g ey box models o buildings and ca ied ou a eal applica ion o MPC.
The e ha e been se e al applica ions o MPC algo i hms in dis inc
kinds o building and emplacemen s: Ca ascal e al. [41] in an apa -
men s building in he no h o Spain: Bilbao - Basque Coun y; Hu e al.
[70] in a s a e building in he USA: Cali o nia; Ascione e al. [71] in a
dwelling building in I aly: Naples; S u zenegge e al. [72] in an o ice
block in Swi ze land: Allschwil and Vacca ini e al. [73] in a subway
s a ion in Spain: Ba celona, whe e a WSN was implemen ed o ind ou
ac ual eco ds o empe a u e, occupa ion, humidi y, e c. Ano he
applica ion o a WSN is p o ided by Reena e al. [74] in hei esea ch
whe e he ac ual occupancy was cap u ed by senso s and used o
manage he indoo en i onmen (ai empe a u e, humidi y,…) in a
Building Au oma ion Sys em (BAS). A solu ion wi h WSN can be
ega ded as he mos p ope wo king app oach o p e en pe u ba ions
ela ed o any sudden change o occupancy and empe a u e da a. As
exposed by Oldewu el e al. [75], he occupancy da a a e a e y sen-
si i e ac o o achie e op imal managemen in he clima iza ion o a
building. Besides, hese senso s can now be ha es ed, so hey a e easie
o ins all and main ain. By a anging a WSN, he ac ual eco ds could be
p o ided o he ope a ional con ol o apply e en mino eal- ime ad-
jus men s o he HVAC sys em. In his way, he pe o mance is enhanced
because he managemen sys em can p o ide a mo e adequa e esponse
o he com o equi emen s demanded and op imize he powe con-
sump ion o he building.
These esea ches ha e been success ully de eloped. Howe e hey
equi e expe pe sonnel and ha e a high complexi y because o he
model which equi es high accu acy. I should no be o go en ha
buildings a e in a changing en i onmen , wi h high a iabili y, and on
which i is e y complex o es ablish ixed ules. Tha leads o he need o
de elop an app oach wi h a lea ning capaci y ha allows modeling
complex sys ems. In his sense, a chi ec u es based on ANNs and Fuzzy
Logic Con olle s (FLC) could also be conside ed a e y in e es ing
op ion.
Fo hese easons, we ha e also examined se e al in es iga ions
whe e au ho s esea ched di e en app oaches o p ocess he da a and
con ol he HVAC sys ems, o ob ain he equi ed com o condi ions,
bu minimizing he ene gy equi emen s h ough he building clima e
con ol: Collo a e al. [76] pu a o wa d ANN o check indoo clima ic
condi ions which we e u ilized o p o ide da a o an FLC, Ma uglia
e al. [77] linked a neu o- uzzy model o indoo clima ic condi ions
au oma ic and dynamic adjus men , D agomi e al. [78] made an
iden i ica ion o he mos commonly used c i e ia in ol ed in e e y s ep
o he modeling p ocess, in o de o de e mine an op imal o ecas ing
ool wi h an ANN and Ghadi e al. [79] designed an upda e a FLC in a
BAS.
J.M. San os-He e o e al.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 142 (2021) 110851
8
Table 3
Lis o he e iewed pape s abou MPC.
Type o building Applied s a egy Wea he da a Occupancy HVAC Sys em Ene gy
Managemen
‘ Au ho s Focus o he a icle Dwelling Public Con ibu ion/
Imp o emen
The mal
mass
Real Fo ecas Beha io Requi emen s Sou ce Emiso WSN Simula ion
[60] Ga cía e al. (1989) “Model p edic i e con ol: Theo y and
p ac ice—A su ey”
– – P edic i e Con ol Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes
[61] Cho e al. (2003) “P edic i e con ol ope a ed by adian loo
hea ing sys ems”
– – MPC implemen a ion Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes
[62] Oldewu el e al.
(2010)
“Clima e con ol using s ochas ic model
p edic i e con ol”
– – S ochas ic s a egy Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes
[63] Oldewu el e al.
(2011)
“Use o model p edic i e con ol and
wea he o ecas s”
– – MPC implemen a ion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
[64] ˇ
Si oký e al. (2011) “Expe imen al analysis o model p edic i e
con ol”
Yes No MPC implemen a ion Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes
[65] Cigle e al. (2013) “Implemen ing Model P edic i e Con ol in
building”
No Yes MPC implemen a ion Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes
[66] Fabie i e al. (2014) “Con ol o HVAC Sys ems ia Explici and
Implici MPC”
No Yes MPC implemen a ion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes
[67] Xiwang e al. (2014) “Re iew o building ene gy modeling o
con ol”
– – Modeling and
p edic ion
Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes
[68] De Coninck e al.
(2015)
“Toolbox o de elopmen and alida ion o
g ey-box building”
– – P edic i e Con ol Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes
[69] De Coninck e al.
(2016)
“P ac ical implemen a ion o model
p edic i e con ol”
No Yes MPC implemen a ion Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
[41] Ca ascal e al.
(2016)
“Hea ing Sys em use in aged buildings ia
MPC”
Yes No MPC implemen a ion Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes
[70] Hu e al. (2016) “Building Model Iden i ica ion du ing
Regula Ope a ion”
No Yes MPC implemen a ion Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes
[71] Ascione e al. (2016) “Simula ion-based model p edic i e
con ol”
Yes No MPC implemen a ion Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes
[72] S u zenegge e al.
(2016)
“Model P edic i e Clima e Con ol o a
Swiss O ice”
No Yes MPC implemen a ion Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
[73] Vacca ini e al.
(2016)
“Model p edic i e ene gy con ol o
en ila ion o unde g ound”
No Yes MPC & WSN No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes
[76] Collo a e al. (2014) “A Dynamic Fuzzy Con olle o Mee
The mal Com o ”
– – Dynamic Fuzzy
con olle
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes
[77] Ma uglia e al.
(2014)
“Coupling a neu al ne wo k p edic o and a
uzzy logic”
No Yes Fuzzy logic con olle Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes
[78] D agomi e al.
(2015)
“Adap i e Neu o-Fuzzy In e ence Sys ems
as a S a egy”
– – Neu o-Fuzzy Sys ems Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes
[79] Ghadi e al. (2015) “De elopmen o ad anced uzzy logic
con olle s”
No Yes Fuzzy logic
con olle s
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes
J.M. San os-He e o e al.
Renewable and Sus ainable Ene gy Re iews 142 (2021) 110851
9
3. Discussion: main ac o s MPC o buildings clima iza ion
Conside ing as p e iously men ioned ha MPC is cu en ly he mos
used ad anced me hod o con ol o building clima iza ion, i is
con enien o e iew he main ac o s o ake in o accoun when
applying MPC-based s a egies. The geospa ial in o ma ion o he loca-
ion o a building and he his o ical da a o he clima ological condi ions
oge he wi h he occupancy o ecas da a and he com o condi ions
equi ed by he cu en legisla ion a e he basis o de ining i s app o-
p ia e HVAC sys em. Besides, a building model h ough an ene gy pe -
o mance simula ion so wa e o ake ad an age o i s he mal ine ia is
highly needed o op imize ene gy consump ion.
3.1. Me eo ological da a
In de eloped coun ies, i is easy o access da abases a ailable om
go e nmen al o ganiza ions and Na ional Me eo ological Ins i u es as
indica ed by Oldewu el e al. [63] and ˇ
Si oký e al. [64], o e en om
me eo ological s a ions loca ed a ai po s o ci ies, as exposed by Hu
e al. [70] and Collo a e al. [76]. I is also possible o use applica ions
ha allow calcula ing he inciden sola adia ion on la su aces a bi-
a ily o ien ed in any geog aphic emplacemen . Fo example, Ene -
gyPlus was used by Cigle e al. [65] and Ascione e al. [71] o o he web
si es as in Fabie i e al. [66]. This in o ma ion can be complemen ed
wi h o he clima ic pa ame e s like ai empe a u e, humidi y, lumi-
nance, in a ed adia ion, a mosphe ic p essu e, cloudiness, wind di-
ec ion and speed, e c., ela ed o he emplacemen o he building.
A la ge p opo ion o hese da a a e a ailable h ough Geog aphic
In o ma ion Sys ems (GIS). Tha allows ha ing a da abase o ga he
his o ical da a wi h di e en anges o empe a u es and humidi ies o
de ine pa e ns om which c ea e a ied “ ecipes” o wo k on an HVAC
sys em o a speci ic building.
3.2. Occupancy and usage in o ma ion o a building
The numbe o people o he densi y o occupa ion, he kind o he
ac i i ies pe o med in a building, he leng h o he s ay, he ype and he
powe o he ligh ing equipmen s and o he elec ical de ices as in-
o ma ic ha dwa e, o he ai in il a ions con ol, as well as ai enewals
equi emen s, a e i al in o de o make a p ope building ene gy
simula ion, as indica ed in Robe s [29]. Fu he mo e, i is signi ican o
de e mine i s mode o ope a ion: in e mi en o con inuous, and also o
ha e a schedule o he use du ing dis inc imes o he yea .
I is di icul o be comple ely su e o his in o ma ion. Ne e heless,
some s anda ds can be known based on he com o le el equi ed and
he expec ed occupancy a e, as Oldewu el e al. [75] poin ou . I is
e en mo e use ul i he managemen also includes he op ion o se based
on cu en egis e s collec ed by ield senso s in a BAS, as indica ed by
Reena e al. [74]. These de ec o s allow o mee he eal-wo ld ope a ing
condi ions and ope a e he HVAC sys em based on eal condi ions and
minimizing i s ene gy consump ion.
3.3. HVAC sys em layou in o ma ion
The unning and ype o HVAC sys ems a e essen ial, as well as hei
capabili y and hei e iciency o each he eques ed com o s anda d
minimizing he powe equi ed o i . In addi ion, i he goal is o educe
he economic impac , he uel needed o elec ici y a i s in he HVAC
sys em should also be ega ded as a subs an ial cons ain . Also,
conside ing all he possible HVAC sys ems, a p ope ly insula ed adian
loo , o ins ance, would be a highly e ec i e sys em, as explained by
Sa bu e al. [42] and Hawila e al. [80]. Tha allows he clima iza ion o
dis inc zones o a building o a p e-es ablished se poin empe a u e
depending on he occupancy and wea he o ecas . Besides, i is possible
o ge he mos o he bene i s o he he mal mass o he building en-
elope o educe ene gy cos s in unc ion o he applicable ene gy a i
depending on i s o ecas . Fo ins ance, a building could clima ize i sel
a nigh by aking ad an age o a cheape ene gy a i , because i s
he mal mass could keep a com o condi ions while minimizing ene gy
consump ion a highe ene gy p ices in o he ime slo s.
I migh also be possible o implemen a WSN ha allows he eal
occupa ion and empe a u e da a o be known online o balance he on-
si e equi emen s a dis inc pe iods. Fo his pu pose, he use o high-
pe o mance HPs is conside ed in o de o adjus he claimed com o
equi emen s in a as e way and hus, a oid any pe u ba ion in he
indoo en i onmen o he building. These high-e iciency HPs ha e he
abili y o co ec de ia ions caused by sudden changes in occupancy
and/o com o demands. Cu en ly, hese HPs achie e high e iciency
and a g ea pe o mance, as i is indica ed by Tsai e al. [81] and Ruelens
e al. [82]. Bo h high-e iciency HPs and adian loo using sola wa e
collec o s a e empowe ed o cool o hea he ubica ion whe e hey a e
placed. The e o e, wi h hem is possible o clima ize a building a any
ime o he yea .
4. Conclusions and u u e challenges
In his pape , he i s concep ha we ha e ecalled has been nZEB.
Th ough an analysis o se e al ele an pape s o he li e a u e, di e en
ac o s ha a e impo an o each his concep ha e been examined.
Howe e , he esea ches ha e been ca ied ou no mally conside ing
some o hese ac o s independen ly, e.g., making imp o emen s on
en elope ea u es wi h a new insula ing ma e ial o windows eplace-
men o imp o e he ai - igh ness. Va ious esea ches ha e conside ed
he occupancy beha io and he com o equi emen s, while o he s
ha e conduc ed an analysis o he HVAC acili ies, and some imes
building ene gy managemen has been also e iewed. In ou opinion, all
o hem a e e y wo hwhile as hey p o ide an oppo uni y o u he
de elop ene gy e iciency in buildings, bu i is equi ed o ackle he
issue wi h a b oade pe spec i e. In his sense, holis ic ea men is
desi able, i.e., a mul idisciplina y app oach ha akes in o accoun
di e en a eas o ac ion (a chi ec u al solu ions, de elopmen o insu-
la ion ma e ials, imp o emen s in he le el o enginee ing, economic
iabili y, e c.) since i acili a es he achie emen o he objec i e o
imp o ing he ene gy e iciency o buildings.
Nex , he BEPS ools ha e been conside ed e y in e es ing o apply
in buildings wi h he aim o imp o ing hei ene gy e iciency. Conse-
quen ly, hese ools ha e also been e iewed since using hem, he
possibili y o minimizing ene gy consump ion is huge. Fo hese easons,
many ecen pape s abou BEPS ools ha e been analyzed and h ee
me hods ha e been explained enabling he modeling o he ene gy e -
iciency o a building. Fi s ly, he “whi e box” me hod (o elying on
physical models) has been in oduced. This me hod is mo e app op ia e
in con ex s whe e building design in o ma ion is a hand and pa icu-
la ly in he new building design phase, bu some imes i is no possible. A
second op ion is he “black box” me hod (o model based on machine
lea ning), which uses s a is ical p ocessing o empe a u e da a and
powe consump ion in he building, so we ha e highligh ed some
esea ch abou ANN. The “black box” me hod is use ul when one has all
he ac ual building ope a ing condi ions and eal powe consump ion,
bu limi ed in o ma ion abou i s design. Howe e , i can be compu a-
ionally expensi e. Bo h me hods a e highly dependen on he quan i y
and quali y o a ailable da a. Compa ed wi h physical based me hods, a
“black box” modeling demands less building design da a and may seem
simple o pe o m, bu i is no use ul i an unde s anding o physical
phenomena is equi ed. The las me hod, we ha e conside ed is he
“g ey box” model (o hyb id app oach), which is ounds on bo h phys-
ical me hods and au oma ic lea ning ools o modeling he building
he mal beha io . The e o e, he “g ey box” me hod seems o be a e y
p omising ocus a p esen because i can be conside ed as a nice balance
be ween bo h ypes o models. This app oach is e y use ul when a
physical model o he cons uc ion is ob ainable, bu i is un inished, o
i canno o e enough gua an ee, and hence i mus be supplemen ed. I
J.M. San os-He e o e al.
