Towa d Digi aliza ion o Fishing Vessels o Achie e Highe
En i onmen al and Economic Sus ainabili y
Zigo U iondo,*Jose A. Fe nandes-Sal ado , Ka l-Johan Rei e, Inaki Quincoces, and Kay an Pazouki
Ci e This: ACS En i on. Au 2024, 4, 142−151
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ABSTRACT: Fishing essels need o adap o and mi iga e clima e
changes, bu solu ion de elopmen equi es be e in o ma ion
abou he en i onmen and essel ope a ions. E en i ships gene a e
la ge amoun s o po en ially use ul da a, he e is a la ge a ie y o
sou ces and o ma s. This lack o s anda diza ion makes
iden i ica ion and use o key da a challenging and hinde s i s use
in imp o ing ope a ional pe o mance and essel design. The wo k
desc ibed in his pape aims o p o ide cos -e ec i e ools o
sys ema ic da a acquisi ion o ishing essels, suppo ing digi al-
iza ion o he ishing essel ope a ion and pe o mance moni o ing.
This digi aliza ion is needed o acili a e he educ ion o emissions
as a c i ical en i onmen al p oblem and indus y cos s c i ical o
indus y sus ainabili y. The esul ing moni o ing sys em in e aces
onboa d sys ems and senso s, p ocesses he da a, and makes i a ailable in a sha ed onboa d da a space. F om his da a space, 209
signals a e eco ded a di e en equencies and uploaded o onsho e se e s o pos p ocessing. The collec ed da a desc ibe bo h
ship ope a ion, onboa d ene gy sys em, and he su ounding en i onmen . Nine o he oceanog aphic a iables ha e been
p eselec ed o be po en ially use ul o public scien i ic eposi o ies, such as Cope nicus and EMODne . The da a a e also used o
uel p edic ion models, species dis ibu ion models, and ou e op imiza ion models.
KEYWORDS: Tuna ishe y, ishe ies digi aliza ion, clima e change mi iga ion, en i onmen al science, echnology esea ch, da a science,
sus ainable sys ems
1. INTRODUCTION
The Uni ed Na ions de elopmen goals equi e ishing o be
en i onmen ally iendly, economically iable, and socially
sus ainable o p o ide long- e m ood secu i y. The ishe ies
indus y needs o educe i s cos s and ca bon oo p in o
achie e such objec i es. Fuel consump ion may ep esen 50%
o he o al ope a ional cos s o he una essels, which is being
one o he main conce ns o he ishing companies.
1,2
Mo eo e , he wo ld ishing indus y emissions pe landed
on o ish ha e ecen ly inc eased by 21% ecen ly.
3
A o al
amoun o 3 billion li e s o uel is consumed in a yea by he
wo ld’s ishing lee s.
4
Bu as la ge pelagic ish, such as una
species, a e highly mig a o y, essels a ge ing una species
end o ha e highe and mo e a iable uel consump ion cos s
han o he ishing o coas al species.
5
This in ol es he yea ly
emission o 7.7 billion ons o CO2 equi in o he a mosphe e by
he una pu se seine lee in ishing ope a ions. The changing
una ish dis ibu ion
6,7
and human beha io modula e uel
consump ion,
7
which in u n in luences bo h he p o i abili y
and sus ainabili y o he ishe ies indus y and impac on he
ecosys em h ough g eenhouse emissions.
As an example, om he wo ld’s la ges comme cial
ishe ies,
8
he opical una ishing indus y is s a ing o use
Ea h Obse a ion (EO) da a o cha ac e ize he en i on-
men al condi ions o he su ounding a eas in o de o loca e
ishing g ounds wi h less e o (i.e., ime, uel, and cos s).
Digi aliza ion o una essels means ha hei capaci y o
eco d da a and o use exis ing EO da a has inc eased.
Howe e , due o he la ge olume, di e si y o sou ces, and
quali y o eco ded da a, hey a e spa sely s o ed and used,
lea ing much o he al eady eco ded da a in ac and
uns uc u ed. Consequen ly, da a a e no o en used o
u he analysis o in eg a ed in o holis ic ene gy managemen .
Big da a me hodologies seem o be he solu ion o deal wi h
such a la ge olume o da a and exploi i e icien ly o u n i
in o use ul in o ma ion.
Recei ed: Ap il 28, 2023
Re ised: Decembe 13, 2023
Accep ed: Decembe 15, 2023
Published: Janua y 24, 2024
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Sol ing hese p oblems demands new sys em a chi ec u es
o da a acquisi ion, ansmission, s o age, and la ge-scale da a
p ocessing mechanisms.
9
Big da a p ocessing echniques,
enhanced by machine lea ning me hods, can inc ease he
alue o such da a and hei applicabili y o socie y, indus y,
and managemen challenges. Machine lea ning has al eady
p o ed i s po en ial in ma ine sciences and ishe ies such as he
examples in ishe ies o ecas ing,
10
au oma ic classi ica ion o
samples,
11
ma ine spa ial planning o esol ing con lic s o
ishe ies and new ac i i ies,
12
ishing ac i i ies acking,
13,14
indica o s, ishing gea selec i i y
15,16
o species iden i ica-
ion.
16
In addi ion, e ol ing op imiza ion heu is ics ha e been
designed in ecen yea s o help opical una ishing essels.
17
Howe e , i s use by he ishing indus y is behind he s a e-o -
he-a and day- o-day applica ions, as compa ed wi h he o he
shipping indus ies.
18−20
The e is a g owing need in ishe ies science and manage-
men o la ge amoun s o da a and highly ained expe s in
which digi aliza ion and AI should play a cen al ole.
Digi aliza ion e e s o enabling o imp o ing p ocesses by
using digi al echnologies and da a. As he basis o digi al-
iza ion, hese da a mus be collec ed, s o ed, and managed in a
single pla o m om which a ha monized da a se can be
ansmi ed o di e en use s and o di e en da a analyses.
The e o e, he digi aliza ion in his sec o is e y impo an o
achie ing hese pu poses, and AI sys ems could play a c i ical
ole in he acquisi ion and use o he da a.
21
Fou main
challenges ha can explain he lack o digi aliza ion in he
ishe ies indus y a e up- on cos s and insu icien access o
capi al, legal, and bu eauc a ic ba ie s; ailu e o implemen
da a collec ion s anda ds; and lack o us and buy-in om
ishe ies.
22
In his wo k, he challenges o digi alizing a ishing
essel o scien i ic da a collec ion will be demons a ed.
Fishing essels a e no o iously he e ogeneous wi h espec
o onboa d ins alled senso s, da a p o ocols, and ne wo k
opology. This is a majo obs acle common in big da a
p oblems
9
o bo h collec ing da a om essels and also o
local da a exchange onboa d essels. I implies a non-
ha monized da a collec ion and eco ding wi h a ailo -made
and ad hoc in eg a ion agains indi idual senso s ins ead o
in e acing a cen al hub, which again in eg a es agains he
indi idual senso s and onboa d sys ems. In e ec , his makes i
di icul o achie e he o he wise usual la ge-scale syne gies
ound in o he kinds o indus ial p ocesses. The aim o his
wo k is o desc ibe how he in eg a ion o da a o he
de elopmen o uel consump ion models, species dis ibu ion
models, and ou ing s a egies could be achie ed ha can help
he indus y o mi iga e and adap o clima e change.
2. METHODS FOR A FISHING VESSEL MONITORING
SYSTEM
The a ge o digi aliza ion onboa d he ishing essel is o
cha ac e ize he essel pe o mance unde di e en ope a ional
condi ions o educe g eenhouse and pollu an gases and o p o ide
da a o imp o e ishing ope a ions. Hence, he da a collec ed include
pa ame e s ha de ine when and whe e he uel has been consumed.
The “whe e” pa ame e should also include me ics ha can be used
o cha ac e ize he en i onmen al condi ions when uel oil was
consumed du ing sailing ope a ion (going om one geog aphical
poin o ano he ) and when ish was caugh (sailing condi ion and
ishing condi ion). Fishing essels may also ac as oceanog aphic da a
acquisi ion sys ems con ibu ing o he ocean o ecas s, which a e
used o imp o e ope a ional e iciency.
Acco ding o he a ge s desc ibed abo e, he sys ems and da a
ha e been g ouped in h ee main ca ego ies o acili a e hei
unde s anding (Figu e 1). Two o hese ca ego ies a e ela ed o he
ype o da a being cap u ed: en i onmen al o oceanog aphic (ou side
o he essel) and p opulsion ela ed (inside o he essel). Bo h ypes
o da a a e needed o build uel oil consump ion (FOC) o ecas ing
Figu e 1. Da a acquisi ion and moni o ing sys em scheme. Componen s measu ing oceanog aphic da a a e shown in blue, componen s measu ing
ene gy consump ion in ed, and in g een dual componen s needed o da a synch oniza ion o o conside when using oceanog aphic and ene gy
da a measu emen s.
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models using a s a is ical app oach,
23−25
a machine lea ning
app oach,
26−32
o combined wi h op imiza ion me hods.
33
A hi d
g oup in eg a es o he de ices ha help da a in eg a ion o p oduce
da a ele an o en i onmen al and p opulsion o ecas ing models
(e.g., imes amps o essel posi ion). All hese da a a e c ucial o
de elop ou ing decision suppo sys ems ha can educe uel
consump ion and consequen emissions
33−36
pa icula ly o ishe ies
whe e such sys ems a e spa se.
37
In o al, 217 a iables a e eco ded,
o which 191 p opulsion- ela ed a iables, 17 en i onmen al a iables,
and nine om he hi d g oup o a iables (Table 1).
De ini ion o a iables needed o e alua e he essel uel oil
consump ion pe o mance du ing ee sailing ope a ion has been
Table 1. De ices and Thei Types o Da a
a
g oup o da a measu ing de ices desc ip ion acquisi ion
a e ema k a iable
q y
en i onmen ADCP wi h
empe a u e senso ou di e en unde wa e laye cu en eloci y and di ec ion a
di e en dep hs, su ace wa e empe a u e. medium
(1 Hz) onboa d 4
anemome e wind eloci y and di ec ion. medium
(1 Hz) new 5
essel engine senso s engine op. pa ame e s: p essu e, empe a u e, and speed. low (0.1 Hz) new 62
del a OHM engine oom ambien condi ions (p essu e, empe a u e, humidi y) medium
(1 Hz) new 4
Ma P ime engine combus ion pa ame e s high
(200 kHz) new 74
p opulsion/ uel
consump ion p opelle powe and h us , uel oil consump ion. medium
(1 Hz) onboa d 12
PMS (powe
managemen sys em) ship elec ic consump ion and gene a ion medium
(1 Hz) onboa d 10
GPS posi ion la i ude, longi ude, speed o e d ound (SOG), cou se o e
g ound (COG). medium
(1 Hz) onboa d 7
speed Log speed o e wa e . medium
(1 Hz) onboa d 2
mo ion e e ence uni ship mo ions. high (10 Hz) new 13
in eg a ion, ne wo k,
and backup a a osk abo e da a in eg a o con igu able new does no
apply
NMEA-2000 o
e he ne con e e da a con e om NMEA o e he ne new
se ial o modbus
e he ne con e e da a con e om se ial o modbus new
can J1939 o modbus
e he ne da a con e om J1939 o modbus new
e he ne swi ch ne wo ks connec ion new
NAS backup s o age new
a
New (new de ice o be ins alled in he p ojec )/onboa d (sys em al eady ins alled in essels).
Figu e 2. Onboa d ins alla ion scheme showing he main componen s o ganized by ship loca ion.
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based on he ISO 19030-2 (2016)
38
in e na ional s anda d. The
p opulsion a iables a e used o uel consump ion modeling and a
condi ion-based main enance p og am. The uel oil consump ion
onboa d a ishing essel is dis ibu ed in p opulsion load and auxilia y
load onboa d, i.e., he ene gy equi ed o mo e he essel and ene gy
equi ed o keep essel sys ems in ope a ion (mos ly elec ici y load
and hyd aulic sys em load equi ed o pump luids). Fo he candida e
essels in his esea ch, p opulsion accoun s o 70−75% o o al
ene gy consump ion and auxilia y loads 25−30%. This dis ibu ion
depended on he a iabili y o ishing ope a ions du ing he yea .
39
The Ra a osk amewo k
40
is used o in eg a ing all senso s o
in e es . Ra a osk has been de eloped o acili a e simple da a
in eg a ion and communica ion on ishing essels. I can in e ace
wi h ele an ha dwa e sys ems and p o ocols, such as Canbus,
Modbus, and NMEA, and new in e aces can be added as necessa y.
The in e aced senso s and sys ems a e made a ailable h ough he
Ra a osk main communica ion bus o easy wo-way communica ion.
This acili a es easy essel in eg a ion and simple euse o u u e
applica ions and ex ensions.
3. CANDIDATE VESSEL IMPLEMENTATION
Two comme cial una ishing essels ac ed as pilo essels o
de elopmen and demons a ion. Figu e 2 shows he sys em-
a ic a angemen o he p oposed holis ic moni o ing and
ene gy managemen sys em. The ins alla ions o sys em
componen s occu ed mainly in he engine oom (ER), he
engine con ol oom (ECR) and he wheelhouse (W/H). Da a
communica ion be ween he di e en loca ions and onboa d
essel sys ems was p ima ily done o e E he ne (Figu e 2).
Two in e connec ed swi ches, loca ed in he wheelhouse and
in he engine con ol oom, o med he backbone o he
onboa d da a exchange ne wo k, h ough which he da a
sou ces communica e. Con e e s we e used o in e acing
sys ems and senso s unable o communica e o e E he ne ,
such as se ial o Modbus-o e -E he ne con e e s. Dis ibu ed
Ra a osk componen s could also pe o m his unc ion, bu
con e e s we e chosen o hese essels. The Ra a osk se e
ac s as he cen al hub o he moni o ing sys em. I p o ides
he sha ed da a space, eco ds da a o ile, and sends hem o
sho e. To his end, i is also connec ed o a managed swi ch,
Figu e 3. Example o Main Engine a iable Dashboa d on op panel and op ions o modi y ime window and zoom up o de ailed pa ame e in he
bo om panel.
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which gi es pe iodic In e ne access using he ship’s VSAT
sys em. The Ra a osk se e se s up wo secu ed and enc yp ed
communica ion channels. One is o emo e connec ion, and
he o he is o emo e con igu a ion.
The moni o ing and ene gy managemen sys em was
designed o inco po a e exis ing sensing de ices wi hou da a
in eg a ion capabili ies. This included: (1) he engine con ol
sys em; (2) he p opulsion e iciency moni o ing sys em; (3)
he ship powe managemen sys em; (4) he ish hold cold
s o age sys em; and (5) he ship d a and inclina ion senso s.
The main engine includes manual moni o ing ope a ions,
i.e., manual measu emen s o he engine pa ame e s wi h
speci ic ools. The mos common me hod is he engine
cylinde combus ion p essu e measu emen . Fo a ull sys em
in eg a ion, an IMES combus ion con ol module (CCM) was
ins alled in he engine oom. This sys em comp ises one senso
o con inuous combus ion p essu e measu emen pe cylinde ,
a pickup o RPM and cylinde posi ion measu emen , and a
cylinde inle p essu e senso . I ou pu s digi al measu emen s
o a con olling compu e in he engine con ol oom and as a
CAN ou pu . The la e is u he con e ed o Modbus TCP
by a dedica ed con e e o in eg a ion wi h Ra a osk. In
addi ion o ecei ing hese ins an aneous measu emen s, he
Ra a osk ecei es engine combus ion analyses and s a is ics
om he engine con ol oom compu e . Two p og ammable
logic con olle s (PLCs) make app oxima ely 110 measu e-
men s om a ious sys ems a ailable o e Modbus, in addi ion
o some combus ion measu emen s.
Since he diesel engine ope a ional pa ame e s a e
in luenced by ambien condi ions, a Del a OHM moni o ing
de ice measu es ambien p essu e, empe a u e, and ela i e
humidi y in he engine oom. I ou pu s i s measu emen s o e
he RS485 p o ocol, which a se ial- o-e he ne con e e elays
o he moni o ing ne wo k. A mo ion e e ence uni (MRU) is
ins alled close o he ship cen e o g a i y o measu e he ship
mo emen s. I ou pu s o e RS232, and a se ial o E he ne
con e e elays i s measu emen s o he moni o ing ne wo k
h ough he swi ch in he engine oom. No all he senso s
es ablished by he ISO 19030 as minimum senso s we e
a ailable onboa d and we e no possible o ins all o his
esea ch. Speci ically, he udde angle was no measu ed by
he acquisi ion sys em.
Table 2. Lis o Va iables Measu ed o Fuel Consump ion De elopmen
a
a iable g oup ype desc ip ion uni
ME_FO_consump ion ME D uel oil consump ion o main engine a e densi y co ec ion l/h
AE_FO_consump ion ME D uel oil consump ion o auxilia y engines a e densi y co ec ion l/h
Eng_Rela i e_load ME I main engine ela i e load om 0 o 100%. 100% load = 4500 kW %
FO_Rack_posi ion ME I uel oil injec ion pump ack posi ion. F om 0 o 53 mm. I has a s ong co ela ion wi h engine powe mm
engine_speed ME I engine u ning speed a ec ing p opelle pi ch pm
FO_demand ME I uel oil demand. Range is om 0 o 10 000 pp . Maximum alue co esponds o 100% load pp
p opelle _pi ch PP I p opelle blades posi ion indica ion. Va ies om 0 o 100%. The p opelle is a con ollable pi ch p opelle and
can change pi ch %
o que PP D o que in p opelle sha kNm
p opelle _sha _ pm PP D p opelle sha speed. I is used o calcula e p opelle ou pu pm
p opelle _sha _ou pu PP D p opelle sha mechanical ou pu (powe ) kW
p opelle _sha _ h us PP D h us gene a ed by he p opelle in he sha kN
ME_FO_inle _ low ME I olume ic uel low inle o he main engine. Used o calcula e uel oil consump ion l/min
ME_FO_ou le _ low ME I olume ic uel low ou le om he main engine. Used o calcula e uel oil consump ion l/min
AE_FO_inle _ low AE I olume ic uel low inle o he auxilia y engines. Used o calcula e uel oil consump ion l/min
AE_FO_ou le _ low AE I olume ic uel low ou le om he auxilia y engines. Used o calcula e uel oil consump ion l/min
ME_FO_inle _ emp ME I empe a u e o he uel oil in he inle o he main engine. Used o calcula e mass low a e in he inle o he
engine using uel densi y
°C
ME_FO_ou le _ emp ME I empe a u e o he uel oil in he ou le o he main engine. Used o calcula e mass low a e in he ou le om
he engine using uel densi y
°C
AE_FO_inle _ emp AE I uel oil empe a u e in he inle o he auxilia y engine. Used o calcula e mass low a e in he inle o he
auxilia y engines using uel densi y
°C
AE_FO_ou le _ emp AE I uel oil empe a u e in he ou le o he auxilia y engine. Used o calcula e mass low a e in he ou le om he
auxilia y engines using uel densi y
°C
SOG SH D essel speed o e g ound om GPS signal kno
STW SH D essel speed o e wa e om he dopple sys em kno
AE_Powe _1 AE I elec ical powe gene a ed by diesel gene a o #1 kW
AE_Powe _2 AE I elec ical powe gene a ed by diesel gene a o #2 kW
AE_Powe _3 AE I elec ical powe gene a ed by diesel gene a o #3 kW
AE_Powe _4 AE I elec ical powe gene a ed by diesel gene a o #4 kW
AE_Powe _5 AE I elec ical ene gy gene a ed by diesel gene a o #5 kW
wind_ eloci y WE I wind ela i e eloci y o essel m/s
ship_wind_angle WE I wind ela i e angle o ship deg
d a _ o e_side WE I essel d a in he o e side m
d a _a _side WE I essel d a in he a side m
ship_inclina ion WE I ship inclina ion deg
MRU WE I ship angula eloci y and accele a ion deg/s, s2
a
Abb e ia ions s and o : I: Indi ec , D: Di ec , ME: Main Engine, AE: Auxilia y Engine, PP: P opulsion, SH: Ship, and WE: Wea he .
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4. SYSTEM MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE
Moni o ing and main enance is a cen al pa o such a sys em,
comp ising a la ge numbe o subsys ems suscep ible o
changes and aul s. Fo his eason, au oma ic aul de ec ion
would be a na u al pa o he inal sys em. To ul ill his ole
o he candida e essels, a semiau oma ic sys em has been
de eloped. This is based on p o iding use ul ways o checking
and main aining he sys em in an ope a i e s a e h ough
emo e access and easy- o-in e p e isualiza ions.
Fo isualiza ion, he GRAFANA
41−43
isualiza ion so wa e
is being used (Figu e 3). This solu ion pe mi s an easy
isualiza ion o all he moni o ed a iables, which is especially
help ul o he heal h check o he moni o ing sys em and
ensu ing ha eliable da a is collec ed. I is necessa y o ema k
ha GRAFANA is being used o isualiza ion (by he
scien is s a es ing and he c ew on ope a ional ime) a he
han ac ual da a analysis. Each moni o ing subsys em has a
dashboa d: (1) anemome e ; (2) auxilia y engine; (3) engine
oom ambien pa ame e s (DELTAOHM); (4) Fish holds; (5)
Ma P imeUl a; (6) Main engine; (7) Mo ion and MRU da a;
(8) Maxsea and GPA na iga ion da a; and (9) uel oil
consump ion and p opelle sha . By g ouping dashboa ds in o
moni o ing subsys ems, i is easie o check he pe o mance o
he sys em. When da a analysis is ca ied ou , i is no possible
o go backwa d in ime, so i is necessa y o ha e sys ems up o
da e (Figu e 3).
The sys em acili a es emo e sys em checking. The sys em
p o ides a secu e login o he Ra a osk se e , enabling bo h
moni o ing o he signals on he Ra a osk bus and he heal h o
he sys em. In addi ion, a emo e desk op o he IMES
compu e can be enabled when necessa y. In addi ion o being
used o checking sys em heal h, his p o ides a means o
doing emo e main enance when necessa y. The con igu a ion
channel can be used in simila ways and is p ima ily conce ned
wi h keeping con igu a ions upda ed, e sion con olled, and
sound.
5. SYSTEM USAGE AND BENEFITS
The main engine in he candida e essels is a medium speed 4
s oke diesel engine. Acco ding o he engine manu ac u e , a
well-planned condi ion-based main enance p og am can d aw
uel oil consump ion and emission educ ions be ween 2% and
5% and a oid unplanned s ops om 60 o 90%. The uel oil
consump ion educ ion b ings a di ec educ ion o GHG
emissions; howe e , o he pollu an s a e mo e complica ed o
es ima e, as a diesel engine ope a ing in bad condi ions can
emi mo e o o he pollu an s like NOx.
44
The e o e, o he
main engine pa ame e s a e also a e y impo an g oup o
pa ame e s o be measu ed. The moni o ed combus ion
a iables can be used o in e he se e al ope a ional engine
pa ame e s using machine lea ning echniques.
45
As pa o he
essel digi aliza ion p ocess, A i icial in elligence (AI)
echniques will po en ially be used o de elop a condi ion-
based main enance model in he u u e. Un il now, many
au ho s ha e p o ed he easibili y o using AI echniques in
hei s udies,
46−49
bu implemen a ion o he ou comes om
hese s udies equi es a essel digi aliza ion pla o m.
Measu emen s on he main engine, p opulsion sys em, and
auxilia y engines a e needed o de elop he uel oil
consump ion model. In his esea ch, up o 140 pa ame e s
om he main engine (Table 2) we e conside ed o
moni o ing. Vessel and en i onmen al a iables a e measu ed
o include he en i onmen al impac on essel uel oil
consump ion. Main engine measu emen s also suppo he
de elopmen o aul de ec ion models o condi ion-based
main enance. These measu emen s can be di ided in o di ec
and indi ec measu emen s. The di ec measu emen s measu e
he ene gy consump ion (i.e., uel oil consump ion wi h low
me e s), while indi ec measu emen s can be used o
calcula ing ene gy consump ion (i.e., uel injec ion pump
index posi ion). The indi ec measu emen s o en cons i u e a
edundancy in he case o ailu e on he di ec measu emen s,
such as aul y senso s. As an example, uel oil consump ion
could be calcula ed om measu emen s o he uel injec ion
pump index posi ion and engine RPM.
The uel oil consump ion is measu ed by olume ic low
me e s, measu ing he uel low o and om he engine.
Howe e , he ene gy con en in he uel is p opo ional o i s
mass. I he di e ence in uel lows is di ec ly used wi hou
densi y co ec ion, his would gi e an es ima ed e o o 2−3%.
The olume ic lows a e he e o e co ec ed based on
measu emen s o inle and ou le empe a u es o each
engine. Each engine inle olume ic low, inle empe a u e,
ou le olume ic low, and ou le empe a u e mus be
measu ed o calcula e he consumed uel mass low. The
ins an aneous p opulsion powe is calcula ed om measu e-
men s o he p opelle sha o que and o a ional speed. The
uel oil consump ion and he gene a ed elec ical powe o he
auxilia y engines a e measu ed. The essels’ elec ical ho el
load (elec ic powe consump ion) can hen be ound as he
di e ence be ween he auxilia y engines’ elec ical powe and
he sum o any majo consume s no conside ed o be pa o
he ho el load. Vessel speed is measu ed in e ms o bo h speed
o e g ound and speed h ough wa e . Speed o e g ound is
p o ided by he GPS, while speed h ough wa e is measu ed
om he speed o he wa e low unde he hull. The
combina ion o hese measu emen s, as well as he ship
heading and he cou se o e g ound, gi es addi ional
in o ma ion abou he ship en i onmen and makes i possible
o es ima e cu en e ec s. These e ec s a e impo an and
mus be conside ed when modeling he essel ene gy
consump ion. Vessel speed h ough wa e is conside ed as
mo e accu a e alue o uel oil consump ion modeling (ISO/
CD 19030-1, 2017).
50
Vessel en i onmen al condi ions (wind
speed and di ec ion) a e also measu ed, as well as essel d a ,
im, and inclina ion. Vessel accele a ions and mo ion a e
measu ed wi h an ine ial mo ion uni (IMU) ha p o ides
many di e en mo ion a iables (angula accele a ion and
angula speed).
6. CONCLUDING DISCUSSION
Despi e he g ow h in he capaci y o collec , s o e, and analyze
da a has inc eased,
51
cos -e ec i e da a collec ion wi h
indus y o in eg a ion wi h scien i ic da a om oceanog aphic
su eys is spa se.
52,53
Besides, i is es ima ed ha 80% o
esea ch ime is consumed in da a p epa a ion, which is why i
is impo an o digi alize he essels and build eposi o ies wi h
in e ope able and eusable da a.
54,55
La ge da a se s analysis
and applica ion de elopmen in he bioeconomy sec o can be
accele a ed by ecen p o ide s o Big Da a, such as he
Cope nicus ini ia i e and i s Sen inel sa elli es o EO.
56
The essels pa icipa ing in his s udy a e ope a ing as da a
collec ion pla o ms and as consume s o da a om AI and big
da a sys ems. This wo k goes beyond p e ious wo k ha has
demons a ed he deploymen o decision suppo sys ems in
ACS En i onmen al Au pubs.acs.o g/en i onau A icle
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147
ou comme cial essels wi hou modi ica ions.
40
Some o
hese da a se s can be classi ied as Essen ial Ocean Va iables
(EOV), de ined by he Global Ocean Obse ing Sys em
(GOOS) expe s as hose who a e e ec i e o con ibu e o
deal wi h he Clima e, Ope a ional Ocean Se ices, and Ocean
Heal h.
57,58
Besides EOV a ailable in ocean da a eposi o ies
o agg ega o s, cu en da a a e being collec ed ope a ionally in
Vessels o Oppo uni y (VoOs) o Volun a y Obse ing
Vessels (VOS). Fo example, he scheme coo dina ed by he
Wo ld Me eo ological O ganiza ion has app oxima ely 2000
essels pa icipa ing and ac ing globally as emo e wea he
s a ions. The nea -su ace obse a ions aken include a mos-
phe ic p essu e, wind speed and di ec ion, ai empe a u e,
ela i e humidi y, and sea su ace empe a u e (SST), as well as
wa e heigh , di ec ion, and pe iod. The alue o hese da a is
ecognized in Regula ion 5, “Me eo ological Fo ecas s and
Wa nings”, o he Sa e y o Li e a Sea Con en ion (In e na-
ional Ma i ime O ganiza ion [IMO], 2002), which encou ages
con ac ing go e nmen s o a ange o a selec ion o ships o
be equipped wi h es ed ma ine me eo ological ins umen s
and o ake, eco d, and ansmi me eo ological obse a ions
a he main s anda d imes o su ace synop ic obse a ions.
The Con inuous Plank on Reco de is ano he example aimed
a biological in o ma ion ga he ing.
59,60
This wo k acili a es ha da a is use ul and manageable
acco ding o he Findable, Accessible, In e ope able, and
Reusable (FAIR) p inciples, which we e c ea ed wi h he aim
o being a guide o imp o ing da a accessibili y and euse.
61,62
Howe e , o he p inciples also need o be conside ed. CARE
p inciples we e c ea ed wi h he aim o p o iding mo e con ol
o e he use and applica ion o da a.
63
FAIR ocuses on making
he da a accessible and eusable, whe eas CARE aims o use
he da a o pu poses beyond dealing wi h numbe s and, in he
case o sensi i e in o ma ion, always wi h he g oup o
popula ion in mind. Finally, TRUST p inciples aim o c ea e
us wo hy eposi o ies.
64
Despi e he p esen ed example he e
ocus on ishing essels (use o he same de ices and
p o ocols), he digi aliza ion and FAIR da a app oaches can
also be applied o he shipping indus y. The shipping indus y
can become p oduce s o no only en i onmen al bu also
biological da a.
59
The p oposed moni o ing sys em p o ides he needed da a
o cos -e ec i e da a p o ision o o ecas ing sys ems needed
o deca boniza ion o he indus y. Fo example, machine
lea ning models can c ea e accu a e engine models ha a e
able o p edic he engine pa ame e s unde di e en
ope a ional condi ions wi h enough accu acy o be used as
e e ence alues o compa e wi h ac ual ope a ional pa ame-
e s.
65
De ia ions om p edic ed pa ame e s p io o aul
occu ence can help he c ew o p oac i ely ope a e he engine
and sol e engine mal unc ion acco dingly be o e occu ing a
ca as ophic aul ha can endange essel and c ew
ope a ion.
66
As some au ho s ha e clea ly s a ed, i mo e
e icien ship ope a ions a e o be de ined, ene gy consump ion
in he ull ope a ional p o ile o he essel is comple ely
necessa y.
67
The uel consump ion models can p edic uel oil
consump ion in au onomous mode. This will also pe mi
specializa ion o s a on sho e in ene gy e iciency a eas,
c ea ing an ene gy e iciency cul u e in essel ope a ion. All o
his inc eases essel sa e y, educes essel down imes and uel
oil consump ion, and inc eases essel economical sus ain-
abili y.
Ac ually, he collec ed da a is eeding uel p edic ion
models,
68−70
species dis ibu ion models, and ou e op imiza-
ion models
71
being used by he essels pa icipa ing in his
wo k. The uel p edic ion models based on AI me hods
68
a e
being used o es ima e he op imal speeds and cu en uel
consump ion as well as eed in o ou e op imiza ion models.
71
These models combine la ge da a se s o uel consump ion
eco ded om he essels wi h la ge en i onmen al da a se s
om Cope nicus (Figu e 4). Simila ly, species dis ibu ion
o ecas s based on a i icial in elligence me hods using
Cope nicus da a a e being p o ided o he essels and used
o ou e op imiza ion.
71
Fu he mo e, he in eg a ion o such models in in e na ional
da a pla o ms will help o o ecas h eads o he ishe ies
indus y such as clima e change.
6
This wo k aims o suppo
scien is s, indus y, and policymake s in he unde s anding o
he needed echnological de elopmen o cos -e ec i e da a
acquisi ion h ough ishing essel digi aliza ion. This digi al-
iza ion is needed o acili a e he educ ion o emissions as a
c i ical en i onmen al p oblem and indus y cos s c i ical o
indus y economic sus ainabili y. In addi ion o da a eco ding,
his sys em acili a es he deploymen o s anda dized wo-way
in e aces o onboa d senso s and sys ems. This can emo e a
signi ican obs acle owa d he de elopmen and deploymen
o applica ions based on in e acing ship sys ems. I would
enable he de elopmen o moni o ing sys ems and decision
suppo sys ems wi hou ailo ing o each indi idual ship,
which oday is hinde ing he widesp ead use o such sys ems.
■AUTHOR INFORMATION
Co esponding Au ho
Zigo U iondo −Ene gy Enginee ing Depa men , Facul y o
Enginee ing o Bilbao, Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y
(UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain; o cid.o g/0000-
0002-1890-9373; Email: [email p o ec ed]
Au ho s
Jose A. Fe nandes-Sal ado −AZTI, Ma ine Resea ch,
Basque Resea ch and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48395
Figu e 4. Da a lows o he in si u da a om he essels o Onsho e
essels and he e u ning o ecas s o he essels o imp o ed
ope a ions.
ACS En i onmen al Au pubs.acs.o g/en i onau A icle
h ps://doi.o g/10.1021/acsen i onau.3c00013
ACS En i on. Au 2024, 4, 142−151
148
Suka ie a, Bizkaia, Spain; o cid.o g/0000-0003-4677-
6077
Ka l-Johan Rei e −SINTEF Ocean, T ondheim 7010,
No way
Inaki Quincoces −AZTI, Ma ine Resea ch, Basque Resea ch
and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48395 Suka ie a,
Bizkaia, Spain
Kay an Pazouki −Ma ine, O sho e and Subsea Technology
G oup, School o Enginee ing, Newcas le Uni e si y,
Newcas le upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
Comple e con ac in o ma ion is a ailable a :
h ps://pubs.acs.o g/10.1021/acsen i onau.3c00013
Au ho Con ibu ions
CRediT: Jose A. Fe nandes-Sal ado w i ing- e iew &
edi ing; Ka l-Johan Rei e w i ing- e iew & edi ing; Inaki
Quincoces w i ing- e iew & edi ing; Kay an Pazouki w i ing-
e iew & edi ing.
No es
The au ho s decla e no compe ing inancial in e es .
■ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This wo k has been unded by he Eu opean Union’s Ho izon
2020 esea ch and inno a ion p og am unde g an ag eemen
no. 869342 (SusTunTech).
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