Ci a ion: Felix Beni ez, J.M.; del
Po illo-Valdés, L.A.; Pé ez, R.; Sosa,
D. Me hodology o De e mine Ene gy
E iciency S a egies in Buildings
Si ed in T opical Clima ic Zones;
Case S udy, Buildings o he Te ia y
Sec o in he Dominican Republic.
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715. h ps://
doi.o g/10.3390/en15134715
Academic Edi o s: Siu-Ki (Eddie)
Lau, Vesna Koso i´c, Abel Tablada,
Zd a ko T i ic, Miljana Ho a ,
Milena Vukmi o i´c, Sil ia
Domingo-I igoyen, Ma ija Todo o i´c,
Jé ôme H. Kaemp , Kosa Goli´c, Ana
Pe ic and Aud ius Banai is
Recei ed: 12 Ap il 2022
Accep ed: 22 June 2022
Published: 27 June 2022
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ene gies
A icle
Me hodology o De e mine Ene gy E iciency S a egies in
Buildings Si ed in T opical Clima ic Zones; Case S udy,
Buildings o he Te ia y Sec o in he Dominican Republic
Joan Manuel Felix Beni ez 1,2,* , Luis Al onso del Po illo-Valdés1, Rene Pé ez 2and Da id Sosa 2
1ENEDI Resea ch G oup, Ene gy Enginee ing Depa men , Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU),
48013 Bilbao, Spain; [email p o ec ed]
2Di ec o a e o Scien i ic Resea ch Managemen , Eas Cen al Uni e si y (UCE),
San Ped o de Maco ís 21000, Dominican Republic; pe ezgongalez [email p o ec ed] (R.P.);
[email p o ec ed] (D.S.)
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +1-809-444-5977 (ex . 21000)
Abs ac :
The applica ion o ene gy-e iciency s a egies in buildings is a ho opic a ound he wo ld;
in some coun ies, he e a e egula ions wi h mo e o less deg ee o compliance, bu in mos coun ies
loca ed in he opical zone, he e a e no egula ions, and i is no easy o ans e egula ions o
coun ies ou side o opical zone. Fo coun ies loca ed in opical zones, he implemen a ion o
s a egies o educe he hea low om ou side o inside buildings is a key poin . As a case s udy,
he Dominican Republic (DR) was chosen, and du ing 2020, an analysis ocusing on buildings o
he e ia y le el was ca ied ou wi h he goal o using scien i ic me hodology ocused on opical
clima es ha allows o a signi ican educ ion in ene gy consump ion by implemen ing Ene gy
E iciency S a egies (EESs) ha a e a ailable, wi h minimal in usion in o he building and low
cos . The s udy includes, as pa s o he p oposed me hodology, he cha ac e iza ion o building pa ks,
including he clima ic zoni ica ion o he coun y, an in-dep h s udy o he building ypologies in
DR, and a massi e su ey a ound he coun y abou he echnical cha ac e is ics o ai condi ioning
uni s and hei usage; he elec ion and cha ac e iza ion o buildings, including simula ion and alida ion
h oughou he moni o ing o eigh di e en buildings; an analysis o he measu es o ene gy e iciency
and implemen a ion in he models, including he elec ion o a demons a i e building, he elec ion o
he mos con enien EESs, modeling o EESs, implemen ing EESs in he building, moni o ing, and
alida ion; and an analysis o he impac o he measu es a he egion o coun y le el, h oughou which
impo an conclusions can be ob ained in o de o educe ene gy consump ion in he coun y. The
esul s show ha his me hodology is a alid ool o coun ies si ua ed in opical a eas in o de o
educe he ene gy consump ion associa ed wi h ai condi ioning uni s wi h low cos , a ailabili y, and
no in usi e EESs.
Keywo ds: ene gy e iciency; e ia y le el buildings; hea low; ene gy e iciency s a egies; ene gy
simula ion; ene gy moni o ing; ene gy e iciency in opical zones
1. In oduc ion
Fo coun ies si ua ed in opical a eas, he elec ici y consumed by he ai condi ioning
in o de p o ide indoo he mal com o o p oduc i e o ice wo k in o ices o public and
comme cial buildings ep esen s 40–60% o hei o al ene gy consump ion [
1
]. Di e en
s udies [
2
,
3
] ha e shown ha hese ai condi ione s’ consump ion o elec ici y is ela i ely
high, “ anging be ween 1900–5400 kWh pe ai condi ione uni pe yea , depending on he
COP and on he cooling capaci y [
4
]”. The low ene gy e iciency quali ica ion o hese ai
condi ione s is an impo an ac o ha con ibu es o hei high elec ici y consump ion.
De e mining he ac ual ene gy consump ion and usage pa e ns o ai condi ioning
sys em is impo an in e alua ing i s ene gy e iciency. The unning ime o an ai condi-
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/en15134715 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/ene gies
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 2 o 31
ioning uni is essen ial in o ma ion o he calcula ion o alues such as SEER (Seasonal
Ene gy E iciency Ra io) and AFP (Annual Fac o Pe o mance), which can help educe he
cos o elec ical ene gy [5,6].
Hea gains om inciden sola adia ion in buildings a e he main cause o he ene gy
consump ion a ibu able o he ai condi ioning uni s [
7
–
9
] and a e e en highe when i s
ope a ions a e in an hou ly phase wi h sola adia ion. In ha case, he ai condi ioning
uni wo ks by ying o ca y ou he gained hea low, which happens when he di e ence
be ween he indoo and he ou doo empe a u e is e y high, as is he case in coun ies
loca ed in opical la i udes.
A good choice o ai condi ioning sys ems ha combines good EESs o educe he -
mal loads in he cons uc ion and ehabili a ion o buildings can p o ide use s wi h he
necessa y indoo ai com o wi h lowe ene gy consump ion [10].
Acco ding o s a is ical da a, 44% o all he ene gy used is consumed in buildings
o domes ic, e ia y, o indus ial sec o s, and buildings a e esponsible o 36% o CO
2
emissions [11]. The majo i y o he exis ing buildings oday in he DR we e buil a a ime
when ene gy e iciency was no a majo p io i y, and e en oday, his ac o is s ill no
conside ed as impo an as i should be. This leads o a la ge consump ion o ene gy o cool
buildings; in ac , is ac o consumes he mos elec ici y in a building [12].
In Hong Kong, China, Jia [
13
] conduc ed a s udy ha in ol ed six y-six (66) o ice
buildings. Jia analyzed he cooling ene gy consump ion in hese buildings om 2004 o
2013. Fac o s examined in hese 66 buildings included window- o-wall a io; he shading
coe icien ; wall, ceiling, and widow-glass hicknesses; U- alue; and he a ea co e ed by
he ai condi ione . Fac o s ha we e aken in o conside a ion included he ype o ai
condi ioning sys ems, indoo and ou doo empe a u e, indoo ligh ing powe , en ila ion
a e, nominal coe icien o pe o mance (COP) o e ige a ion uni s, and powe o he
cooling sys em an. The esul was ha , wi h he change in wa e -cooled ai condi ioning
uni s, a highe COP was achie ed; his, along wi h shading echniques in windows, could
educe ene gy consump ion in comme cial buildings by abou 36 W/m
2
o 24 W/m
2
,
i.e., by 33% o o al consump ion.
Ali eza e al. [
14
] ca ied ou a s udy in an o ice building in Teh an; he building
was modeled and simula ed using DesignBuilde in o de o ca y ou he analysis o he
he mal ene gy pe o mance o he building. I was de e mined ha , due o i s con en ional
cons uc ion ma e ials, ene gy losses we e highe han no mal. By op imizing he building’s
ma e ials, he losses we e educed by app oxima ely 82%. By op imizing he building, hey
achie ed sa ings o a ound 2 MWh o ene gy in one yea .
In o de o educe he ene gy consump ion o a building wi h espec o cooling,
a ious obliga o y in e na ional s anda ds ha e been implemen ed o he use o ene gy
in he cons uc ion o new esiden ial and comme cial buildings o he ehabili a ion o
exis ing buildings [
15
]. These s anda ds equi e a signi ican he mal imp o emen in he
building’s en elope, in oducing s a egies in windows, oo s, and ex e io walls. Simila ly,
i is necessa y o building designe s, a chi ec s, and enginee s o use simula ion ools o
s udy ene gy pe o mance so ha i can esul in ene gy sa ings ha comply wi h di e en
s anda ds [
16
–
18
]. The e o e, he accu acy o simula ion esul s is undamen al o achie ing
an ene gy e icien building.
Di e en me hods ha e been de eloped o analyze he ene gy pe o mance o build-
ings using compu e simula ion [
19
,
20
]. The me hod used in hese s udies combines he
analysis o s a egies o design wi h plans o in oduce elec ical and he mal measu e-
men s in o he building, and i also uses an ene gy simula ion ool.
The e a e many Sus ainabili y Ce i ica ion Sys ems (SCS) [
21
] as Building Resea ch
Es ablishmen En i onmen al Assessmen Me hodology (BREEAM), Ge man Sus ainable
Building Council (DGNB), High Quali y En i onmen al (HQE), Leade ship in Ene gy and
En i onmen al Design (LEED), and o he s. All o hem ha e simila hie a chical s uc u es
ha s a e simila p o ocols o he e alua ion o he buildings’ sus ainable pe o mance.
These p o ocols lead echnicians s ep-by-s ep o he inal goal; ha is, o ob ain a mo e
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 3 o 31
sus ainable building. One o he i ems ha hese SCSs use o alida e he inal goal is
ene gy consump ion.
The e a e also some di ec i es such as he Ene gy Pe o mance o Buildings in Eu ope
o he S anda d ASHRAE 90.1-2007 in he USA ha s a e c i e ia and p ocedu es in o de
o op imize he ene gy pe o mance o buildings. This wo k has aken in o accoun all
hese sys ems, di ec i es, and s anda ds in o de o p esen a new me hodology o he
imp o emen in he ene gy building pe o mance adap ed o opical clima es.
Table 1shows compa es he i ems used in hose SCSs and hose used in his wo k in
o de o e eal he di e ences in he p esen ed me hodology wi h exis ing SCSs.
Table 1. Compa ison among i ems commonly used in di e en SCSs and i ems used in his s udio.
SCS I ems Used in This S udio?
LEED Minimum Ene gy Yield YES
LEED Op imized Ene gy Pe o mance YES
LEED On-si e Renewable Ene gy NO
LEED G een ene gy NO
BREEAM Ene gy demand o hea ing and cooling YES
BREEAM P ima y ene gy consump ion NO
BREEAM To al CO2emissions YES
DGNB Non- enewable p ima y ene gy equi emen YES
DGNB To al Ene gy Dec ease Requi emen YES
DGNB Renewable p ima y ene gy NO
HQE Reducing ene gy demand h ough
a chi ec u al design YES
HQE Reduc ion o p ima y ene gy consump ion NO
HQE Reduc ion o pollu ing emissions in o he
a mosphe e YES
The me hodology p esen ed in his esea ch aims o educe he ene gy consump ion in
buildings’ condi ioning a he e ia y le el in opical zones. An in-dep h cha ac e iza ion
o he clima e zones o he building pa k and o he cons uc ion opology o he analyzed
coun y o egion mus be ollowed by he cha ac e iza ion o a numbe o signi ica i e
buildings loca ed in di e en clima ic zones. This pa o he me hodology includes simula-
ion, moni o ing and alida ion. The nex s ep is o analyze he a ailable EESs in o de o
choose hose ha well i he pu pose o he esea ch, including modeling in he modeling
ool, i s implemen a ion in one o he s udied buildings, and moni o ing and alida ion
o he e o i ed building. The knowledge gene a ed in his s udy will allow ac ions o
be de e mined o achie e he main goal, i.e., ene gy e iciency pe o mance in buildings.
In his wo k, he simula ion was ca ied ou using DesignBuilde , an ene gy simula ion
so wa e om Ene gy Plus [
22
]. In he second phase, he building was moni o ed by
placing empe a u e and ela i e humidi y senso s on he building en elope, bo h inside
and ou side, oge he wi h a da a logge o measu e he consump ion o he uni s dedica ed
o he ai condi ioning. As he building was adjus ed, he di e en s a egies used o educe
he ene gy consump ion we e e alua ed [23].
In he inal phase, di e en s a egies we e in oduced in he en elope in o de o ca y
ou analyses o he he mal and ene gy impac on he building unde s udy. The esul s
showed an impac o he di e en s a egies in oduced on he en elope in educing he
ene gy consump ion, also showing ha he economic cos s could be eliably and co ec ly
p edic ed in he case o an accu a e simula ion o exis ing buildings.
2. Me hodology
This wo k is pa o a esea ch p ojec ha has been conduc ed in he Dominican
Republic since 2017; one o i s objec i es is o highligh he Dominican Republic’s need
o i s own egula ions o he cons uc ion and/o ehabili a ion o buildings in e ms
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 4 o 31
o he c i e ia o ene gy e iciency adap ed o he opical clima e and hus o p o ide
go e nmen s wi h su icien , high-quali y in o ma ion o p og ess in ha di ec ion.
The p oposed me hodology is shown in Figu e 1, which shows a p ocess low diag am
o ene gy e iciency analysis in buildings loca ed in coun ies belonging o he opical
clima ic zone.
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 o 31
uni s dedica ed o he ai condi ioning. As he building was adjus ed, he di e en s a e-
gies used o educe he ene gy consump ion we e e alua ed [23].
In he inal phase, di e en s a egies we e in oduced in he en elope in o de o
ca y ou analyses o he he mal and ene gy impac on he building unde s udy. The
esul s showed an impac o he di e en s a egies in oduced on he en elope in educ-
ing he ene gy consump ion, also showing ha he economic cos s could be eliably and
co ec ly p edic ed in he case o an accu a e simula ion o exis ing buildings.
2. Me hodology
This wo k is pa o a esea ch p ojec ha has been conduc ed in he Dominican
Republic since 2017; one o i s objec i es is o highligh he Dominican Republic's need o
i s own egula ions o he cons uc ion and/o ehabili a ion o buildings in e ms o he
c i e ia o ene gy e iciency adap ed o he opical clima e and hus o p o ide go e n-
men s wi h su icien , high-quali y in o ma ion o p og ess in ha di ec ion.
The p oposed me hodology is shown in Figu e 1, which shows a p ocess low dia-
g am o ene gy e iciency analysis in buildings loca ed in coun ies belonging o he op-
ical clima ic zone.
Figu e 1. P oposed me hodology and de ailed s eeps o he e alua ion o ene gy e iciency pe o -
mance in opical la i udes. Blocks (A–C) desc ibe he s eps o ollow o he analysis o he impac
o he measu es a egion o coun y le el.
2.1. Cha ac e iza ion o he Building Pa k
The p oposed me hodology s a s wi h a de ailed con ex ualiza ion o he h ee key
elemen s equi ed in he imp o emen in ene gy e iciency in he building sec o in a spe-
ci ic coun y o geog aphical egion, i.e., clima ology, building ypology, and ene gy in-
s alla ions.
Figu e 1.
P oposed me hodology and de ailed s eeps o he e alua ion o ene gy e iciency pe o -
mance in opical la i udes. Blocks (
A
–
C
) desc ibe he s eps o ollow o he analysis o he impac o
he measu es a egion o coun y le el.
2.1. Cha ac e iza ion o he Building Pa k
The p oposed me hodology s a s wi h a de ailed con ex ualiza ion o he h ee
key elemen s equi ed in he imp o emen in ene gy e iciency in he building sec o
in a speci ic coun y o geog aphical egion, i.e., clima ology, building ypology, and
ene gy ins alla ions.
De ailed knowledge o he di e en clima ic zones is essen ial o imp o e he ene gy
e iciency o buildings. The e o e, Peña e al. [
24
] conduc ed he i s known clima ic zoning
wo k o he Dominican Republic, and Felix e al. [
25
] con ibu ed wi h a mo e de ailed
s udy ha allowed o a new es uc u ing and uni ica ion o he p e ious clima ic zones
wi h c i e ia based on he mos in luen ial clima ic a iables in he ene gy managemen o
buildings, i.e., ou doo empe a u e and ela i e humidi y.
I is also impo an o know he building ypology in he di e en clima ic zones. In
his con ex , is impo an o highligh he wo k ca ied ou by Peña [
26
] when iden i ying
he di e en building ypologies o he DR and associa ing hem wi h clima ic zones.
To inalize he p ocess o con ex ualizing he building s ock o he coun y o egion
unde s udy, an analysis o he ins alled ene gy sys ems mus be ca ied ou , including
he analysis o he use c i e ia adop ed by use s. This wo k can be ca ied ou h ough
massi e su eys.
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 5 o 31
Once he desc ibed wo ks ha e been ca ied ou , i is possible o ca y ou he he mal
cha ac e iza ion o he building s ock in acco dance wi h he clima ic zoning, he building
ypology, and he cha ac e is ics and ope a ion usage o he ene gy sys ems.
2.2. Elec ion and Cha ac e iza ion o Buildings
Taking in o accoun he sec o chosen o implemen ene gy sa ing measu es and
analyzing he p e ious cha ac e iza ion o he building s ock, he ypical buildings o he
clima ic zones a e chosen, and hei de ailed and comple e cha ac e iza ion is ca ied ou .
The e o e, he ollowing s eps a e ca ied ou :
•Choice o he building ype in each clima ic zone;
•Building modeling;
•
Building moni o ing du ing a less six mon hs, ensu ing he opical wo seasons
a e included;
•Adjus men o he modeling p ocess;
•Model alida ion.
2.3. Analysis o he Measu es o Ene gy E iciency and Implemen a ion in he Models
Once he ypical buildings o each clima ic zone ha e been cha ac e ized, he EESs
ha could be implemen ed a e analyzed, accoun ing o speci ic ci cums ances ega ding
o he s udy’s goal, such as economic impac , a ailabili y, eliabili y, in usion g ade, and
o he s. In his way a ious le els o ac ion can be es ablished in he building.
I is no necessa y o implemen his phase in all he selec ed buildings; i mus only
be ca ied ou in one o he buildings and should be ca ied ou in ou phases:
•
Choice o he measu es o be implemen ed in acco dance wi h he es ima ed economic
in es men and o he ac o s;
•
Implemen a ion o he measu es in he model o he selec ed building and analysis o
he e iciency imp o emen ;
•
Implemen a ion o he measu es in he selec ed building and moni o ing o one yea ;
•
Valida ion o he implemen ed EESs in he model h ough he esul s o he moni o ing
o he building.
2.4. Analysis o he Impac o he Measu es a Region o Coun y Le el
Finally, a de ailed analysis o he impac o he measu es a di e en economic le els
can help manage ene gy sa ing policies a he egional o coun y le el.
3. Case S udy
Fo his esea ch, he Dominican Republic (DR) was selec ed as a case s udy. I
has a opical clima e and a signi ican ene gy demand, mainly o he ope a ion o ai
condi ioning equipmen [27,28].
3.1. Cha ac e iza ion o he Building Pa k
Re e ing o s eps A.1 an A.1.1 in Figu e 1, an analysis o he clima ic zoning o he
DR has been ca ied ou based on a s udy o Peña e al. [
26
], pe o ming a uni ica ion o
simila clima ic zones in e ms o he beha io o he wo clima ic a iables ha mos a ec
he ene gy consump ion o buildings: maximum and minimum ou doo empe a u e and
ela i e humidi y [
25
]. The esul o his s udy is shown in Figu e 2, whe e he eigh clima e
zones a e shown.
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 6 o 31
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 31
3.1. Cha ac e iza ion o he Building Pa k
Re e ing o s eps A.1 an A.1.1 in Figu e 1, an analysis o he clima ic zoning o he
DR has been ca ied ou based on a s udy o Peña e al. [26], pe o ming a uni ica ion o
simila clima ic zones in e ms o he beha io o he wo clima ic a iables ha mos a ec
he ene gy consump ion o buildings: maximum and minimum ou doo empe a u e and
ela i e humidi y [25]. The esul o his s udy is shown in Figu e 2, whe e he eigh cli-
ma e zones a e shown.
Figu e 2. Clima ic classi ica ion o he p o inces acco ding o he signi ican in luence o clima ic
condi ions.
Fo he analysis o he building ypology, he wo ks o Peña e al. [29] and Felix e al.
[30] we e used.
Fo s ep A.3, a massi e su ey was also ca ied ou conce ning he cha ac e is ics o
ai condi ioning sys ems and ends in hei use. The su ey was ca ied ou in he pe iod
om July 2019 o Sep embe 2019 h ough elephone calls.
Taking in o accoun he s udy shown in Sec ion 3.1, he p o inces o San Juan, Monse-
ño Nouel (Bonao), San José de Ocoa, San iago, Dua e (San F ancisco de Maco ís), Ped-
e nales, Pun a Cana* (place o ou is impo ance), and La Romana we e selec ed o ca y
ou he su ey. A o al o 7617 e ia y le el buildings egis e ed in he Gene al Repo o
he Na ional Regis y o Es ablishmen s, Volume I 2014–2015, o he a o emen ioned p o -
inces [31] we e iden i ied as buildings ha mee wi h he goal o he s udy.
A o al o 556 buildings we e su eyed, wi h ques ions abou he usual use o ai
condi ioning, as well as o he ques ions ega ding ai condi ioning uni s such as he num-
be o uni s, b and and model, and echnical speci ica ions.
As a esul o he applica ion o s ep A.3.1 in Figu e 1, he ob ained esul s show ha
100% o his kind o buildings ha e a leas one ai condi ione , 65% o he use s ha e he
habi o placing he se poin empe a u e below 20 °C, and 66% o he ai condi ione s
ha e an e iciency (SEER) less han 6.10.
3.2. Elec ion and Cha ac e iza ion o Buildings
In o de o achie e s ep A.2 ma ked in Figu e 1, a ep esen a i e building in each o
he eigh clima ic zones mus be selec ed. The elec ion o he eigh ep esen a i e build-
ings, one pe clima ic zone, is based on a p e ious s udy ha ma ched he di e en con-
s uc ion ypologies wi h he clima ic cha ac e is ics.
Figu e 3 shows he eigh selec ed buildings, all o which we e modeled in Design-
Builde and moni o ed in o de o alida e he modeling wo k.
Figu e 2.
Clima ic classi ica ion o he p o inces acco ding o he signi ican in luence o
clima ic condi ions.
Fo he analysis o he building ypology, he wo ks o Peña e al. [
29
] and Fe-
lix e al. [30] we e used.
Fo s ep A.3, a massi e su ey was also ca ied ou conce ning he cha ac e is ics o
ai condi ioning sys ems and ends in hei use. The su ey was ca ied ou in he pe iod
om July 2019 o Sep embe 2019 h ough elephone calls.
Taking in o accoun he s udy shown in Sec ion 3.1, he p o inces o San Juan, Mon-
seño Nouel (Bonao), San Joséde Ocoa, San iago, Dua e (San F ancisco de Maco ís),
Pede nales, Pun a Cana* (place o ou is impo ance), and La Romana we e selec ed o
ca y ou he su ey. A o al o 7617 e ia y le el buildings egis e ed in he Gene al Repo
o he Na ional Regis y o Es ablishmen s, Volume I 2014–2015, o he a o emen ioned
p o inces [31] we e iden i ied as buildings ha mee wi h he goal o he s udy.
A o al o 556 buildings we e su eyed, wi h ques ions abou he usual use o ai
condi ioning, as well as o he ques ions ega ding ai condi ioning uni s such as he
numbe o uni s, b and and model, and echnical speci ica ions.
As a esul o he applica ion o s ep A.3.1 in Figu e 1, he ob ained esul s show ha
100% o his kind o buildings ha e a leas one ai condi ione , 65% o he use s ha e he
habi o placing he se poin empe a u e below 20
◦
C, and 66% o he ai condi ione s
ha e an e iciency (SEER) less han 6.10.
3.2. Elec ion and Cha ac e iza ion o Buildings
In o de o achie e s ep A.2 ma ked in Figu e 1, a ep esen a i e building in each o
he eigh clima ic zones mus be selec ed. The elec ion o he eigh ep esen a i e buildings,
one pe clima ic zone, is based on a p e ious s udy ha ma ched he di e en cons uc ion
ypologies wi h he clima ic cha ac e is ics.
Figu e 3shows he eigh selec ed buildings, all o which we e modeled in Design-
Builde and moni o ed in o de o alida e he modeling wo k.
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 7 o 31
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 o 31
Figu e 3. Changed o: View o building ypes iden i ied in he di ision o each clima ic in Figu e 2
(A–H) zone o he case unde s udy in DR.
The ollowing gene al conside a ions we e aken in o accoun in o de o p ope ly
simula e he eigh buildings:
• Building en elopes we e cons uc ed in a 3D display o ma wi h he he mal cha -
ac e is ics o exis ing ma e ials [32].
• The ene gy ac ions due o use (associa ed loads ou side he ai condi ioning pa am-
e e ) we e elimina ed o ensu e ha he he mal and ene gy pa ame e s o he equip-
men i sel we e s udied.
• Fo each o he models buil , he o ice uses cha ac e is ics ha we e assigned by ed-
i ing only he ope a ing hou s o he p emises and he me abolic loads acco ding o
he a e age numbe o people on he p emises.
• The co esponding inciden wea he da a in each p o ince, ob ained om he
NSRDB da a iewe [33], we e loaded o calcula e he simula ion o each model.
• Simula ion analyses ocused he g ea es e o on isualizing in e nal gains o each
model and he beha io o he clima e con ol equipmen .
In o de o no be epe i i e, mo e de ails abou he modeling p ocess a e gi en in he
nex poin ; see poin 3.4, which analyzes he chosen building in which EESs a e imple-
men ed.
3.3. Analysis o he Measu es o Ene gy E iciency and Implemen a ion in he Models
Because his p ojec is add essed o public se an s and poli icians in o de o help
hem in he decision-making p ocess o new ules ocused on ene gy-e iciency pe o -
mance in he DR, he amewo k o he selec ion o EESs a e low cos , high a ailabili y
and eliabili y a he DR le el, and a low g ade o in usion in he building.
As a ep esen a i e building among he eigh p eselec ed buildings, he one si ua ed
in zone clima ic C (see Figu e 3) was selec ed due o he eadiness o he p ope y o im-
plemen Ene gy E iciency S a egies (EESs) and suppo hem economically. The building
is loca ed in he p o ince o San José de Ocoa in he Dominican Republic. The building is
conc e ely si ua ed a la i ude 18.537240 and longi ude 70.507698, wi h an o ien a ion o
258° o he Sou h Wes [34], and i is occupied by an insu ance company; he e o e, i be-
longs o e ia y-le el buildings.
The building consis s o a single loo , o med by a ecep ion a ea and wo o ice
ooms. Figu e 4 shows a plan iew o he building and he loca ion o he empe a u e and
ela i e humidi y senso s.
Figu e 3.
Changed o: View o building ypes iden i ied in he di ision o each clima ic in Figu e 2
(A–H) zone o he case unde s udy in DR.
The ollowing gene al conside a ions we e aken in o accoun in o de o p ope ly
simula e he eigh buildings:
•
Building en elopes we e cons uc ed in a 3D display o ma wi h he he mal cha ac-
e is ics o exis ing ma e ials [32].
•
The ene gy ac ions due o use (associa ed loads ou side he ai condi ioning pa ame e )
we e elimina ed o ensu e ha he he mal and ene gy pa ame e s o he equipmen
i sel we e s udied.
•
Fo each o he models buil , he o ice uses cha ac e is ics ha we e assigned by
edi ing only he ope a ing hou s o he p emises and he me abolic loads acco ding o
he a e age numbe o people on he p emises.
•
The co esponding inciden wea he da a in each p o ince, ob ained om he NSRDB
da a iewe [33], we e loaded o calcula e he simula ion o each model.
•
Simula ion analyses ocused he g ea es e o on isualizing in e nal gains o each
model and he beha io o he clima e con ol equipmen .
In o de o no be epe i i e, mo e de ails abou he modeling p ocess a e gi en in
he nex Sec ion; see Sec ion 3.4, which analyzes he chosen building in which EESs a e
implemen ed.
3.3. Analysis o he Measu es o Ene gy E iciency and Implemen a ion in he Models
Because his p ojec is add essed o public se an s and poli icians in o de o help
hem in he decision-making p ocess o new ules ocused on ene gy-e iciency pe o mance
in he DR, he amewo k o he selec ion o EESs a e low cos , high a ailabili y and
eliabili y a he DR le el, and a low g ade o in usion in he building.
As a ep esen a i e building among he eigh p eselec ed buildings, he one si ua ed in
zone clima ic C (see Figu e 3) was selec ed due o he eadiness o he p ope y o implemen
Ene gy E iciency S a egies (EESs) and suppo hem economically. The building is loca ed
in he p o ince o San Joséde Ocoa in he Dominican Republic. The building is conc e ely
si ua ed a la i ude 18.537240 and longi ude 70.507698, wi h an o ien a ion o 258
◦
o he
Sou h Wes [
34
], and i is occupied by an insu ance company; he e o e, i belongs o
e ia y-le el buildings.
The building consis s o a single loo , o med by a ecep ion a ea and wo o ice ooms.
Figu e 4shows a plan iew o he building and he loca ion o he empe a u e and ela i e
humidi y senso s.
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 8 o 31
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 o 31
Figu e 4. Plan iew o he building wi hin he ai empe a u e and ela i e humidi y senso s’ loca-
ions.
To elabo a e he s a egies o be implemen ed, i was necessa y o ob ain da a con-
ce ning he a ea o he açade s. he a ea o glass (consis ing in he pe cen age o glass on
each side o he building), as shown in Table 2. This, oge he wi h he o ien a ion, allowed
o he iden i ica ion o he açades mos exposed o sola adia ion.
Table 2. Pe cen age o glass in he building’s açades.
% o Glass wi h Respec o he Wall o he Façade
View % o Glass O ien a ion
F on açade 28.35% 258°—Sou h Wes
La e al açade 7.56% 177°—Sou h
Rea açade 7.56% 93°—Eas
Due o he geog aphical si ua ion o he Dominican Republic, i.e., 18.7357° N,
70.1627° W, he açades o ien ed o he sou h ha e he impac o he sun du ing he en i e
day, while hose looking eas ha e he sun in he mo ning and hose o he wes in he
e ening.
3.3.1. The mal Cha ac e iza ion o he Building Type
Acco ding o s ep A.2.1 in Figu e 1, a s udy o cons uc ion ma e ials was ca ied ou .
The cons uc ion ma e ials o he e ia y- ype buildings de ine hei s uc u al cha ac e -
is ics [30]. These a e a highly ele an ac o , as hey in luence he he mal com o o he
Figu e 4.
Plan iew o he building wi hin he ai empe a u e and ela i e humidi y
senso s’ loca ions.
To elabo a e he s a egies o be implemen ed, i was necessa y o ob ain da a conce n-
ing he a ea o he açade s. he a ea o glass (consis ing in he pe cen age o glass on each
side o he building), as shown in Table 2. This, oge he wi h he o ien a ion, allowed o
he iden i ica ion o he açades mos exposed o sola adia ion.
Table 2. Pe cen age o glass in he building’s açades.
% o Glass wi h Respec o he Wall o he Façade
View % o Glass O ien a ion
F on açade 28.35% 258◦—Sou h Wes
La e al açade 7.56% 177◦—Sou h
Rea açade 7.56% 93◦—Eas
Due o he geog aphical si ua ion o he Dominican Republic, i.e., 18.7357
◦
N, 70.1627
◦
W,
he açades o ien ed o he sou h ha e he impac o he sun du ing he en i e day, while
hose looking eas ha e he sun in he mo ning and hose o he wes in he e ening.
3.3.1. The mal Cha ac e iza ion o he Building Type
Acco ding o s ep A.2.1 in Figu e 1, a s udy o cons uc ion ma e ials was ca ied ou .
The cons uc ion ma e ials o he e ia y- ype buildings de ine hei s uc u al cha ac e is-
ics [
30
]. These a e a highly ele an ac o , as hey in luence he he mal com o o he
building and he e o e a ec bo h he quali y o li e o he occupan s and he com o a
wo k [35].
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 9 o 31
As a consequence o he applica ion o s ep A.4 ep esen ed in Figu e 1, Table 3shows
he physical and he mal p ope ies o he ma e ials and hei in luence on he ans e o
hea owa ds he indoo s.
Table 3. Cha ac e is ics and p ope ies o he cons uc ion ma e ials in he F. Mancebo building.
Ma e ial Thickness (m) The mal Conduc i i y (W/m·K) Densi y (kg/m3)Speci ic Hea (J/kg·k)
Conc e e Block 0.15 1.18 1230 1000
Mo a 0.02 1.3 1900 1000
Conc e e ceiling 0.04 1.65 2300 1000
Single glass 0.03 1.05 2530 800
Aluminum ( ames) 0.01 207 2700 880
Table 4shows he emissi i y alues o he di e en ma e ials o he building ypes in
he DR [36].
Table 4. Emissi i y alues εo he a ious building ma e ials in he DR.
Ma e ial Emissi i y ε
Conc e e blocks 0.9
Conc e e ceiling 0.88
Mo a 0.93
Whi e pain 0.93
Simple glass 0.9
Aluminum ( ames) 0.03
I can be seen ha he majo i y o he alues o he di e en ma e ials a e close o he
uni , which means ha hose ma e ials a o hea ans e and hence inc ease he ene gy
consump ion in he ai condi ioning uni s. This is because he smalle he alue o he
emissi i y, he be e he insula ion by he e lec ion, which is no he case o he ma e ials
used in he DR.
3.3.2. Cu en Si ua ion wi h Respec o Ai Condi ioning o he Building Type
In o de o de ine he cu en si ua ion o he building ype selec ed wi h espec o
he ai condi ioning beha io , senso s wi h da a logge s we e placed in di e en pa s o
he building. They had he ollowing speci ica ions [37]:
•B and: WiFi-TH+.
•Tempe a u e om −20 o +60 ◦C and he humidi y measu ing ange om 0 o 100%.
•Accu acy o +/−0.3 ◦C.
•The da a could be e i ied wi elessly using EasyLog Cloud.
•Regis e memo y o up o 500,000 alues.
•The da a could be ex ac ed by USB po .
The senso s we e placed bo h inside and ou side he building, p o iding eadings o
he ai empe a u e and ela i e humidi y om bo h indoo and ex e io ambience.
In addi ion, an elec ical ene gy me e was placed a he elec ical in ake o he ai
condi ione in o de o quan i y he sys em’s elec ici y consump ion and hus de e mine
he wo k in e al o he selec ed building.
The elec ic ene gy me e had he ollowing speci ica ions [38]:
•B and: ELOG senso DENT.
•Con igu a ion o da a s o age by PC.
•S o age, depending on he selec ed alues, up o 300,000 alues.
•
Con igu a ion o eco ding da a by ime p e e ence ( om 1 o 10 seconds o 5, 10,
30 minu es.).
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 16 o 31
0.58 kW o conduc ion plus con ec ion and 0.89 kW o adia ion du ing he las ew
wo king hou s o he day.
The g aphics show he di e ences be ween he hea lows, h ough bo h he walls and
he openings. I can be seen ha he la e ha e he g ea es impac , no only due o he
ma e ials and hei p ope ies, bu also due o he inciden adia ion coming h ough hem
o he indoo o he building, eaching he a ious su aces inside, and his sugges s an
inc ease in he empe a u e and mo e wo kload o he ai condi ioning.
As o he o ien a ion, Schemes 8and 11 show ha a a ound 14:00, in he side window
closes o he on açade, he sun shines di ec ly on i , while, in he esul s o he on
açade, shown in Schemes 7and 10, om 15:00 onwa ds, he sun di ec ly impac s a g ea e
a ea o he window o he açade, gi ing ise o hea gains in he building.
The said hea ans e as a whole, oge he wi h he in e nal loads p oduced in he
building, c ea es an inc eased sense o discom o , which does no allow he labo ac i i ies
o be pe o med op imally. Fu he mo e, i also means a g ea e wo kload o he ai
condi ioning uni s ins alled, which also means a g ea e ene gy cos om hei use.
3.4.2. Ene gy Pe cen age Dedica ed o Ai condi ioning
To ob ain he pe cen age o ene gy dedica ed o ai condi ioning in he building
unde s udy, he a e age daily alue o consump ion (12.42 kWh/day) was aken and
compa ed wi h he alues egis e ed by he da a logge du ing he moni o ing pe iod
o 225 days. The a e age o al consump ion o elec ic ene gy by he ai condi ioning
uni s was 3.81 kWh/day; he equi alen o 30.2% o he o al a e age daily consump ion,
i.e., almos a hi d o he cos o elec ic ene gy was dedica ed o he ai condi ioning.
I should be s essed ha he moni o ing pe iod did no include he mon hs when he
building’s o al consump ion is usually highes , due o he COVID-19 pandemic si ua ion.
3.4.3. Compa ison: Building-Type Simula ion s. Moni o ing Da a
Acco ding o s ep B.2 o Figu e 1and in o de o alida e he e ec i eness o he
s a egies be o e implemen ing hem, he simula ion so wa e DesignBuilde was used.
Howe e , be o e ha , i was necessa y o simula e he building’s cu en si ua ion o ensu e
ha he ma gin o e o would be he minimum, and o ob ain an adjus ed building. In
a ious di e en s udies [
23
,
39
–
41
], he u ili y o using DesignBuilde (DB) o simula e he
annual ene gy consump ion o an o ice building has been demons a ed, p o iding esul s
ha coincide wi h he mon hly billing egis e s o elec ici y consump ion; he la ges e o
was 1.6%, which means ha he so wa e is eliable.
Fo his s udy, he i s s ep was o cons uc he F. Mancebo building in DesignBuilde
in acco dance wi h he eal measu emen s aken in si u, aking in o accoun he s uc u es
bo h abo e and o he le o he pa o he building unde s udy (adiaba ically), as well as
he wall o he igh . The model is shown in Figu e 5.
To ensu e ha he sola gains, hea low, and o he a iables a e simila o he eal ones,
he cons uc ion ma e ials o he building we e selec ed om he DB lib a y, gi ing he
walls, windows, and doo s hei espec i e alues, such as he numbe o laye s, hickness,
he mal conduc i i y, in e nal ene gy, speci ic hea , densi y, emissi i y, and o he s.
A e he model o he building was c ea ed in he DB simula ion so wa e, ce ain
pa ame e s we e adjus ed o equalize he simula ed and moni o ed consump ion. The
ollowing ac ions we e aken o do so.
The a chi es o he EPW clima e da a o he DB p og am we e modi ied using he
moni o ing om he selec ed p o ince. The speci ic days in which eal ime measu emen s
we e aken we e hen modi ied in he clima e a chi e. These da a we e empe a u e; ela i e
humidi y; wind speed and di ec ion; di ec , di use, and e lec ed adia ion; and dew poin
empe a u e, among o he s. These da a we e selec ed o equalize he clima ic condi ions
o he model wi h hose o he p o ince o San Joséde Ocoa. The ollowing geog aphical
alues we e also adjus ed: la i ude, longi ude, heigh abo e sea le el, and da a such as
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 17 o 31
wind speed and di ec ion aken om he NSRDB Da a Viewe Da abase [
33
], as well as he
o ien a ion o he building.
Finally, he days and hou s ha he ai condi ioning was wo king we e also adjus ed.
A e all hese s eps we e ca ied ou , he hea low h ough di e en su aces o
he selec ed building was simula ed, oge he wi h he ene gy consump ion o he ai
condi ioning, compa ing hem and ob aining he esul s shown in Schemes 13–15:
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 o 31
poin empe a u e, among o he s. These da a we e selec ed o equalize he clima ic con-
di ions o he model wi h hose o he p o ince o San José de Ocoa. The ollowing geo-
g aphical alues we e also adjus ed: la i ude, longi ude, heigh abo e sea le el, and da a
such as wind speed and di ec ion aken om he NSRDB Da a Viewe Da abase [33], as
well as he o ien a ion o he building.
Finally, he days and hou s ha he ai condi ioning was wo king we e also adjus ed.
A e all hese s eps we e ca ied ou , he hea low h ough di e en su aces o he
selec ed building was simula ed, oge he wi h he ene gy consump ion o he ai condi-
ioning, compa ing hem and ob aining he esul s shown in Schemes 13–15:
Scheme 13. Simula ed s. calcula ed hea low o he on wall o he F. Mancebo building o a ypical day.
Scheme 14. Simula ed s. calcula ed hea low h ough he on window o he F. Mancebo building
o a ypical day.
Scheme 13.
Simula ed s. calcula ed hea low o he on wall o he F. Mancebo building o a
ypical day.
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 o 31
poin empe a u e, among o he s. These da a we e selec ed o equalize he clima ic con-
di ions o he model wi h hose o he p o ince o San José de Ocoa. The ollowing geo-
g aphical alues we e also adjus ed: la i ude, longi ude, heigh abo e sea le el, and da a
such as wind speed and di ec ion aken om he NSRDB Da a Viewe Da abase [33], as
well as he o ien a ion o he building.
Finally, he days and hou s ha he ai condi ioning was wo king we e also adjus ed.
A e all hese s eps we e ca ied ou , he hea low h ough di e en su aces o he
selec ed building was simula ed, oge he wi h he ene gy consump ion o he ai condi-
ioning, compa ing hem and ob aining he esul s shown in Schemes 13–15:
Scheme 13. Simula ed s. calcula ed hea low o he on wall o he F. Mancebo building o a ypical day.
Scheme 14. Simula ed s. calcula ed hea low h ough he on window o he F. Mancebo building
o a ypical day.
Scheme 14.
Simula ed s. calcula ed hea low h ough he on window o he F. Mancebo building
o a ypical day.
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 o 31
Scheme 15. Simula ed s. calcula ed hea low in he side window o he F. Mancebo building o a
ypical day.
I is clea ha he da a ob ained om he simula ion a e ai ly close o he calcula ions
om he da a ob ained in he i s s age o moni o ing.
I also can be seen ha he model co ec ly p edic s he beha io o he building in all
cases gi ing obus ness o he model.
I can be seen ha he on window and he side window closes o he on wall a e
he openings wi h he g ea es impac om he sun, as shown in he p e ious analysis.
These esul s should be aken in o accoun when choosing he EESs.
As o he compa ison o he elec ici y consump ion o he ai condi ioning, Scheme
16 shows he simula ed s. calcula ed (moni o ed) ene gy consump ion o he exis ing ai
condi ioning uni s (A/C).
Scheme 16. Simula ed s. moni o ing ene gy consump ion o he ai condi ioning uni s (A/C).
As a consequence o s ep B.3 in Figu e 1, he simula ed s. moni o ing alues shown
in Scheme 16 demons a e ha he beha io o he building ega ding ene gy consump-
ion is also well-p edic ed by he model, in e ms o bo h he alue and ends.
In he ime pe iod o 12:00 o 14:00, he ai condi ioning is swi ched o , as he e is no
one wo king be ween hese hou s, hus explaining he dip in he g aph a his ime.
Eigh simila s udies we e ca ied ou o eigh ep esen a i e buildings, and he e-
sul s we e simila o hose p esen ed so a . Hence, he alida ion o he models is sa is-
ac o y.
Scheme 15.
Simula ed s. calcula ed hea low in he side window o he F. Mancebo building o a
ypical day.
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 18 o 31
I is clea ha he da a ob ained om he simula ion a e ai ly close o he calcula ions
om he da a ob ained in he i s s age o moni o ing.
I also can be seen ha he model co ec ly p edic s he beha io o he building in all
cases gi ing obus ness o he model.
I can be seen ha he on window and he side window closes o he on wall
a e he openings wi h he g ea es impac om he sun, as shown in he p e ious analysis.
These esul s should be aken in o accoun when choosing he EESs.
As o he compa ison o he elec ici y consump ion o he ai condi ioning, Scheme 16
shows he simula ed s. calcula ed (moni o ed) ene gy consump ion o he exis ing ai
condi ioning uni s (A/C).
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 o 31
Scheme 15. Simula ed s. calcula ed hea low in he side window o he F. Mancebo building o a
ypical day.
I is clea ha he da a ob ained om he simula ion a e ai ly close o he calcula ions
om he da a ob ained in he i s s age o moni o ing.
I also can be seen ha he model co ec ly p edic s he beha io o he building in all
cases gi ing obus ness o he model.
I can be seen ha he on window and he side window closes o he on wall a e
he openings wi h he g ea es impac om he sun, as shown in he p e ious analysis.
These esul s should be aken in o accoun when choosing he EESs.
As o he compa ison o he elec ici y consump ion o he ai condi ioning, Scheme
16 shows he simula ed s. calcula ed (moni o ed) ene gy consump ion o he exis ing ai
condi ioning uni s (A/C).
Scheme 16. Simula ed s. moni o ing ene gy consump ion o he ai condi ioning uni s (A/C).
As a consequence o s ep B.3 in Figu e 1, he simula ed s. moni o ing alues shown
in Scheme 16 demons a e ha he beha io o he building ega ding ene gy consump-
ion is also well-p edic ed by he model, in e ms o bo h he alue and ends.
In he ime pe iod o 12:00 o 14:00, he ai condi ioning is swi ched o , as he e is no
one wo king be ween hese hou s, hus explaining he dip in he g aph a his ime.
Eigh simila s udies we e ca ied ou o eigh ep esen a i e buildings, and he e-
sul s we e simila o hose p esen ed so a . Hence, he alida ion o he models is sa is-
ac o y.
Scheme 16. Simula ed s. moni o ing ene gy consump ion o he ai condi ioning uni s (A/C).
As a consequence o s ep B.3 in Figu e 1, he simula ed s. moni o ing alues shown
in Scheme 16 demons a e ha he beha io o he building ega ding ene gy consump ion
is also well-p edic ed by he model, in e ms o bo h he alue and ends.
In he ime pe iod o 12:00 o 14:00, he ai condi ioning is swi ched o , as he e is no
one wo king be ween hese hou s, hus explaining he dip in he g aph a his ime.
Eigh simila s udies we e ca ied ou o eigh ep esen a i e buildings, and he esul s
we e simila o hose p esen ed so a . Hence, he alida ion o he models is sa is ac o y.
3.4.4. Ene gy E iciency S a egies (EESs)
Rega ding s ep C.1 o Figu e 1, he e a e a ious s a egies o imp o ing ene gy
e iciency ha include bo h hose ha a ec he building en elope and hose ha a ec he
ins alled ene gy sys em. Table 6shows some o he s a egies ha could be conside ed and
ha a ec he building en elope, and Table 6shows he al e na i es o he eplacemen o
ai condi ioning sys ems.
In o de o easily iden i y each measu e in his a icle, each EES has been iden i ied
wi h a capi al le e .
The deg ee o in usion measu es is on a scale o 1 o 5, whe e 1 ep esen s he leas
in usion and 5 he g ea es .
The implemen a ion ime, measu ed in mon hs, indica es he es ima ed ime o a ec a-
ion o he building when an EES is being implemen ed.
The uni cos is exp essed in US dolla s pe m2a ec ed.
The indica o index o a ailabili y in DR has also been included, which is on a scale
o 1 o 10, whe e 1 ep esen s he minimum accessibili y o a ce ain p oduc in he DR
and 10 ep esen s he maximum. This index measu es he a ailabili y o he p oduc in he
cons uc ion ma ke in he DR.
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 19 o 31
Table 6. Ene gy E iciency S a egies in buildings conce ning he en elope.
EES Desc ip ion In usion
Deg ee (1–5)
Implemen a ion
Time (Mon hs)
Uni a y Cos
($/m2)
Index o
A ailabili y in
DR (1–10)
AChange o windows wi h double
glazed glass 4/16/4 4 1 300 1
B Vinyl ilm applica ion in windows 1 0.1 26 10
C Black shade pain ed ilm in windows 1 0.1 16 10
D Nano ce amic pain 1 0.1 24 6
E
Applica ion o whi e ac ylic pain as a
base 2 0.15 8.7 10
F Can as awnings o windows 2 0.1 150 10
G Aluminum awnings o windows 2 0.1 111 10
HEne gy e o i ing o opaque e ical
enclosu es 5 3 1080 7
I Landscaped oo 4 1.5 3039 6
Simila ly, Table 7shows ele an da a on di e en ypes o ai condi ioning ins alla ions.
Table 7. EES a ec ing he ai condi ioning sys em.
EES Powe (kW) SEER Uni a y Cos (USD/ud)
J
3.51 “4.60 ≤SEER < 5.10” 396.55
3.51 “5.10 ≤SEER < 5.60” 413.79
3.51 “5.60 ≤SEER < 6.10” 465.52
3.51 “6.10 ≤SEER < 8.50” 655.17
3.51 “SEER > 8.50” 775.86
In his wo k, ollowing he c i e ia s a ed in Sec ion 3.3, he selec ed EESs a e collec ed
in Table 8.
Table 8. Chosen EES.
EES Zones o he Building Whe e Will be Implemen ed To al Cos (USD)
B Righ and on acades 81.35
F Righ acade 127.12
The selec ed s a egies ep esen a o al cos o USD 208.47, which ep esen s a ea-
sonable in es men o he mon hly cos o he ene gy consump ion o he building’s ai
condi ioning sys em, which is a ound USD 57.87 pe mon h.
Fo he selec ion o he awning, he Analy ic Hie a chy P ocess (AHP-TOPSIS) was
used o compa e he ypes o ma e ial and hus de e mine he bes al e na i e. To do so,
se e al manu ac u e s in he DR we e con ac ed. The esul s a e summa ized in Table 9,
showing he c i e ia used in he selec ion.
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 20 o 31
Table 9. C i e ia o selec ing al e na i es o implemen in he building o he case unde s udy.
Table Summa izing he Al e na i es
P o ide 1 P o ide 2 P o ide 3 P o ide 4
Type o Awning Aluminum Can as Can as Aluminum Can as Can as
Cos o P oduc (USD) 99.15 133.33 186.32 185.3 224.62 246.15
Emissi i y o he ma e ial 0.04 0.77 0.77 0.04 0.77 0.77
The mal Conduc i i y
(W/mK) 207 0.034 0.034 2207 0.034 0.034
Impe meabili y and Dus
Repellence 1–10 1–10 1–10 1–10 1–10 1–10
Ease o main enance 1–10 1–10 1–10 1–10 1–10 1–10
To emain consis en wi h he c i e ia o he selec ion o he ene gy e iciency s a egies,
highe p io i y was gi en o he cos once he physical p ope ies i hose equi ed in he
selec ed loca ion, San Joséde Ocoa.
As a consequence o he de elopmen o he selec ion me hod, he can as awning
manu ac u ed by p o ide 1 was elec ed and ins alled, as i s he mal p ope ies a o he
desi ed hea low educ ion, and he p ice is easonable.
The selec ion o mic ope o a ed inyl was made based on he da a consul ed in wo
companies, as shown in Table 10.
Table 10.
Selec ion c i e ia o al e na i es o be implemen ed in he on window o he case
unde s udy.
Summa y Table o he Choice o F on Window P o ec ion
P o ide 5 P o ide 6
Vinyl Type Mic ope o a ed Full Vinyl Mic ope o a ed Full Vinyl
P oduc cos (USD m2)26 24 29 26
Emissi i y o he ma e ial 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
The mal Conduc i i y
(W/mK) 0.25 0.12 0.29 0.16
Ma e ia PVC polyme ic PVC polyme ic PVC monome ic PVC monome ic
Thickness (mm) 0.0016 0.0016 0.0014 0.0014
Size o holes o allow ision
(mm) 1.60 0 1.65 0
Use ul Li e (yea s) 6 7 3 5
The choice was made based on he du abili y o he ma e ial and he op ion o main-
aining he iew om he indoo o he building o i s ex e io . The mic ope o a ed inyl
o he company p o ide 5 complies wi h he condi ions o 6 yea s o use ul li e, wi h a
he mal conduc i i y o 0.25 W/mK and an emissi i y o 0.94.
Modeling o he building was ca ied ou wi h design So wa e Ske chUp in o de o
show he selec ed ene gy e iciency s a egies, he mic ope o a ed blind and he can as
awning. The esul is shown in Figu es 7and 8.
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 21 o 31
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 o 31
The choice was made based on he du abili y o he ma e ial and he op ion o main-
aining he iew om he indoo o he building o i s ex e io . The mic ope o a ed inyl
o he company p o ide 5 complies wi h he condi ions o 6 yea s o use ul li e, wi h a
he mal conduc i i y o 0.25 W/mK and an emissi i y o 0.94.
Modeling o he building was ca ied ou wi h design So wa e Ske chUp in o de o
show he selec ed ene gy e iciency s a egies, he mic ope o a ed blind and he can as
awning. The esul is shown in Figu es 7 and 8.
Figu e 7. Modeling in Ske chUp o he F. Mancebo building.
Figu e 8. Modeling in Ske chUp o he F. Mancebo building wi h he p oposed s a egies.
Figu e 7 shows he building modeled in Ske chUp, whe e he elemen s o be in o-
duced we e designed.
Figu e 8 shows he simula ion in Ske chUp indica ing he added elemen s wi h he
yellow box and Figu e 9 shows he elemen s in oduced in si u, a mic ope o a ed blind
in he on window and an awning o he la e al window.
Figu e 9. View o he F. Mancebo building be o e and a e he ene gy e iciency s a egies.
Figu e 7. Modeling in Ske chUp o he F. Mancebo building.
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 o 31
The choice was made based on he du abili y o he ma e ial and he op ion o main-
aining he iew om he indoo o he building o i s ex e io . The mic ope o a ed inyl
o he company p o ide 5 complies wi h he condi ions o 6 yea s o use ul li e, wi h a
he mal conduc i i y o 0.25 W/mK and an emissi i y o 0.94.
Modeling o he building was ca ied ou wi h design So wa e Ske chUp in o de o
show he selec ed ene gy e iciency s a egies, he mic ope o a ed blind and he can as
awning. The esul is shown in Figu es 7 and 8.
Figu e 7. Modeling in Ske chUp o he F. Mancebo building.
Figu e 8. Modeling in Ske chUp o he F. Mancebo building wi h he p oposed s a egies.
Figu e 7 shows he building modeled in Ske chUp, whe e he elemen s o be in o-
duced we e designed.
Figu e 8 shows he simula ion in Ske chUp indica ing he added elemen s wi h he
yellow box and Figu e 9 shows he elemen s in oduced in si u, a mic ope o a ed blind
in he on window and an awning o he la e al window.
Figu e 9. View o he F. Mancebo building be o e and a e he ene gy e iciency s a egies.
Figu e 8. Modeling in Ske chUp o he F. Mancebo building wi h he p oposed s a egies.
Figu e 7shows he building modeled in Ske chUp, whe e he elemen s o be in oduced
we e designed.
Figu e 8shows he simula ion in Ske chUp indica ing he added elemen s wi h he
yellow box and Figu e 9shows he elemen s in oduced in si u, a mic ope o a ed blind in
he on window and an awning o he la e al window.
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 21 o 31
The choice was made based on he du abili y o he ma e ial and he op ion o main-
aining he iew om he indoo o he building o i s ex e io . The mic ope o a ed inyl
o he company p o ide 5 complies wi h he condi ions o 6 yea s o use ul li e, wi h a
he mal conduc i i y o 0.25 W/mK and an emissi i y o 0.94.
Modeling o he building was ca ied ou wi h design So wa e Ske chUp in o de o
show he selec ed ene gy e iciency s a egies, he mic ope o a ed blind and he can as
awning. The esul is shown in Figu es 7 and 8.
Figu e 7. Modeling in Ske chUp o he F. Mancebo building.
Figu e 8. Modeling in Ske chUp o he F. Mancebo building wi h he p oposed s a egies.
Figu e 7 shows he building modeled in Ske chUp, whe e he elemen s o be in o-
duced we e designed.
Figu e 8 shows he simula ion in Ske chUp indica ing he added elemen s wi h he
yellow box and Figu e 9 shows he elemen s in oduced in si u, a mic ope o a ed blind
in he on window and an awning o he la e al window.
Figu e 9. View o he F. Mancebo building be o e and a e he ene gy e iciency s a egies.
Figu e 9. View o he F. Mancebo building be o e and a e he ene gy e iciency s a egies.
The logo o he en e p ise o he blind was aken in o accoun , hus main aining he
design o he on açade and educing he in usion le el.
4. Resul s
4.1. E ec i eness o EEs in he Di e en Clima ic Zones
In o de o pe o m s eps C.2 and C.3 shown in Figu e 1, an analysis o he e ec i eness
o he selec ed EESs in each o he eigh selec ed buildings was ca ied ou . Table 11 shows
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 22 o 31
da a ega ding he ene gy consump ion be o e and a e he implemen a ion o he EESs
wi hin o ecas ene gy consump ion educ ion o each clima ic zone.
Table 11.
Mon hly elec ic ene gy consump ion (kWh) be o e and a e he implemen a ion o he
EESs in each one o he clima ic zones.
Clima ic Zone P o ince Implemen ed
EESs
A e age Mon hly
Ene gy Consump ion
be o e
Implemen a ion o
EESs (KWh)
A e age Mon hly
Ene gy Consump ion
a e Implemen a ion
o EESs (KWh)
Pe cen age o he
Ene gy
Consump ion
Reduc ion
A San Juan H, E 1433 948 41%
BMonseño Nouel
(Bonao) F, H, E 93.12 58 47%
C San Joséde Ocoa F, H, E 84.72 34 50%
D San iago E, H 2326 2072 12%
ESan F ancisco de
Maco ísF, H, E 103 84 20%
F Pede nales B, H, E 2264 2104 7%
GLa Al ag acia
(Pun a Cana) C, H, E 2552 2068 13%
H La Romana F, H, E 1237 1174 5%
I can be seen ha he implemen ed EESs a e mo e e ec i e in clima ic zones A, B, and
C, while in D, E, and G he e ec i eness is mo e educed, and in clima ic zones F and H,
he e ec i eness d ops down conside ably.
The di e en impac s o he selec ed EESs also depend on he opology o he building
and on he p opo ion be ween opaque and anspa en su aces in sou h-o ien ed acades
so his esul mus be conside ed p uden ly.
In o de o a oid hese unce ain ies, he selec ed F. Mancebo building was simula ed
in he eigh di e en clima ic zones wice, be o e and a e he implemen a ion o he EESs.
Table 12 shows he esul s o hese simula ions.
Table 12. Resul s o he simula ion o he F. Mancebo building in he eigh di e en clima ic zones.
Clima ic Zone Loca ion in he
Coun y P o ince
Daily Elec ici y
Consump ion (kWh)
be o e
Implemen a ion
Daily Elec ici y
Consump ion (kWh)
a e Implemen a ion
Reduc ion (%)
A Sou hwes San Juan 6.58 3.52 37%
B No h Monseño
Nouel (Bonao) 2.92 1.23 48%
C Sou hwes San Joséde
Ocoa 5.56 2.78 40%
D No h San iago 4.56 2.47 36%
E No h San F ancisco
de Maco ís5.65 3.43 30%
F Sou hwes Pede nales 7.22 5.05 22%
G Eas La Al ag acia
(Pun a Cana) 3.44 1.41 49%
H Sou hwes La Romana 6.58 3.55 36%
I can see ha he in luence o he clima ic zone on he e ec i eness o he selec ed
EESs is signi ican , going om he highes one in clima ic zone H, 49%, o he lowes , 22%,
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 23 o 31
in clima ic zone F. Clima ic zones A, F, and H a e close o he equa o , so du ing he whole
yea , he he mal gain due o sola adia ion o hese zones is highe .
The esul o he applica ion o s eps C.4 and C.5 depic ed in Figu e 1can be seen in
Schemes 17 and 18, whe e he daily elec ici y consump ion can be seen in de ail, and i is
consequen ly ema kable ha he lowe he signi ica i e empe a u e o a clima ic zone is
he as es when he se empe a u e is eached; see B line e olu ion.
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G Eas
La Al ag acia (Pun a
Cana) 3.44 1.41 49%
H Sou hwes La Romana 6.58 3.55 36%
I can see ha he in luence o he clima ic zone on he e ec i eness o he selec ed
EESs is signi ican , going om he highes one in clima ic zone H, 49%, o he lowes , 22%,
in clima ic zone F. Clima ic zones A, F, and H a e close o he equa o , so du ing he
whole yea , he he mal gain due o sola adia ion o hese zones is highe .
The esul o he applica ion o s eps C.4 and C.5 depic ed in Figu e 1 can be seen in
Schemes 17 and 18, whe e he daily elec ici y consump ion can be seen in de ail, and i is
consequen ly ema kable ha he lowe he signi ica i e empe a u e o a clima ic zone is
he as es when he se empe a u e is eached; see B line e olu ion.
Scheme 17. Daily elec ici y consump ion (kWh) o AC uni s in he F. Mancebo building in he eigh
di e en clima ic zones o he DR, be o e implan a ion o EESs E.
Scheme 18. Daily elec ici y consump ion (kWh) o AC uni s o he F. Mancebo building in he eigh
di e en clima ic zones o he DR, a e implemen a ion o EESs.
4.2. Simula ion o Ene gy E iciency S a egies
As s a ed in he p e ious poin , wo di e en s a egies we e modeled, ins alled, and
moni o ed. Fo he on window, a mic ope o a ed inyl blind was chosen, and o he
Scheme 17.
Daily elec ici y consump ion (kWh) o AC uni s in he F. Mancebo building in he eigh
di e en clima ic zones o he DR, be o e implan a ion o EESs E.
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 23 o 31
G Eas
La Al ag acia (Pun a
Cana) 3.44 1.41 49%
H Sou hwes La Romana 6.58 3.55 36%
I can see ha he in luence o he clima ic zone on he e ec i eness o he selec ed
EESs is signi ican , going om he highes one in clima ic zone H, 49%, o he lowes , 22%,
in clima ic zone F. Clima ic zones A, F, and H a e close o he equa o , so du ing he
whole yea , he he mal gain due o sola adia ion o hese zones is highe .
The esul o he applica ion o s eps C.4 and C.5 depic ed in Figu e 1 can be seen in
Schemes 17 and 18, whe e he daily elec ici y consump ion can be seen in de ail, and i is
consequen ly ema kable ha he lowe he signi ica i e empe a u e o a clima ic zone is
he as es when he se empe a u e is eached; see B line e olu ion.
Scheme 17. Daily elec ici y consump ion (kWh) o AC uni s in he F. Mancebo building in he eigh
di e en clima ic zones o he DR, be o e implan a ion o EESs E.
Scheme 18. Daily elec ici y consump ion (kWh) o AC uni s o he F. Mancebo building in he eigh
di e en clima ic zones o he DR, a e implemen a ion o EESs.
4.2. Simula ion o Ene gy E iciency S a egies
As s a ed in he p e ious poin , wo di e en s a egies we e modeled, ins alled, and
moni o ed. Fo he on window, a mic ope o a ed inyl blind was chosen, and o he
Scheme 18.
Daily elec ici y consump ion (kWh) o AC uni s o he F. Mancebo building in he eigh
di e en clima ic zones o he DR, a e implemen a ion o EESs.
4.2. Simula ion o Ene gy E iciency S a egies
As s a ed in he p e ious poin , wo di e en s a egies we e modeled, ins alled, and
moni o ed. Fo he on window, a mic ope o a ed inyl blind was chosen, and o
he la e al window, an awning was ins alled o s op he di ec impac o sunligh in o
he window.
In o de o analyze he e ec o each single s a egy, hey we e each simula ed sepa-
a ely wi h he so wa e DesignBuilde , and he esul s a e shown in Scheme 19, whe e he
impac o s a egy B is shown, and in Scheme 20, whe e he impac o s a egy F is shown.
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 24 o 31
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 o 31
la e al window, an awning was ins alled o s op he di ec impac o sunligh in o he
window.
In o de o analyze he e ec o each single s a egy, hey we e each simula ed sepa-
a ely wi h he so wa e DesignBuilde , and he esul s a e shown in Scheme 19, whe e
he impac o s a egy B is shown, and in Scheme 20, whe e he impac o s a egy F is
shown.
Scheme 19. Compa ison o he simula ion o he hea lows in he on window be o e and a e he
implemen a ion o he s a egies o a ypical day.
Scheme 20. Compa ison o he hea low simula ion in he la e al window be o e and a e he im-
plemen a ion o F s a egy o a ypical day.
Scheme 19 shows ha du ing day ime, and especially in he hou s o he sun’s impac
in o he on window (15:00–17:00), he e is an signi ican educ ion in he hea low. I
can be obse ed ha a he peak, a ound 16:30, he hea low educ ion changes om 0.49
kW o 0.28 kW (42.86%).
On he o he hand, o he simula ion o he awning in he la e al window, Scheme
20 shows ha when s a egy B is applied, a educ ion in hea low akes place du ing all
dayligh hou s showing an a e age educ ion o 77.61% in he hea low wi h a peak o
81.11% (0.1 kW) a 15:00.
4.3. Building Moni o ing a e he Implemen a ion o Ene gy E iciency S a egies
Once he s a egies we e implemen ed, he building was once again moni o ed o e
a pe iod o a yea , bu due o he pandemic si ua ion, he building was ou o se ice o
ou mon hs, om Ma ch o June inclusi e, so he moni o ing da a o hose mon hs we e
aken ou o he analysis.
This analysis akes in o conside a ion a iables ela ed o indoo com o condi ions
such as inside empe a u e (see Scheme 21) and ela i e humidi y (see Scheme 22), as well
Scheme 19.
Compa ison o he simula ion o he hea lows in he on window be o e and a e he
implemen a ion o he s a egies o a ypical day.
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 24 o 31
la e al window, an awning was ins alled o s op he di ec impac o sunligh in o he
window.
In o de o analyze he e ec o each single s a egy, hey we e each simula ed sepa-
a ely wi h he so wa e DesignBuilde , and he esul s a e shown in Scheme 19, whe e
he impac o s a egy B is shown, and in Scheme 20, whe e he impac o s a egy F is
shown.
Scheme 19. Compa ison o he simula ion o he hea lows in he on window be o e and a e he
implemen a ion o he s a egies o a ypical day.
Scheme 20. Compa ison o he hea low simula ion in he la e al window be o e and a e he im-
plemen a ion o F s a egy o a ypical day.
Scheme 19 shows ha du ing day ime, and especially in he hou s o he sun’s impac
in o he on window (15:00–17:00), he e is an signi ican educ ion in he hea low. I
can be obse ed ha a he peak, a ound 16:30, he hea low educ ion changes om 0.49
kW o 0.28 kW (42.86%).
On he o he hand, o he simula ion o he awning in he la e al window, Scheme
20 shows ha when s a egy B is applied, a educ ion in hea low akes place du ing all
dayligh hou s showing an a e age educ ion o 77.61% in he hea low wi h a peak o
81.11% (0.1 kW) a 15:00.
4.3. Building Moni o ing a e he Implemen a ion o Ene gy E iciency S a egies
Once he s a egies we e implemen ed, he building was once again moni o ed o e
a pe iod o a yea , bu due o he pandemic si ua ion, he building was ou o se ice o
ou mon hs, om Ma ch o June inclusi e, so he moni o ing da a o hose mon hs we e
aken ou o he analysis.
This analysis akes in o conside a ion a iables ela ed o indoo com o condi ions
such as inside empe a u e (see Scheme 21) and ela i e humidi y (see Scheme 22), as well
Scheme 20.
Compa ison o he hea low simula ion in he la e al window be o e and a e he
implemen a ion o F s a egy o a ypical day.
Scheme 19 shows ha du ing day ime, and especially in he hou s o he sun’s impac
in o he on window (15:00–17:00), he e is an signi ican educ ion in he hea low. I can
be obse ed ha a he peak, a ound 16:30, he hea low educ ion changes om 0.49 kW
o 0.28 kW (42.86%).
On he o he hand, o he simula ion o he awning in he la e al window, Scheme 20
shows ha when s a egy B is applied, a educ ion in hea low akes place du ing all
dayligh hou s showing an a e age educ ion o 77.61% in he hea low wi h a peak o
81.11% (0.1 kW) a 15:00.
4.3. Building Moni o ing a e he Implemen a ion o Ene gy E iciency S a egies
Once he s a egies we e implemen ed, he building was once again moni o ed o e a
pe iod o a yea , bu due o he pandemic si ua ion, he building was ou o se ice o ou
mon hs, om Ma ch o June inclusi e, so he moni o ing da a o hose mon hs we e aken
ou o he analysis.
This analysis akes in o conside a ion a iables ela ed o indoo com o condi ions
such as inside empe a u e (see Scheme 21) and ela i e humidi y (see Scheme 22), as well
as he ene gy consump ion due o he ins alla ion o he ai condi ioning, compa ing he
si ua ions be o e and a e (see Scheme 23). An addi ional g aphic, Scheme 23, shows he
accu acy be ween he simula ed and moni o ed ene gy consump ion.
Ene gies 2022,15, 4715 25 o 31
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 25 o 31
as he ene gy consump ion due o he ins alla ion o he ai condi ioning, compa ing he
si ua ions be o e and a e (see Scheme 23). An addi ional g aphic, Scheme 23, shows he
accu acy be ween he simula ed and moni o ed ene gy consump ion.
Scheme 21. Tempe a u es inside he building be o e and a e he e iciency s a egies o a ypical
day.
Scheme 22. Rela i e humidi y inside he building be o e and a e he ene gy e iciency s a egies
o a ypical day.
Scheme 23. Simula ed and moni o ed consump ion o elec ic ene gy by he A/C be o e and a e
he ene gy e iciency s a egies.
Scheme 21 shows he e olu ion o inside empe a u e du ing a ypical day be o e and
a e he implemen a ion o ene gy e iciency s a egies. I can be seen ha , h oughou
he mo ning (be ween 09:30 and 12:00), he inside empe a u e emains s eady a a ound
Scheme 21.
Tempe a u es inside he building be o e and a e he e iciency s a egies o a ypical day.
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 25 o 31
as he ene gy consump ion due o he ins alla ion o he ai condi ioning, compa ing he
si ua ions be o e and a e (see Scheme 23). An addi ional g aphic, Scheme 23, shows he
accu acy be ween he simula ed and moni o ed ene gy consump ion.
Scheme 21. Tempe a u es inside he building be o e and a e he e iciency s a egies o a ypical
day.
Scheme 22. Rela i e humidi y inside he building be o e and a e he ene gy e iciency s a egies
o a ypical day.
Scheme 23. Simula ed and moni o ed consump ion o elec ic ene gy by he A/C be o e and a e
he ene gy e iciency s a egies.
Scheme 21 shows he e olu ion o inside empe a u e du ing a ypical day be o e and
a e he implemen a ion o ene gy e iciency s a egies. I can be seen ha , h oughou
he mo ning (be ween 09:30 and 12:00), he inside empe a u e emains s eady a a ound
Scheme 22.
Rela i e humidi y inside he building be o e and a e he ene gy e iciency s a egies o
a ypical day.
Ene gies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 25 o 31
as he ene gy consump ion due o he ins alla ion o he ai condi ioning, compa ing he
si ua ions be o e and a e (see Scheme 23). An addi ional g aphic, Scheme 23, shows he
accu acy be ween he simula ed and moni o ed ene gy consump ion.
Scheme 21. Tempe a u es inside he building be o e and a e he e iciency s a egies o a ypical
day.
Scheme 22. Rela i e humidi y inside he building be o e and a e he ene gy e iciency s a egies
o a ypical day.
Scheme 23. Simula ed and moni o ed consump ion o elec ic ene gy by he A/C be o e and a e
he ene gy e iciency s a egies.
Scheme 21 shows he e olu ion o inside empe a u e du ing a ypical day be o e and
a e he implemen a ion o ene gy e iciency s a egies. I can be seen ha , h oughou
he mo ning (be ween 09:30 and 12:00), he inside empe a u e emains s eady a a ound
Scheme 23.
Simula ed and moni o ed consump ion o elec ic ene gy by he A/C be o e and a e
he ene gy e iciency s a egies.
Scheme 21 shows he e olu ion o inside empe a u e du ing a ypical day be o e and
a e he implemen a ion o ene gy e iciency s a egies. I can be seen ha , h oughou he
mo ning (be ween 09:30 and 12:00), he inside empe a u e emains s eady a a ound 2
◦
C
below he one egis e ed p e iously. Fo he es o he diu nal day (12:30 o 17:00), which is
when he sunligh impac s he modi ied açades, he empe a u es a e kep mos ly below he
p e ious empe a u es, wi h he di e ence eaching 1 ◦C below p io o he egis a ions.
Scheme 22 shows ha he ela i e humidi y alues inside he modi ied building a e
sligh ly below he p e ious ones om 10:00 o 13:30 and sligh ly abo e he p e ious ones
om 14:00 o 17:30.
