A review of Industry 4.0 potential to accelerate the transition to a Circular Economy

MÁSTER UNIVERSITARIO EN
INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL
TRABAJO FIN DE MÁSTER
A REVIEW OF INDUSTRY 4.0 POTENTIAL TO
ACCELERATE THE TRANSITION TO A
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
Es udian e I ache Cabello Iñigo
Di ec o /Di ec o a Minguez Gabiña Rika do
Depa amen o Exp esión G á ica y P oyec os de Ingenie ía
Cu so académico 2019/2020
Bilbao, 31, Agos o, 2020
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ABSTRACT
The ac ual model o consump ion is challenging he plane capabili ies o wi hs and he
p essu e gene a ed om excess esou ce consump ion. The con inuous g ow h o popula ion
and he inc emen o he middle class h ea s plane ’s sus ainabili y. The model o Ci cula
Economy based on he op imiza ion o esou ces ough he maximiza ion o use and he
educ ion o was e, appea s as he new key o sol e he p oblem. Howe e , he ansi ion o
his new sys em comp ises a ce ain deg ee o complexi y. A same ime, indus y is
con on ing i s ou h e olu ion also known as Indus y 4.0, which in ends o digi alize he
whole indus y h ough he use o echnologies like he In e ne o Things o Addi i e
Manu ac u ing wi h he aim o op imizing he indus ial sys ems. Along his wo k bo h e ms
o Ci cula Economy and Indus y 4.0 a e p esen ed and analyzed in o de o gene a e an
adequa e con ex o p o iding an insigh o how hese eme gen indus ial echnologies can
accele a e he ansi ion o his new model o economy. This wo k has he in en ion o se ing
as ounda ion o u u e esea ch a ound a opic ha o e s a g ea po en ial and s ill emains
unde de eloped.
Key wo ds: Sus ainabili y, Ci cula Economy, Indus y 4.0, In e ne o Things, Addi i e
Manu ac u ing, T ansi ion.
RESUMEN
El modelo ac ual de consumo desa ía las capacidades del plane a pa a sopo a la p esión
gene ada po el excesi o consumo de ecu sos. El c ecimien o con inuo de la población y el
inc emen o de la clase media en el mundo amenaza la sos enibilidad. El modelo de Economía
Ci cula basado en la op imización de los ecu sos a a és de la maximización de su uso y la
educción de esiduos, apa ece como la cla e pa a sol en a el p oblema. Sin emba go la
ansición hacia es e nue o sis ema comp ende cie o g ado de complejidad. Al mismo iempo
la indus ia en on a su cua a e olución, ambién conocida como Indus ia 4.0, que p opone
digi aliza el o al de la indus ia a a és de ecnologías como el In e ne de las cosas o la
imp esión 3D con el obje o de op imiza los sis emas indus iales. En es e abajo se p esen an
ambos concep os de Economía Ci cula e Indus ia 4.0 con el obje o de gene a un con ex o
adecuado sob e el cual analiza cómo es as eme gen es ecnologías indus iales pueden ayuda
a acele a la ansición hacia el nue o modelo de economía. Con la in ención de que es e
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abajo si a como una buena base sob e la cual desa olla u u as in es igaciones al ededo
de un ema que posee g an po encial y aun no se encuen a su icien emen e desa ollado.
Palab as cla e: Sos enibilidad, Economía Ci cula , Indus ia 4.0, In e ne de las cosas,
Imp esión 3D, T ansición.
LABURPENA
Egungo kon sumo-e eduak e onka egi en die plane ak baliabideen gehiegizko kon sumoak
e agindako p esioa jasa eko di uen gai asunei. Biz anle ia en e engabeko hazkundeak e a
munduko klase e aina en hazkundeak jasanga i asuna meha xa zen du. Ekonomia
zi kula a en e edua baliabideen op imizazioan oina i zen da, e abile a maximiza uz e a
hondakinak mu iz uz, e a a azoa konpon zeko gakoa da. Hala e e, sis ema be i
ho e a anzko an sizioak konplexu asun maila ba ha zen du. Aldi be ean, indus iak au e
egi en dio be e lauga en i aul za i, Indus ia 4.0 izenaz e e ezagu zen dena, indus ia en
guz izkoa digi aliza zea p oposa zen duena, Gauzen In e ne edo 3D inp imake a bezalako
eknologien bidez, indus ia-sis emak op imiza zeko asmoz. Lan hone an, Ekonomia
Zi kula a e a Indus ia 4.0 kon zep uak au kez en di a, es uingu u egoki ba so zeko
helbu ua ekin. Tes uingu u ho e an, indus ia- eknologia be i ho iek ekonomia-e edu
be i ako an sizioa bizko zen nola lagun dezake en az e zen da. Lan hau po en zial handia
duen e a o aindik beha bezala ga a u a ez dagoen gai ba en ingu uko e o kizuneko ike ke ak
ga a zeko oina i ona izan dadin.
Hi z-gakoak: I aunko asun, Economia Zi cula , Indus ia 4.0, In e ne en gauzak, 3D
inp ima zaile, an sizio
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Table o Con en s
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... 2
RESUMEN ................................................................................................................................. 2
LABURPENA ............................................................................................................................ 3
Lis o igu es ............................................................................................................................. 7
Lis o ables ............................................................................................................................... 7
Abb e ia ions ............................................................................................................................. 8
In oduc ion ................................................................................................................................ 9
Con ex ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Na u al esou ce consump ion .............................................................................................. 11
Sus ainabili y and Ci cula Economy ................................................................................... 12
Indus y 4.0 as a sus ainable ool ......................................................................................... 14
Goals and scope ........................................................................................................................ 15
Bene i s o he p ojec .............................................................................................................. 17
Ci cula economy ..................................................................................................................... 19
De ini ion and wo king p inciples ........................................................................................ 19
En i onmen al, social and economic impac s ...................................................................... 22
Ci cula Economy enabling ac o s ...................................................................................... 25
Inno a i e business models .............................................................................................. 25
Eco-design ........................................................................................................................ 27
Ex ending he li e ime o p oduc s h ough euse and epai ........................................... 29
Was e p e en ion p og ams .............................................................................................. 30
P oduc s in he Ci cula Economy ....................................................................................... 31
Policies and ba ie s ............................................................................................................. 34
Eu opean policies o Ci cula Economy ......................................................................... 34
Pe cei ed ba ie s and cu en pe o mance o Ci cula Economy .................................. 36
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Measu ing ci cula i y ........................................................................................................... 38
Mic o-le el ci cula i y e alua ion .................................................................................... 38
Mac o-le el ci cula i y e alua ion ................................................................................... 39
Indus y 4.0 ............................................................................................................................... 42
In oduc ion .......................................................................................................................... 42
Vision and ea u es o Indus y 4.0 ...................................................................................... 44
Key Indus y 4.0 echnologies .............................................................................................. 46
Indus ial In e ne o Things and Cybe -Physical Sys ems .................................................. 47
In e ne o Things ............................................................................................................. 47
Cybe -Physical Sys ems ................................................................................................... 49
Cloud compu ing .................................................................................................................. 52
Cloud manu ac u ing ........................................................................................................ 54
Fog and Edge compu ing .................................................................................................. 54
Big Da a analy ics ................................................................................................................ 55
Simula ion ............................................................................................................................ 58
Digi al Twin ..................................................................................................................... 58
Augmen ed Reali y ........................................................................................................... 60
Addi i e Manu ac u ing ....................................................................................................... 63
Pe cei ed challenges o Indus y 4.0 implemen a ion ........................................................ 67
The challenges o SMEs ................................................................................................. 68
Cybe secu i y ................................................................................................................... 68
Ene gy e iciency ............................................................................................................. 69
Connec ing Ci cula Economy and Indus y 4.0 ...................................................................... 72
Concep ual amewo k o he Digi al Ci cula Economy .................................................... 73
Oppo uni ies o 4IR echnologies o p omo e Ci cula Economy .................................. 73
Ci cula Economy and In elligen asse s in e ac ion as oppo uni y c ea o s .................. 75
Impac o Indus y 4.0 alue d i e s o sus ainable and ci cula manu ac u ing ............ 77

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In which CE a ea has Indus y 4.0 echnologies mo e po en ial? .................................... 79
Case s udies .......................................................................................................................... 82
Resou ce e iciency in he ex ile indus y ........................................................................... 83
Ci cula ID ini ia i e ......................................................................................................... 84
How does Ci cula ID wo ks? .......................................................................................... 84
Modeclix ........................................................................................................................... 88
Sus ainable manu ac u ing ............................................................................................... 89
Was e gene a ion in cons uc ion and buildings .................................................................. 91
Conc e e 3D P in ing ........................................................................................................ 93
How conc e e 3D p in ing can educe CO2 emissions? ................................................... 94
Case s udies ...................................................................................................................... 95
BIM and Augmen ed eali y o was e educ ion ............................................................. 97
BIM and AR applica ion o imp o ing cons uc ion pe o mance ................................. 97
BIM o buildings’ End-o -Li e scena ios ........................................................................ 99
Recycling and eco e y in he Elec onics and ICT sec o ................................................ 100
Apple’s Daisy obo ....................................................................................................... 102
Digi al Twin and Cloud Compu ing o WEEE chain managemen .............................. 104
Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 107
Ci cula Economy implica ions and easibili y .................................................................. 107
Indus y 4.0 oppo uni ies .................................................................................................. 108
Indus y 4.0 o Ci cula Economy implemen a ion .......................................................... 109
Wo ks Ci ed ............................................................................................................................ 111
Appendix 1 ............................................................................................................................. 119
Appendix 2 ............................................................................................................................. 121
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Lis o igu es
Figu e 1: Cu en plane bounda ies [4] ................................................................................... 12
Figu e 2: Uni ed Na ions sus ainable de elopmen goals ........................................................ 13
Figu e 3: Ou line o he ci cula economy. .............................................................................. 20
Figu e 4: EU emissions educ ions wi h Ci cula Economy [14]. ........................................... 23
Figu e 5: Mul iple loops Li e Cycle design s a egies [21] ...................................................... 28
Figu e 6: O e iew o exis ing and planned ci cula economy s a egies in Eu ope [26] ....... 35
Figu e 7: Ci cula economy moni o ing amewo k [32]. ........................................................ 39
Figu e 8: The ou indus ial e olu ions. ................................................................................ 43
Figu e 9: IoT a chi ec u e laye [38] . ...................................................................................... 49
Figu e 10: Augmen ed Reali y applica ions [33] ..................................................................... 62
Figu e 11: Digi aliza ion in he ansi ion o a CE [60]. ........................................................... 75
Figu e 12: Ci cula ID connec ed p oduc componen s [66] ..................................................... 86
Figu e 13: Modeclix p in ed links and panels [67]. ................................................................. 88
Figu e 14: Modeclix chocola e min d ess [68] ....................................................................... 89
Figu e 15: D i e s o change o ci cula economy in u ban buildings [69]. ........................... 91
Figu e 16: Wujiang 3D P in ing Th ee-s o ey Villa [73]. ........................................................ 95
Figu e 17: Cons uc ion p ocess BE MORE 3D [74] .............................................................. 96
Figu e 18: AR4C applica ion used in cons uc ion si e [75]. ................................................... 98
Figu e 19: Phones’ elemen s pe iodic able [77] .................................................................... 100
Figu e 20: Componen s and ma e ials disassembly obo Daisy eco e s [81] ..................... 103
Figu e 21: WEEE digi al win-enabled cybe -physical sys em [82]. ..................................... 105
Lis o ables
Table 1: Key mechanisms shaping he ole o p oduc s in ci cula and linea economies ...... 33
Table 2: CPS applica ions in indus y ...................................................................................... 51
Table 3: Cha ac e is ics o CC pla o ms. ................................................................................ 52
Table 4: Cha ac e is ics o he di e en AM p ocesses. .......................................................... 66
Table 5: In e ac ion ma ix o CE and In elligen asse s alue d i e s [61] ............................ 77
Table 6: Ci cula ID P o ocol alue c ea ion among s akeholde s [66]. ................................... 87
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Abb e ia ions
“AM”-Addi i e Manu ac u ing
“AR”-Augmen ed Reali y
“BDA”-BigDa a Analy ics
“CO2”-Ca bon dioxide
“CAD”- Compu e -Aided Design
“CE”-Ci cula economy
“DT”-Digi al Twin
“EEA”-Eu opean En i onmen Agency
“Eol”-End o li e
“EU”-Eu opean Union
“GDP”-G oss domes ic p oduc
“GHG”- G eenhouse gas
“IT”-In o ma ion echnology
“IoT”-In e ne o hings
“PLM”- P oduc li ecycle managemen .
“SDG”-Sus ainable de elopmen goals
“SME”- Small and medium sized en e p ises
“PLC”- P og ammable Logic Con olle
“RFID”- Radio- equency iden i ica ion
“4IR”-Fou h Indus ial Re olu ion
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In oduc ion
Humani y has been acing challenges o all kind du ing i s de elopmen h ough he yea s, in
he las decades he conce n abou he plane capabili y o p o iding enough esou ces and
s and human dis up ion has eme ged as he main ba ie o pu suing de elopmen . The
e olu ion o mode n socie y has been accompanied wi h an inc ease in he consump ion o
esou ces along wi h an inc emen in en i onmen al damage.
The e a e many con incing ac s ha sugges ha his model o p oduc ion-consump ion is
becoming obsole e wi h ega ds o mee ing he sus ainable challenges ha human socie y
aces. Wha se ed in he pas is no longe capable o c ea ing oppo uni ies o he u u e.
The adi ional linea economy, whe e he esou ces a e aken o g an ed and he was e is
hide behind he ca pe needs o come o an end.
Decupling economic g ow h om esou ce consump ion is a mus o achie ing sus ainable
goals. He e is when he concep o Ci cula Economy a ises as an oppo uni y o change o a
mo e sus ainable pa adigm, a sys em ha is based on he op imiza ion o he po en ial o
esou ces by gene a ing alue h ough maximizing he use, minimizing he was e and
desma e ilazing when possible. The easons o implemen ing a ci cula app oach o he
p oduc ion sys em a e becoming mo e appealing as he linea sys em d awbacks a e being pu
in e idence. The ac ual way o p oducing goods gene a es an es a e o excessi e p essu e on
he ecosys ems ou o which en i onmen al isks a ise; hese isks endange he p o ision o
essen ial ecosys em se ices, such as wa e , ai and soil cleaning [2].
Howe e he implemen a ion o a Ci cula Economy is s ill a om being ully
accomplished, new s a egies and inno a ions a e equi ed in o de o achie e his new
sys em. In his con ex he so called ou h indus ial e olu ion which aims o b ing he las
de elopmen s o digi al applica ions o he indus ial sec o , despi e no being in ended o
ha pu pose appea s as po en ial ool o accele a ing he ansi ion o CE.
Th ough his wo k bo h opics o Ci cula Economy and Indus y 4.0 a e p esen ed and
analyzed om a ious pe spec i es, in o de o p o ide aluable insigh s o he eade . The
opic o CE is in oduced o he eade ega ding i s main p inciples, implica ions and he
ac ions equi ed o implemen i . Then Indus y 4.0 is cha ac e ized om he main ea u es
ha in oduce, he analysis o he key echnologies ha includes and he challenges i s p esen
o i s implemen a ion.
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In e ms o he scope, in o de o discuss some o he opics o he pape wi h a mo e conc e e
app oach, a ew o he analyzed issues ha e been pa icula ized o ce ain geog aphical a eas
o economic sec o s as i ollows. Fo he desc ip ion and cha ac e iza ion o Ci cula
Economy, some o he conside ed opics ha e been limi ed o he Eu opean con inen , as a
global analysis would ha e supposed oo much he e ogenei y in he ex ac ed conclusions.
Fo he case o he desc ip ion o he Indus y 4.0 echnologies, he ocus is mainly gi en o
hei applica ion in he manu ac u ing sec o , as i is conside ed o be he mo e ep esen a i e
and an analysis o all he possible applica ions in mo e sec o s would ha e equi ed o a
much mo e ex ended wo k. Also he numbe o Indus y 4.0 echnologies analyzed is
es ic ed, and only he conside ed as mo e ele an o he pape a e included.
Fo he case s udies employed in he s udy o ep esen he syne gies be ween CE and
Indus y 4.0, hese ha e been limi ed o ce ain indus y sec o s as i is p ope ly explained in
he co esponding chap e .
Wi h espec o he ex ension o he wo k, his has been limi ed o wha usually is equi ed o
a Mas e Thesis and when some explana ions we e conside ed o be ou o he scope, hey
ha e been ga he ed in he co esponding Annexes o e e ed o he exis ing li e a u e.

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Bene i s o he p ojec
In his chap e he bene i s ha can be ex ac ed om he de elopmen o his p ojec a e
ou lined. Since he opic o he pape is me ely heo e ical he bene i s can be conside ed in
wo ways: The i s as he wo k is con ex ualized in o he de elopmen o an academic
o ma ion, is ocused on which a e he bene i s ha he elabo a ion o his p ojec has epo ed
o he au ho , in addi ion i also e alua es how he wo k can con ibu e o he esea ched
opics and wha a e he aluable insigh s ha eade s can ex ac om he eading. The second
is abou he bene i s ha his pa icula opic o he implemen a ion o Indus y 4.0
echnologies in Ci cula Economy sys ems can ha e in a eas like en i onmen al issues,
economic de elopmen o socie al needs among o he s. The second is conside ed o be
co e ed along he whole p ojec so his chap e will be cen e ed in he discussion o he i s .
In e ms o he bene i s ha he au ho has ex ac ed om he elabo a ion o he p ojec , i can
be concluded ha he main one is a signi ican unde s anding abou he eme gen opics o
Ci cula Economy and Indus y 4.0 and he possible syne gies be ween he wo. Also he
au ho has ga he ed he equi ed skills o elabo a e a echnical esea ch pape , his includes:
Adequa e disse a ion o aluable sou ces and adequa e ci a ion o he selec ed in o ma ion
sou ces, abili y o success ully s uc u e a scien i ic pape in o de o e icien ly ansmi he
co e ideas o he p ojec and he abili y o d aw o iginal conclusions g ounded in esea ch.
Rega ding he con ibu ion o he pape o he esea ched opic. As men ioned be o e he
amoun o exis ing esea ch is no b oad, pa icula ly o s udies conside ing he subjec om
an o e a ching pe spec i e. Thus he pape se es as a g ea sou ce o e iew o he opic as i
e lec s some o he mos ecen and ele an s udies. The p ojec also p esen s a pa icula
app oach o he esea ched a ea, wi h he in oduc ion o o iginal and inno a i e case s udies
ha p ope ly e lec he po en ial o he subjec and a same ime a e suppo ed wi h a well
elabo a ed heo e ical backg ound.
The de ailed cha ac e iza ion o Ci cula Economy and Indus y 4.0 se es as an in oduc ion
o he main opic and also acili a es he non-expe eade he comp ehension o he co e
ideas o he p ojec . The didac ic way he p ojec is app oached enables he eade o acqui e
knowledge abou he s udied opics in a clea and o ganized manne .
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Ci cula economy
Th ough his chap e he concep o ci cula economy is desc ibed as a whole. Fi s a
de ini ion o he concep and i s main wo king p inciples a e ou lined, hen he impac s and
implica ions o he accomplishmen o his new sys em a a social, economic and
en i onmen al le el a e analyzed. Then he enabling ac o s o implemen ing his economic
sys em along wi h a b ie inside o he ole o he p oduc s in he CE a e ou lined. Finally he
policies and pe cei ed ba ie s a e conside ed as well as he exis ing ools o measu ing he
p og ess.
De ini ion and wo king p inciples
The concep o so called ci cula economy has been and s ill is one o he mos esounding
opics in he con ex o sus ainabili y and sus ainable de elopmen . Howe e , ou side o he
academic and scien i ic wo ld is no ully unde s ood.
The e m appea ed o he i s ime used in an economic model de ined by [7], he
de elopmen o his new economic sys em was based on he idea ha “e e y hing is an inpu
o e e y hing else” and applied he p inciple o he i s and second law o he modynamics
[8].
F om his ini ial idea, simila e ms di e en ly named a ise, (“C adle o c adle”, “Indus ial
ecology “o “Blue economy”) hese concep s can be conside ed as an in insic pa o ci cula
economy o as pa o a mo e complex ision ha en ich he concep . Di e se app oaches o
he concep ha e c ea ed di e en de ini ions h ough he yea s. The au ho s o [9] om a
esou ce o ien ed pe spec i e, sugges ha he ci cula economy e e s o he “p oduc ion and
consump ion o goods h ough closed loop ma e ial lows ha in e nalize en i onmen al
ex e nali ies linked o i gin esou ce ex ac ion and he gene a ion o was e (including
pollu ion) [9, p. 49].’
Ano he commonly used de ini ion is he one p o ided by he Ellen MacA hu Founda ion
which cha ac e izes he ci cula economy wi h a mo e wide app oach o he concep :
An indus ial sys em ha is es o a i e o egene a i e by in en ion and design. I
eplaces he ‘end-o -li e’ concep wi h es o a ion, shi s owa ds he use o enewable
ene gy, elimina es he use o oxic chemicals, which impai euse, and aims o he
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elimina ion o was e h ough he supe io design o ma e ials, p oduc s, sys ems, and,
wi hin his, business models [10, p. 5].
This de ini ion ex end he ision om he esou ce o ien ed idea o a mo e b oaden one ha
d i e he whole sys em o gene a e a posi i e e ec in he na u al and social capi al. Fo he
in e p e a ion o he concep , [10] es ablish a dis inc ion be ween echnical and biological
cycles ega ding he ma e ials used:
The echnical cycle in ol es managemen o ini e s ocks. Technical ma e ials a e used no
consumed. They a e eco e ed and mos ly es o ed in hei cycles.
The biological cycle comp ise enewable ma e ials. These biological ma e ials a e consumed
and a e mos ly egene a ed wi hin he cycle.
Figu e 3: Ou line o he ci cula economy.
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Explo ing mo e in o he idea o ci cula economy, [10] es ablish h ee p inciples as he bases
o aking ac ion in he implemen a ion o his new sys em as g aphically shown in Figu e 3:
P inciple 1: P ese e and enhance na u al capi al by con olling ini e s ocks and balancing
enewable esou ce lows.
U ili y mus be dema e ialized as much as possible, i ualiza ion and digi aliza ion o
p oduc s and se ices p e en esou ce consump ion. When necessa y he esou ces a e wisely
selec ed, hey mus be g ea -pe o ming ones and enewables i possible. They should
encou age lows o nu ien s ha enhance na u al capi al.
P inciple 2: Op imize esou ce yields by ci cula ing p oduc s, componen s and ma e ials a
he highes u ili y a all imes in bo h echnical and biological cycles.
P io i ize he p oduc design o main enance, emanu ac u ing, e u bishing and ecycling,
which keeps ma e ials ci cula ing in o he echnical cycles. Tigh e inne loops will equi e
less ene gy and ma e ial consump ion o main ain he ma e ials in he cycle. Ex ending he
li e ime o he p oduc s will keep he inpu s o esou ces o lowe alues and p oduc sha e
s a egies will educe he quan i y o p oduc s manu ac u ed.
Biological cycles allow nu ien s o be eco e ed as new esou ces by decomposi ion.
P oduc s a e designed o be consumed and egene a ed h ough hei li ecycle. Fo biological
ma e ial cascading hem h ough o he applica ions enhance alue c ea ion o p oduc s and
ma e ials.
P inciple 3: Fos e sys em e ec i eness by e ealing and designing ou nega i e ex e nali ies.
Reducing he nega i e ex e nali ies ha p oduc s gene a e h ough hei cycles in hei
en i onmen . The impac ha he p oduc s gene a e in all a eas o hei en i onmen ( ood,
heal h, ecosys ems, social ac i i ies…) should be bene icial o wi h low nega i e impac s in
he social and na u al capi al.
The abo e explana ion gi es a gene al o e iew o how a Ci cula Economy sys em should
look like in he gene al e ms, ne e heless he a ailabili y o s a egies and app oaches o i s
pa icula implemen a ion will conside ably di e depending on he conc e e p oduc o
p ocess. These ideas hen se e as p ope guidelines bu each case will equi e o a speci ic
analysis o he exis ing possibili ies and he selec ion o p ope s a egies, as simila
app oaches will esul in o ally di e en ou comes.

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En i onmen al, social and economic impac s
Mo ing om a linea o a ci cula economy en ails a g ea ans o ma ion o he ac ual
sys em, hus he possible gene a ed ou comes o his d as ic ans o ma ion should be
add essed. In his sec ion an analysis o he impac s ha he deploymen o a Ci cula
Economy can gene a e p incipally a an en i onmen al, social and economic le el a e
analyzed.
Rega ding economic and en i onmen al issues, a ecen s udy e alua ed he impac s o he
de elopmen in Eu ope o Ci cula Economy in he ood, mobili y and cons uc ion sec o s
[11]. The s udy p edic s sa ings in he p ima y esou ce inpu s o app oxima ely 600 million
eu os in he Eu opean coun ies by 2030 and a educ ion in g eenhouse gas emissions o 48%
by 2030 and 83% by 2050 compa ed wi h he le els o he yea 2012, as well as he educ ion
o cos s o ex e nali ies o 500 million eu os by 2030. This s udy e eals, i s he po en ial
ha CE p ac ices holds o educe he o e all esou ce consump ion and second, how he
educ ion in esou ce consump ion is ansla ed in a mo e en i onmen al and economical
sus ainable sys em.
In a mo e social con ex in connec ion wi h job oppo uni ies, he e a e some exis ing s udies
ha sugges ha he deploymen o ci cula economy will gene a e a change o pa adigm in
he labo sec o in e ms o he pe o mance and he skills needed o he new job posi ions. A
s udy o he impac s o CE in he Uni ed Kingdom [12], es ima ed ha a ound 500 000 new
jobs could be gene a ed in he coun y di ec ly ela ed wi h CE p ac ices by 2030. This s udy
also yields how di e en ci cula economy app oaches will gene a e di e en ypes o jobs.
Labo -in ensi e p ac ices like so ing o p epa a ion o ma e ials o euse will mainly equi e
low-skilled wo ke s while ecycling, emanu ac u ing o bio- e ining will equi e mo e skilled
wo ke s.
Fu he mo e, a epo ega ding u u e ci cula economy jobs [13], s a ed ha 36 addi ional
jobs will be gene a ed pe 10 000 ons o new ecycled esou ces. Also he epo highligh s
he ac ha he declining o ex ac ing jobs, he c ea ion o new local economies ough close
loop s a egies and he emb acemen o digi aliza ion and au oma ion in manu ac u ing will
d as ically ans o m he job en i onmen .
A mo e in deep epo abou en i onmen al impac s [14], analyses he impac ha CE
s a egies ha e in Ca bon Dioxide (CO2) emissions in he indus y sec o , aking in
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conside a ion ou o he main ma e ials o indus y, ha accoun o he 66% o indus ial
CO2 emissions (s eel, plas ics, aluminum and cemen ) and wo o he main sec o s whe e hey
a e used (passenge ca s and buildings). The epo indica es ha e en o an ideal scena io
whe e decabo nisa ion o p ocesses like o al elec i ica ion o anspo , use o ze o-ca bon
elec ici y, low ca bon p ocesses o ca bon cap u e a e implemen ed, he o al educ ion o
CO2 emissions won’ be enough o keeping global wa ming below he 2ºC a ge o he Pa is
Ag eemen . Ne e heless he epo es ima es ha in an ambi ious scena io whe e CE
p ac ices a e p ope ly g ounded, emissions o hea y indus y can be signi ican ly educed as
much as 296 million ons o CO2 pe yea in he EU by 2050, which will suppose a educ ion
o 56% om he baseline scena io–and some 3.6 billion ons pe yea globally Figu e 4.
Figu e 4: EU emissions educ ions wi h Ci cula Economy [14].
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The epo also poin s ou ha by educing he need o indus ial p ocesses associa ed wi h
subs an ial ai pollu ion, disease and mo ali y a e can be educed. In addi ion educing he
need o mining will deple e soil and wa e pollu ion as well as he des uc ion o ecosys ems.
In he same epo [14] he e is an e alua ion o he po en ial o educing emissions o h ee
ci cula s a egies: Ma e ial eci cula ion, ma e ial-e icien p oduc s and new ci cula
business models. The Ma e ial eci cula ion s a egy based on he es ablishmen o high alue
ecycling p o ided mo e han hal o he po en ial o CO2 emissions educ ions. Ma e ial
e icien p oduc s, based on manu ac u ing wi h less esou ces and employing imp o ed
p oduc ion p ocesses, along wi h ci cula business models like collabo a i e consump ion o
p ac ices ha p omo e long las ing p oduc s, accoun ed o he es o he po en ial o
educ ion o CO2 emissions a equal pa s. One o he main easons o which ma e ial
ecycling holds he bigges po en ial is due o he ac ha he ac ual le els o ecycling
pa icula ly in he s udied ma e ials a e so low.
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Ci cula Economy enabling ac o s
The ansi ion om a linea o a ci cula economy equi es o signi ican changes in many
di e en socio-economic a eas, in ol ing social, economic and echnical ac o s. A success ul
ansi ion o CE is dependen on key s a egies in ce ain a eas ha se e as ounda ion and
gene a es alue o he sys em.
The 2015 Eu opean En i omen Agency epo abou he Ci cula Economy [15] aims o aise
awa eness abou he po en ial bene i s and he way h ough op imal implemen a ion among
policymake s, in es o s, businesses and consume s. In his con ex he epo es ablish ou
key enabling ac o s o conside o a success ul ansi ion o CE:
Inno a i e business models
Business models play anscenden al oles in any pa icula economic sys em as hey
p inciples ha e a di ec and las ing e ec on he sys em, inno a i e business model ha
success ully implemen CE p ac ices se he e e ence o he es and gene a e
compe i i eness accele a ing he ansi ion, howe e his compe i ion will only be possible i
policies a e adap ed consequen ly. The ollowing pa ag aphs examine some o he mos
p omising business models o CE.
Se ice and unc ion based business models.
P oduc as se ice models allows o a mo e close ela ion be ween p oduce s and p oduc s
along hei li ecycle. In a new economy whe e p oduce s a e equi ed o minimize he impac s
o he p oduc s h ough hei whole li ecycle, se ice models appea as a sui able way o
managing he ac ions equi ed o mee he ma ke speci ica ions. Whe eas he p oduc belongs
o he p oduce o he consume , he acili a ion o main enance, p oduc upg ades o end o
li e collec ion equi es o he company o de elop a se ice o ien ed app oach. Indus ial
companies in Eu ope a e inc easingly ela ing income wi h se ice p o ision. Acco dingly o
his ac , as [16] poin s ou du ing a pe iod o wen y yea s om 1995 o 2015 he income
ela ed o p oduc ion has allen om wo hi ds o he o al o 56%, being se ice p o ision
he es o he o al income.
Collabo a i e consump ion
Collabo a i e consump ion is one o he mos consume o ien ed app oaches o ci cula
Economy and eme ging echnologies based on digi aliza ion a e boos ing i s po en ial. Roo ed
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hey a e cheape o make. Main enance and
epai a e a oided, as i is mo e p o i able o
sell new p oduc s.
(in angible) needs o he use wi h a
combina ion o se ices and p oduc s.
Tendency o dis ega d end-o -li e phase
The e is no economic incen i e o p oduc
li e ex ension, euse o emanu ac u ing as
hey coun e ac mos linea business models.
In e nal incen i e o inco po a e end-o -li e
phase in business model
As p oduc s a e asse s, minimizing li e-cycle
cos s is an implici incen i e o a company,
inducing a sea ch o he bes economic
equilib ium be ween eusing, epai ing,
emanu ac u ing and ecycling p oduc s.
Consume pe spec i e
Consume ism ollows ma ke ing
Consume s wan new p oduc s ha keep pace
wi h ashion and echnological ad ances.
Consume s mus ma ch hei needs wi h he
p oduc o e ings a ailable.
Cus ome sa is ac ion is an impo an d i e
In a se ice ela ionship, he cus ome
expe ience eeds back s ongly, aising
consume s' awa eness o hei ac ual needs.
Consume s can become p osume s who co-
c ea e o co-p oduce he p oduc s and se ices
hey need.
In e na ional oppo uni ies o cos
educ ion
Consume s seek he cheapes e sion o a
p oduc on in e na ional ma ke s, enabled by
e-comme ce.
Local- i s a i ude
Accessibili y o he se ice p o ide is pa o
he se ice expe ience, which leads o p oximi y
as a cus ome choice c i e ion.
Owne ship is he no m
Owning a p oduc is he no mal way o ul il
needs. O e ime, p e iously luxu y p oduc s
become commodi y goods due o dec easing
p oduc ion cos s. Beyond legal wa an y,
p oduc epai is oo expensi e compa ed
wi h buying a new p oduc . Do-i -you sel
epai is conside ed oo di icul due o
complex and p o ec i e p oduc design.
Accessibili y is he no m
Ful illing needs is d i en by accessibili y o a
p oduc and i s use sa is ac ion. Di e en
consume segmen s can access p oduc s o hei
choice h ough cus omized se ices o by
sha ing p oduc s. Se ice ag eemen s p o ide an
incen i e o p oduc ca e o he p oduce and
he use .

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Low/no esidual alue o p oduc s
End-o -li e p oduc s a e conside ed a bu den,
o be disposed o as cheaply as possible by
selling on he second-hand ma ke , s o ing a
home, o h ough egula ed was e disposal
sys ems o illegal incine a ion o dumping.
End-o -use incen i es inco po a ed
I p oduc s a e pa o a se ice, he e a e
incen i es o e u n hem o he p o ide a e
use, a oiding s ocks o obsole e p oduc s in
households, o illegal dumping.
Policy pe spec i e
Dependence on exis ing p oduc ion sys em
Mass p oduc ion o goods is s ongly linked
wi h he ocus on cu ing cos s, and achie ing
e iciency, o en esul ing in lowe labo cos s
and less job c ea ion.
Mo e ocus on acili a ing skilled wo k o ce
Mo e localized and se ice-based ac i i ies
equi e a skilled bu a o dable wo k o ce.
Policymake s can acili a e his by shi ing axes
om labo o esou ces.
Global playing ield
Compe i ion o economic ac o s on he
in e na ional ma ke s ee s na ional social and
en i onmen al policies.
Less isk o ou sou cing jobs
As managemen o p oduc s as local asse s is
less likely o be ou sou ced, he e is less
incen i e o a ace- o- he-bo om in social and
en i onmen al policies.
Balance consume p o ec ion wi h economic
s akes
P o ec ion o consume sa e y and heal h is
mos ly eac i e and gea ed owa ds
p o ec ing exis ing economic s akes, such as
alue-added ax (VAT) income.
Facili a e sa e and heal hy se ices wi h
egula ion
As sa e y and consume heal h a e business
incen i es o high-quali y pe o mance, policies
ocus on acili a ion o hese ypes o se ices.
Ac ion p omp ed by heal h o en i onmen al
conce ns
The e is no inhe en incen i e o egula ion
o he was e phase o p oduc s. Only when
was e- ela ed heal h o en i onmen al
conce ns a ise is egula o y ac ion aken o
minimize nega i e impac s.
Facili a ion o end-o -li e managemen
Ex ended p oduce esponsibili y ules c ea e
incen i es o companies o in e nalize end-o -
li e managemen . Go e nmen s p o ide basic
in as uc u e and iscal measu es suppo ing
e e se logis ics.
Table 1: Key mechanisms shaping he ole o p oduc s in ci cula and linea economies
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Policies and ba ie s
Eu opean policies o Ci cula Economy
Policies a e key ac o s in he de elopmen o CE s a egies as hey will smoo h he way o
companies o adop his new idea o business models by p omo ing o o bidding ce ain
business ac i i ies. In o de o ad ance, in an e icien and eliable manne om he ac ual
linea sys em o he pu sued ci cula one, con inen al, na ional and egional policies should
pa e he way o p oduce s and consume s o adequa ely in eg a e hemsel es in o his new
sys em.
Se ing policies ha success ully adap and align o he demands o he sys em always equi e
o aluable in o ma ion o he su ounding ci cums ances. Cu en a ailable in o ma ion
abou ci cula economy in Eu ope, p incipally conce ns da a ela ed wi h ma e ial lows and
was e gene a ion [25]. Fo ha eason, he majo i y o en i onmen al ela ed policies ocus on
he end-o -li e s ages. Was e s a is ics do no include de ails abou he quali y o he ecycled
p oduc s o he le el o ma e ial unc ionali y e ained, ha is why exis ing policies a e a he
olume based han alue based, his ends up wi h a sys em ha p omo es low– alue ma e ials
wi h a low en i onmen al pe o mance [25].
Adequa e policies equi e o p ope assessmen an e alua ion o he p og ess. I p og ess
wan s o be p ope ly assessed mo e p ecise p oduc -le el a he han ma e ial-le el
in o ma ion is needed. Indica o s ha measu e he a es o p oduc euse, epai o
emanu ac u e along wi h moni o ing p oduc sha e p ac ices, will p o ide a much deepe
unde s anding o he ac ual s a e o p og ess o he CE p ac ices in he sys em. Tha will
unleash policies be e aligned wi h he cu en si ua ions and mo e e ec i e in he
accomplishmen o he a ge s.
Acco ding o a s udy o he Ci cula economy S a egies in Eu ope [26] he s a egies o he
ansi ion o a ci cula economy di e conside ably in each e i o y, as he oppo uni ies and
challenges depend on ac o s such as popula ion densi y, na u al esou ces, indus ial clus e s,
e c. All ac oss Eu ope, coun ies, egions and ci ies ha e elabo a ed o a e in he p ocess o
elabo a ing s a egies ha add ess he ansi ion om mul iple poin s o iew in one
documen . In he documen s, all s ages o he alue chain a e conside ed and hei main opics
a e:
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 P o ide a amewo k o ongoing ac i i ies in di e en sec o s, by di e en playe s,
and a di e en s ages o he alue chain.
 P o ide a common objec i e o each ac i i y se ing he g ound o assessing
p og ess.
 Desc ibe ways o u he suppo he ansi ion o a Ci cula Economy, documen ing
ins umen s and de ining oles o making he ansi ion.
 Func ion as sou ce o inspi a ion o ge people in ol ed in he ansi ion by exp essing
ongoing o p ospec i e ways o con ibu e.
The numbe o s a egies has exponen ially g own since he yea 2015 and as shown in Figu e
6 he implemen a ion along Eu ope is becoming widesp ead [26].
Figu e 6: O e iew o exis ing and planned ci cula economy s a egies in Eu ope [26]
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Pe cei ed ba ie s and cu en pe o mance o Ci cula Economy
A conduc ed s udy conce ning he pe cei ed ba ie s o implemen CE p ac ices [27], asked
business expe s and policy make s which we e he mos limi ing ac o s in he in eg a ion o
he concep . The main esul s exposed ha : Cul u al ac o s ep esen he bigges obs acle o
CE, pa icula ly he lack o consume in e es and awa eness (47%) and he hesi an company
cul u e (46%). Also he low i gin ma e ial p ices emain pa icula ly as a ba ie in he
policymake s’ pe spec i e (62%). In he o he hand he abili y o deli e high quali y
emanu ac u ed p oduc s (11%) and he limi ed s anda diza ion in he ma ke (14%) whe e
no pe cei ed as challenge.
Acco ding o hese esul s, he eason CE p ac ices a e no cu en ly being implemen ed is due
o he ac ha he cul u al basis o socie y abou his opic is s ill weak o is no ully
g ounded. Fu he mo e, he echnological equi emen s o de eloping a ci cula sys em a e
no pe cei ed as a challenge despi e how a om eali y CE migh seem o be.
Howe e o he s udies [28] [29] add ess echnological issues as main ba ie s. This
conside able di e ence may be explained as he ac ha he exis ing echnology can enable
pa icula key ope a ions o CE as ecycle, euse o emanu ac u e, ne e heless, in a sho
e m ision he e is s ill a lack o echnological ools ha allows o in eg a e hese ope a ions
in a sys em ha wo ks e icien ly and can unc ion wi h gua an ees.
A ecen Eu oba ome e conduc ed among companies ac oss EU28 coun ies [30], ou line
some ac s o he ac ual pe o mance o companies in ci cula economy p ac ices. La ge
companies a e aking ac ions p incipally o ob aining esou ce e iciency, 80% a e
minimizing was e and 59% ecycle by eusing gene a ed was e by he company as hese
aspec s no mally lead educ ions (53%) in he p oduc ion cos s. Howe e , jus 27% o he
companies design p oduc s ha a e easy o main ain, epai o euse and jus 30% sell c ap o
o he companies. All hese alues a e sligh ly educed o SMEs and conside ably change
depending on he sec o and coun y whe e he company wo ks.
O he in e es ing ac highligh ed by [30], is ha he majo i y o Eu opean SMEs (63%) do
no cu en ly o e g een se ices o p oduc s, and ha e no in en ion o do so in he nea
u u e. And hose o e ing g een p oduc s and se ices (24%), epo ha hese accoun jus
o a small p opo ion o hei annual u no e .
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Wha can be concluded om hese esul s is ha ci cula p ac ices a e no mally ca ied ou
because hey en ail economic bene i s and do no necessa ily mean ha companies ha e a
mo e sus ainable a i ude owa ds hei businesses.

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Measu ing ci cula i y
In o de o build a solid ci cula economy sys em, he measu emen o he pe o mance o
ci cula sys ems and p oduc s becomes a key ac o , as i enables a p ocess o in e nal and
ex e nal e alua ion o he in ol ed s ake-holde s ha con ibu es o he imp o emen o
p oduc s and p ocesses.
Howe e , he la ge amoun o inpu s and ou pu s o ene gy and ma e ials ha p oduc s
in ol e h ough hei whole li ecycle suppose a challenge in he measu emen o ci cula i y.
In his sec ion some exis ing me hods o measu ing ci cula i y will be p esen ed, i s a a
mic o-le el measu ing he ci cula i y o a p oduc o a business p ac ice and hen a a mac o-
le el as he way o measu ing ci cula i y p ac ices in a coun y.
Mic o-le el ci cula i y e alua ion
The measu emen a a mic o-le el is supposed o se e as a ool o business o assess hei
own p og ess and o hi d pa ies o compa e he pe o mance o di e en companies. The
au ho s in [31] analyze h ee o he exis ing ools o measu ing he p oduc ci cula i y:
1. Ma e ial Ci cula i y Indica o (MCI). De eloped by he Ellen McA hu ounda ion o
asses Eu opean companies abou hei p oduc and business ci cula i y. Is pa icula ly
in ended o use in p oduc design and is based on an excel calcula ion shee , whe e
he ma e ials a e e alua ed by in oducing in o ma ion abou he ma e ial o igin and
des ina ion and he pe cen ages o ecycling euse and he e iciency ela ed.
2. The Ci cula Economy Toolki (CET). An assessmen ool o iden i y po en ial
imp o emen o p oduc ci cula i y. The necessa y inpu s a e he answe s o 33
ques ions di ided in o ca ego ies ela ed o di e en p oduc li ecycle s ages ha
e alua e he pe o mance o he p oduc in each s age.
3. The Ci cula Economy Indica o P o o ype (CEIP). Simila o he p e ious ool aims
o e alua e he p oduc pe o mance by answe ing 15 weigh ed ques ions di ided in o
5 li ecycle s ages ha p o ide a sco e o he p oduc in each di e en s age.
These h ee ools hold di e en abili ies o measu ing ci cula i y as MCI p o ides a apid
compa ison be ween he pe o mances o wo di e en ma e ials; on he o he hand, CET and
CEIP a e mo e p oduc -cen ic and li ecycle hinking o ien ed [31]. Al hough he ools se e
as a apid o e iew o p oduc s’ ci cula i y hey a e s ill a om accomplishing a obus
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measu emen o he pa adigm o ci cula economy as hey ail in p o ide in ad ance a e o
he p oduc s and he indica o s make use o abs ac in o ma ion.
Mac o-le el ci cula i y e alua ion
Rega ding he analysis o ci cula i y a a mac o le el in ended o he e alua ion o coun ies
o egions o se e as ool o he de elopmen o e icien policies, The Eu opean
Commission, h ough he s a is ic pla o m Eu os a , has de eloped a moni o ing amewo k
ha p e ends o measu e he p og ess o he Eu opean coun ies in e ms o ci cula i y [32].
Fo his pu pose, en indica o s whe e selec ed as he mos ep esen a i e in he measu emen
o he p og ess. The indica o s can be classi ied in 4 di e en ca ego ies and a e shown in
Figu e 7.
Figu e 7: Ci cula economy moni o ing amewo k [32].
Some o hese indica o s a e s ill unde de elopmen (2-G een public p ocu emen ) o hei
a ailable da a is no ully ep esen a i e (4-Food was e). Analyzing he measu able ones,
se e al indings can be ou lined:
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 All indica o s ela ed wi h was e measu emen can be misleading as he me hods o
measu emen be ween coun ies a e no exchangeable.
 Fo he majo i y o indica o s he di e ences be ween coun ies a e subs an ial, his is
esul o an unequal deg ee o de elopmen be ween he coun ies and he app oach o
each coun y in he ield o he indica o .
 The o e all esul s om mos o he indica o s ollow a simila end. An ini ial
imp o emen o he esul s is ollowed by a smoo h ou o dec ease du ing he mo e
ecen yea s.
 The mos ema kable good pe o mance indica o s a e:
o 5a) Recycling a e (in %) o municipal was e. Accoun o a 20% imp o emen
du ing he las yea s (2000-2018).
o 6-Recycling a es imp o emn s (in %) o speci ic was e s eams pa icula ly:
b) plas ic packaging (17% om 2005 o 2017), d) e-was e (11% om 2010 o
2017) and e) Biowas e (31% om 2000 o 2018).
o 10-Numbe o pa en s ela ed o ecycling and seconda y aw ma e ials.
Expe ienced a g ow h o 17% om 2000 o 2015.
 The indica o s ha did no p og ess conside ably:
o 3a) Gene a ion o municipal was e (kg pe capi a). Wi h a sligh educ ion
o m he yea 2000 (513kg) o 2018 (492kg) bu wi h an inc emen om he
yea 2013 (478kg).
o 7b) Ci cula ma e ial use a e (in %). Wi h an inc emen o 3% om 2004 o
2013, bu any mo e imp o emen un il 2017.
As an o e all conclusion ha can be d awn ou om he pe o mance o hese indica o s:
The e is a sligh imp o emen in ce ain a eas o ci cula i y in Eu ope; hese imp o emen s
di e conside ably be ween coun ies and he e olu ion o hei pe o mance has been
conside ably a ec ed by he ecen economic c isis. Also, he in o ma ion ha hese
indica o s p o ide se e as a s aigh o wa d accoun o he ac ual sys em pe o mance bu is
a om p ecisely measu e ci cula i y in coun ies, so he esul s mus be cau iously aken in o
conside a ion.
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o an objec and RFID eade in cha ge o iden i ying he objec . The as and p ope
iden i ica ion o he objec s allows o many wo king possibili ies in IoT.
The design a chi ec u e o IoT should be able o b idge he gaps in he ope a ion om
physical o digi al wo ld. Mo e pa icula ly, se ice o ien ed a chi ec u e gua an ees a p ope
communica ion be ween he e ogeneous de ices in mul iple ways and enables he
upg adabili y o he ha dwa e and so wa e componen s [38]. A ou laye commonly used
a chi ec u e p oposed by [38] is g aphically ep esen ed in Figu e 9and is explained as
ollows:
 Sensing laye consis s on ags o senso s ha ga he da a om hei en i onmen and
exchange i wi h de ices. The ad ancemen on RFID and senso echnology allows o
he inco po a ion o in o ma ion om new sou ces and in a mo e p ecise way i
ex ends he capabili y o IoT as e e y connec ed hing o he sys em is uniquely
iden i ied.
 Ne wo k laye is he place whe e he connec ions a e made. All he connec ed de ices
sha e in o ma ion wi h each o he and wi h exis ing IT in as uc u es ough wi ed o
wi eless ne wo ks; hen da a is ansmi ed o decision-making uni s o he high-le el
complex se ices. The ne wo k should be able o map he connec ed hings and o
assign hose oles au oma ically enabling de ices o pe o m asks collabo a i ely. In
his con ex in o ma ion con iden iali y and human p i acy secu i y a e c i ical.
 Se ice laye elies on he middlewa e echnology ha is he pla o m which p o ides
suppo o he se ices and applica ions equi ed. The middlewa e should be able o
p o ide all he aspec s equi ed by IoT. Se ices un di ec ly on he ne wo k o loca e
new se ices o an applica ion and e ie e me ada a dynamically. All o he se ice-
o ien ed ac i i ies (in o ma ion exchange and s o age, communica ion, sea ch and
managemen o da a…) a e pe o med a he se ice laye .
 In e ace laye is needed o make he in e connec ion and managemen o he
connec ed de ices easily and in ui i ely o he use . When la ge amoun o de ices
p o ided by di e en endo s a e in ol ed, he compa ibili y issues mus be add essed
by he in e ace laye .

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Figu e 9: IoT a chi ec u e laye [38] .
Now om his unde s anding o he IoT p inciples he main pa icula i ies ha IIoT possess
can be summa ized as ollows:
 Mo e equi emen s o eal- ime and eliable da a, as indus ial ope a ions equi e
g ea e le els o p ecision, he e o e usage o mo e p ecise senso s.
 Commonly used as pa o mo e complex sys ems along wi h echnologies like cloud
compu ing o big da a. Thus a ce ain deg ee o in e ope abili y wi h o he ope a ion
echnologies is equi ed.
 Secu i y issues should be u he conside ed as dis up ions may lead o g ea cos s.
Cybe -Physical Sys ems
The concep o Cybe -Physical Sys ems can some imes appea as exchangeable wi h IoT, in
ac he e is no a clea dis inc ion be ween hem as he o igin o bo h concep s eme ged om
di e en communi ies, CPS om a sys em and con ol enginee ing pe spec i e and IoT om
a ne wo king and in o ma ion echnology pe spec i e [39] . Fo his wo k he concep o CPS
would be mo e associa ed wi h he in eg a ion o compu ing capabili ies wi h he physical
componen s and he IoT concep will be mo e ela ed o he connec ion o p oduc s wi h he
in e ne .
CPS can be de ined as he se o echnologies ha in e connec compu a ional and physical
capabili ies; i emb aces sma elemen s ha communica e wi h each o he and ha e he
abili y o pe o m in elligen asks like con olling he needs o wo kpieces o al e ing he
manu ac u ing s a egies by hemsel es [33]. CPS sys ems consis on h ee pa s acco ding o
[33]:
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1. Communica ion, wi ed o wi eless connec s he CPS o a highe le el such as con ol
o lowe -le el like physical wo ld componen s.
2. Compu a ion and con ol, is whe e he in elligen commands a e gene a ed om he
ecei ed measu e.
3. Handling and moni o ing componen s, in cha ge o he connec ion wi h he physical
wo ld, using ac ua o s o handle physical componen s and senso s o moni o hem.
The e is a wide ange o applica ions o Cybe -Physical Sys ems in he indus y sec o ;
au ho s in [40] lis he p ac ices wi h he highes po en ial o imp o emen in he indus y
sec o , as he ollowing able shows some o hese applica ions g ouped in ca ego ies o
di e en indus ial opics.
Ca ego y Applica ions
Au oma iza ion

The con ex awa eness o sma machines allows o pa icula
ope a ions by accessing he in o ma ion o each ma e ial o
p oduc .
 Machine o machine communica ion op imizes he sequence in
p oduc ion s eps based on p e ious de e mined algo i hms.
 Au oma ed guided ehicles a e able o anspo componen s and
wo king ma e ials.
Au onoma iza ion
(Con ol and
coo dina ion o
p ocesses wi hou
human in e en ion)

Upg ade o SCADA sys em ha allows o condi ion moni o ing
and si ua ion based sys em econ igu a ion.
 Facili a es cos -e icien p oduc ion o mass-cus omized p oduc s.
 Sa e y ela ed bene i s o absence o pe sonal.
Human machine
in e ac ion

Senso s pe mi he sa e synch onous wo k be ween human and
machine.
 Human machine collabo a ion educes he wo kload and lead o
o e all op imiza ion.
 Robo ic exoskele ons enhance human weigh li ing ela ed
ac i i ies.
 Decision suppo sys ems supplies use s wi h needed in o ma ion
o pe o m hei wo k.
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Decen aliza ion

Complex e en p ocessing can be pe o med in a leane and
as e way wi h decen alized compu e solu ions.
Digi iza ion o
P ocess Alignmen

Digi aliza ion o wa ehouse and logis ics enables sel -o ganizing
p oduc ion o include eal ime in en o y.
 Au oma ed e-p ocu emen imp o es a ailabili y o pa s and
ma e ials enhancing jus -in- ime p oduc ion.
 Remo e main enance, epai and ope a ion.
 P oduc li ecycle moni o ing.
Knowledge
Managemen

The amoun o eal ime in o ma ion enables alue c ea ion in
echnical p ocesses.
 The s a p ac ical knowledge should be eco ded.
Table 2: CPS applica ions in indus y
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Cloud compu ing
Cloud compu ing (CC) ha e become widely implemen ed in he las yea s and each day mo e
businesses a e making use o his se ice, om indus ial manu ac u e s o en e ainmen
companies. The basic p inciple o his ool is o p o ide access o he use o compu ing
esou ces and se ices wi hou he need o owning and managing he en i e so wa e
in as uc u e.
A s aigh de ini ion o he cloud ha ga he s he main ideas o he concep is he ollowing:
Clouds a e a la ge pool o easily usable and accessible i ualized esou ces (such as
ha dwa e, de elopmen pla o ms and/o se ices). These esou ces can be
dynamically econ igu ed o adjus o a a iable load (scale), allowing also o an
op imum esou ce u iliza ion. This pool o esou ces is ypically exploi ed by a pay
pe -use model in which gua an ees a e o e ed by he In as uc u e P o ide by means
o cus omized SLAs [41, p. 2].
CC pla o ms di e in ce ain ea u es depending on he se ice hey o e , howe e he
majo i y o hem sha e some common cha ac e is ics, [42] p esen he i e essen ial
cha ac e is ics ha cloud pla o ms sha e and a e shown in Table 3.
Cha ac e is ic Desc ip ion
On-demand sel -se ice Consume s can unila e ally p o ision compu ing capabili ies as
needed au oma ically wi hou he need o human in e ac ion
wi h p o ide .
B oad ne wo k access Capabili ies a e a ailable o e he ne wo k and accessed
h ough s anda d mechanisms ha p omo e use by
he e ogeneous clien pla o ms.
Resou ce pooling The p o ide ’s compu ing esou ces a e pooled o se e mul iple
consume s, wi h di e en physical and i ual esou ces
dynamically assigned acco ding o consume demand.
Rapid elas ici y Capabili ies can be elas ically p o isioned and eleased o scale
apidly wi h demand.
Measu ed se ice Cloud sys ems au oma ically con ol and op imize he use o
esou ces by le e aging a me e ing capabili y a some le el o
abs ac ion app op ia e o he ype o se ice
Table 3: Cha ac e is ics o CC pla o ms.
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Cloud Compu ing pla o ms can be classi ied conce ning he deploymen model and he
p o ided se ice model s uc u es hey o e [33], [42], [41]:
Deploymen model
The model chosen will depend on he business’s needs in e ms o cos s, da a go e nance
egula ions and da a con iden iali y.
 P i a e cloud. The in as uc u e is p o isioned by a single o ganiza ion and i o e s
special bene i s o hei use s as i con ains pa icula se ices o he o ganiza ion.
 Communi y cloud. O e s exclusi e use o a speci ic communi y o consume s o mul i
o ganiza ions ha sha e conce ns abou he o ganiza ion’s in as uc u e.
 Public cloud. Is p o isioned o open use by he gene al public. Usually loca ed in
da a cen e s.
 Hyb id cloud. The cloud is a composi ion o wo o mo e dis inc cloud in as uc u es
ha emain unique en i ies, bu a e bound oge he by s anda dized o p op ie a y
echnology.
Se ice models
 In as uc u e as a se ice (IaaS). The consume is p o ided wi h compu e esou ces
like p ocessing o s o age capaci y, whe e use s can deploy and un a bi a y so wa e
as ope a ing sys ems applica ions.
 Pla o m as a se ice (PaaS). The capabili y p o ided o he consume esides in he
access o so wa e pla o m whe e consume -c ea ed o acqui ed applica ions un on.
The consume does no manage he cloud in as uc u e, bu con ol he deploymen
and con igu a ion se ings o he applica ions.
 So wa e as a Se ice (SaaS). Consume s a e p o ided wi h access o applica ions
unning in he cloud ia in e aces like web b owse s o p og am in e aces. I allows
o he elimina ion o se ice applica ion on local de ices gaining be e pe o mance
e iciency. Enables so wa e applica ions such as CAD and ERP o un wi h a lowe
o al cos owne ship.

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Cloud manu ac u ing
In he con ex o he manu ac u ing indus y, he e m o cloud manu ac u ing e e s o he
in eg a ion o cloud compu ing echnology in o he p ocesses o manu ac u ing. The main
pu pose o cloud manu ac u ing is o p o ide use s access o se ices in all s ages o p oduc
li ecycles, shi ing manu ac u ing om p oduc -o ien ed o se ice-o ien ed [33]. The
manu ac u ing esou ces a ailable in he pla o m can be physical esou ces (equipmen ,
compu e s, se e s, aw ma e ials, e c.) o manu ac u ing capabili ies (p oduc design
capabili y, simula ion capabili y, main enance capabili y, e c.).
Pay-as-you-go se ices, p oduc ion scaling up and down pe demand, and lexibili y in
deploying and cus omizing solu ions a e some o he possibili ies ha o e he
implemen a ion o cloud manu ac u ing [43].
Fog and Edge compu ing
In a p edic ed u u e IoT sys em whe e he numbe o connec ed de ices and he da a
gene a ed will exceed he ne wo k’s capaci y. The solu ion will equi e a de elopmen o he
ne wo k’s capaci ies by mo ing compu ing and s o age capabili ies o he edge o he
ne wo k. This app oach known as dis ibu ed in elligence will allow o handle he inc easing
olume o end de ices by sending o he cloud cen e only he necessa y in o ma ion and by
doing mos o he p ocessing a he emo e si e, i will also educe delays and o e loads in
da a ans e and will allow o un ope a ions e en when he access o he cloud cen e is no
possible [44].
Fog and Edge compu ing a e wo simila o en con used concep s ha aim o b ing cloud
se ices and esou ces close o he da a gene a o de ices. The main di e ence be ween he
wo is whe e hei p ocessing s uc u es wo k, as og compu ing wo ks wi h he cloud, placing
i s compu ing in elligence a he local a ea ne wo k (LAN) whe eas edge compu ing place i
ou side he cloud in o edge nodes such as embedded au oma ion con olle s [45].
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Big Da a analy ics
The exponen ial g ow h in da a gene a ion in odays connec ed wo ld is expec ed o keep
ising wi h he implemen a ion o IoT and simila echnologies. All hese gene a ed da a holds
a lo o alue, howe e he p ocess o so ing ou he aluable in o ma ion equi es o
adequa e p oceedings.
In his con ex appea s he concep o “Big-Da a” ha can be o en con used, as i no only
e e s o he de ini ion o he pa icula i ies o a ype o da a, ha is cha ac e ized by being
high- olume, high- eloci y and high- a ie y [46], bu i also e e s o he ield ha ga he he
echnologies in cha ge o analyzing and dealing wi h his gene a ed da a.
The da a usually comes om he e ogeneous sou ces and in di e en o ma s o s uc u ed
da a (digi s, symbols, ables…) o uns uc u ed da a ( ex , audio, ideo…). Mo e pa icula ly
in manu ac u ing p ocesses, acco ding o [47] he da a gene a ed can be classi ied as:
 Managemen da a. Collec ed om manu ac u ing in o ma ion sys ems (e.g.. MES,
ERP, CRM) including da a ela ed o p oduc planning, ma e ial managemen ,
in en o y managemen , sales and mo e managemen ope a ions.
 Equipmen da a. Gene a ed om he IIoT o he sma ac o ies, including eal- ime
pe o mance, ope a ing condi ions o main enance his o y o he equipmen .
 Use da a. F om ecomme ce and social ne wo king pla o ms, en ailing use
demog aphics, p o iles, p e e ences and beha io .
 P oduc da a. F om sma p oduc s and p oduc -se ice sys ems including p oduc
pe o mance, con ex o use, en i onmen al and use biological da a.
 Public da a. F om go e nmen s, da a ela ed o in ellec ual p ope y, ci ic
in as uc u e, scien i ic in as uc u e and de elopmen , en i onmen al p o ec ion and
heal h ca e. Fo gua an eeing manu ac u e s wi h he complimen o he egula ions
and indus y s anda ds.
In o de o ex ac aluable in o ma ion om his gene a ed da a, i has o be s o ed, managed
and hen analyzed. The analy ical p ocess is whe e he eal alue is c ea ed and whe e
o ganiza ions need o pu he e o o de elop e icien ways o wo king, o u n his g ea
amoun o da a in aluable knowledge. This in o ma ion can be ansla ed in sys ema ic
guidance o p oduc ion ac i i ies du ing en i e p oduc li ecycles, ob aining less aul s and
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mo e sa ings du ing he p oduc ion p ocesses and helping manage s in decision- making and
p oblem sol ing ela ed o ope a ions [33].
Ano he g ea esou ce o Big-Da a is P edic i e analy ics. This ool comp ises a a ie y o
echniques ha p edic u u e ou comes om cu en and his o ical da a, allowing p edic ions
in many di e en wo k ields om je engines ailu es o consume beha io s. I s basic idea is
o unco e pa e ns and cap u e ela ionships in da a using s a is ical me hods [46].
Da a-d i en sma manu ac u ing is conside ed o be he p ocess whe e en e p ises u ilize Big
Da a analy ics o exploi he da a om manu ac u ing o e ine hei p ocesses, imp o ing
p oduc e iciency and he pe o mance o a p oduc . Da a d i en sma manu ac u ing sha es
he ollowing cha ac e is ics [47]:
1. Cus ome -cen ic p oduc de elopmen ocusing on cus omized p oduc design
enabled by he employmen o use s’ da a p ecisely quan i ied wi h Big Da a
analy ics.
2. Sel -o ganiza ion o manu ac u ing esou ces and ask da a o sma p oduc ion
planning. Making use o bo h in e nal and ex e nal da a om he manu ac u ing si es.
3. Sel -execu ion om a a ie y o da a om he manu ac u ing p ocess o p ecise
con ol. Raw ma e ials and pa s can be sen o any manu ac u ing si e ha equi es
hem.
4. Sel - egula ion om eal-s a e da a o manu ac u ing p ocess moni o ing. Enables
gene a ion o au oma ic esponses o unexpec ed e en s.
5. Sel -lea ning and sel -adap a ion om his o ical and eal- ime da a o p oac i e
main enance and quali y con ol.
The e a e many exis ing applica ions o Big Da a in manu ac u ing and o he s ha a e ye o
be de eloped. The ollowing a e highligh ed in [48] as some o he mos aluable ones:
 P oduc design is shi ed om expe ience and inspi a ion based o da a and analysis-
d i en design. Use s’ beha io s and ma ke ends ansla e consume needs in o new
p oduc s.
 Sma p oduc ion planning is conduc ed based on manu ac u ing esou ce da a. The
cu en a ailabili y and capaci ies condi ion he s a egy.
 Real ime da a allows o op imal ope a ional con ol s a egies du ing he
manu ac u ing p ocess.
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 Making use o he p edic i e abili y o BD, heal h and aul moni o ing a e conduc ed
o ac i e p e en i e.
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ope a ional cos s as i imp o es he u iliza ion o ma e ials, inc ease p oduc ion yield, educes
pa ejec ion and inc ease ene gy e iciency [44].
Rega ding he manu ac u ing ope a ions o AM, he e a e di e en exis ing wo king
p ocesses o addi i e manu ac u ing in ended o di e en ma e ials and applica ions; The
In e na ional O ganiza ion o S anda diza ion (ISO)/Ame ican Socie y o Tes ing and
Ma e ials (ASTM) 52900:2015 s anda d classi y s anda d Addi i e Manu ac u ing p ocesses
in o se en ca ego ies, u he mo e wi hin hese ca ego ies exis di e en wo king p ocedu es
and echniques in ended o di e en AM machines, bu , i is conside ed o be ou o he
scope o he ollowing explana ion :
1. Binde Je ing (BJ): This p ocess is mainly cha ac e ized by he absence o hea ing,
a oiding esidual s esses [54]. In his p ocess a hin laye o powde is glued oge he
using a liquid adhesi e sp ay in he pa s speci ied by he CAD ile.
2. Di ec ed Ene gy Deposi ion (DED): Usually concei ed o he usage o me al wi e o
powde ; high ene gy hea ing sou ces (no mally lase beams) me ge in o he ma e ial
injec o gene a ing he objec .
3. Ma e ial Ex usion (ME): Is becoming one o he mos p ominen addi i e
manu ac u ing p ocesses [54]. The objec s a e gene a ed by deposi ing an ex uded
ma e ial laye by laye ; no mally a he moplas ic ilamen ha is mel ed and deposi ed
in ho izon al o e ical di ec ion.
4. Ma e ial Je ing (MJ): Wo ks as a wo dimensional ink je p in e , he ma e ial is
je ed in o a pla o m whe e i solidi ies and he model is buil laye by laye .
5. Powde Bed Fusion (PBF): Simila o BJ bu in his case he usion o he powde is
used oge he using a hea sou ce such a lase o an elec on beam ( o me al powde ).
6. Shee Lamina ion (SL): In his p ocess shee s o ma e ials a e bonded oge he using
adhesi es (Lamina ed objec manu ac u ing) o a hea sou ce (Ul asonic addi i e
manu ac u ing) o o m he 3D objec .
7. Va Pho opolyme iza ion (VP): Also known as S e eoli hog aphy is one o he i s
and mos widely used me hod o 3D p in ing; is a liquid based p ocess ha cu es a
pho osensi i e polyme when a lase beam con ac s he esin [52].
The Table 4 shows o each o he abo e men ioned AM p ocesses some o he main
ad an ages and disad an ages iden i ied by he au ho s in [54] and [53], along wi h he

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sui able and commonly used ma e ials acco ding o [53] and he main applica ions o each
p ocess conside ed by [54].
Type Ad an ages Disad an ages Ma e ials Applica ions
BJ

F ee o suppo
 Design eedom
 La ge build olume
 Low cos

F agile pa s wi h limi ed
mechanical p ope ies
 May equi e pos
p ocessing

Polyme s
 Ce amics
 Composi
es
 Me als
 Hyb id

P o o yping
 Tooling
DED

High deg ee con ol
o g ain s uc u e
 High quali y pa s
 Can ope a e in open
ai

Su ace quali y
dependen on speed
 Limi ed o me als/ me al
based hyb ids

Me als
 Hyb ids

Repai /build
up la ge
olume pieces
ME

Economic
 Scalable
 Fully unc ional pa s
 Good s uc u al
p ope ies

Ve ical aniso opy
 Slow building imes
 Low quali y may equi e
pos p ocessing

Polyme s
 Composi
es

P o o yping
 Tooling
 O ice
manu ac u in
g.
MJ

High accu acy o
d ople deposi ion
 Low was e
 Mul iple ma e ial
pa s
 Mul icolo

Suppo ma e ials o en
equi ed
 Pa s may ha e low
s eng h and du abili y

Polyme s
 Ce amics
 Composi
es
 Hyb id
 Biologic
al

Elec onics
 Consume
p oduc s
 Tooling
 High
esolu ion
p o o ypes
PBF

Low was e
 Rela i ely
inexpensi e
 Wide ange o
ma e ials
 Powde bed ac as
suppo

Lack o s uc u al
in eg i y
 High powe equi ed
 Size limi a ions

Polyme s
 Ce amics
 Composi
es
 Me als
 Hyb id

Ae ospace
 Au omo i e
 Medical
p oduc s
 Tooling
 Den al
implan s
SL

Low cos

S eng h and in eg i y o

Polyme s

Tooling
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
High speed
 Ease ma e ial
handling
 Allows combina ion
o ma e ials
pa s
depend on adhesi e
 May equi e pos -
p ocessing
 Di icul ies wi h
complex geome ies

Ce amics
 Me als
 Hyb id

La ge pieces
VP

La ge pa s
 Excellen accu acy
 Excellen su ace
inishing

Limi ed o
pho opolyme s
 Low du abili y
 Expensi e p ecu so s
 Slow

Polyme s
 Ce amics

P o o yping
 Consume
oys
 Elec onics
 Guides
 Fix u es
Table 4: Cha ac e is ics o he di e en AM p ocesses.
Looking a he ac ual and po en ial applica ions o AM, i can be obse ed ha hey a e
p esen in he majo i y o he indus y sec o s and cu en ly in Eu ope con ibu e o 1.6
million jobs and 11% o he EU p oduc ion [53]. F om all he di e en possible applica ions
o AM he au ho s in [52] conside he ollowing as he mos ema kable ones:
 Ligh weigh Machines. AM as men ioned be o e allows o he possibili y o
manu ac u ing ligh weigh pieces, which is o g ea in e es o he au omo i e and
ae ospace indus ies ha a e always looking o ligh ness in hei p oduc s.
 A chi ec u e modelling. The c ea ion o models in a chi ec u e is a e y impo an and
di icul ask, when he model en ails complex s uc u es AM is an adequa e ool.
 Medical applica ions. The medical wo ld is conside ed o be one o he mos
p omising ones o AM. As i allows o a high quali y and apid p o o yping o bone
ansplan s and models o damaged bones o be e analysis o pa ien s’ diagnosis,
also be e and mo e adap ed p os hesis can be c ea ed as he designs a e mo e adap ed
o each pa ien . AM has as well g ea po en ial in den is applica ion as he model o a
pa ien ’s mou h can be easily build.
 Manu ac u ing cell uels. This pa icula echnology equi es o a e y p ecise deposi
o a hin ilm, a equi emen ha AM can p ope ly pe o m.
 A and use se ices. AM becomes an in e es ing ool o a is s o elabo a e complex
o ms in ol ing ashion, u ni u e o ligh ing among o he s. The low acquisi ion cos
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o some p in e s open up oppo uni ies o pa icula s and non- manu ac u ing
ins i u ions such as schools o uni e si ies o bene i o he possibili ies o AM.
Addi i e Manu ac u ing is no in ended, a leas in he nea u u e, o eplace mass
manu ac u ing; indeed is mo e sui able o high alue low olume p oduc s due o i s abili y
o p oduce shapes and complex p oduc s which a e no possible o cos -e ec i e o
con en ional manu ac u ing p ocesses. Also, AM is no ied o adi ional economies o scale
o uni labo cos s and he eplacemen o he whole alue chain o he p oduc s will mean a
comp ession o all he p ocesses o he alue chain which will equi e in-house expe ise in
ma e ials, me ology, assembly… a knowledge ha is no mally widesp ead in o many
di e en ac o s along he alue chain [53].
A s udy conduc ed among indus y expe s and esea che s abou hei iew o Addi i e
Manu ac u ing p ocesses in he yea 2030 [55], makes a g ea emphasis in he change o he
p oduc ion sys em ha could be gene a ed ega ding spa e pa s, as he p oduc ion o spa e
pa s wi h AM will simpli y logis ics educing ime expendi u e and will also educe he spa e
pa s s ocks. The s udy also highligh s he possibili ies o mul i-ma e ial p oduc s ha AM
will enable and he impo ance ha AM will acqui e in a u u e whe e p oduc s will always
emain in con inuous modi ica ions and upg ades.
Pe cei ed challenges o Indus y 4.0 implemen a ion
Indus y 4.0 is s ill on i s de elopmen phase, some o he echnologies a e g ounded and
unc ional o he s a e s ill being de eloped o be comme cially a ailable, bu mo e impo an ly
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i s deg ee o implemen a ion in indus ial companies is s ill weak. Th ough he ollowing
chap e s some o he challenges ha Indus y 4.0 implemen a ion aces a e p esen ed and
analyzed.
The challenges o SMEs
Companies ha wan o in oduce 4IR echnologies in hei businesses need o ace ce ain
echnical and economic challenges. Ne e heless as a esea ch conduc ed among Ge man
companies [56] s a es, companies a e willing o ace digi aliza ion despi e hese challenges in
which en e p ise size plays an impo an ole.
SMEs ha e g ea impo ance on he indus ial sec o , pa icula ly in Eu ope; mo eo e hey
a e a c ucial ac o in he supply chain o big companies. Some o hese big companies a e
al eady ansi ioning owa ds Indus y 4.0, howe e SMEs a e expe imen ing mo e di icul ies
in emb acing his ansi ion. The e is a need o closing he gap be ween he de elopmen o
he ans o ma ion be ween big companies and SMEs in o de o accele a e he p ocess o
ansi ion.
In es men equi emen s a e one o he main challenges ha SMEs ace in he adop ion o a
4IR sys em, he equi ed in as uc u e demands a conside able ini ial in es men . Despi e he
ac ha he adop ion o hese new echnologies will en ail economic bene i s o companies,
he p ice o he deploymen o hese new echnologies is s ill high and a o al ans o ma ion
o he en i e p oduc ion p ocess can ha e emendous cos s.
O he challenge ha pa icula ly a ec s SMEs is he di icul ies hey ace when i comes o
change om he old o he new sys ems. These companies no mally ha e lack o expe ise in
hese new echnologies and hey ha e o u n o hi d pa ies. Also businesses oo ed in
adi ional p ac ices may ha e a lack o willingness o ans o m hei way o wo king,
slowing down he ansi ion.
Cybe secu i y
A ully digi alized sys em in which e e y wo king piece is connec ed and s o es aluable
in o ma ion holds he isk o being exposed o cybe -a acks ha can comp omise he secu i y
in di e en a eas o he company.
The supply chain is one o he key a eas o he company as i eco ds sensi i e in o ma ion
om a conside able numbe o pa icipan s. A digi al supply chain should be p ope ly
balanced in e ms o he anspa ency ha i en ails in e ms o sha ing da a om di e en
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s akeholde s and main aining secu i y o o he in o ma ion ha can ha e p i acy isks.
O ganiza ions need o conside which da a is a ailable, howe e p o iding access o ce ain
da a can acili a e gaining access o o he aluable in o ma ion o hose wi h malicious
in en ions [57].
Sma ac o ies ely on a digi al in as uc u e he pe o mance o all hei p ocesses, hese
in as uc u es a e suppo ed by comme cial so wa e p oduc s which in oduce a a ie y o
exposu e poin s ha can endange he pe o mance o he sys em. A cybe -a ack ha shu s
down he p oduc ion p ocesses o a ac o y can esul in conside able money losses, bu he
main issue wi h cybe -a acks is when hey a ec sys ems ha a e in cha ge o managing he
sa e y o ope a o s [33].
Sma p oduc s ep esen also conside able isks in e ms o cybe secu i y as hey can
gene a e h ea s e en ou o he p oduc ion p ocess. Once he p oduc ge s o he cus ome ’s
hand he secu i y o connec ed p oduc s canno be gua an eed as i no mally depends on he
cus ome o upda e secu i y se ings o de ice i mwa e [57].
The issue o cybe secu i y should be add essed in o de o e ec i ely ansi ion o Indus y
4.0 as i s one o he main conce ns o companies willing o emb ace he ans o ma ion. The
au ho s in [57] sugges h ee main app oaches in o de o add ess he p oblem:
1. Secu i y. S akeholde s need o be ce ain abou which o hei ulne able
in as uc u es a e secu e and which a en’ by aking a measu ed isk-based app oach.
2. Vigilan . A con inuous moni o ing o he sys ems is equi ed o a oid possible h ea s.
Real- ime in elligence and AI a e equi ed o unde s and and p edic ha m ul ac ions.
3. Resiliency. I an a ack occu s how he sys em esponds and how quickly he e ec s
a e emedia ed is o g ea impo ance.
Ene gy e iciency
Despi e he ac ha hese new echnologies will help wi h he accomplishmen o a mo e
ene gy-e icien and sus ainable indus y. The massi e amoun o de ices ha could be
ope a ing in IoT sys ems in a nea u u e will ha e a conside able impac in ene gy
consump ion.
Connec ed de ices wi h RFID echnologies ha e e y low ene gy consump ion le els,
howe e IoT sys ems can in ol e a g ea amoun o de ices wi h sensing, p ocessing and
communica ion capabili ies ha combined can consume a signi ican amoun o ene gy.

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Pa icula ly a e he wi eless senso ne wo ks he ones ha ha e he g ea es ene gy
consump ion a es [58]. The eal impac o his ene gy consump ion will depend o he
magni ude o he sys em ha in e ms o in ol ed de ices, a numbe ha is expec ed o
exponen ially inc emen wi h Indus y 4.0.
Howe e he au ho s in [58] explained how he magni ude o his p oblem can be ackled wi h
he in oduc ion o an ene gy e icien a chi ec u e. They p oposed an a chi ec u e ha as
gene al o e iew educes he ene gy consump ion o IoT sys ems by educing he ime ha
he sensing de ices a e communica ing wi h he use o a con ol laye ha enables he
communica ion jus when is equi ed.
Addi i e Manu ac u ing as explained be o e epo s many bene i s in he p oduc ion
p ocesses as he educ ion o ime and ope a ions which is ansla ed in an o e all educ ion o
ene gy consump ion. Howe e he p oduc ion p ocess i sel o AM has a conside able a e o
ene gy consump ion, which in some cases could be bigge han he one used in adi ional
manu ac u ing p ocesses.
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Connec ing Ci cula Economy and Indus y 4.0
In he las yea s he opics o Ci cula Economy and Indus y 4.0 ha e been add essed om
many di e en poin s o iew, he syne gy be ween he wo is a opic ha has ecen ly d awn
he a en ion o academia, howe e due o he sca ci y o esea ch pape s and indus ial
applica ions, is s ill conside ed o be in i s ea ly phases o de elopmen .
The wide ex en o hese wo e ms di icul he es ablishmen o a speci ic amewo k o
in e ela ion, as he syne gies be ween CE and 4IR echnologies can ake place in mul iple
a eas and he deg ee and he o m o in e ela ion will ce ainly depend on he pa icula
applica ions hey a e in ended o . Ne e heless, in his sec ion he ela ionship be ween bo h
e ms will be explo ed, i s by p esen ing he exis ing li e a u e ha analyzes he opic in a
mo e concep ual and b oad manne , hen he opic would be add essed in a mo e pa icula
way wi h he in oduc ion o a se ies o indus ial and academic case s udies ha p o ide a
mo e ealis ic iew o he challenges and oppo uni ies ha a ise wi h he implemen a ion o
his wo s a egies in a ious indus ial sec o s.
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Concep ual amewo k o he Digi al Ci cula Economy
I is easonable o hink ha some o he main p inciples o CE: Dema e ializa ion, sha e o
asse s o p oduc mul i unc ionali y; will ce ainly be enhanced by business p ac ices based in
he use o digi al echnologies, as hey encou age hese p oduc capabili ies. Ne e heless, he
bene i s ha he me ge o his wo alue p oposi ions can gene a e a e no always ha
ob ious, and in some cases in ol e a combina ion o di e en 4IR echnologies along en i e
supply chains and ough whole p oduc li ecycles. The di e si y o hese possible
combina ions is a - eaching, hus, h ough his chap e only some o he mos discussed
possibili ies will be p esen ed.
As men ioned be o e he concep ual amewo k o he symbiosis o 4IR and CE is no a
s aigh o wa d concep , hence in he exis ing li e a u e he gi en app oaches di e
conside ably. In he ollowing pa ag aphs se e al s udies will be e iewed in o de o ou line
he mos ele an conclusions o he academia.
Oppo uni ies o 4IR echnologies o p omo e Ci cula Economy
In a ecen book ha has he in en ion o add ess he challenges and oppo uni ies o he
implemen a ion o a global ci cula economy sys em [59]. The au ho s iden i ied he main
capabili ies o 4IR echnologies ha enable businesses o decouple p oduc ion and g ow h
om consump ion o na u al esou ces: Fi s , echnology de elopmen s which implies g ea e
e iciencies in all s ages o he p oduc li ecycle and allows o less o e all esou ce and
ene gy consump ion, second 4IR echnologies help o d i e inno a ion as new en an s will
dis up he exis ing ma ke o cing companies o u n in o new business models. Finally, he
implemen a ion o hese echnologies will inc ease in o ma ion anspa ency h ough he
ga he ing and analysis o da a, allowing companies o access new le els o isibili y o he
p oduc ion p ocesses, a g ea e deg ee o connec i i y ough he supply chain and an upg ade
in p oduc ion lexibili y.
A ecen epo ha e alua es he oppo uni ies ha digi al echnologies can b ing o he
implemen a ion o a Ci cula Economy sys em [60], indica es ha digi aliza ion is designed o
add ess complexi ies hus is op imal o deal wi h he challenges ha a ise wi h he shi o a
CE sys em. Howe e , [60] also poin s ou ha digi aliza ion i no p ope ly managed holds he
isk o ending up in unwan ed ebound e ec s, such as he ein o cemen o an unsus ainable
linea ake make-dispose economy. The epo s ablishes h ee ca ego ies in which he
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AM can upg ade cu en ecycling p ocesses, p omo e euse/ emanu ac u e o make
use o bioma e ials.
 BigDa a and analy ics. In con as wi h AM i has been conside ed less equen ly by
expe s. BDA is conside ed o be he easies way o digi alize he CE. O he
conside ed applica ions a e: De elop au oma ed app oaches assessing po en ial alue
pa hways o seconda y ma e ials, de elop ools, p ocedu es, open da a and se ices
o p omo ing: euse, assess inno a i e business models, manage li ecycle da a o
implemen sma manu ac u ing p ac ices.
 Cybe -physical-sys ems. We e he less discussed ones. They a e mainly ela ed wi h
li ecycle managemen o p oduc s and wi h he de elopmen o new se ices,
especially o main enance easons. In ew cases we e ela ed wi h emanu ac u ing
p ac ices o mul i-agen sys ems o managing he ex ac ion o na u al esou ces.
 In e ne o Things. Conside ed wi h AM one o he mos impo an echnologies ha
suppo Ci cula Economy p ac ices. Apa om pape s ha ocused on he po en ial
use o IoT in ex ending he in o ma ion exchange along he p oduc li ecycle. IoT was
conside ed o ha e many o he applica ions o suppo CE. I can suppo s a egies o
he was e managemen in ci ies o connec s akeholde s ac oss he alue chain. Also i
p omo es he digi aliza ion o CE p ac ices by implemen ing sma indus ial
en i onmen s dynamic eedback loops o he c ea ion o new se ice models o
se ices.
 Simula ion. Mos o he pape s add essed he ela ion be ween ci cula business
models and li ecycle managemen wi h simula ion ools. O he discussed opic is he
supply change managemen whe e simula ion could op imize he pe o mance h ough
p obabilis ic neu al ne wo ks o modelling o he ma e ial lows. Simula ion can
enhance emanu ac u ing p ocesses wi h he use o decision-suppo ools and he
e iciency in exploi ing na u al esou ces ough eco-e iciency indexes.
The au ho s in [64] also analyzed he ela ion be ween 4IR echnologies and CE by
iden i ying which a e he echnologies ha be e i s o ha e mo e po en ial in ce ain CE-
ela ed a eas.
AM, BDA and IoT we e he mos equen ly desc ibed echnologies o he digi aliza ion o
he CE. When i comes o suppo inno a i e li ecycle managemen s a egies CPS is he e m
wi h mo e appea ances ollowed by AM, IoT and simula ion. BDA is he mos ela ed wi h

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new o ms o disassembly and AM is sui able o new ypes o euse and ecycling p ocesses
and emanu ac u e along wi h Simula ion. E icien exploi a ion o esou ces is mainly ela ed
wi h IoT and BDA. The de elopmen o ci cula business models and new se ices can be
associa ed wi h all o he echnologies excep om AM. Finally when i comes o he
managemen o complex p ocesses and supply chains simula ion and IoT appea as he mos
men ioned.
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Case s udies
In his sec ion some selec ed case s udies will be p esen ed, he cases a e aimed o ep esen
how Indus y 4.0 echnologies a e used in bo h eal and academic cases, in which sus ainable
p ac ices encou aged by Ci cula Economy s a egies a e gene a ed in en ionally o as
consequence o he echnological applica ions.
The s udied examples a e selec ed om h ee o he indus y sec o s ha a e conside ed by he
Eu opean Ci cula Economy Ac ion Plan o 2020 [65] as p io i ies in he applica ion o
Ci cula Economy measu es along hei supply chains. The indus y sec o s will i s be
sho ly desc ibed add essing he main challenges hey ace in mee ing sus ainable
equi emen s, hen he case s udies will be p esen ed.
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Resou ce e iciency in he ex ile indus y
The ac ual socie y in de eloped coun ies is su ounded by apid changing ends in many
aspec s o people’s li es, om new music hy hms o esh exo ic dishes; he wo ld o
clo hing and ex iles is p obably he mos in luenced in his ma e as i is exposed o he
in oduc ion o new ashion s yles cons an ly, changing he way people d ess qui e apidly.
This ends up wi h an o e consump ion o clo hes, as people a e buying mo e i ems and
keeping hem o a sho e pe iod o ime e en hough hey a e s ill in hei use ul li e.
The ex ile indus y is conside ed as one o he mos esou ce in ensi e indus ies only a e
ood, housing and anspo [65]. The cu en linea sys em is s ongly elian on i gin
ma e ials om non- enewable sou ces, he choice o ma e ial is conside ed as one o he mos
ele an ac o s o de e mine he impac ha he clo hes ha e on he en i onmen ; om
cul i a ion (land, e ilize , wa e use…) o p ocessing (ene gy, chemical and wa e use…)
[59]. Con en ional co on ha along wi h polyes e a e he mos used ma e ials in he ex ile
indus y, consumes signi ican amoun o inpu s in i s p oduc ion p ocess, in ac , he
manu ac u e o a single T-shi and pai o jeans equi es o almos 20,000 li e s o wa e
[59].
Human esou ces a e also a g ea mal unc ion pa o his indus y, he low ma gins and he
apid changes in ma ke ends ha e led o delocalized manu ac u ing ac i i ies in de eloping
coun ies whe e he sala ies a e lowe and he o al in es men o he ex ile companies in he
manu ac u ing p ocesses a e subs an ially educed. This ha e some imes degene a ed in
companies in ol ed wi h exploi i e labo p ac ices [66].
The sec o is e ol ing in o mo e sus ainable businesses models, many ashion b ands a e
implemen ing eco-design p inciples wo king in he c ea ion o p oduc s ha can be ecycled,
eused o biodeg aded, howe e all his added alue is los in he sys em as he in as uc u e
and he p ocesses o he eco e y sec o a e no de eloped enough o accomplish hese
ope a ions [66].
The ac ual ecycling p ocesses o con en ional ex iles a e no e icien enough o p ope ly
manage he amoun o disposed clo hes gene a ed; also he majo i y o coun ies ha e no ye
de eloped a p ope collec ion sys em in hei municipali ies able o handle he ex ile was e,
as hey ha e wi h s anda d municipal was e. As a esul o hese challenges, he disposed
clo hes a e no adequa ely collec ed ending up in land ill o as a o m o ene gy eco e y and
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when p ope ly so ed he p o i abili y o he sys em is lowe ed due o he low e iciencies o
he ecycling p ocesses. In ac , in he Eu opean Coun ies 73% o all he clo hes (5.8 ons
annually) ha eaches hei end-o li e end up being land illed.
Inno a i e ideas a e equi ed in o de o ans o m he ex ile indus y and 4IR echnologies
appea as g ea ools o doing so, as he ollowing pa ag aphs demons a e.
Ci cula ID ini ia i e
The company EON has de eloped a p ojec ha aims o sol e he challenges o he
implemen a ion o ci cula p ac ices in he ashion sec o by connec ing he p oduc s wi h IoT
echnologies. The aim is o c ea e a p o ocol o p oduc iden i ica ion in which he
manu ac u ed ga men s a e iden i ied and cha ac e ized all along hei li ecycle.
Cu en ly he e a e some exis ing companies ha a e eco e ing and ecycling ex ile p oduc s
enhancing ci cula economy p ac ices, howe e some challenges a ise in hese p ac ices. The
so ing p ocess is no mally pe o med by hand elying on he in o ma ion p esen ed in a label
ha can some imes ha e a lack o in o ma ion o e en may no longe be a ached o he
p oduc . I high olumes o ex iles a e mean o be collec ed a be e scalable ecogni ion
sys em is needed o mo e goods in a as e way h ough he supply chain.
Also, ano he g ea challenge when i comes o ex ile ecycling is he di icul y o sepa a ion
o he blend o ma e ials ha exis in he ga men s, he new p omising solu ions ha a e able
o p ope ly ecycle hese p oduc s equi e o a p ecise quan i ica ion o he ma e ial inpu o
he p ocess, which again equi es o a be e p ocess o ma e ial ecogni ion.
The Ci cula ID p o ocols will be able o p o ide he necessa y speci ica ions o each i em
alida ing i s ue con en and aiding he so ing p ocess by ecognizing he p oduc ca ego y
and ma e ial con en o collec ed ex iles. The p ocess o so ing will speed up and he
possibili ies o eco e y p ac ices will be enhanced.
When eco e ed p oduc s a e pu again in o he ma ke he in o ma ion abou he “new”
p oduc is no accessible, Ci cula ID will acili a e b ands he p ocess o eselling hei i ems
as he p oduc in o ma ion could be easily accessed and p o ided o he cus ome s.
How does Ci cula ID wo ks?
The connec ed p oduc is digi ally iden i ied and connec ed o i s cha ac e is ic da a h ough
IoT pa ame e s. To link he physical p oduc o IoT a digi al iden i ie (RFID, QR, NFC…) is
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a ached and he digi al p o ile is accessed h ough in e ac ions wi h he iden i ie s bias
app op ia e lec o s.
The digi al ep esen a ion o he connec ed p oduc as shown in Figu e 12 will consis on he
ollowing componen s:
 Digi al bi h ce i ica e. Is c ea ed o he inished p oduc and includes da a ields ha
as he p oduc b and, name, colo , ma e ial con en and ac o y iden i ica ion numbe
among o he s.
 Digi al passpo . I includes he eco d o in e ac ions o he p oduc h ough i s
li ecycle, he in e ac ions occu when he p oduc iden i ie is ead by an app op ia e
de ice. The passpo se es as aluable ool o s akeholde s o cap u e he aluable
insigh s o he p oduc usage, du abili y and mo emen in he alue chain.
 Iden i ie . Consis s on he physical de ice in cha ge o connec ing he p oduc wi h i s
digi al p o ile. The iden i ie mus emain a ached o he ga men s along all i s
li ecycle o allow o access, e i ica ion and expansion o he digi al in o ma ion
con ained on he p oduc . RFID, NFC, QR o UPC a e he main examples o usable
iden i ie s ha should always be designed o emain in ac o he ull li e ime o he
p oduc .
The in oduc ion o he Ci cula ID p o ocol will en ail a conside able numbe o bene i s
among he ex ile indus y s akeholde s as he ones appea ing in Table 1, which a e
mainly due o he wo p ima y unc ions enabled by he Ci cula ID p o ocol: Iden i ica ion
o p oduc s ha allows o a con inued iden i ica ion and mone iza ion o he p oduc
ough ci cula business models and iden i ica ion o ma e ials ha enables a be e
pe o mance o he eco e y ac i i ies mainly disassembly and ecycling p ocesses.

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Figu e 12: Ci cula ID connec ed p oduc componen s [66]
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S akeholde
g oup
Roles Impac & Value o Ci cula ID™ P o ocol o
Ta ge ed Use G oups
Ci cula o s Collec o s,
So e s,
Reselle s,
Ren e s,
Pee - o-Pee
eselling,
Repai e ,
Digi al
Wa d obe

Enables ansac ions
 Iden i ies p oduc s and ma e ials o e e se
logis ics, collec ions and so ing
 Enables e icien economy and ma ke place
 C ea es economic iabili y
 Communica es embedded alue
 Cap u es maximum alue o p oduc s
 Imp o es so ing e iciencies
Regene a o s Recycle s
(includes
ALL ypes o
ecycle s)

Cap u es maximum alue o ma e ials
 P o ides accu a e da a and speci ica ion abou
ma e ials o in o m disassembly and ecycling
 Unlocks possibili y o ma e ials o mee unique
echnology speci ica ions
 Imp o es so ing e iciencies
P oduc
Owne
B ands,
Re aile s

C ea es economic iabili y and isibili y
 C ea es oppo uni y o ongoing e enue om
exis ing p oduc
 Builds ci cula b and in eg i y and equi y
 Unlocks anspa ency ac oss he p oduc li ecycle
 C ea es he abili y o sha e, exchange and access
da a wi h ci cula economy pa ne s
 Facili a es measu emen o ci cula economy goals
Cus ome Indi idual who
uses p oduc

Helps cus ome s maximize he use and alue o
p oduc
 Helps cus ome s make in elligen decisions abou
pu chases
 Enables ease o sus ainable quali y and na a i e
 Allows cus ome s o connec wi h b ands a e
pu chase o build mo e meaning ul connec ions.
Table 6: Ci cula ID P o ocol alue c ea ion among s akeholde s [66].
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Modeclix
Modeclix is a pa en ed inno a i e way o applying addi i e manu ac u ing o he ex ile
indus y de eloped in he Uni e si y o He o dshi e, UK. The model is based on p in ing a
lexible ma e ial ha is able o c ea e a g ea a ie y o shapes and s uc u es pe ec o
clo hing. The main inno a ion ha cha ac e izes his p ocess is he abili y o be in ini ely
decons uc ed and hen econs uc ed by hand a e he ma e ial is p in ed.
The AM p ocess has been success ully es ed using he Selec i e Lase Sin e ing echnique
and employing whi e Nylon powde as he wo king ma e ial. The s uc u e consis s o a
sys em o links ha can be addi i ely manu ac u ed as linked panels. The design o he links
allows o he panels o be de-cons uc ed and eassembled by hand o easily c ea e he
desi ed o ms and shapes [67].
The links consis s o 4 connec ed spi al a ms connec ed on he op ace bu open on he
e e se Figu e 13, enabling he links o be disconnec ed and econnec ed o o he links
c ea ing ga men s wi h no size es ic ions by connec ing he p in ed panels o links. The links
shapes a e designed o ob ain lexibili y o elonga ion o he ex ile piece and o be i m
enough so ha he deg ee o s e ch is achie able wi hou b eaking; also, a ce ain deg ee o
s eng h is needed o wi hs and he manual p ocess o econs uc ion [67].
Figu e 13: Modeclix p in ed links and panels [67].
The ga men s p o o ypes ha e been cons uc ed om small panels o 22 x 22 links and
assembled on a small wo kshop as adi ional d ess making. The ga men s a e seamless and
do no equi e he usual pa e n making echniques, he ma e ial can be easily manipula ed by
e e yone jus by becoming amilia wi h he echnique o connec ing he links. Once he
p ocedu e is lea ned he connec ion o 50 links jus akes app oxima ely 1 minu e [67]. The
ma e ial can also be p ope ly dyed making use o comme cial ex ile dying p ocesses.
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Figu e 14: Modeclix chocola e min d ess [68]
Sus ainable manu ac u ing
The model o Modeclix o e s signi ican ad an ages o he de elopmen o a mo e
sus ainable ex ile indus y wi h he employmen o Ci cula Economy p inciples.
The AM p ocess allows o an on demand manu ac u e o ma e ial, he scalabili y o he
p ocess e icien ly mee s he economic equi emen s and ex ends he li e ime o he p oduc s
wi h he op ion o e-con igu e and e-pu pose he ma e ial a any ime du ing he p oduc
li ecyle. The e-con igu a ion p ocess enables he c ea ion o ga men s ha pe ec ly i he
cus ome s by simply emo ing o adding links which en ails conside able ma e ial sa ings in
he manu ac u ing p ocess, i also c ea es a g ea e sense o com o abili y be ween he
cus ome and he p oduc as i pe ec ly adap s o he body shape, he possibili y o changing
he clo hes in leng h o shape would also be a ailable when equi ed.
The eco e y ac i i ies as epai , emanu ac u e and ecycle a e easily pe o med in he
Modeclix manu ac u ed p oduc s. The in e changeable links enables a s aigh o wa d epai
p ocess, i a piece o he p oduc is damaged a any ime o he p oduc ’s li ecyle only he
equi ed links a e subs i u ed o new ones keeping he es unal e ed. The ecycling o he
ma e ial is pe o med as a euse p ocess as he used ma e ial can be inco po a ed in he
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be assembled [74]. This allows he company o p in he houses in si u anywhe e wi hou he
need o a ac o y o simila . The epo o he company echnology desc ip ion [74]
summa izes he cons uc ion p ocess o he mains s uc u e o a p in ed esidence Figu e 17in
6 s eps:
1. The model o he esidence is designed using any 3D design p og am and hen he
model is sliced o ob ain he necessa y inpu o he p in e .
2. The e ain whe e he model will be cons uc ed is se up by deg ubbin and land
le elling. Then a ein o ced conc e e base is placed ha will se e as ounda ion and
ze o le el ma k.
3. The machine is assembled in he p e ious spo and he equi ed ma e ials a e
s ockpiled.
4. The conc e e adequa e mix is p epa ed and he ma e ial is supplied ough a conc e e
pump om he mixe o he p in e .
5. The ma e ial is ex uded laye by laye making su e he planned acade oids a e le
open and s opping when lin els and amewo k a e equi ed o be placed. Fo he
doo s, wooden ames will be placed and on op s eel will be placed as suppo .
6. Finally he desi ed deck is placed wi h he building ins alla ions abo e and a
comp ession conc e e laye is applied.
Figu e 17: Cons uc ion p ocess BE MORE 3D [74]

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BIM and Augmen ed eali y o was e educ ion
As p e iously men ioned he gene a ion o was e in he cons uc ion ac i i ies is one o he
g ea conce ns o he achie emen o sus ainabili y in he sec o . The was e gene a ion is
p oduced manly a he end o li e in he demoli ion p ocess; howe e , due o ine icien
planning, poo quali y o ma e ials, low skilled wo ke s o bad si e managemen ac i i ies, a
conside able amoun o was e is gene a ed du ing he cons uc ion p ocess.
Digi al echnologies ep esen a g ea oppo uni y o he managemen o was e, p o iding
ools o educing he was e along he li ecycle o buildings. A well-known simula ion ool in
he cons uc ion sec o ha is becoming essen ial o all he cons uc ion sec o s akeholde s is
he Building In o ma ion Modelling (BIM), i can be de ined as he digi al ep esen a ion o
he physical and unc ional cha ac e is ics o a acili y ha allows o design, cons uc ion and
ope a ion p ocess ha o ms a eliable basis o decision-making du ing i s li ecycle [75].
Augmen ed Real y applica ions shows as well a g ea po en ial o cons uc ion ope a ions
pa icula ly combined wi h BIM sys ems as i will be shown in he ollowing pa ag aphs.
BIM and AR applica ion o imp o ing cons uc ion pe o mance
The cons uc ion indus y is based on p ojec wo ks usually subjec ed o cos o e uns and
schedule de ia ions; in ac 70% o he p ojec s a e a ec ed by ime delays, wi h 14% o he
p ojec con ac sum consumed by cos o e uns and 10% o p ojec ma e ials ending up as
was e [75]. The main cause o his misalignmen is mainly due o p oblems and de iciencies
in he managemen o cons uc ion p ocesses, he au ho s in [75] iden i ied he ollowing as
he main ones:
 Low labo p oduc i i y causing cos s and ime o e uns.
 Low p oduc i i y caused by was e gene a ion due o ine icien cons uc ion planning
and si e managemen , poo quali y, ine ec i e con ol and lack o in o ma ion.
 Lack o au oma ion in con olling and moni o ing cons uc ion wo ks, as manage s
o en use pape -based o simple IT ools ha do no e icien ly con ol he p og ess
and pe o mance.
 Lack o in o ma ion, which o en leads o communica ion issues and cons uc ion
e o s.
In o de o add ess some o he p e ious p oblems he de elopmen o he AR4C ool s a ed,
a BIM-based applica ion enhanced wi h AR echnology and combined wi h a loca ion based
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managemen sys em. De elope s ha e al eady c ea ed simila applica ions and some o hem
a e al eady a ailable in he ma ke , howe e AR4C is cha ac e ized o p o iding a one ield
ool ha is able o suppo lean cons uc ion on si e and he isualiza ion o con en o
s eamline in o ma ion ela ed o he p ojec and he cons uc ion p ocess, i allows o a
moni o ing o p ojec e olu ion acco ding o he lean me hodology and a loca ion based
isualiza ion o cons uc ion p og ess and pe o mance [75].
Figu e 18: AR4C applica ion used in cons uc ion si e [75].
The p oposed solu ion o AR4C aims o imp o e pe o mance o cons uc ion such as
p oduc i i y, quali y o wo k and in o ma ion low. P oduc i i y will be enhanced by
implemen ing moni o ing o he cons uc ion on a daily basis in a speci ic loca ion o he
p ojec . By o e laying a 3D BIM model on he eal wo ld using AR acco ding o [75] he
ollowing asks will be achie ed:
 P ojec con ol ia apid iden i ica ion o de ia ion om p ojec schedule as well as
a ia ion in pe o mance and p og ess.
 Inc emen in quali y o cons uc ion wo k by p o iding con ex speci ic in o ma ion
on asks, building componen s and ma e ials anywhe e and any ime.
 Ve i ica ion o cons uc ion wo k by linking quali y checklis s o each cons uc ion
ask.
 S eamline he in o ma ion low by displaying ailo ed in o ma ion o each
cons uc ion ask.
The AR4C applica ion p o o ype is s ill in i s de elopmen phase and i is al eady showing
p omising esul s, when used o he cons uc ion o a school acco ding o he a chi ec s and
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si e manage s he cons uc ion p og ess and pe o mance me ics educed he ime needed by
50% compa ed wi h con en ional p ocedu es, howe e i has also e ealed some p oblems in
he alignmen o he 3D building in AR as he model was no always pe ec ly supe imposed
abo e he eal objec s [75], a ea u e ha should be imp o ed in o de o deli e an e icien
applica ion.
BIM o buildings’ End-o -Li e scena ios
Building In o ma ion Modelling is an adequa e ool o implemen ing ci cula economy
p ac ices in o he building sec o , as i has he capabili y o accumula e li ecycle in o ma ion
abou a building acili a ing he whole li e managemen o a building om planning o
ope a ion.
When i comes o he p ope assessmen o he End-o -li e phase o he buildings, BIM has
shown a conside able po en ial mainly in he educ ion and managemen o he was e
gene a ed du ing he demoli ion and disman ling p ocess. BIM allows o he in oduc ion o
new laye s o in o ma ion o each objec in o de o p epa e hem o u u e EoL ope a ions
such as decons uc ion guidelines, en i onmen al assessmen s o legal equi emen s [76].
Fo decons uc ion ac i i ies ha ing a digi al model o he building helps wi h moni o ing he
o e all s a us and heal h o he componen s as well as ge ing access o he planned
decons uc ion guidelines. Mo eo e , decons uc ion is an ac i i y ha can ake place 50 yea s
o mo e om he ime he building is designed and cons uc ed, no mally new pa ies ha
didn’ ook place in he Beginning o Li e phase o he building will equi e in o ma ion abou
he quan i ies and quali ies o ma e ials as well as he need o pe o m necessa y measu es,
BIM p o ides access o all his equi ed in o ma ion whene e needed [76].
In o de o ob ain he maximum alue om he EoL o a building by ecycling o eusing i s
ma e ials he building componen s mus be e ec i ely e ie ed a e he li ecycle o he
building is inished. Design o Decons uc ion (D D) has p o en o be he bes s a egy o
e ec i ely main ain he alue o he building ma e ials a he end o he building’s li ecycle;
ne e heless D D is no a gua an ee o a success ul decons uc ion p ocess as i is dependen
on echnical and non- echnical success ac o s. Some s udies appea ing in [76] ha e p o en
how he implemen a ion o BIM models o D D s a egies ce ainly enhance he
decons uc ion p ocess, as BIM helps wi h he es ima ion o EoL p ope ies o ma e ials while
imp o ing he disassembly p ocess.
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Recycling and eco e y in he Elec onics and ICT sec o
The massi e inc ease in he usage o new echnologies has led o an o e p oduc ion o
elec onic and elec ical equipmen , as p oduc upg ades and echnological ends a e
inc emen ing p oduc obsolescence, d i ing sho e p oduc li e usage and gene a ion o
was e. In ac , in he EU his sou ce o was e has become one o he as es g owing ones wi h
an annual inc emen o 2% and an es ima ed ecycling a e o less han 40% [65].
This pa icula was e named as ’e-was e’ o Was e Elec ical and Elec onic Equipmen
(WEEE), is o pa icula alue as elec onic de ices ha e high demand o ea h elemen s and
p ecious me als. In pa icula ‘sma phones’ as shown in Figu e 19 can be made o 30
di e en elemen s o he pe iodic able some o hem being in se ious h ea o hei
a ailabili y like Y ium (Y) o A senic (As), and o he s conside ed haza dous as hey
suppose a h ea o he en i onmen i he p oduc s a e no adequa ely ea ed be o e ending
up in a land ill.
Figu e 19: Phones’ elemen s pe iodic able [77]
In he las yea s Eu opean coun ies, Uni ed S a es o Japan ha e implemen ed s ic measu es
ega ding he dispose o consume elec onics, howe e his has ended up wi h illegal
anspo a ion o was e om de eloped o non-de eloped coun ies, whe e he so called
in o mal ecycling is pe o med. The easons o his mo emen o was e h ough he wo ld is
mainly due o economic easons; less de eloped coun ies as India, China o Nige ia a e
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becoming he pe ec places o hese p ac ices as hei s a us o labo , he economies o scale
and he lack o egula ions and axes a e ideal suppo e s o his si ua ion [78]. E en hough
he p ocess o ecycling is s ill conduc ed in hese coun ies, he ac ha hese coun ies ha e
less en i onmen al egula ions and he ecycling p ocess a e ine icien ly pe o med, suppose
a eal h ea o he sus ainabili y o he p ocess.
Ano he c i ical issue is he low collec ion a e o WEEE, which as iden i ied by [78] is
mainly ela ed wi h he lack o in o ma ion abou he p oduc ion, consump ion and disposal o
he elec onic p oduc s. This ends up wi h a legisla ion based on s a is ical da a ha in mos
cases is qui e a om eali y, gene a ing ine icien measu es and also o e looking he
en i onmen al impac s ha in o mal ecycling could be gene a ing.
The las design imp o emen s ha gene a e be e ma ke abili y and du abili y o he p oduc s
also c ea e ecycling challenges in he sepa a ion o he componen s and ma e ial eco e y,
o example lamina ion o componen s in P in ed Ci cui Boa ds (PCB) inc ease du abili y o
componen s while educing hei size bu hinde he disassembly and eco e y o ma e ials
[79].
The au ho s in [80] acco ding o expe s’ opinions iden i ied he ollowing ba ie s as he
mos common ones o implemen ing componen eco e y and ma e ial ecycling o e-was e:
 Quan i y eco e y p ocesses. The olume and di e si y o WEEE, di icul he
es ablishmen o uni e sal ope a ions. Disassembly p ocesses a e hinde by p oduc
minia u iza ion and ma e ials a e ha dly di e en ia ed.
 Li e ime. P oduc s’ li e ime a e unp edic able, used ma e ials a e easily b oken du ing
ma e ial eco e y and hei s a us is no easily ecognizable. The as e olu ion o he
ma ke is an obs acle in ealloca ion o eco e ed p oduc s.
 Reco e y cos . In some cases he eco e y p ocess is mo e expensi e han he
pu chasing o new p oduc s due o he special acili ies and skilled ope a o s equi ed.
T anspo a ion is also a d awback as in many coun ies haza dous ma e ials need
speci ic pe missions o being anspo ed.
 Awa eness. The cu en ma ke s lack o awa eness o social and en i onmen al ac o s
is a ba ie o esou ce eco e y ac i i ies. Consume s usually p e e b and new
p oduc s han he ones made om eco e ed p oduc s. Disposal poin s a e un amilia
o many consume s and in many coun ies a e jus pa s o he municipal was e.

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 WEEE chain. The eco e y ne wo k in ol es many pa icipan s and i s complex o
manage wi hou p ope in o ma ion; pa icula ly end use s a e he less in ol ed ones.
Some o hese abo e men ioned ba ie s could ce ainly be minimized wi h he
implemen a ion o eco-design s a egies ha will educe he haza dous ma e ial
composi ions and will ease p oduc disassembly and eco e y p ocesses, also adequa e
legisla ions and policies will make p oduce s and consume s mo e awa e o he exis ing
p oblems and will mi iga e isky ac i i ies.
In he nex sec ion some p oposed solu ions in ol ing he adop ion o new indus y 4.0
echnologies acking he challenges in disassembly p ocess and WEEE chain managemen
will be analyzed.
Apple’s Daisy obo
Au onomous Robo s ha e no been included in he p e ious chap e o he key Indus y
4.0 echnologies as hey a e conside ed o be a qui e well known and se led echnology,
ne e heless hey a e signi ican ly impo an in he implemen a ion o his new indus y.
Au onomous Robo s a e essen ial o achie ing lexibili y in he p oduc ion sys em and
when suppo ed wi h sma ecosys ems hey can enhance he p oduc ion p ocesses o he
nex le el. The ollowing case s udy exempli ies how a obo can suppo a eco e y
p ocess almos impossible o manual wo k.
Wi h he ambi ion o achie ing a usage o only ecycled and enewable ma e ials in he
nea u u e, Apple among o he ini ia i es has designed a obo capable o sepa a ing
componen s and eco e ing ma e ials o a o al o 15 di e en iPhone models.
Daisy, he new model o his obo is capable o disassemble 200 phones pe hou and in
he yea 2017, a model o he obo loca ed in Aus in p ocessed 1 million in o al.
The p incipal aim o he obo is o emo e and so componen s in a way ha ma e ials
can be eco e ed wi h a highe quali y and quan i y han adi ional ecycle s. As
men ioned be o e he disassembly p ocess is one o he main p oblems o ma e ial
eco e y in he elec onic p oduc s, Daisy is able o success ully so he componen s
which hen a e sen o he ecycling plan s whe e he ma e ials a e easily sepa a ed and
ecycled [81].
The obo s a s by sepa a ing he sc een and he phone body by in oducing a se o
p ongs be ween hem, hen he sc ews a e emo ed and he ba e y ha is glued o he
A e iew o Indus y 4.0 po en ial o accele a e he ansi ion o a Ci cula Economy
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phone’s body is emo ed by blas ing he glue wi h eezing ai and hen knocking i wi h
enough o ce. A e ha he logic boa d is sepa a ed by punching ou he sc ews ha hold
i , o doing so he obo has o i s iden i y he phone model. Finally, Daisy emo es he
came as, hap ics, speake s and o he bi s. Figu e 20 shows he inal disassembled pieces
a e he p ocess, indica ing he ma e ial o each piece and he po en ial o ma e ial
eco e y o e e y 100,000 phones.
Figu e 20: Componen s and ma e ials disassembly obo Daisy eco e s [81]
A e iew o Indus y 4.0 po en ial o accele a e he ansi ion o a Ci cula Economy
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Digi al Twin and Cloud Compu ing o WEEE chain managemen
The supply chain managemen o e-was e is as men ioned be o e, one o he main challenges
in he deploymen o an e icien eco e y sys em. Resea che s ha e been wo king in se e al
solu ions o hese p oblems by implemen ing digi al sys ems in o he managemen s uc u es,
o ins ance in [78] he esea che s p oposed a sys em based on BigDa a applica ions whe e
IoT de ices a e used o eco d and collec in o ma ion along he p oduc li ecycle allowing o
a ull moni o ing o he was e and he ecycling ac i i ies. A simila bu mo e complex
app oach based on he capabili ies o Digi al Twins is p o ided by [82] and is in oduced in
he ollowing chap e s.
T acking p oduc s’ s a us along hei alue chain is o g ea impo ance as emanu ac u e s
and ecycle s need deep knowledge o he p oduc o e ec i ely pe o m he equi ed
ope a ions. Howe e , in p ac ice he ac ual sys em does no enable he acquisi ion o his
in o ma ion. A big po ion o he p oduc li ecycle in o ma ion is los du ing he p oduc
de elopmen and manu ac u ing, also he in o ma ion low is almos s opped when he
p oduc a i es o he end use , examina ion o p oduc s pe o med by p oduc collec o s can
eco e some amoun o los in o ma ion bu s ill he sys em emains ine ec i e in
communica ion e ms [82].
Sys em in eg a ion, da a u iliza ion and connec i i y a e iden i ied as he main challenges in
he de elopmen o a WEEE managemen sys em; Digi al Twin acco ding o [82] shows high
po en ial in sol ing hese challenges by me ging he da a om he physical wo ld and he
so wa e in o a cybe wo ld. DT can be assumed as he key o achie e a cybe -physical
sys em b idging he cloud sys ems and he da a om physical objec s (IoT) o om o he
his o ical o so wa e sou ces (BigDa a).
The p oposed scheme o sys em a chi ec u e p o ided by [82] o da a in eg a ion o he DT
model is s uc u ed as ollows:
1. P oduc design. The digi al win is ini ia ed based on he knowledge om he p oduc
design and de elopmen phase. Geome y, componen s, ma e ials and haza dous
subs ances a e he da a inpu o he model.
2. P oduc s a us. When he p oduc is sold o he end use s, hey ha e o upda e he
p oduc s a us ia mobile apps, sma ags, websi es o simila ools. Changes in
p oduc loca ion and owne ship o pe o med upg ades and epai ope a ions a e
loaded in he model.
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3. Logis ics and exam esul s. Once he p oduc comes o he end o i s li e he consume
dispose he p oduc in an adequa e collec ion poin ha is indica ed ough he mobile
app o websi e. A e he collec ion he p oduc can be examined and upda ed in
consequence, wi h all he a ailable in o ma ion o he model he eco e y ope a ions
a e planned.
4. Reco e ed ma e ials o componen s. The ecycle o emanu ac u e ini ia es he
ope a ions wi hou he need o addi ional es o e alua ion as all he needed
in o ma ion is s o ed in he DT. All he in o ma ion o he eco e ed o econdi ioned
componen s is eco ded in he new p oduc ’s model.
The a chi ec u e model o he p oposed Cybe Physical Sys ems is shown in Figu e 21 whe e
he compu ing esou ces needed and he in o ma ion exchange along he di e en p oduc
li ecycle phases is cha ac e ized.
Figu e 21: WEEE digi al win-enabled cybe -physical sys em [82].
The compu ing capabili ies o he sys em a e suppo ed by a Cloud Compu ing en i onmen
ha con ains and p o ides he compu ing modules when needed. Th ough he p oduc
beginning o li e all he ope a ions and da a ga he ing is coo dina ed by he P oduc Li ecycle
Managemen (PLM) and En e p ise Resou ce Planning (ERP) sys ems. The p oduc design
begins wi h he CAD module whe e unc ional and en i onmen al ea u es o he p oduc s a e
documen ed. The Compu e -aided Enginee ing (CAE) simula e he pe o mance o he
p oduc o alida e he p oduc design. En i onmen al pe o mance o he p oduc can also be
simula ed in his s age making use o Li e Cycle Assessmen (LCA). Du ing he
manu ac u ing p ocess ope a ions a e con olled by he Manu ac u ing Execu ion Sys em
A e iew o Indus y 4.0 po en ial o accele a e he ansi ion o a Ci cula Economy
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Appendix 1
In his appendix he li ecycle design s a egies p oposed in [21] a e showed
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A e iew o Indus y 4.0 po en ial o accele a e he ansi ion o a Ci cula Economy
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Appendix 2
This appendix ga he s he in o ma ion abou he ci cula economy d i e s p oposed in [61]:
 Ex ending he use cycle. Ex ending he li e ime o p oduc s, componen s and ma e ials
enables he educ ion o aw ma e ials in p oduc ion p ocesses and educes he o e all
need o new asse s. As p e iously men ioned mos o he po en ial o ex ending he
li e o asse s comes om he design phases whe e ac i i ies ha cycle back ma e ials
and componen s and epai o main enance ac i i ies a e planned.
 Inc easing he u iliza ion. The u iliza ion o an asse can be maximized ei he by
sha ing he access o by inc easing esou ce p oduc i i y in ope a ions. In o his alue
d i e i is also includes designing ou nega i e ex e nali ies and he use o enewable
esou ces.
 Looping ough addi ional use cycles. Asse s coming o hei end-o -li e can be cycled
back wi h euse s a egies whe e he asse is use by a new use , emanu ac u ing
p ocess ha enables he use o een e he cycle o ecycling whe e he ma e ials o
he used asse eplace i gin ones.
 Regene a ion o na u al capi al. Na u al ecosys ems should main ain and enhance hei
long e m p oduc i i y by unde ake he necessa y ac ions. This p ese a ion se es as
ounda ion o main ain he alue o na u al esou ces and suppo sus ainabili y.