Ci a ion: Pe ez-Bezos, S.;
Figue oa-Lopez, A.;
E xeba ia-Mallea, M.; O egi, X.;
He nandez-Minguillon, R.J.
Assessmen o Social Housing Ene gy
and The mal Pe o mance in Rela ion
o Occupan s’ Beha iou and
COVID-19 In luence—A Case S udy
in he Basque Coun y, Spain.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594.
h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su14095594
Academic Edi o : Pie ancesco De
Paola
Recei ed: 1 Ma ch 2022
Accep ed: 4 May 2022
Published: 6 May 2022
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sus ainabili y
A icle
Assessmen o Social Housing Ene gy and The mal
Pe o mance in Rela ion o Occupan s’ Beha iou and
COVID-19 In luence—A Case S udy in he Basque
Coun y, Spain
Sil ia Pe ez-Bezos , Anna Figue oa-Lopez * , Ma xalen E xeba ia-Mallea, Xaba O egi
and Ru ino Ja ie He nandez-Minguillon
CAVIAR Resea ch G oup, Depa men o A chi ec u e, Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU),
Oña i Plaza 2, 20018 Donos ia-San Sebas ian, Spain; [email p o ec ed] (S.P.-B.);
[email p o ec ed] (M.E.-M.); [email p o ec ed] (X.O.); u inoja ie .he [email protected] (R.J.H.-M.)
*Co espondence: anna. igue [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac :
E idence shows ha people ha e a majo impac on building pe o mance. Occupan s’
impac is especially impo an in social housing, whe e hei occupan s may p esen g ea e ulne a-
bili ies, and hei needs a e no always conside ed. This s udy aims o analyse he socio-demog aphic
in luence in social en al housing conce ning hyg o he mal com o and ene gy consump ion in a
case s udy loca ed in Vi o ia, Spain du ing he i s 4-mon h pe iod o 2020 and 2021 (du ing and a e
COVID-19 lockdown). An inno a i e da a managemen sys em is included, whe e he use s and
adminis a ion can see in eal- ime he empe a u e and consump ion in he dwellings. A 2-phase
me hod has been applied; phase 1 is associa ed wi h ou doo clima e condi ions, building p ope ies
and social p o ile. Phase 2 de e mined he esul s in ene gy consump ion, indoo hyg o he mal
com o and occupan ene gy-use pa e n. The esul s show ha he com o le els and ene gy
consump ion a y acco ding o he analysed social p o iles, as well as he hea ing ac i a ion pe iods
and domes ic ho wa e sys em usage. In conclusion, socio-demog aphic cha ac e is ics o social
housing households in luence he hyg o he mal com o o hei dwellings, occupan s’ beha iou
and hea ing and domes ic ho wa e ene gy consump ion.
Keywo ds:
social housing; long- e m moni o ing; occupan beha iou ; indoo hyg o he mal com o ;
ene gy consump ion
1. In oduc ion
In he Eu opean Union (EU), he analysis o he inal end-use o ene gy de eloped
in 2018 show ha households we e esponsible o 26.1% o ene gy consump ion, he
second sec o o he 3 dominan ca ego ies ( anspo , households, indus y) dealing wi h
he highes ene gy consump ion [
1
]. Among he EU coun ies, Spanish buildings accoun ed
o 30% o inal end-use ene gy consump ion in 2018, and he esiden ial sec o alone
ep esen ed 17.1% [
2
]. Wi h ega ds o he household ene gy consump ion o space
hea ing, space cooling, wa e hea ing, cooking and elec ical appliances, hey eached
42.2%, 1%, 17.3%, 7.5% and 32%, espec i ely, o he o al consump ion [3].
Fu he mo e, se e al s udies show ha he concu ence o low cons uc ion quali y
and ene gy ine iciency o buildings [
4
], combined wi h he ole o he use [
5
] and he
low socio-economic p o ile [
6
], lead o si ua ions o ene gy ulne abili y. The cen al ole
o occupan s o achie ing ene gy sa ings is inc easingly ecognised, and i is e en mo e
impo an in he social housing sec o , whe e he en i onmen al alue is combined wi h
he social pu pose o educing inequali ies and ene gy ulne abili y.
Households ha a e in a ulne able si ua ion a e o en unable o ha e signi ican di i-
cul ies in acing he economic expense equi ed o main ain hei housing in hyg o he mal
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/su14095594 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/sus ainabili y
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 2 o 22
com o anges, esul ing in li ing condi ions ha a e inadequa e and e en de imen al o
hei heal h [
7
]. While ene gy e u bishmen can mi iga e hese si ua ions, by imp o ing
people’s quali y o li e, i mus be conside ed ha i is he use s hemsel es and hei
beha iou , he human ac o , who consume ene gy and no he building i sel ; he e o e,
e u bishmen s a egies mus be combined wi h he bene i s o he e ec s o occupan
beha iou al change owa ds lowe ene gy consump ion.
In ecen yea s, se e al Eu opean p ojec s ha e ocused on he occupan s, hei be-
ha iou , com o , and he ela ion o hese ac o s o he ene gy e iciency o he build-
ing [
8
–
11
]. Fu he mo e, se e al au ho s s udy occupan s’ beha iou and he in e ac ion
be ween people and housing by de ining occupancy p o iles and ene gy consump ion
p o iles [
12
–
14
] and he de ini ion o me ics and me hodologies ha inco po a e occupan
beha iou in o building assessmen and design p ocesses [15,16].
In 2020, he COVID-19 pandemic b ough a new scena io o hese challenges. Se e al
coun ies implemen ed qua an ines and lockdowns, o cing people o s ay in hei homes
o long pe iods. In Spain, his pe iod commenced in Ma ch and Ap il 2020. This si ua ion
had a g ea impac on people’s way o li e and hei in e ac ion wi h he building [
17
]. This
habi change has inc eased he numbe o hou s people spend inside hei homes, which
has led o an inc ease in ene gy consump ion [
18
–
20
]. As a esul , he in e ac ion o people
wi h hei homes and hei li es yle has a mo e signi ican impac on building pe o mance.
E idence shows ha people ha e a majo impac on building pe o mance, which
sugges s ha i is impo an o ocus on he analysis o his impac a ending o he cha ac-
e is ics and needs o he esiden s; his is especially he case in social en al housing whe e
he p o ile o he people li ing he e may p esen g ea e ulne abili ies and needs ha a e
mo e speci ic.
In his sense, he aim o his s udy is o analyse he in luence o he socio-demog aphic
cha ac e is ics o social housing households in ela ion o he hyg o he mal com o o
hei dwellings, occupan s’ beha iou and hea ing and domes ic ho wa e (DHW) en-
e gy consump ion. This s udy has been ca ied ou in a case s udy loca ed in Vi o ia,
in he egion o he Basque Coun y, in no he n Spain. The cons uc ed s ock o public
social en al housing has been ca ego ised and a ep esen a i e building has been selec ed,
whe e a ep esen a i e numbe o i s dwellings ha e been classi ied by socio-demog aphic
p o iles and analysed hei pa e ns and di e ences in hei beha iou ela ed o ene gy
consump ion and hyg o he mal com o in he dwelling.
Fo he de elopmen o he s udy, he analysis ocuses on he i s 4-mon h pe iod o
2020 and 2021 (du ing and a e COVID-19 lockdown). The app oach mainly consis ed
o da a collec ion h ough su eys and in e iews, obse a ion, desk esea ch, and long-
e m moni o ing me e s. The da a collec ed ia moni o ing, whe e an inno a i e sys em
was used o managing and eco ding empe a u e and consump ion da a in each o he
dwellings, is ce ainly o in e es . This sys em allows o a eal- ime isualisa ion o bo h
he use s and he managing adminis a o . This allows he use o make decisions based on
he he mal com o achie ed, he ene gy consump ion and he ela ed expendi u e. A
he same ime, i allows o he adminis a ion o p o ide ene gy assis ance o he use s,
de ec ing hei needs and gene a ing adap ed solu ions. Fo his eason, his analysis
akes in o accoun he use ’s accessibili y o hei he mal com o and consump ion si u-
a ion and ocuses on he analysis on hose socio-demog aphic p o iles ha may p esen
mo e ulne abili ies.
To his end, in o de o achie e he objec i e o his s udy, we ha e analysed he mos
ele an p e ious li e a u e on he mal com o , occupan beha iou and buil en i onmen
and di e en me hodologies o da a collec ion. Then, a me hodology has been p oposed
o selec he mos ep esen a i e dwellings o he selec ed building s ock based on a
s udy o he cons uc ion and social p o ile. I is in hese dwellings whe e he analysis o
hyg o he mal com o , DHW and hea ing consump ion and di e en pa e ns o use o
each p o ile is ca ied ou .
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 3 o 22
2. Li e a u e Re iew
In o de o ca y ou his s udy i has been necessa y o e alua e he ollowing h ee
pa ame e s, di ec ly ela ed o he objec i e o he pape : indoo hyg o he mal com o ;
occupan beha iou and he buil en i onmen ; and me hodologies o da a collec ion.
2.1. Indoo Hyg o he mal Com o
To p o ec he popula ion, a ious s anda ds and guidelines ha e been de eloped o
se o limi indoo en i onmen al condi ions o achie e he mal com o o hei use s.
This com o does no only a ec he well-being, heal h and pe o mance o i s use s bu is
also e lec ed in he ene gy consump ion o buildings.
The e a e di e en s anda ds o analysing he mal com o . The wo mos widely
adop ed me hods a e he Ene gy Balance Model o empi ical me hod (ISO 7730:2005 [
21
])
based on s udies wi h ai -condi ioned chambe s; and he Adap a i e Models such as he
Ame ican Socie y o Hea ing and Ai -Condi ioning Enginee s (ASHRAE [
22
]). Fo hese
s anda ds, di e en hyg o he mal com o anges a e es ablished based on he ou doo
en i onmen and he condi ions in he s udy oom. Conside ing his, in i s wides ange,
ISO 7730:2005 ecommends a ange o 19–27
◦
C and 40–60% o ela i e humidi y. In addi-
ion, ASHRAE 55-1992 ecommends a ange o 20–26
◦
C and 30–60% ela i e humidi y. The
six p ima y ac o s ha a ec he mal com o acco ding o Fange [
23
] a e ai empe a u e,
mean adian empe a u e, ai eloci y, humidi y, me abolic a e and clo hing.
In addi ion, he WHO has di e en guidelines whe e i es ablishes hyg o he mal
com o anges. In i s p oposal o com o empe a u es (18–24
◦
C) [
24
], i p oposes a
lowe ange han he p e iously men ioned models, as i conside s he mos ulne able
p o iles and he ene gy impac ha mus be made o main ain i . Rega ding i s p oposal o
ela i e humidi y anges (30–50%) [
25
], i p oposes s ic e anges han o he s anda ds,
due o a heal h poin o iew, abo e which he isk o espi a o y diseases inc eases, and
he concen a ion o biological pollu an s indoo s also inc eases. Fo his eason, guidelines
such as he one p esen ed by he WHO [
26
], a e no only aimed a gua an eeing com o
anges o he mos ulne able g oups, bu also o es ablish ules o ac ion in buildings o
imp o e hei ene gy e iciency, which leads o imp o emen s in he heal h o hei use s
and a educ ion in ene gy consump ion.
In he p e ious li e a u e e iew ca ied ou by Diaz Lozano Pa ino and Siegel [
27
],
indoo en i onmen al quali y (IEQ) is analysed in social housing in 49 di e en a icles.
This included analysing he mal com o , indoo pollu an concen a ion and heal h e ec s
on occupan s. I is concluded ha social dwellings do ha e wo se he mal com o , bo h
in e ms o o e hea ing and oo low empe a u es, and highe indoo pollu ion, which
consequen ly has a g ea e nega i e impac on he heal h o hei occupan s.
When he indoo com o empe a u e canno be eached, i is associa ed wi h he
concep s o ene gy ulne abili y, bu his possibili y is also in luenced by o he concep s
such as economic po e y, high ene gy cos s and ene gy e iciency o housing and appli-
ances [
28
] p esen ing a highe isk o ca dio ascula p oblems, espi a o y diseases o o he
mino illnesses such as colds, inc easing seasonal mo ali y. Acco ding o he su ey ca ied
ou by he EU in 2020, 8.2% o he EU popula ion canno a o d o keep hei homes a a
su icien hea ing empe a u e du ing he cold season, eaching 10.9% in Spain [29].
2.2. Occupan Beha iou and Buil En i onmen
Occupan beha iou e e s o p esence, mo emen and in e ac ion wi h he dwelling
and i s elemen s and appliances. P e ious s udies ha e shown ha occupan beha iou
plays a signi ican ole on building’s ene gy consump ion [
30
,
31
]. I has been gene ally
s udied by moni o ing and collec ing occupancy da a, and he de elopmen o beha iou al
models and hei implemen a ion in simula ion ools [32].
Moni o ing building occupancy allows acknowledging no only occupan s’ beha iou ,
bu also occupan s’ equi emen and a i ude owa ds sus ainabili y [
33
]. Gue a-San in e al. [
33
]
es ablished an app oach o in o m he design by conside ing he complexi y o occupan s’
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 4 o 22
beha iou . The esul s show he impac o ac i i y le els, employmen , and household
composi ion on occupan s’ beha iou .
In a mo e ecen s udy [
34
], he au ho p esen s an app oach o achie e nea -ze o en-
e gy buildings ha conside s he in luence o occupan beha iou on building pe o mance
o elimina e unce ain ies ela ed o ene gy sa ings. The esul s show ha he e a e la ge
di e ences in ene gy consump ion be ween household ypes, and i no conside ed in he
ene gy sa ings and payback calcula ions, hese could con ibu e o he p e-bound e ec
o he building pe o mance gap. In his sense, i is impo an o include he impac o
people’s beha iou in he analysis o building pe o mance.
Simpli ied me hods o measu ing occupan beha iou inc ease he gap be ween
simula ion and eali y [
15
]. I is impo an o unde s and people’s beha iou combining
quali a i e and quan i a i e app oaches based on da a and models. Moni o ing and da a
collec ion, he i s s eps o analysis, equi e a co ec de ini ion o he a iables and
indica o s o be included in he s udy. Bal edi e al. [
5
] classi ies he a iables ha in luence
occupan s’ beha iou and hei in e ac ion wi h he building in o h ee main g oups:
en i onmen al- ela ed: physical aspec ela ed o he building cha ac e is ics and loca ion;
ime- ela ed: occupan s ou ine; and andom. Building cha ac e is ics and use s p o ile
ha e p e iously been s udied [
35
], as well as he ela ionship o building cha ac e is ics
and occupan s’ beha iou [36].
The mos analysed a iables among he socio-economic cha ac e is ics a e he numbe
o people in he household, hei age, income, le el o educa ion and employmen s a us [
32
].
The numbe o people in he household has been ound o be one o he main socio-
demog aphic a iables in luencing ene gy consump ion [
37
]. Ano he ac o in luencing
ene gy consump ion is he p esence o ce ain ulne able g oups such as elde ly people,
child en o dependen people who some imes spend mo e ime indoo s [
38
]. Age and
income ha e a signi ican ela ionship wi h ene gy consump ion [39].
In his con ex , i is necessa y o conside ha in ulne able sec o s such as amilies
li ing in social housing, ene gy consump ion may be condi ioned by he socio-economic
si ua ion hey a e in [40].
In his espec , he pandemic b ough new challenges and, as has been ound in
p e ious li e a u e, he e was an impac on he ela ionship be ween occupan s and hei
housing, wi h changes in beha iou and habi s ha ing a nega i e impac on some aspec s
such as men al heal h [17].
In addi ion, his change in housing beha iou was e lec ed in an inc ease in ene gy
consump ion and a change in usage pa e ns. Di e en s udies [
18
–
20
] ha e analysed he
inc ease in di e en consump ions: elec ici y, DHW, hea ing, and wa e . The esul s o
he a ia ion in consump ion a y acco ding o he s udy, some s udies such as he one
ca ied ou by J. Rouleau and L. Gosselin in social housing in Canada ha e ound ha
DHW and elec ici y consump ion a ied du ing he pe iod o con inemen while hea ing
consump ion was almos unchanged [
20
]. In he same s udy, he change in he iming
o hea ing demand was also e lec ed, wi h peak demand shi ing om la e a e noon o
midday. In con as , in he s udy by C e ko i´c e al. [
19
] an inc ease in hea ing was ound.
In gene al, all hose who ha e analysed he consump ion o DHW and elec ici y ha e seen
an inc ease in hei consump ion.
2.3. Me hodologies o Da a Collec ion
Acco ding o he s udy ca ied ou by Laska i e al. [
41
], di e en me hods can be
used o assess IEQ. They can be classi ied as subjec i e (quali a i e da a) o objec i e
(quan i a i e da a).
Subjec i e me hods a e he simples o apply, bu o en he mos complex and limi ed,
such as su eys, which p o ide a e y b oad knowledge and ha e he lowes cos [
41
]. In
p e ious s udies in social housings, whe e he pe cep ion o IEQ by he use was s udied, i
was ound ha he mal and acous ic com o had he la ges impac on pe cep ion [
42
], bu
also ol ac o y com o [43].
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 5 o 22
A he same ime, i is he me hod wi h he g ea es limi a ions, due o i s high in ol e-
men and di icul y in eaching a la ge numbe o esponden s. In he case o esiden ial
buildings, whe e en i onmen al and occupancy condi ions a y g ea ly om one dwelling
o ano he , i is di icul o ind a pe iod ha can be conside ed ep esen a i e [
41
]. This
complexi y in su eys is also e lec ed in he di e si y o opinions on he same en i onmen-
al condi ions, which makes i di icul o analyse he esul s i only his me hod is used. In
addi ion, he concep o su ey a igue has also been ecognised [44]; his can occu when
se e al su eys a e demanded a speci ic imes.
Al e na i ely, he e a e objec i e me hods, whe e he esul s a e ob ained om quan i i-
able da a and no om pe cep ions. The mos commonly used in his g oup is moni o ing,
which measu es hose a iables and indica o s conside ed ele an o each s udy. Fo
hei use, he sensi i i y o he senso s and he need o calib a ion mus also be aken in o
accoun , which in luences hei high cos [
44
]. Depending on he di e en cha ac e is ics o
he space o be moni o ed, he moni o ing s a egies p oposed will be e y di e en .
In gene al, sho - e m measu emen s a e used o ob ain he mal com o esul s
h ough su eys and hus being able o link hem o en i onmen al condi ions, such
as he mog aphy and pe meabili y o he s udy [
45
] o i s ela ion be ween indoo em-
pe a u e, socio-economic da a and building cha ac e is ics [
28
]. Long- e m measu emen s
a e essen ial when he objec i e o he moni o ing is o de e mine he s a e o he build-
ing o e a signi ican pe iod ( empe a u e (T), Rela i e Humidi y (RH), CO
2
and ene gy
consump ion) [45].
O en, bo h objec i e and subjec i e me hods a e combined o achie e a be e un-
de s anding, allowing o he gene a ion o an occupan sa is ac ion index [
44
]. As seen
in p e ious li e a u e, beyond su eys and moni o ing, o he me hods can be applied,
such as in e iews, e iewing cha ac e is ics and physical condi ions o he buildings
o ha ing access o he ene gy consump ion o he dwellings (elec ici y, hea ing, DHW,
cooling . . . ) [28,46]
. A he same ime, h ough in o ma ion om o he sou ces, i is possi-
ble o ha e a g ea e and mo e de ailed knowledge o he building, o example, h ough
plans, ene gy ce i ica es o echnical e alua ions. F om his poin , i is possible o ob ain
mo e de ailed in o ma ion on he cons uc ion and he mal cha ac e is ics o he case s udy.
3. Ma e ials and Me hods
To achie e he objec i e o his s udy, an e alua ion me hod a emp ing o assess
esiden ial buildings’ pe o mance conce ning occupan s’ beha iou is p oposed. To his
end, he me hod is di ided in o 2 gene al sec ions (see Figu e 1): Phase 1, associa ed wi h
ou doo clima e condi ions, building p ope ies and social p o ile, and Phase 2, which may
de e mine he esul s, indoo hyg o he mal com o , ene gy consump ion and occupan
ene gy-use pa e n.
3.1. Phase 1: Case S udy Selec ion C i e ia
Based on he de ined objec i es, he me hodology was applied in a esiden ial social
housing building. Howe e , as people’s beha iou s a e associa ed wi h he dwelling and
i s cha ac e is ics, i was decided o ocus he analysis on a speci ic numbe o dwellings in
he building.
The selec ion o he case s udy and he sample was made based on he ollowing
indica o s: ou doo clima e condi ions, building/housing p ope ies and social p o ile.
3.1.1. Ou doo Clima e Condi ions
The a mosphe ic pa ame e s ha e an impo an ole in p o iding a he mally com o -
able indoo en i onmen [
47
,
48
]. The ela ion be ween he ou doo condi ion and he ype
o building in luences di ec ly he mal com o . Fo his eason, i is one o he indica o s
ha was conside ed o de e mine he loca ion o he building.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 6 o 22
Sus ainabili y 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 23
Figu e 1. Me hod scheme.
3.1. Phase 1: Case S udy Selec ion C i e ia
Based on he de ined objec i es, he me hodology was applied in a esiden ial social
housing building. Howe e , as people’s beha iou s a e associa ed wi h he dwelling and
i s cha ac e is ics, i was decided o ocus he analysis on a speci ic numbe o dwellings
in he building.
The selec ion o he case s udy and he sample was made based on he ollowing
indica o s: ou doo clima e condi ions, building/housing p ope ies and social p o ile.
3.1.1. Ou doo Clima e Condi ions
The a mosphe ic pa ame e s ha e an impo an ole in p o iding a he mally com-
o able indoo en i onmen [47,48]. The ela ion be ween he ou doo condi ion and he
ype o building in luences di ec ly he mal com o . Fo his eason, i is one o he indi-
ca o s ha was conside ed o de e mine he loca ion o he building.
The e a e di e en clima e classi ica ions. One o he mos applied me hodologies o
classi y he clima e is Köppen’s classi ica ion [49], which conside s se e al a iables e-
ga ding empe a u e and p ecipi a ion. This allows o a be e comp ehension o he
main cha ac e is ics o he clima e. In he case o Spain, o clima e classi ica ion i is used
he Technical Building Code (TBC) [50], which de ines di e en clima e zones iden i ied
Ou doo clima e condi ions
clima e classi ica ion
Building p ope ies
da e o cons uc ion
he mal en elope (U- alue)
hea ing ene gy sys em
numbe o dwellings
Social p o ile
numbe o occupan s
age o occupan s
Indoo hyg o he mal com o
indoo day/nigh T
indoo RH
daily hou s o com o
Ene gy consump ion
hea ing
DHW
Occupan ene gy-use pa e n
pe iod o use
day/nigh hou s o use
ene gy expendi u e
PHASE 2: MONITORING OF THE SAMPLE
PHASE 1: CASE STUDY SELECTION
Figu e 1. Me hod scheme.
The e a e di e en clima e classi ica ions. One o he mos applied me hodologies
o classi y he clima e is Köppen’s classi ica ion [
49
], which conside s se e al a iables
ega ding empe a u e and p ecipi a ion. This allows o a be e comp ehension o he
main cha ac e is ics o he clima e. In he case o Spain, o clima e classi ica ion i is used
he Technical Building Code (TBC) [
50
], which de ines di e en clima e zones iden i ied
by a le e , co esponding o he win e clima e zone, and a numbe , co esponding o he
summe clima e zone.
3.1.2. Building and Housing P ope ies
The second aspec ha was conside ed o he selec ion o he building unde s udy is
i s cons uc ion p o ile. Da abases such as EPISCOPE [
51
] e lec he need o de ine ce ain
cha ac e is ics o pa ame e s when desc ibing he pe o mance o p ope ies o a building
o dwelling [
52
]. The au ho s conside ed he ollowing pa ame e s o each building, which
di ec ly in luence aspec s such as he ene gy demand o each dwelling o he he mal
com o o he use :
•
Da e o cons uc ion: his de ines he da e o cons uc ion o he o iginal building. In
cases whe e he building had been ene ge ically e u bished, he da e o e u bishmen
was de ined as “da e o cons uc ion”;
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 7 o 22
•
The mal pe o mance o he building en elope elemen s ( oo , loo , açade, and win-
dows): al hough he e a e di e en da abases o me hodologies o calcula e he he mal
ansmi ance o he building en elope elemen s [
53
–
57
], based on he memo y and
he o iginal plans o each building, du ing his s udy he eal he mal ansmi ance o
each en elope elemen was de ined by he p e ious p ojec epo s;
•
Pe o mance and ene gy sou ce o he ene gy gene a ion sys em o hea ing, cooling
and domes ic ho wa e : based on he da e o cons uc ion and building ypology,
da abases such as TABULA [
52
] p o ide simila in o ma ion. In his s udy, his
in o ma ion was based on he in o ma ion ob ained om he p ojec epo s and isi s
o each o he case s udies;
•
Numbe o dwellings in he building: o conside whe he he building is signi ican
wi hin he analysed building s ock, he size o he building, measu ed in numbe o
dwellings in he building was aken in o accoun .
Finally, i should be no ed ha , al hough i s in luence may be c i ical, especially in
low- ise buildings o in dwellings loca ed on he i s loo s [
22
], he in luence o shadows
cas by he building o adjacen elemen s we e no conside ed du ing his me hodology.
3.1.3. Social P o ile
The ole o he esiden s in he building pe o mance is widely ecognised by se e al
au ho s [
5
,
31
,
58
]. Tha is why, as we ha e explained abo e, he analysis ocuses on occupan
beha iou , which is di ec ly ela ed o he dwelling and i s immedia e en i onmen . In his
sense, he dwellings o he sample we e selec ed based on he social cha ac e is ics o he
esiden s and amily ypes.
In ecen yea s, he s udy o he de ini ion o beha iou al p o iles and he use o
housing o ene gy sa ing and he educ ion in he en i onmen al impac gene a ed by
he esiden ial sec o has inc eased. The e a e h ee main app oaches in he de ini ion o
household p o iles: household p o iles by household cha ac e is ics (socio-demog aphic
and socio-economic) [
59
], ene gy use o beha iou al p o iles o esiden s [
36
,
60
], and
a iables on needs, alues, and a i udes [40,61].
Gue a-San ín [
62
] iden i ies occupan beha iou p o iles based on he cha ac e is ics,
needs and li es yles o he esiden s. The au ho uses he numbe o people in he household
and hei age o de ine he household p o ile [63].
Fo he applica ion o he me hodology, he au ho s selec ed a ep esen a i e numbe
o dwellings which we e also ep esen a i e o he amily social p o iles. The in luence
o he esiden s on he building pe o mance was analysed. The dwellings we e selec ed
based on he occupan s’ social p o iles. Fo his selec ion, he esea ch ca ied ou by
Gue a-San in e al. [
62
] was aken in o accoun and ans e ed o an o icial s a e sou ce
such as he classi ica ion de ined by he INE in he Household Budge Su ey [
64
]. This
classi ica ion is based on he numbe o people li ing in he dwelling and hei age.
3.1.4. Case S udy Selec ion
The abo emen ioned me hodology was applied o he social- en ed housing s ock
loca ed in he Au onomous Communi y o he Basque Coun y, a egion si ua ed in No h-
e n Spain.
Basque Go e nmen ’s social- en ed housing s ock has mo e han 7700 dwellings in
234 buildings which a e loca ed in he 3 p o inces o he Au onomous Communi y.
The housing s ock can be classi ied conside ing di e en a iables: he yea o con-
s uc ion, he clima ic classi ica ion o i s loca ion, he numbe o dwellings in he building,
numbe o s o ies, he mal pe o mance o he building such as he mal ansmi ances and
window p ope ies and he ype o DHW and hea ing gene a ion. Mos o hese da a on
Alokabide’s building s ock can be seen in summa y o m in Appendix A. These da a ha e
been ob ained h ough he diagnosis de eloped by he Local Public Company Alokabide
unde he name “Plan Ze o Plana” [65].
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 8 o 22
As ega ded he cons uc ion pe iod, i is concluded ha i is a young esiden ial
pa k; almos all buildings ha e been buil a e he i s Spanish Building Regula ions
NBE-CT 79 [66]
. Conside ing he s ock unde s udy, almos 64% and 70.5% o he buildings
and dwellings, espec i ely, belong o he 2002–2011 cons uc ion pe iod, ollowed by hose
buil a e 2011.
P o iding he size o buildings, based on he numbe o dwellings hey ha e, i can be
said ha he majo i y (56.62%) a e la ge buildings, ha is, wi h mo e han 40 dwellings.
Hence, 83.25% o he dwellings a e loca ed in hese buildings.
As men ioned abo e, Alokabide’s housing s ock is loca ed in he h ee p o inces o he
Au onomous Communi y o he Basque Coun y. Conside ing he clima ic classi ica ion
o he Spanish TBC [
50
], 60.29% o he buildings and 70.55% o he dwellings a e loca ed
in clima e D, ollowed by 36.03% and 28.43%, espec i ely, loca ed in clima e C. As o
he classi ica ion acco ding o Köppen [
49
], he as majo i y o he Basque Au onomous
Communi y is classi ied as C b, empe a e wi hou d y season wi h empe a e summe ,
excep o some speci ic a eas in he sou h o he communi y which is classi ied as Csb:
empe a e wi h d y and empe a e summe .
The ene gy sys em used o hea ing and DHW p oduc ion (indi idual o cen alised
sys em) is almos e enly di ided when conside ing buildings, wi h alues o 47.79% and
52.21%, espec i ely. Howe e , his equali y is no e lec ed in he numbe o dwellings sup-
plied by each o he sys ems; he cen alised sys em supplies almos 63% o he dwellings,
while he indi idual sys em supplies 37% o he dwellings. The ype o ene gy could be
conside ed almos unique, wi h na u al gas being he mos widely used, in 93.38% o he
buildings and 95.45% o he dwellings.
Based on he diagnosis o he 136 esiden ial buildings in “Plan Ze o Plana” o he
Basque social- en ed housing s ock, he me hod was pe o med on a ep esen a i e building.
The building loca ion, cons uc ion p ope ies, social classi ica ion and occupan -based
con ol is summa ised in Table 1.
The socio-economic and socio-demog aphic da a o he case s udy we e ob ained
h ough su eys ca ied ou in 2021 as pa o he Basque Go e nmen ’s E-Lagun p ojec
o he ene gy managemen o social housing in he Basque Coun y [67].
A sample o 15 dwellings was selec ed o he analysis o he indica o s. These
dwellings co espond o 3 social p o iles ound in he INE classi ica ion in he Household
Budge Su ey [
64
]: couple wi h 3 o mo e child en (P1, 5 dwellings), single adul wi h
child en (P2, 5 dwellings), single pe son (P3, 5 dwellings). The esul s a e shown as he
a e age o each p o ile, so ha di e ences and pa e ns can be de ec ed in each p o ile.
Da a p o ec ion and anonymi y associa ed wi h each household is also ensu ed. All o
he in o ma ion is conside ed con iden ial; all o he pe sonal alues and any possible
iden i ica ion o he dwelling has been excluded. Figu e 2shows he loo plan o he
building unde s udy. The 15 dwellings p esen he same ypology, o ien ed No h-Sou h.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 9 o 22
Table 1. Case s udy buildings summa y.
Ou doo Clima e Condi ion
Loca ion Vi o ia-Gas eiz
Köppen-Geige clima ic zone C b
Local clima ic zone (TBC) D
Building p ope ies
Yea o cons uc ion 2010
No. s o ies G ound + 8
No. dwellings 126
Façade (1) ansmi ance (W/m2K) 0.31
Façade (2) ansmi ance (W/m2K) 0.33
Roo ansmi ance (W/m2K) 0.34
Floo ansmi ance (W/m2K) 0.54
F ame Aluminium
Glazing Double, 4 + 8 + 5 mm
Window ansmi ance (W/m2K) 3.3
Hea ing/DHW ene gy sys em Cen alized
Hea ing/DHW ene gy class Na u al Gas
Ven ila ion Na u al
Social p o ile
No. single pe son (≥65 yea s) dwellings 1
No. single pe son (<65 yea s) dwellings 6
No. couple dwellings 4
No. couple wi h a child dwellings 9
No. couple wi h 2 child en dwellings 7
No. couple wi h h ee o mo e child en dwellings 7
No. single adul wi h child en dwellings 10
No. o he dwellings 1
Unknown 81
Occupan -based clima e con ol
Con ol sys em AuGe
Sus ainabili y 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 o 23
Roo ansmi ance (W/m2 K) 0.34
Floo ansmi ance (W/m2 K) 0.54
F ame Aluminium
Glazing Double, 4 + 8 + 5 mm
Window ansmi ance (W/m2 K) 3.3
Hea ing/DHW ene gy sys em Cen alized
Hea ing/DHW ene gy class Na u al Gas
Ven ila ion Na u al
Social p o ile
No. single pe son (≥65 yea s) dwellings 1
No. single pe son (<65 yea s) dwellings 6
No. couple dwellings 4
No. couple wi h a child dwellings 9
No. couple wi h 2 child en dwellings 7
No. couple wi h h ee o mo e child en dwellings 7
No. single adul wi h child en dwellings 10
No. o he dwellings 1
Unknown 81
Occupan -based clima e con ol
Con ol sys em AuGe
The socio-economic and socio-demog aphic da a o he case s udy we e ob ained
h ough su eys ca ied ou in 2021 as pa o he Basque Go e nmen ’s E-Lagun p ojec
o he ene gy managemen o social housing in he Basque Coun y [67].
A sample o 15 dwellings was selec ed o he analysis o he indica o s. These dwell-
ings co espond o 3 social p o iles ound in he INE classi ica ion in he Household
Budge Su ey [64]: couple wi h 3 o mo e child en (P1, 5 dwellings), single adul wi h
child en (P2, 5 dwellings), single pe son (P3, 5 dwellings). The esul s a e shown as he
a e age o each p o ile, so ha di e ences and pa e ns can be de ec ed in each p o ile.
Da a p o ec ion and anonymi y associa ed wi h each household is also ensu ed. All o he
in o ma ion is conside ed con iden ial; all o he pe sonal alues and any possible iden i-
ica ion o he dwelling has been excluded. Figu e 2 shows he loo plan o he building
unde s udy. The 15 dwellings p esen he same ypology, o ien ed No h-Sou h.
Figu e 2. Floo plan o he case s udy.
3.2. Phase 2: Moni o ing o he Sample
The analysis ocuses on he i s 4-mon h pe iod o 2 consecu i e yea s: 2020 and
2021. Wi hin he i s pe iod, he in e al om Ma ch o Ap il 2020 is s ongly in luenced
by he lock-down caused by COVID-19 (Spanish da es). The COVID-19 and he lock-down
ha e highligh ed he exis ing p oblems and he needs ha housing does no sol e, in pa -
icula he capaci y ha each household had o achie e com o [68] as well as an inc e-
men in he ene gy consump ion in he households [18].
Figu e 2. Floo plan o he case s udy.
3.2. Phase 2: Moni o ing o he Sample
The analysis ocuses on he i s 4-mon h pe iod o 2 consecu i e yea s: 2020 and 2021.
Wi hin he i s pe iod, he in e al om Ma ch o Ap il 2020 is s ongly in luenced by he
lock-down caused by COVID-19 (Spanish da es). The COVID-19 and he lock-down ha e
highligh ed he exis ing p oblems and he needs ha housing does no sol e, in pa icula
he capaci y ha each household had o achie e com o [
68
] as well as an inc emen in he
ene gy consump ion in he households [18].
In e ms o da a collec ion me hods, he mos commonly used me hod is moni o ing.
In gene al, he e a e sho - e m and long- e m moni o ing me hods. Sho - e m moni o ing
is gene ally used o suppo su eys o e i y he en i onmen al condi ions unde s udy,
while long- e m moni o ing is used o de e mine he s a e o a building o e a long pe iod.
The me hod was pe o med in a building wi h a long- e m moni o ing (ene gy con-
sump ion o hea ing and DHW, indoo empe a u e and ela i e humidi y) and ene gy
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 16 o 22
appliances o hea he dwelling o he lowe use o DHW as a consequence o using o he
ins alla ions ou side he dwelling.
5. Discussion
This s udy sough o analyse he in luence o he socio-demog aphic cha ac e is ics
o social housing households in ela ion o he hyg o he mal com o o hei dwellings,
occupan s’ beha iou and hea ing and domes ic ho wa e ene gy consump ion.
The esea ch has been ca ied ou in a building in Vi o ia ha is ep esen a i e o he
social en al housing s ock in he Basque Coun y, in he no h o Spain. This dwelling was
selec ed acco ding o cons uc ion c i e ia. F om i , ollowing socio-demog aphic c i e ia,
unde he same classi ica ion p esen ed by he INE, h ee p o iles ha e been selec ed ha
may p esen g ea e ulne abili y: couple wi h h ee o mo e child en (P1), single adul
wi h child en (P2) and single adul (P3), i e dwellings ha e been selec ed o each o hese
p o iles. In o al, his analysis was ca ied ou in i een dwellings, moni o ing da a on
empe a u e, ela i e humidi y, domes ic ho wa e consump ion and hea ing.
The empe a u e and ela i e humidi y da a we e used o calcula e he numbe o
hou s o com o o he h ee p o iles unde s udy. Fu he mo e, he hea ing and domes ic
ho wa e consump ion, con as ed wi h he ene gy p ice, has p o ided he ene gy cos s
and consump ion end h oughou he day o he di e en households. As he case s udies
a e social en ed housing, i has been assumed o he analysis ha he e has no been a
change in enan s in he pe iod unde analysis.
The cu en s udy ound ha he e is a di e ence be ween p o iles in e ms o hy-
g o he mal com o le els and hea ing and DHW consump ion. Du ing he yea 2020,
P1 was he p o ile ha consumed he leas hea ing and DHW and he e o e he one ha
achie ed he leas com o on a e age in he dwelling. While he com o alues o P3 we e
e y simila . Whe eas du ing he second yea analysed, he a e age consump ions o he
h ee p o iles a e e y simila , bu i is P3 ha eco ds he highes alues o hyg o he mal
discom o . As well, in all h ee p o iles he ene gy consump ion in 2021 was g ea e han
in 2020, du ing COVID-19 lock-down pe iod, when he occupancy was almos pe manen
in he household no only did hey consumed less hea ing and DHW, hyg o he mal com-
o was less achie ed han he ollowing yea . This inc ease in consump ion has been
in luenced by he a ia ion in ou doo empe a u e be ween he wo s udy yea s, being
lowe in he yea 2021.
These alues allow o es ablish a i s app oxima ion o he in luence ha di e en
p o iles ha e in achie ing hyg o he mal com o in he dwelling. By unde s anding how
consump ion occu s and wha he pa e ns o each p o ile a e, he e a e di e ences be ween
he consump ion hou s and he peaks ound in each p o ile. While P2 and P3 main ain
longe hou s o consump ion, P1 has mo e consump ion peaks. Especially in 2021, as in
2020 P1 consumed much less compa ed o he o he p o iles.
The cu en s udy has alida ed he in luence o di e en household p o iles li ing
in social housing on ene gy consump ion and hyg o he mal com o in he dwelling, in
pa icula , in social en al housing whe e he social p o ile o he esiden s may p esen
a g ea e socio-economic and ene gy ulne abili y. The disc epancies de ec ed be ween
hyg o he mal com o and ene gy consump ion show he impac o people on he use o he
dwelling and i s acili ies, in pa icula on he possibili y o using o he ypes o appliances
o hea he dwelling o o he sani a y acili ies. I was also de ec ed ha consump ion hou s
a e linked o social p o iles and o he exis ence o mino s in he home.
I has been obse ed ha h ough he da a collec ion sys em used i is possible o
de ine occupancy and hea ing pa e ns ha allow a pe sonalised solu ions o be gi en o
use s. P e ious s udies e alua ing he di e ences in ene gy pe o mance in dwellings o
5 di e en social g oups obse ed a clea ela ionship has also been es ablished be ween
he beha iou o he occupan s and he p o iles analysed [
36
]. O he s udies ha e no only
ound di e ences be ween he p o iles analysed, bu also he in luence o cons uc ion
cha ac e is ics and he coun y whe e he s udy was ca ied ou [33].
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 17 o 22
This combina ion o indings e i ies he ad an age o using he sel -managemen sys-
em o ensu e an ene gy suppo by he public adminis a ion, in o de o de ec he needs
and ensu e he well-being o he esiden s. Wi h he long- e m moni o ing, was ob ained
eal da a ha could be con as ed wi h he social da a p o ided by he adminis a ion.
In his s udy, se e al limi a ions in luenced he esul s. Fi s ly, since hese eal da a a e
om a speci ic case and each occupan mus be conside ed unique, e en wi hin he same
p o ile, he e a e di e en beha iou s o each pe son li ing so ex apola ing i o o he
s udies o applica ions mus be aken in o accoun . [
33
]. Ne e heless, he me hodology
used is applicable o o he case s udies, aking in o accoun he singula i y o each dwelling.
Secondly, as hese a e case s udies o en ed dwellings, he e may ha e been pe iods
o non-occupancy o changes in enan , al hough in all he conside ed da a he e is a
consump ion o hea ing and/o DHW ha allow o deduce ha he e is occupancy in he
dwelling. This possible acancy o change in enan could no be e i ied, so he esul s
conside he same enan s o he en i e pe iod analysed. This limi a ion is also e lec ed
in Table 1, which shows he lack o knowledge o which social p o ile inhabi s 81 o he
126 dwellings ha make up he building unde s udy. I was also no possible o de e mine
he eal occupancy, as well as he en ila ion habi s, he use o o he hea ing elemen s o
he use o o he acili ies ou side he dwelling.
Thi dly, he beha iou o each dwelling was ound o ha e a s ong in luence on
he beha iou o he p o ile. This is because he s udy has been ca ied ou by p o iles,
calcula ed h ough he a e age o he i e dwellings ha make up each p o ile.. Some
dwellings ha e been ound o ha e a di e en beha iou o o he s, such as e y low
empe a u es o almos ze o hea ing consump ion, ha ha e in luenced he inal esul o
he p o ile.
This s udy was limi ed by he in luence o ela i e humidi y o he com o model
chosen. As has been shown in he esul s sec ion, when he ela i e humidi y inc eased o
60%, he discom o in mos o he dwellings g ea ly a ied. Using o he mo e accu a e
me hods such as adap i e me hods, which ake in o accoun he ou side empe a u e [
22
], o
o he me hods ha also ake in o accoun he equency and occupancy o he dwellings [
75
]
should be conside ed.
Ne e heless, he me hodology used is applicable o o he case s udies, aking in o
accoun he singula i y o each dwelling. Finally, based on he indings in his esea ch, i
would be in e es ing o u u e esea ch o analyse he impac du ing he wa m pe iods
o he yea . On he o he hand, including o he ac o s in o he analysis o com o , such
as CO
2
, VOCs, PM, ligh ing and noise, may p o ide ele an in o ma ion, as well as he
analysis o o he socio-demog aphic p o iles whe e economic aspec s a e included.
6. Conclusions
The aim o he p esen s udy was o compa e he le els o com o and consump ion
o i een social en ed dwellings o h ee di e en social p o iles in he same building.
This building is pa o he public social en al housing s ock o he Basque Coun y, in he
no h o Spain, loca ed in Vi o ia and managed by Alokabide. The pe iod analysed was he
i s ou mon hs o he yea s 2021 and 2020, including he pe iod o con inemen . In his
s udy, hyg o he mal com o , ope a ing empe a u e, and ela i e humidi y, and DHW and
hea ing consump ion we e compa ed by social p o ile, es ablishing di e en pa e ns and
use o each p o ile.
This s udy has iden i ied ha he e is a di e ence be ween he h ee p o iles in all
he aspec s analysed. The p o ile o single adul s wi h child en is he one ha achie es
he g ea es com o in he wo pe iods analysed, whe eas he single adul p o ile is he
leas com o able. These alues e ol e in line wi h hose e lec ed in hea ing consump ion.
Simila ly, hea ing consump ion inc eased om 2020 o 2021 o all o he p o iles. The e o e,
i can be concluded ha he analysis o hea ing and DHW consump ion is in luenced by
he social p o ile ha li es in he dwelling, no only in o al consump ion bu also in how
hei consump ion di e s be ween hem h oughou he day.
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 18 o 22
This allows us o p edic consump ion pa e ns o u u e enan s o he dwellings. In
his sense, he au ho s ha e alida ed he in luence o he socio-demog aphic cha ac e is ics
o social housing households in ela ion o he hyg o he mal com o o hei dwellings,
occupan s’ beha iou and hea ing and domes ic ho wa e (DHW) ene gy consump ion.
Mo eo e , we ha e e i ied he ad an age o using he sel -managemen sys em ha
allows he use o make decisions based on he he mal com o , ene gy consump ion and
he ela ed expendi u e. A he same ime, i allows he adminis a ion o p o ide ene gy
assis ance o he use s, de ec ing hei needs and gene a ing adap ed solu ions.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion, S.P.-B., A.F.-L., M.E.-M., X.O. and R.J.H.-M.; Me hodology
and W i ing—O iginal D a P epa a ion, S.P.-B., A.F.-L., M.E.-M. and X.O.; Fo mal Analysis, S.P.-B.
and A.F.-L.; In es iga ion, M.E.-M.; Da a Cu a ion, M.E.-M., S.P.-B. and A.F.-L.; Supe ision, X.O. and
R.J.H.-M.; P ojec Adminis a ion, X.O. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o
he manusc ip .
Funding:
This esea ch was unded by he esea ch p ojec “De elopmen o a me hodology wi h a
li e cycle pe spec i e o e alua e he ene gy ehabili a ion ac ions o he exis ing building s ock in
acco dance wi h he equi emen s o he new echnical code” (PUE_2020_1_0013), suppo ed by he
Depa men o Educa ion o he Basque Go e nmen .
Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable.
In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen : Da a will be u nished upon eques .
Acknowledgmen s:
The wo k p esen ed in his pape belongs o he esea ch p ojec PIBA-PUE 2020
(PUE_2020_1_0013) unded by he Depa men o Educa ion o he Basque Go e nmen . Fu he mo e,
he au ho s would like o acknowledge he Public Socie y Alokabide and he company STECHome o
hei suppo and con ibu ion, as well as o he in o ma ion, access and moni o ing da a p o ided.
This esea ch wo k will o m pa o wo doc o al heses. One o hem is being ca ied ou by one o
he au ho s, A. Figue oa-Lopez, unde a con ac wi h he p ojec PIBA-PUE 2020 (PUE_2020_1_0013)
unded by he Depa men o Educa ion o he Basque Go e nmen . And he o he one is ca ied ou
by one o he o he au ho s, S. Pe ez-Bezos, unded by he Call o ende o a esea che aining a
he Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y UPV/EHU 2019 (PIF19/139).
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
Appendix A
Table A1. Numbe o buildings and dwellings pe cons uc ion pe iod.
Cons uc ion Pe iod Nº o Buildings Pe cen age Nº o Dwellings Pe cen age
Be o e 1900 1 0.74 4 0.05
1900–1920 1 0.74 8 0.11
1921–1930 0 0.00 0 0.00
1931–1940 0 0.00 0 0.00
1941–1950 0 0.00 0 0.00
1951–1960 0 0.00 0 0.00
1961–1970 1 0.74 8 0.11
1971–1980 0 0.00 0 0.00
1981–1990 1 0.74 24 0.32
1991–2001 12 8.82 390 5.26
2002–2011 87 63.97 5222 70.49
A e 2011 33 24.26 1752 23.65
Sus ainabili y 2022,14, 5594 19 o 22
Table A2. Numbe o buildings and dwellings pe size o building.
Size (nº o Dwellings) Nº o Buildings Pe cen age Nº o Dwellings Pe cen age
1 0 0.00 0 0.00
2 0 0.00 0 0.00
3 o 10 5 3.68 34 0.46
11 o 20 21 15.44 311 4.20
21 o 40 33 24.26 896 12.10
Mo e han 40 77 56.62 6167 83.25
Table A3. Numbe o buildings and dwellings pe clima ic zone.
Local Clima ic Zone Nº o Buildings Pe cen age Nº o Dwellings Pe cen age
C 49 36.03 2106 28.43
D 82 60.29 5226 70.55
E 5 3.68 76 1.03
Table A4. Numbe o buildings and dwellings pe EPC g ade.
EPC G ade (kWh/m2Yea ) Nº o Buildings Pe cen age Nº o Dwellings Pe cen age
A (<37.50) 5 3.68 365 4.93
B (37.50–57.70) 17 12.50 854 11.53
C (57.70–86.10) 15 11.03 974 13.15
D (86.10–128.20) 51 37.50 3208 43.30
E (128.20–271.90) 44 32.35 1959 26.44
F (271.90–318.10) 3 2.21 35 0.47
G (≥318.10) 1 0.74 13 0.18
Table A5. Numbe o buildings and dwellings pe EPC ene gy sys em.
Ene gy Sys em Nº o Buildings Pe cen age Nº o Dwellings Pe cen age
Indi idual 65 47.79 2746 37.07
Cen alized 71 52.21 4662 62.93
Table A6. Numbe o buildings and dwellings pe EPC ene gy class.
Ene gy Class Nº o Buildings Pe cen age Nº o Dwellings Pe cen age
Na u al Gas 127 93.38 7071 95.45
LPG 1 0.74 15 0.20
Elec ici y 8 5.88 322 4.35
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