Ci a ion: Azko a-La inaga, Z.;
Rome o-An ón, N.; Ma in-Escude o,
K.; Lopez-Ruiz, G. En i onmen ally
Sus ainable G een Roo Design o
Ene gy Demand Reduc ion. Buildings
2023,13, 1846. h ps://doi.o g/
10.3390/buildings13071846
Academic Edi o : An onio Caggiano
Recei ed: 20 June 2023
Re ised: 18 July 2023
Accep ed: 18 July 2023
Published: 21 July 2023
Copy igh : © 2023 by he au ho s.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land.
This a icle is an open access a icle
dis ibu ed unde he e ms and
condi ions o he C ea i e Commons
A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://
c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/
4.0/).
buildings
A icle
En i onmen ally Sus ainable G een Roo Design o Ene gy
Demand Reduc ion
Zaloa Azko a-La inaga * , Naia a Rome o-An ón , Koldobika Ma in-Escude o and Gon zal Lopez-Ruiz
ENEDI Resea ch G oup, Depa men o The mal Enginee ing, Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y (UPV/EHU),
Alda. U quijo s/n, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
*Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]
Abs ac :
G een oo s a e a i icial ecosys ems ha p o ide a na u e-based solu ion o en i onmen al
p oblems such as clima e change and he u ban hea island e ec by abso bing sola adia ion and
helping o alle ia e u ban en i onmen al, economic, and social p oblems. G een oo s o e many
bene i s in e ms o hea and wa e conse a ion as well as in e ms o ene gy cos s. This wo k
p oposes he design o an ex ensi e and en i onmen ally sus ainable g een oo o he Facul y o
Enginee ing building in Bilbao. The g een oo will be made om he compos ing o ood was e
gene a ed in he building’s own can een. The e o e, he main objec i e o his s udy is o calcula e he
sola e iciency o a sus ainable g een oo , e alua e i s he mal pe o mance, and quan i y he impac
ha i s implemen a ion would ha e on ene gy consump ion and he he mal com o o i s use s.
The esul s ob ained con i m ha an en i onmen ally sus ainable g een oo has a posi i e e ec on
summe ene gy consump ion and ha his e ec is much g ea e when he e is wa e on he oo , as
shown by he di e ence in ene gy sa ings be ween he d y (
−
53.7%) and we (
−
84.2%) scena ios.
The da a show ha in win e he di e ences be ween a g een oo and a non- ege a ed oo a e no
signi ican . In his case, he es ima ed ene gy consump ion penal y (0.015 kWh/m
2
) would be 10% o
he summe gain.
Keywo ds: g een oo ; ene gy sa ings; solid was e managemen ; sus ainabili y
1. In oduc ion
High u ban popula ion g ow h a es, d i en by indus ializa ion, ha e in ensi ied
he u ban pollu ion and caused se e e na u al phenomena and p esen ing signi ican
isks o human heal h and he en i onmen [
1
]. The wo ld’s u baniza ion a io (u ban
popula ion as a % o o al popula ion) has g own om 43.4% in 1991 o 55.7% in 2019;
his equi es an unde s anding o he mul i-dimensional na u e o u ban de elopmen [
2
].
U ban sus ainabili y is he e o e becoming inc easingly impo an due o clima e change,
human ac i i ies, and inc easing u baniza ion [3].
The need o educe u ban ai empe a u e inc eases and inc ease g een spaces, es-
pecially in ci y cen e s, is se ious. Added o his, he e a e g owing conce ns abou he
global ene gy c isis and was e managemen . As a esul o he abo e, he 2030 Sus ainable
De elopmen S a egy aims o make Eu ope a esou ce-e icien socie y and es ablishes
he p inciple o a hie a chy o was e managemen op ions, acco ding o which p e en ion
is he bes op ion, ollowed by p epa a ion o euse, ecycling, o he o ms o eco e y,
and inally disposal. Tha is why g een oo s a e an en i onmen ally sus ainable op ion o
ci ies o educe he impac o u baniza ion.
G een oo s hus p o ide na u e-based s a egies o p omo ing u ban en i onmen al
sus ainabili y which include a combina ion o mi iga ing and adap i e ac ions mainly
ocused on es o ing and p ese ing he balance be ween he bio ic and abio ic elemen s
o ecosys ems by inc easing biodi e si y, de eloping g een spaces, and p omo ing he
sus ainable de elopmen o ci ies by building a habi able u ban a ea [4–6].
Buildings 2023,13, 1846. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/buildings13071846 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/buildings
Buildings 2023,13, 1846 2 o 22
The wo ld’s ci ies a e o g ea ele ance in he global de elopmen scena io as hey
will become e en mo e u banized in he nex decade [
7
]. They ep esen a ound 85% o
o al global GDP (G oss Domes ic P oduc ) while consuming app oxima ely 70% o he
wo ld’s na u al esou ces and 70% o all ene gy p oduced, p oducing a ound 50% o all
was e, and (3) p oducing 70% o all g eenhouse gases [8].
The use o was e in cons uc ion ma e ials and he en i onmen ally iendly de elop-
men o buildings and in as uc u e a e some o he mechanisms pu in place o conse e
na u al esou ces and con ibu e o en i onmen al and socio-economic sus ainabili y [
9
].
Designed and implemen ed as enginee ed ecosys ems, g een oo s (GR) enhance u ban
sus ainabili y by p o iding mul iple unc ions and bene i s. A GR sys em consis s o a oo
p o ec ion and s o age laye , a d aining laye , a oo pe meable il e laye , a subs a e, and
plan s [
10
]. In ecen yea s, he scien i ic li e a u e has disco e ed a signi ican numbe o
ela ed bene i s ac oss a wide a ie y o sus ainabili y zones, which makes GR a common
enginee ing applica ion uni e sally applicable o he igh agains clima e change [
11
],
namely he mi iga ion o he u ban hea island (UHI) [
12
,
13
] and imp o emen o u ban ai
and wa e quali y [14,15].
The GR is one o he echnologies ha ha e demons a ed ene gy educ ion o cool-
ing o hea ing buildings [
16
–
19
], being conside ed as an addi ional he mal insula ion
compa ed o ba e o g a eled oo s. Howe e , ene gy sa ings ha e been ound o a y
conside ably depending on se e al ac o s, mainly ela ed o he si e wea he , he hickness
o he exis ing insula ion laye , and he ype o ege a ion used o he oo [
20
,
21
]. In
addi ion o educing UHI in ensi y and minimizing he ex en o u ban o e hea ing, g een
in as uc u e helps manage u ban was ewa e [6].
Resea ch has shown ha inc easing he R- alue o a building en elope does no
gua an ee a educ ion in ene gy demand and can esul in insu icien pe o mance in
p esen o u u e clima es [
22
–
24
]. The e idence shows ha clima e change will ha e a
conside able e ec on he ene gy e iciency o a building. The e o e, i is essen ial o design
he he mal ansmi ance o he building en elope o he cu en and u u e clima e [25].
F om a he mal poin o iew, he i s e ec o g een oo s is o educe hea ans e o
he building [
26
–
28
], he eby imp o ing indoo com o condi ions, mainly by educing
ceiling empe a u es [29,30].
In e ms o ene gy, he impac s o GRs on hea ing and cooling loads ha e also been
s udied in e ms o hei po en ial o educe he UHI, as hey can educe ou doo empe a-
u es in hei icini y in di e en clima ic con ex s [31].
In addi ion o he esea ch in o he impac o he educ ion in ambien empe a u e ha
can be achie ed by GR, a numbe o s udies we e comple ed in es iga ing he insula ion
bene i s i can p o ide. He and Jim [
32
] assesses he he modynamic ansmission in a
GR based on a simula ion model o he adi ional Bowen Ra io Ene gy Balance Model
(BREBM). I ound ha he GR cap u es and e ains g ea quan i ies o hea o o m a
good he mal p o ec ion om a ia ions. Addi ional wo k by Pé ez e al. [
33
], shows ha
passi e sys ems, due o he shading p o ided by he plan s and he insula ion p o ided
by he plan s and g owing media, can be used o educe he ene gy consump ion o he
sys em. Mo akinyo e al. [
34
] p esen ed a pa ame ic pape o he esul o ou ypes
o g een oo s on ou doo /indoo empe a u e and cooling demand. I was ound ha
semi-in ensi e g een oo s we e mo e e ec i e han hei ully ex ensi e coun e pa s in
educing bo h ou doo empe a u e and cooling demand. In a simila way, Ouldboukhi ine
e al. [
26
] e alua ed he hea lux h ough he oo . They ound ha , in summe , he passi e
cooling e ec o he oo op was h ee imes g ea e wi h he g een oo , while in win e ,
he g een oo dec eased oo op hea loss on cold days. Rako ond amia ana e al. [
35
]
demons a ed ha GR p o ec s he oo s uc u e in condi ions o ex eme empe a u es and
la ge empe a u e luc ua ions. The plan s educe he maximum indoo ai empe a u e
and inc ease he he mal com o o he building du ing summe days.
Compos ing is conside ed a sus ainable op ion o he ea men o u ban o ganic was e
and i s euse as a soil condi ione and e ilize [
36
]. As well as being a ich nu ien supply
Buildings 2023,13, 1846 3 o 22
o plan s, including ni ogen, phospho us, and po assium, compos is also conside ed
o educe he incidence o soil-bo ne plan diseases. These bene i s make compos ing
an excellen solu ion o dealing wi h he as quan i ies o biodeg adable solid was e
p oduced in he wo ld [
37
]. As such, compos ing can help achie e ci cula economy goals
in bo h de eloped and de eloping coun ies [38,39].
Ae obic compos ing is an excellen way o ans o ming manu e in o a hygienic,
humus- and nu ien - ich, s abilized, and phy o oxic- ee ma e ial ha has a ac ed he
a en ion o na ional and in e na ional bodies [40,41].
Va ious chemical p ope ies o he o ganic was e, such as excessi e mois u e o low
po osi y, can limi he e iciency o compos ing [
42
,
43
]. The e ec i e compos ing o o -
ganic was e he e o e equi es good con ol o a numbe o ac o s o he p oduc ion o
a supe io ag icul u al p oduc [
44
]. These include he composi ion o he compos aw
ma e ials (C/N a io, pH alue, pa icle size, and mois u e con en ) and he con ol o
he p ocess (ae a ion a e and empe a u e). These ac o s may ha e an impac on he
in ensi y o mic obial me abolism and biochemical ans o ma ion and hus on he inal
p oduc s [
37
]. Va ious s a egies, such as ae a ion, aw ma e ial mixes, blowing agen s,
p ocess managemen me hods, addi i es and mic obial inoculan s a e used in compos ing
o achie e sho e compos ing imes, educe cos s, and hus imp o e he quali y o he inal
compos p oduc [45,46].
Municipal solid was e (MSW) ea men is one o he essen ial se ices p o ided by any
ci y. Neglec ing i s needs can be p oblema ic o he ci y’s inhabi an s. The apid g ow h o
ci ies and he esul ing g ow h in u ban popula ions ha e caused a signi ican expansion
in he gene a ion o municipal solid was e (MSW) [
47
]. The end owa ds sus ainable
was e managemen (WM) acco ding o he Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Reco e (4 R)
p inciple is g owing wo ldwide [
48
,
49
]. Uni e si ies a e also becoming mo e conce ned
wi h ini ia i es o mi iga e hei en i onmen al impac s [
50
]. Uni e si y campuses can
make a signi ican con ibu ion o he gene al sus ainabili y o hei local communi ies.
They educe he en i onmen al impac o he adi ional model and encou age heal hy and
sus ainable li ing wi hin he campus communi y [51].
The o ganic componen o mulch subs a es is e ec i e in main aining ege a ion and
inc easing wa e e en ion. These o ganic ma e ials a e no always a ailable locally. I is
he e o e impo an o design and use locally p oduced g owing media as his educes he
inancial and ene gy cos s o anspo [
52
]. The inco po a ion o local was e ma e ials is
p e e able as i ans o ms low- alue ma e ials in o a aluable ma e ial, clea ly lowe ing
cos s and helping o p omo e he implemen a ion o g een oo s. Today, he e is a need
o a holis ic app oach o was e managemen (WM) in uni e si y campuses. Compos ing
ood was e (HWW) o c ea e a g een oo on campus can educe he ad e se en i onmen al
e ec s and be pa o a ci cula economy. The compos can se e as a subs a e o he g een
oo and hen be added as e ilize , ending he was e cycle. Applying his ype o was e
s a egy b ings campuses close o he goals o ca bon neu ali y and sus ainabili y [53].
In his wo k, he design o an en i onmen ally sus ainable ege a ion co e was
p oposed om he subs a e o igina ing om he compos ing o ood was e gene a ed
in he can een o he building i sel . This p ojec p oposes an ex ensi e g een oo wi h
low main enance and no need o i iga ion. This is a u u e cons uc ion on he non-
a icked oo which houses he building’s en ila ion ins alla ions and, since i is an
al eady cons uc ed building, i is necessa y o he ege a ion co e o be ligh , shallow,
and sui able o he p e iously cons uc ed conc e e suppo s uc u e.
The aim o his wo k is o calcula e he sola cooling/hea ing e iciency o a sus ainable
g een oo . The p esen ed s udy uses he sola e iciency me hod, which simpli ies he
complex physical models o hea ans e and adia ion on g een oo s o calcula e he
ma ginal cooling o hea ing pe o mance. This is an indica o o he pe o mance o inno-
a i e passi e solu ions ha can be ins alled on he las laye o he building su ace wi h
espec o sola adia ion. The calcula ion o hese sola cooling and hea ing pe o mances
equi es he calcula ion o he conduc ion hea ans e , i.e., he ene gy balances o he
Buildings 2023,13, 1846 4 o 22
ou e mos su ace o he building, in his case, he oo . This allows he empe a u e o his
su ace o be es ima ed, which in u n allows g ea e accu acy in es ima ing he hea ing
and cooling equi emen s.
Thus, i is in ended o mee he ollowing objec i es:
1. A mo e ene gy-e icien building;
2.
An imp o ed and landscaped building and an a ac ion o he uni e si y communi y
and ci izens wi h he ollowing agenda: e lec ing he commi men o he UPV/EHU
o he needs o Basque socie y as well as hose de i ed om i s his o y and i s so-
cioeconomic, poli ical, and cul u al ans o ma ions; dissemina ing he knowledge o
uni e sal cul u e and science; and exe cising i s daily ac i i y in an economically, so-
cially, and en i onmen ally sus ainable manne (UPV/EHU S a egic Plan 2022–2025).
The new plan de ines he public uni e si y as “a decisi e agen o he de elopmen
o he Basque communi y” as well as “a space o he gene a ion o new ideas”;
3.
The alo iza ion o was e gene a ed in he can een o he same building h ough
compos ing in pu sui o he p inciples o openness and dissipa ion o ecosys ems,
hie a chy, sel -su iciency, and ze o was e.
This wo k would ep esen a s ep o wa d o he UPV/EHU in he 2030 s a egy
h ough he analysis o he possible implemen a ion o compos ing as a was e manage-
men measu e.
2. Ma e ials and Me hods
2.1. Expe imen al Si e Desc ip ion
The expe imen al oo si e o his s udy is loca ed in Bilbao (4315.8522
◦
N, 256.9635
◦
E)
in he no h o Spain. Bilbao is he la ges ci y in he no h o Spain and he en h la ges
ci y in Spain, wi h a popula ion o abou 347,000 inhabi an s in 2023. The u ban a ea o
Bilbao has 1,037,847 inhabi an s, making i he la ges popula ed u ban a ea in no he n
Spain. I has an u ban a ea o 18.22 km
2
. The Bilbao School o Enginee ing is loca ed in he
San Mamés a ea nex o he San Mamés oo ball s adium, he EiTB headqua e s, and he
bus s a ion (Te mibús).
The building ha houses he Facul y o Enginee ing in Bilbao is loca ed be ween he
San Mamés s adium and he access o Bilbao (see Figu e 1), which, being a busy oad,
has an acous ic ba ie along he side o he building. The building is also clad wi h a
en ila ed açade along which he UPV/EHU logo is displayed. The pa o he oo o he
EUITI-EUITMOP building whe e he ege a ion co e will be ins alled has a o al su ace
a ea o 1106.55 m2.
Buildings 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 o 22
Figu e 1. View o he s udy a ea om abo e.
In an ex ensi e ege a ion co e , he subs a e is pa icula ly impo an as i p o ides
nu ien s, wa e and oxygen, il a ion, and physical suppo o he ege a ion. I is he e-
o e he key elemen ha de e mines he success o he implemen a ion o a g een oo .
This subs a e laye , oge he wi h he d ainage and il a ion laye , o ms he so-called
oo ing laye o he g een oo sys em.
A me eo ological s a ion was placed a a heigh o 2.5 m abo e he oo , a. Ai em-
pe a u e and ela i e humidi y (HMP155A-L, Campbell Scien i ic L d., Shepshed, UK) as
well as ain all (TE525L, Campbell Scien i ic L d., Shepshed, UK) we e measu ed and ec-
o ded e e y 30 min on a da a logge (CR850, Campbell Scien i ic L d., Shepshed, UK).
Va ious s udies [54] ecommend ha he pe cen age o ino ganic componen s in he
g een oo subs a e should be g ea e han 80% o educe he o e all weigh o he oo
[55]. The use o 100% compos should also be a oided in ex ensi e oo s as his could lead
o he smo he ing o he ege a ion, encou age weed g ow h, and inc ease he load on he
oo , comp omising he long- e m success o he p ojec .
The oo d ainage quali y is also in luenced by he subs a e, he ege a ion, and he
age o he g een oo s. The g owing subs a e, which could be ei he ino ganic, o ganic,
o a speci ic mix o he wo, is a c i ical componen o he design o g een oo s. App op i-
a e subs a e ma e ials need o ha e app op ia e wa e and nu ien e en ion p ope ies
as well as adequa e d ainage and ligh weigh and chemical balance o p o ide suppo o
he plan s’ egula o y unc ions [56,57]. To mee hese condi ions, subs a es a e e-
quen ly e alua ed acco ding o key physical and chemical p ope ies such as bulk densi y,
weigh , po osi y, pa icle size, wa e e en ion capaci y, pH, and o ganic ma e . The de-
si ed ecosys em o he g een oo is also impo an o selec ing he app op ia e amoun
and ype o o ganic componen s o he g owing media [58].
G een oo g owing media a e usually made up o he ollowing elemen s:
- Pe li e is a ma e ial ob ained as a esul o he he mal ea men o olcanic siliceous
ock o he hyoli e g oup a 1000–1200 °C. I is p esen ed as whi e pa icles whose
dimensions a y be ween 1.5 and 6 mm wi h a low densi y and a e gene ally less
han 100 kg/m3. I has a wa e e en ion capaci y o up o i e imes i s weigh and a
high po osi y; i s pH is close o neu al (7–7.5);
- Ve miculi e is ob ained by ex olia ing a ype o mica a empe a u es abo e 800 °C. I
has an appa en densi y o 90 o 140 kg/m3 and is supplied in 5–10 mm lakes. I can
hold 350 L o wa e pe cubic me e and has a good ae a ion capaci y, al hough i
ends o compac o e ime. I can con ain up o 8% assimilable po assium and up o
12% assimilable magnesium. I s pH is close o neu al (7–7.2);
- Sand: The g ain size o he sand anges om 0.5 o 2 mm in diame e . I s bulk densi y
is simila o ha o g a el. I s wa e e en ion capaci y is medium (20% by weigh and
Figu e 1. View o he s udy a ea om abo e.
The clima e is a lan ic; ain all is e y abundan and almos always exceeds 1000 mm.
In addi ion o being abundan , ain all is well dis ibu ed h oughou he yea , wi h a
Buildings 2023,13, 1846 5 o 22
maximum in au umn–win e and a minimum in summe , al hough no mon h ecei es less
han 30 mm. The 150–160 days o annual ain all mean ha , on a e age, i ains e e y
o he day. Rain all in ensi y is low. Unde hese condi ions, he ela i e humidi y is high
h oughou he yea (80–90%).
A e age empe a u es a e mild, anging om 12
◦
o 13
◦
. The a e age empe a u e in
Janua y does no all below 6
◦
C and in July i does no exceed 20
◦
, gi ing a empe a u e
ange o 9–11 ◦C. Summe s a e mild wi h e y a e pe iods o ex eme hea .
All en i onmen al condi ions we e measu ed h oughou he yea using he wea he
s a ion loca ed on he oo o he Facul y o Enginee ing building in Bilbao. On he o he
hand, he indoo condi ions a e kep cons an a 20
◦
C and 25
◦
C o he summe and win e
seasons, espec i ely.
In an ex ensi e ege a ion co e , he subs a e is pa icula ly impo an as i p o ides
nu ien s, wa e and oxygen, il a ion, and physical suppo o he ege a ion. I is
he e o e he key elemen ha de e mines he success o he implemen a ion o a g een oo .
This subs a e laye , oge he wi h he d ainage and il a ion laye , o ms he so-called
oo ing laye o he g een oo sys em.
A me eo ological s a ion was placed a a heigh o 2.5 m abo e he oo , a. Ai
empe a u e and ela i e humidi y (HMP155A-L, Campbell Scien i ic L d., Shepshed, UK)
as well as ain all (TE525L, Campbell Scien i ic L d., Shepshed, UK) we e measu ed and
eco ded e e y 30 min on a da a logge (CR850, Campbell Scien i ic L d., Shepshed, UK).
Va ious s udies [
54
] ecommend ha he pe cen age o ino ganic componen s in he
g een oo subs a e should be g ea e han 80% o educe he o e all weigh o he oo [
55
].
The use o 100% compos should also be a oided in ex ensi e oo s as his could lead o he
smo he ing o he ege a ion, encou age weed g ow h, and inc ease he load on he oo ,
comp omising he long- e m success o he p ojec .
The oo d ainage quali y is also in luenced by he subs a e, he ege a ion, and he
age o he g een oo s. The g owing subs a e, which could be ei he ino ganic, o ganic, o
a speci ic mix o he wo, is a c i ical componen o he design o g een oo s. App op ia e
subs a e ma e ials need o ha e app op ia e wa e and nu ien e en ion p ope ies as
well as adequa e d ainage and ligh weigh and chemical balance o p o ide suppo o
he plan s’ egula o y unc ions [
56
,
57
]. To mee hese condi ions, subs a es a e equen ly
e alua ed acco ding o key physical and chemical p ope ies such as bulk densi y, weigh ,
po osi y, pa icle size, wa e e en ion capaci y, pH, and o ganic ma e . The desi ed
ecosys em o he g een oo is also impo an o selec ing he app op ia e amoun and ype
o o ganic componen s o he g owing media [58].
G een oo g owing media a e usually made up o he ollowing elemen s:
-
Pe li e is a ma e ial ob ained as a esul o he he mal ea men o olcanic siliceous
ock o he hyoli e g oup a 1000–1200
◦
C. I is p esen ed as whi e pa icles whose
dimensions a y be ween 1.5 and 6 mm wi h a low densi y and a e gene ally less han
100 kg/m
3
. I has a wa e e en ion capaci y o up o i e imes i s weigh and a high
po osi y; i s pH is close o neu al (7–7.5);
-
Ve miculi e is ob ained by ex olia ing a ype o mica a empe a u es abo e 800
◦
C.
I has an appa en densi y o 90 o 140 kg/m
3
and is supplied in 5–10 mm lakes. I
can hold 350 L o wa e pe cubic me e and has a good ae a ion capaci y, al hough i
ends o compac o e ime. I can con ain up o 8% assimilable po assium and up o
12% assimilable magnesium. I s pH is close o neu al (7–7.2);
-
Sand: The g ain size o he sand anges om 0.5 o 2 mm in diame e . I s bulk
densi y is simila o ha o g a el. I s wa e e en ion capaci y is medium (20% by
weigh and mo e han 35% by olume); i s ae a ion capaci y dec eases o e ime due
o compac ion;
-
G a el has a diame e o be ween 5 and 15 mm and an appa en densi y o be ween
1500 and 1800 kg/m
3
. I has good s uc u al s abili y; i s wa e e en ion capaci y is
low al hough i s po osi y is high (mo e han 40% o he olume).
Buildings 2023,13, 1846 6 o 22
Taking all o he abo e in o conside a ion [
59
–
61
], he subs a e o be used will be
a mix u e o 20% compos om he Facul y o Enginee ing can een was e, 30% pe li e,
20% e miculi e, 10% sand, and 20% g a el om eclama ion.
This mix u e will be sp ead a ound he selec ed pe ime e o he oo o be landscaped
by pou ing, aking, and ligh ly compac ing. The plan s will be plan ed on his subs a e.
The oo will be p o ided wi h a wa e inle so ha , a he ime o applica ion, he subs a e
mix will ha e su icien humidi y o wo k on he oo and p e en i om d ying ou and
a oiding wind e osion.
The plan s o be selec ed a e wea he esis an and will allow o minimum main e-
nance which will a oid ins alling an i iga ion sys em and allow he euse o ainwa e ,
he eby p o iding an ex a elemen o he en i onmen al quali y.
Figu e 2shows a schema ic sec ion o he g een oo o be ins alled on he oo o
he UPV-EHU building oge he wi h i s componen s. The i s laye s a e he ege a ion
and he subs a e which is composed o 20% compos and can abso b excess mois u e o
p e en he oo s om o ing. The d ainage laye made o polye hylene abso bs excess
wa e and he oo ba ie p e en s plan oo s om damaging he ma e ial. Pa o he
ainwa e is ecollec ed by he d ainage laye and is a ailable o use du ing d y pe iods.
The insula ion laye be ween he ege a ion and he oo slab ac s as a empe a u e ba ie
o he plan oo s, in his case, 5 cm ex uded polys y ene.
Buildings 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 o 22
mo e han 35% by olume); i s ae a ion capaci y dec eases o e ime due o compac-
ion;
- G a el has a diame e o be ween 5 and 15 mm and an appa en densi y o be ween
1500 and 1800 kg/m
3
. I has good s uc u al s abili y; i s wa e e en ion capaci y is
low al hough i s po osi y is high (mo e han 40% o he olume).
Taking all o he abo e in o conside a ion [59–61], he subs a e o be used will be a
mix u e o 20% compos om he Facul y o Enginee ing can een was e, 30% pe li e, 20%
e miculi e, 10% sand, and 20% g a el om eclama ion.
This mix u e will be sp ead a ound he selec ed pe ime e o he oo o be land-
scaped by pou ing, aking, and ligh ly compac ing. The plan s will be plan ed on his sub-
s a e. The oo will be p o ided wi h a wa e inle so ha , a he ime o applica ion, he
subs a e mix will ha e sufficien humidi y o wo k on he oo and p e en i om d ying
ou and a oiding wind e osion.
The plan s o be selec ed a e wea he esis an and will allow o minimum main e-
nance which will a oid ins alling an i iga ion sys em and allow he euse o ainwa e ,
he eby p o iding an ex a elemen o he en i onmen al quali y.
Figu e 2 shows a schema ic sec ion o he g een oo o be ins alled on he oo o he
UPV-EHU building oge he wi h i s componen s. The i s laye s a e he ege a ion and
he subs a e which is composed o 20% compos and can abso b excess mois u e o p e-
en he oo s om o ing. The d ainage laye made o polye hylene abso bs excess wa e
and he oo ba ie p e en s plan oo s om damaging he ma e ial. Pa o he ainwa e
is ecollec ed by he d ainage laye and is a ailable o use du ing d y pe iods. The insu-
la ion laye be ween he ege a ion and he oo slab ac s as a empe a u e ba ie o he
plan oo s, in his case, 5 cm ex uded polys y ene.
Figu e 2. Composi ion and laye s o g een oo .
2.2. Was e Measu emen s
Local compos ing is seen as a sus ainable op ion o bio-was e eco e y and is in-
c easingly demanded by socie y. Uni e si y campuses a e no excep ion. In Bilbao, as in
many Eu opean ci ies, g ow h and de elopmen ha e led o a lack o g een spaces. Con-
sequen ly, one o he p oblems o be sol ed in he case o compos ing o ganic was e gen-
e a ed in he uni e si y can een would be he dis ibu ion o he compos p oduced. Fo
his pu pose, he compos ing and i s subsequen dis ibu ion will be ca ied ou on he
g een oo o he building i sel .
Measu emen s [62] ha e shown ha in he can een o he uni e si y building abou
8.1 ons o was e we e gene a ed pe academic yea and ha he pe cen age o o ganic
was e, excluding wooden boxes bu coun ing b ead, was equi alen on a e age o abou
60% o he mass o was e gene a ed.
Was e om he building’s can een is cu en ly sepa a ed in o he ollowing ac ions:
was e, packaging, and glass wi h a ying deg ees o efficiency and, acco ding o he la es
Figu e 2. Composi ion and laye s o g een oo .
2.2. Was e Measu emen s
Local compos ing is seen as a sus ainable op ion o bio-was e eco e y and is inc eas-
ingly demanded by socie y. Uni e si y campuses a e no excep ion. In Bilbao, as in many
Eu opean ci ies, g ow h and de elopmen ha e led o a lack o g een spaces. Consequen ly,
one o he p oblems o be sol ed in he case o compos ing o ganic was e gene a ed in he
uni e si y can een would be he dis ibu ion o he compos p oduced. Fo his pu pose,
he compos ing and i s subsequen dis ibu ion will be ca ied ou on he g een oo o he
building i sel .
Measu emen s [
62
] ha e shown ha in he can een o he uni e si y building abou
8.1 ons o was e we e gene a ed pe academic yea and ha he pe cen age o o ganic
was e, excluding wooden boxes bu coun ing b ead, was equi alen on a e age o abou
60% o he mass o was e gene a ed.
Was e om he building’s can een is cu en ly sepa a ed in o he ollowing ac ions:
was e, packaging, and glass wi h a ying deg ees o e iciency and, acco ding o he la es
coun (Table 1), abou 33 kg o o ganic was e pe day o abou 5 ons du ing he academic
yea . These da a a e consis en wi h o he au ho s who ha e ound ha highe educa ion
ins i u ions (HEIs) gene a e an a e age o 0.08 kg/day pe capi a. Be ween 22% and 55% o
he o al was e gene a ed in HEIs is usually biodeg adable o ganic ma e ial [
63
]. The e o e,
he o al p oduc ion a e is calcula ed o be 89.50 g/use /wo king day [64].
Buildings 2023,13, 1846 7 o 22
Table 1.
Was e accoun ed o in kilog ams a e he implemen a ion o was e minimiza ion and
managemen measu es pe day.
Sample Numbe O ganic (No B ead) (kg) B ead (kg) Packages (kg) To al (kg)
1 31.8 3.7 10.0 45.5
2 27.2 1.5 5.6 34.3
3 35.7 4.2 10.9 50.8
4 27.4 2.8 10.0 40.2
A e age 30.5 3.1 9.1 42.7
I mus be aken in o accoun ha du ing compos ing, o ganic ma e ends o dec ease
due o i s mine aliza ion and he consequen loss o ca bon in he o m o ca bon dioxide;
hese losses can ep esen almos 20% by weigh o he compos ed mass [65].
Acco ding o RD 506/2013 o 28 June on e ilize [
66
], he o ganic ma e con en o
compos mus exceed 35%. In he s udy by Mon ejo e al. [
67
] in which 30 compos samples
om 10 di e en compos ing plan s we e analyzed, i was ound ha he a e age o ganic
ma e con en was close o 45% while he a e age densi y o he esul ing compos was
1.06 g/cm3.
Conside ing all hese aspec s, i was calcula ed ha he olume o compos ha can be
p oduced du ing he academic yea is 8.39 m3.
In iew o he abo e, his wo k p oposes he design o a g een oo on he building
i sel , using a subs a e p oduced by compos ing he ood was e gene a ed in he building’s
can een. The aim is o make e icien use o he o ganic ac ion and o ob ain high-quali y
compos h ough selec i e sepa a ion a he sou ce.
2.3. Calcula ion o G een Co e E iciency
This sec ion begins by explaining he sola e iciency me hodology used o calcula e
his indica o o he pe o mance o a g een oo in ela ion o hea gains due o sola adia-
ion. This is conduc ed by de ining he heo e ical maximum and minimum empe a u es o
he ex e nal su ace o he g een oo . These wo heo e ical ex eme empe a u es, oge he
wi h a calcula ed ex e nal su ace empe a u e, a e ela ed by an e iciency pa ame e
ela i e o sola adia ion.
The concep o plan co e e iciency is applied whe eby he he mal pe o mance o
plan co e o speci ic en i onmen al condi ions can be quan i ied in a simple way. In
his s udy [
68
], in he ene gy balance o he ou e mos laye o he building i was shown
ha , since he qcond alue is negligible compa ed o he sum o he alues o sho wa e
adia ion, longwa e adia ion and con ec i e hea exchange occu in he ou e mos laye
o he oo o açade. In his way, i is possible o accu a ely es ima e he alue o he
empe a u e in he ou e laye (T
g
) by simply applying he ene gy balance a he ou e mos
su ace o he building en elope, wi hou aking in o accoun he e m qcond in he ene gy
balance when sola adia ion is p esen .
The e o e, e iciency is de ined as he adius be ween wo empe a u e di e ences:
ε=Tmax −Tg
Tmax −Tmin
(-)(1)
whe e T
g
ep esen s he empe a u e in he ou e laye o he subs a e and T
max
and T
min
ep esen he limi s o his empe a u e.
Depending on he pe iod in which one wan s o s udy he e iciency o he oo , T
max
and T
min
will ep esen he bes o he wo s possible scena io. In summe , he e iciency
will be maximum when he empe a u e in he ou e laye o he subs a e (T
g
) is equal
o he minimum empe a u e (T
min
). On he con a y, in win e he bes scena io is ound
when T
g
is closes o T
max
, he e o e he op imum alue o he e iciency du ing win e will
be equal o 0.
Buildings 2023,13, 1846 8 o 22
•
T
g
is he measu ed empe a u e o he ex e io su ace o a moni o ed building. I
migh be a e ical o a ho izon al componen [69].
In buildings wi h passi e elemen s, such as g een sys ems o en ila ed acades, whe e
complex hea ans e phenomena such as e apo anspi a ion and na u al and/o o ced
en ila ion can occu , he choice o he laye in which T
g
is o be es ima ed is c ucial. Once
T
g
is known, he sola e iciency equa ion can be used o accu a ely model he hea low
h ough he componen wi h his complex beha io .
In he absence o a g een oo ins alled a he Bilbao School o Enginee ing, we ha e
s udied he he mal beha io o a g een oo based on he wo k ca ied ou by E ko eka [
70
]
which allows us, in a simple way, o quan i y he he mal pe o mance o a g een oo
o speci ic en i onmen al condi ions. The model p esen ed by Sailo [
71
] was aken as a
s a ing poin and he ollowing simpli ica ion was made in o de o ob ain his simpli ied
model o he calcula ion o T
g
unde speci ic wo king condi ions; he wa e con en in he
subs a e and in he d ainage laye , he e apo anspi a ion a e, LAI, albedo, pho osyn he ic
a e, con ec i e hea ans e om he oo o he ou side ai , and hea low h ough he
subs a e we e conside ed cons an o insigni ican .
The simpli ied model is e lec ed in he ollowing equa ion:
Tg=Tou +
αe ec i e Gsola
hhea −mass,e ec i e
(-)(2)
whe e T
ou
is he ou doo ai empe a u e [
◦
C], G
sola
is he global sola adia ion inciden
on he su ace [W/m
2
], and h
hea -mass
is he e ec i e ans e o he coe icien hea mass
[W/(m2C)].
•
The maximum empe a u e (T
max
) can be calcula ed using he expe imen al me hod
p o ided by ASHRAE [72] which calls i Tsol-ai .
Tmax =Tsol−ai =Tou +α·Gsola
hcomb
−
ε·∆R
hcomb
(◦C)(3)
whe e T
ou
is he ou doo ai empe a u e [
◦
C],
α
is he abso p i i y o he su ace o
sola adia ion, G
sola
is he global sola adia ion inciden on he su ace [W/m
2
], h
comb
is he combined coe icien o hea ans e by long-wa e adia ion and con ec ion a he
ou e su ace [W/(m
2◦
C)],
ε
is he hemisphe ical emissi i y o he su ace (-), and
∆
R is
he di e ence be ween he long-wa e adia ion inciden on he su ace om he sky and
he su oundings and he adia ion emi ed by a hypo he ical blackbody a ou doo ai
empe a u e [W/m2].
Acco ding o ASHRAE, he maximum possible T
sol-ai
empe a u e is ob ained when:
•
The e m
α
/hcomb has a alue o 0.052, which ep esen s he usual maximum alue
o his e m;
•
The e m (
ε·∆
R)/hcomb has a alue o ho izon al su aces acing he sky o 4
◦
C and
o e ical su aces o 0 ◦C;
•
While he minimum empe a u e, conside ed as he ‘we bulb empe a u e’, can be
ob ained using he ou doo empe a u e and ela i e humidi y [
73
], T
min
is de ined as
he empe a u e o he ai when i is adiaba ically sa u a ed wi h wa e , in which case
i s empe a u e will dec ease o he empe a u e called he we bulb empe a u e. This,
in u n, can be calcula ed as a unc ion o he ou doo ai empe a u e and he ela i e
humidi y, using he ollowing empi ical algo i hm [74].
Tmin =Twe −bulb =Tou a anh0.151977 (RH%+8.313659)1
2i+
a an(Tou +RH%)−a an(RH%−1.676331)+0.00391838 (RH%)3
2·
a an(0.023101 RH%)−4.686035 (◦C)
(4)
Buildings 2023,13, 1846 9 o 22
2.4. Calcula ion o he Ene gy Demand a e he Ins alla ion o a Vege a ion Co e
This sec ion p esen s an es ima e o he ene gy equi ed by a cooling/hea ing sys em o
main ain com o condi ions assuming he ins alla ion o a g een oo . Fo his calcula ion,
only he hea low h ough he oo has been aken in o accoun .
Fo his analysis, he loca ion o he building (Bilbao) was aken in o accoun . In o de
o achie e g ea e accu acy in he calcula ions, he in o ma ion collec ed by he me eo olog-
ical s a ion loca ed on he oo o he UPV/EHU Facul y o Enginee ing building in Bilbao
has been used; his in o ma ion includes measu emen s o he ex e nal ai empe a u e, he
ela i e humidi y o he ex e nal ai , ain all, and sola adia ion.
Once he empe a u es o he ou e laye o he ege a ion co e o GR had been
de e mined, we hen es ima ed he sola e iciencies h oughou he whole yea using he
me eo ological da a collec ed du ing 2021 a he wea he s a ion loca ed on he oo o he
building o he Facul y o Enginee ing in Bilbao. The me hodology used was as ollows.
The ene gy equi ed pe squa e me e is equal o he hea low h ough he oo . This
can be exp essed in he ollowing equa ion:
q
A=UTin −Tg(W/m2)(5)
whe e T
in
is he empe a u e inside he building. Acco ding o he mal com o s anda ds,
his alue is 25
◦
C o summe and 20
◦
C o win e . T
g
is he empe a u e in he ex e nal
laye o he subs a e. On his occasion, i was calcula ed based on he e iciency alues
de eloped in Equa ion (1) abo e. This would become:
Tg=Tmax −ε(Tmax −Tmin)(◦C)(6)
U (W/(m
2◦
C)) is he he mal ansmi ance including he he mal esis ances o he
insula ion laye s unde he ege a ion co e :
U=1
Rsi +e1
k1+e2
k2+· · · +en
kn+Rse
(W/(m2◦C)(7)
whe e R
si
and R
se
a e he su ace he mal esis ances o he enclosu es in con ac wi h he
ou side ai , e
1. . .
e
n
a e he hicknesses o he di e en laye s, and k
1. . .
k
n
a e he he mal
conduc i i ies o he espec i e ma e ials. Acco ding o he Spanish egula ions CTE [
75
],
Bilbao is loca ed in clima e zone C1. In he same basic HE ene gy sa ing documen , he
maximum limi o he mal ansmi ance o oo s in con ac wi h he ai is de ined o he
di e en clima ic zones.
The ollowing assump ions we e made in he model.
The g owing pa o he subs a e was conside ed a homogeneous laye o 5–6 cm. The
subs a e may be d y, pa ially sa u a ed, o ully sa u a ed wi h wa e . This deg ee o
sa u a ion de e mines he conduc i i y and he mal capaci y o his laye . The e e ence
alue o he he mal esis ance o he g een oo is aken as 0.44 (m2◦C/W) [18].
The geo ex ile il e o less han 2 mm was conside ed o ha e negligible hea ans e .
The d ainage laye was he mos complica ed o model as i is he only non-homogeneous
laye . The e ec i e he mal conduc i i y concep desc ibed by Çengel [
76
] was used. This
concep assigns an e ec i e he mal conduc i i y o a non-homogeneous laye such ha he
ac ual he mal esis ance is he same as ha modeled as homogeneous wi h his e ec i e
he mal conduc i i y.
The insula ing laye is made o 5 cm ex uded polys y ene (k = 0.03 m
◦
C/W) which
p o ides a he mal esis ance o 1.66 (m2◦C/W) o he g een co e ing.
The impe meable laye was assumed o be a homogeneous 5.85 mm hick laye ,
2.85 mm ‘p e lex’, and 3 mm ‘g a i lex’ wi h negligible hea ans e .
Buildings 2023,13, 1846 16 o 22
o an a e age o 15 W/m
2
which means ha h ee imes mo e ene gy is equi ed o achie e
he same indoo com o condi ions.
The ene gy sa ings om ins alling a g een oo can he e o e be calcula ed. In his
case s udy, he a e age daily ene gy sa ing o he d y ege a ion scena io is es ima ed
o be 0.092 kWh/m
2
which ep esen s a educ ion o 53.7% in he ene gy equi ed o cool
he building. On he o he hand, he daily a e age ene gy consump ion o he scena io
in which he ege a ion co e is sa u a ed wi h wa e is 0.144 kWh/m
2
, which ep esen s
a signi ican sa ing in consump ion ela ed o he cooling sys em o 84.2% less han o a
adi ional oo .
G een oo s educe ene gy consump ion in he wa m season which is consis en wi h
he indings o Kos adino e al. [
86
] who ound ha g een oo s in summe ime inc ease
he he mal e iciency o he oo by 57% and dec ease he he mal ans e . Dwijend a
e al. [
87
] showed ha he p esence o a g een oo , as opposed o a no mal oo , has
he capaci y o dec ease a building’s ene gy consump ion by 30.7%. The majo i y o he
indings ag ee wi h he li e a u e on g een oo sys ems, jus i ying hem as a good passi e
cooling echnology.
3.4.2. Win e Pe iod
The win e calcula ions we e ca ied ou aking he pe iod o he yea when he hea ing
sys em can no mally be used o main ain he in e nal empe a u e a he ixed alue o
20
◦
C in o accoun . The pe iod conside ed is om 23 Sep embe o 19 Ma ch (plo ed
om 15 o 31 Decembe ). The empe a u es o he laye below he ege a ion (T
g
) a e
calcula ed in a pe iod in which sola adia ion is signi ican ; o he wise, he calcula ion o
Tmax becomes meaningless.
In win e , when adia ion is sligh ly lowe han in summe , a minimal adia ion o
50 W/m
2
was selec ed. A e calcula ing T
min
and T
max
and wi h conside a ion o he
me eo ological da a eco ded e e y hou o he pe iod, we can calcula e he ex e nal su ace
empe a u e o he g ound.
I is impo an o no e ha on a sunny win e day he e is less inciden sola adia ion
on ho izon al su aces han on a summe day.
Figu e 8shows he hea ing demand equi ed o main ain he mal com o inside he
building once he g een oo is ins alled. I can be seen ha e e y day he se empe a u e is
highe han he ou doo empe a u e, so hea ing is equi ed o main ain indoo com o On
some sunny days when he ou doo empe a u e is a ound 15
◦
C, e.g., 15, 16, and 18
Decembe , he hea ing demand is lowe . On colde days, he hea ing demand peaks a up
o 8 W/m2.
In he same way, he Figu e 8shows ha he a e age hea lux hanks o he ege a ion
co e emains a an a e age alue o 3.7 W/m
2
which means an ene gy consump ion o
0.030 W/m
2
. The esul s indica e ha he ins alla ion o a g een oo would inc ease he
ene gy consump ion o he hea ing sys em by 0.015 kWh/m
2
pe day. This is because
du ing win e he wa e logged ege a ed co e epels mo e sola ene gy han a non-
ege a ed co e .
A compa ison o he wo pe iods, namely summe and win e , shows ha he inc ease
in ene gy consump ion in win e is only 10% o he o al sa ings ha can be achie ed
in summe . This is consis en wi h he limi ed amoun o esea ch ha has in es iga ed
he he mal pe o mance o g een oo s in cold win e condi ions [
88
–
91
]; in gene al, hey
ound a mode a e he mal ad an age o g een oo s in colde clima es bu a much smalle
ad an age in wa me clima es.
G een oo s had only a small nega i e (i.e., cooling) e ec on he u ban hea island
su ace in win e , as epo ed by Teemusk and Mande [
92
], bu in diu nal pe iods he
exis ence o g een oo s, caused su ace cooling and low e apo anspi a ion e en du ing
win e wea he pe iods, can cause his cooling in he g een oo sys em [
93
] compa able o
a g een oo o [
94
]. Howe e , he g een oo had a highe a e age su ace empe a u e o
abou 1
◦
C. This mean ha i had a bene icial (i.e., wa ming) ole a nigh compa ed o he
Buildings 2023,13, 1846 17 o 22
adi ional oo . This is p obably caused by i s subs a e, which has a high hea capaci y
and he mal ine ia, allowing he su ace o cool mo e g adually du ing he nigh .
Buildings 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 o 22
Figu e 8. (A) Tempe a u e o he in e nal ai , he ex e nal su ace du ing we win e , and sola adi-
a ion. (B) Hea ing demand pe squa e me e om he 15 o 31 o Decembe .
In he same way, he igu e 8 shows ha he a e age hea lux hanks o he ege a ion
co e emains a an a e age alue o 3.7 W/m2 which means an ene gy consump ion o
0.030 W/m2. The esul s indica e ha he ins alla ion o a g een oo would inc ease he
ene gy consump ion o he hea ing sys em by 0.015 kWh/m2 pe day. This is because du -
ing win e he wa e logged ege a ed co e epels mo e sola ene gy han a non- ege a ed
co e .
A compa ison o he wo pe iods, namely summe and win e , shows ha he in-
c ease in ene gy consump ion in win e is only 10% o he o al sa ings ha can be
achie ed in summe . This is consis en wi h he limi ed amoun o esea ch ha has in-
es iga ed he he mal pe o mance o g een oo s in cold win e condi ions [88–91]; in
gene al, hey ound a mode a e he mal ad an age o g een oo s in colde clima es bu
a much smalle ad an age in wa me clima es.
G een oo s had only a small nega i e (i.e., cooling) effec on he u ban hea island
su ace in win e , as epo ed by Teemusk and Mande [92], bu in diu nal pe iods he
exis ence o g een oo s, caused su ace cooling and low e apo anspi a ion e en du ing
win e wea he pe iods, can cause his cooling in he g een oo sys em [93] compa able
o a g een oo o [94]. Howe e , he g een oo had a highe a e age su ace empe a u e
o abou 1°C. This mean ha i had a bene icial (i.e., wa ming) ole a nigh compa ed o
he adi ional oo . This is p obably caused by i s subs a e, which has a high hea capac-
i y and he mal ine ia, allowing he su ace o cool mo e g adually du ing he nigh .
3.5. Limi a ions
The efficiency o his sus ainable g een oo o he EHU building in Bilbao was cal-
cula ed acco ding o ha o a g een oo in Vi o ia. As he wa e use o he g een oo
depends on he p ecipi a ion and he e apo a ion p ocess o he soil, as well as on he
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
0
12
15/12 16/12 17/12 18/12 19/12 20/12 21/12 22/12 23/12 24/12 25/12 26/12 27/12 28/12 29/12 30/12 31/12
Sola adia ion [W/m
2
]
Tempe a u e [ºC]
A
T in Tg win e G sola
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
01
2
15/12 16/12 17/12 18/12 19/12 20/12 21/12 22/12 23/12 24/12 25/12 26/12 27/12 28/12 29/12 30/12 31/12
Hea ing demand [W/m
2
]
B
Q_we win e [W/m^2]
Figu e 8.
(
A
) Tempe a u e o he in e nal ai , he ex e nal su ace du ing we win e , and sola
adia ion. (B) Hea ing demand pe squa e me e om he 15 o 31 o Decembe .
3.5. Limi a ions
The e iciency o his sus ainable g een oo o he EHU building in Bilbao was
calcula ed acco ding o ha o a g een oo in Vi o ia. As he wa e use o he g een oo
depends on he p ecipi a ion and he e apo a ion p ocess o he soil, as well as on he
anspi a ion and pho osyn hesis o he ege a ion o p oduce ca bohyd a es, he da a om
Bilbao we e used o calcula e he a ailable wa e so he e iciency was es ima ed as being
sligh ly abo e he eal alue.
4. Conclusions
This s udy in es iga es ood was e om s uden s in uni e si y can eens and analyzes
i s use as compos o c ea e g een co e on campus o educe ene gy demand. I was ound
ha ood was e in he uni e si y can een consis s mainly o o ganic ma e , b ead, and
packaging. Compos ing on he UPV-EHU campus can ea abou 80% o he o ganic was e
gene a ed by he can een. This s a egy o compos ing o ganic ma e ial in he can een in-
ol es mul iple s akeholde s and join e o s by uni e si y o icials, can een manage s, and
s uden s. Thus, he in eg a ion o o ganic was e managemen and sus ainable ege a ion
co e in he u ban con ex becomes possible.
Wi h all his, he s udy o he sola e iciency was ca ied ou o e a whole yea . The
cooling e iciency o summe was ound o be 75%. On he o he hand, in win e he GR
cooling e iciencies we e ound o be close o 90%. This means ha he hea ing e iciency
o his skin solu ion is only 10%. In o he wo ds, he empe a u e o he ex e io su ace
will be much close o he minimum possible empe a u e. This means a educ ion in he
empe a u e o he ou e mos pa o he oo du ing sunny hou s which will lead o a
Buildings 2023,13, 1846 18 o 22
co esponding inc ease in he hea ing equi emen and highe ene gy cos s. In win e , he
he mal pe o mance o his skin solu ion is o no in e es because o he cooling e ec
gene a ed by e apo anspi a ion. This p e en s sola adia ion om hea ing he ou e mos
su ace o he building en elope.
The esul s ob ained con i m ha in e ms o ene gy consump ion, an en i onmen ally
sus ainable g een oo would ha e a posi i e e ec in summe , wi h his e ec being no ably
mo e p onounced when wa e is p esen in he oo . The a e age hea lux h ough he
sa u a ed g een oo was ound o be abou 10 W/m
2
lowe compa ed o a adi ional oo .
The e is a signi ican di e ence in he summe ene gy sa ings achie ed by he g een oo
be ween he d y and we scena ios, educing ene gy consump ion by 53.7% and 84.2%,
espec i ely. This e idence sugges s ha i would be desi able o ins all an i iga ion sys em
in clima es wi h low ain all.
On he o he hand, he da a show ha in win e he di e ences be ween a ege a ion
co e and a non- ege a ion co e a e no signi ican . In he mos un a o able si ua ion, he
disad an age o he g een oo is minimal. In his case, he es ima ed ene gy consump ion
penal y (0.015 kWh/m
2
) would be 10% o he summe gain. This is because du ing he
day he plan ’s e apo anspi a ion cools he ou e su ace o he oo , inc easing ene gy
consump ion. Howe e , du ing he nigh i ac s as an insula o by educing he con ec i e
hea loss h ough he oo , hus helping o keep he building wa m.
Sp eading he p ac ice o compos ing and he isibili y o g een oo s would be ano he
impo an ou come o he p ojec , including ex e nal isi s and aining o lea n and con ol
compos ing p ocesses. In his way, chemical e ilize s could be eplaced by he compos
p oduced and a g ea e knowledge o g een oo sys ems and di ec con ac wi h na u e
could be p o ided locally and as pa o he uni e si y communi y.
Finally, i should be no ed ha he ad an ages o implemen ing a g een oo go
beyond he economic sphe e. Bea ing in mind ha he building whe e he g een oo is o
be ins alled is a public uni e si y, he mos impo an aspec is p obably i s didac ic and
exempla y alue.
Au ho Con ibu ions:
Concep ualiza ion, Z.A.-L. and N.R.-A.; me hodology, Z.A.-L.; so wa e, K.M.-E.
and N.R.-A.; alida ion, K.M.-E. and G.L.-R.; o mal analysis, K.M.-E.; in es iga ion, N.R.-A.; esou ces,
Z.A.-L.; da a cu a ion, Z.A.-L. and G.L.-R.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, Z.A.-L.; w i ing— e iew
and edi ing, N.R.-A. and G.L.-R.; isualiza ion, G.L.-R.; supe ision, K.M.-E.; p ojec adminis a ion,
K.M.-E.; unding acquisi ion, N.R.-A. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o
he manusc ip .
Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding.
Da a A ailabili y S a emen :
The da a ela ed o he esul s o his s udy a e a ailable upon eques
om he co esponding au ho .
Acknowledgmen s:
This publica ion is pa o he COMISTER (Ca ac e ización de COMponen es de
INS alaciones TÉRmicas) p ojec PES22/93. Open Access unding was p o ided by he Uni e si y o
Basque Coun y UPV/EHU.
Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es .
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