Open Access Lib a y Jou nal
2023, Volume 10, e10448
ISSN Online: 2333-9721
ISSN P in : 2333-9705
DOI:
10.4236/oalib.1110448 Oc . 31, 2023 1
Open Access Lib a y Jou nal
Impac o COVID-19 on he Use o Public
T anspo Di e s Acco ding o Social Class: A
Case S udy o Donos ia-San Sebas ian Ci y Bus
Sys em
I zia Gu u xaga1*, Usue Oses1, Jon I adi2
1Depa men o Mechanical Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing o Gipuzkoa, Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y, San Sebas ián,
Spain
2Depa men o O gani a ion Enginee ing, Facul y o Enginee ing o Gipuzkoa, Uni e si y o he Basque Coun y, San Sebas ián,
Spain
Abs ac
Almos h ee yea s in o he pandemic, COVID-19 con inues o ha e an im-
pac on mobili y a ound he wo ld. Public anspo was pa icula ly hin-
de ed, since people may pe cei e i as unsa e and decide o a oid i . Many
s udies ha e been conduc ed on he decline in he use o public anspo , bu
he e is no ese
a ch in he li e a u e ela ed o he use o public anspo
du ing he pandemic, acco ding o amily income. This s udy aims o add ess
his gap by ocusing on he case o he ci y o Donos ia-San Sebas ian. An ex-
plo a o y s udy has been ca ied ou usin
g da a on he numbe o mon hly
passenge s h oughou 2019, 2020 and 2021. The da a ha e been p o ided by
DBUS, he company in cha ge o managing u ban public anspo in he ci y
o Donos ia-
San Sebas ián. On he o he hand, he income da a ha e been
col
lec ed om he ci y council websi e. In o de o ca y ou he s a is ical
analysis, desc ip i e s a is ics and non-pa ame ic K uskal Wallis and Mann-
Whi ney es s ha e been used. The calcula ions ha e been pe o med using
he SPSS 25.0 package. The e i
s income inequali y be ween he h ee main
a eas o Donos ia-San Sebas ián. The esul s show signi ican s a is ical di -
e ences in he use o public anspo acco ding o income. Thus, he pan-
demic has b ough o ligh he socioeconomic inequali ies ha
exis in he
ci y.
Subjec A eas
Sociology
How o ci e his pape :
Gu u xaga, I.,
Oses, U
. and I adi, J. (2023)
Impac o
COVID
-
19 on he Use o Public T anspo
Di e s Acco ding o Social Class: A Case
S udy o Donos ia
-
San Sebas ian Ci y Bus
Sys em
.
Open Access Lib a y Jou nal
,
10
:
e10448
.
h ps://doi.o g/10.4236/oalib.1110448
Recei ed:
July 1, 2023
Accep ed:
Oc obe 28, 2023
Published:
Oc obe 31, 2023
Copy igh © 20
23 by au ho (s) and Open
Access Lib a y Inc
.
This wo k is
licensed unde he C ea i e
Commons A ibu ion In e na ional
License (CC BY
4.0).
h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access
I. Gu u xaga e al.
DOI:
10.4236/oalib.1110448 2
Open Access Lib a y Jou nal
Keywo ds
COVID-19, Public T anspo , Lockdown, New No mal, Family Income,
Mobili y A eas
1. In oduc ion
A he end o 2019, in he ci y o Wuhan (People’s Republic o China) an un-
known ype o pneumonia was de ec ed (Co man
e al.
, 2020) [1]. The Wo ld
Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) named he new disease COVID-19, and he i us
causing i was called SARS-CoV-2 (Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion, n.d.) [2]. The
i us sp ead apidly o o he coun ies, and on 11 Ma ch he WHO decla ed he
disease o be a global pandemic (Sun
e al.
, 2020) [3].
In Feb ua y 2020, he i s cases we e con i med in Eu ope (Spi e i
e al.
,
2020) [4], and in Ma ch, I aly and Spain we e he Eu opean coun ies ha des hi
by he i us. On 17 Ma ch, he Eu opean Union was closed o all non-essen ial
a el and ac i i ies (“WHO Co ona i us (COVID-19) Dashboa d|WHO Co o-
na i us (COVID-19) Dashboa d wi h Vaccina ion Da a”, n.d.) [5].
This apid sp ead o he i us has placed g ea s ain on na ional heal h sys-
ems o he poin o collapsing ICUs. As a esul , go e nmen s had o ake e y
ough measu es o p e en u he sp ead, including lockdown and he suspen-
sion o all non-essen ial ac i i y (Rahmani & Mi mahaleh, 2021) [6]. This pan-
demic has a ec ed people’s quali y o li e, limi ing eedom and b inging p ob-
lems such as an inc ease in he po e y a e and a global labou and inancial c i-
sis.
This new si ua ion has also had an impac on a ic in gene al, and on he use
o public anspo in pa icula . By s opping non-essen ial ac i i ies, suspending
leisu e and limi ing mobili y, i is expec ed ha he use o public anspo will
dec ease (Zhang, Hayashi, & F ank, 2021) [7]. All he da a published and ana-
lysed in his ega d, concu ha mobili y dec eases wi h he ad ance o he i us
in all ci ies a ound he wo ld (“TomTom T a ic Index—Li e conges ion s a is-
ics and his o ical da a”, n.d.) [8] (“The COVID-19 ou b eak and implica ions o
sus ainable u ban mobili y—some obse a ions | T ans o ma i e U ban Mobili-
y Ini ia i e (TUMI)”, n.d.) [9] (“COVID-19—In o mes de endencias de
mo ilidad—Apple”, n.d.) [10].
T anspo in as uc u es ha p o ide in e - and in a-u ban connec i i y a e,
in u n, key ac o s in he sp ead o in ec ious diseases, as has been documen ed
(Connolly, Keil, & Ali, 2021) [11] (Ca enì, Di F ancesco, & Ma ino, 2020) [12].
This is why some local go e nmen s decide o es ic mobili y in o de o cu b
he sp ead o he i us (Aa haug & El ebakk, 2015) [13] (Ca enì
e al.
, 2020)
[12] and se e al s udies examined he e icacy o hese es ic ions in con aining
he i us in di e en coun ies (K aeme
e al.
, 2020) [14] (Hadjideme iou, Sa-
sidha an, Kouyialis & Pa likad, 2020) [15].
I. Gu u xaga e al.
DOI:
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In cases whe e limi a ions ha e been imposed on he numbe o ips, he de-
cline in he numbe o ips has always been g ea e , in pe cen age e ms, o
public anspo han o p i a e anspo (Aloi
e al.
, 2020) [16] (Wielechowski,
Czech, & G zȩda, 2020) [17] (O o, No ales, Mon eagudo, Pé ez-López & Bu-
ga ín, 2020) [18]. In ac , he e ha e al eady been epo s highligh ing he eco-
nomic consequences his si ua ion could ha e on se ice p o ide s due o he
huge shi in supply and demand and possible educ ions in s a o cope wi h
he cu en supply adjus men (“Passenge T anspo Ap il 2020 Vol 78 No 7”,
n.d.) [19]. The e has also been an inc ease in modes o anspo conside ed sa-
e o i us ansmission, such as cycling and walking (Teixei a & Lopes, 2020)
[20] (Bucsky, 2020) [21].
The consequences o his c isis o people’s ac i i ies and a el beha iou can
ha e a posi i e ou come, such as o al ips dec easing and people p e e ing
cycling and walking, bu also nega i e ones, such as inc easing he ejec ion o
public anspo and op ing o indi idual modes o a el (Pa el
e al.
, 2020)
[22] (Baldasano, 2020) [23] (Bao & Zhang, 2020) [24].
To a oid an inc ease in he use o p i a e ehicles, he public anspo sys em
should be e o med by aking measu es o minimize he possible isks o con a-
gion and hus egain he use s’ us , and mo e in es men should be made in
in as uc u e o cyclis s and pedes ians (Hadjideme iou
e al.
, 2020) [15] (De
Vos, 2020) [25].
Once he dec ease in he use o public anspo in all he ci ies o he wo ld in
he di e en phases o he pandemic is e i ied, i would be necessa y o de e -
mine whe he his dec ease has a ec ed he en i e popula ion equally, o whe h-
e he economic le el has had an in luence.
This esea ch aims o de e mine whe he he a o emen ioned dec ease in he
use o public anspo a ec s all people equally, ega dless o hei pu chasing
powe . To do so, his pape will s udy he case o he ci y o Donos ia-San Sebas-
ián, loca ed in he no h o Spain. Da a ega ding he use o public anspo a
di e en imes o he pandemic and in di e en a eas o he ci y wi h di e en
economic le els will be analyzed in o de o obse e any di e ences.
The ci y o Donos ia-San Sebas ián is di ided in o di e en neighbou hoods,
which ha e di e en socioeconomic le els. This di ision p o ides an excellen
oppo uni y o s udy he impac o he pandemic on public anspo use by so-
cioeconomic le els. Da a will be analysed om di e en pe iods o he pandem-
ic, including he lockdown phase and he ansi ion o he new no mal. The
s udy aims o de e mine whe he people wi h lowe incomes ha e aced g ea e
di icul ies in accessing public anspo compa ed o hose wi h highe incomes.
2. Lockdown in Spain
As men ioned abo e, on 11 Ma ch 2020, he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO)
decla ed a COVID-19 pandemic. The ele a ion o pandemic le el, oge he wi h
he apid sp ead o he i us, led he cen al go e nmen o announce a s a e o
I. Gu u xaga e al.
DOI:
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ale , dec eeing a se ies o ex ao dina y eme gency measu es o deal wi h he
economic and social impac o COVID-19. In Spain, a manda o y lockdown was
dec eed on 14 Ma ch o p e en he ee mo emen o pe sons. One o he main
e ec s o he lockdown was he need o social isola ion measu es. In ac , public
oads could only be used o he ollowing ac i i ies (“BOE.es - BOE-A-2020-3692
Real Dec e o 463/2020, de 14 de ma zo, po el que se decla a el es ado de ala ma
pa a la ges ión de la si uación de c isis sani a ia ocasionada po el COVID-19.”,
n.d.) [26]:
● Pu chase o ood, pha maceu ical p oduc s and basic necessi ies.
● A ending heal h cen es, se ices and es ablishmen s.
● T a el o he place o wo k o ca y ou hei wo k, p o essional o business
ac i i ies.
● Re u n o he place o habi ual esidence.
● Assis ance and ca e o he elde ly, mino s, dependen s, disabled pe sons o
pa icula ly ulne able pe sons.
● T a el o inancial and insu ance ins i u ions.
● Due o o ce majeu e o a si ua ion o necessi y.
● Any o he ac i i y o a simila na u e mus be ca ied ou indi idually, unless
accompanied by disabled pe sons o o o he jus i ied easons.
Any ac i i y o es ablishmen which, in he opinion o he compe en au ho i-
y, could pose a isk o con agion was suspended. The supply o anspo was
also educed by 50%.
Se en weeks a e he decla a ion o he s a e o ale , a pe iod du ing which
he measu es aken signi ican ly educed he sp ead o he COVID-19 epidemic,
a new phase began o ini ia e he ansi ion o he new no mal. In his new
ansi ion phase, ou phases we e es ablished (Table 1) (“BOE.es - BOE-A-
2020-4792 O den SND/387/2020, de 3 de mayo, po la que se egula el p oceso
de cogobe nanza con las comunidades au ónomas y ciudades de Ceu a y Melilla
pa a la ansición a una nue a no malidad.”, n.d.) [27]
3. New No mal in he Au onomous Communi y o he Basque
Coun y (Spain)
Spain is di ided in o 17 au onomous communi ies, each o which has i s own
au onomous go e nmen . Once he new no mal was decla ed in Spain, he cen-
al go e nmen se guidelines o be ollowed, bu each au onomous communi y
ook and managed i s own measu es, aking in o accoun he epidemiological
si ua ion a he ime.
As he s udy is ca ied ou in he ci y o Donos ia-San Sebas ián, he capi al o
he p o ince o Gipuzkoa, which belongs o he Au onomous Communi y o he
Basque Coun y, he ollowing da a a e ela i e o his egion o Spain.
Once in he new no mal, he pandemic was hough o be unde con ol, bu
ime and e en s ha e shown ha he eali y was qui e di e en . In he case o he
Au onomous Communi y o he Basque Coun y, he i us has le six o he
I. Gu u xaga e al.
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Table 1. Phases up o he new no mal.
Phase
New no mal
S a da e Res ic ions li ed
0
2020/05/04
Res au an s and
akeaway ood es ablishmen s a e allowed o
p o ide ood o deli e y o ake
-away om he es au an o
ood se ice es ablishmen .
People a e
allowed o lea e hei homes in he company o a
single cohabi an wi hin a adius o no mo e han one kilome e
1
2020/05/11
T a el is allowed wi hin he municipali y whe e he esidence is
loca ed, wi h no limi a ion on dis ances (“BOE.es
-
BOE
-A-2020-4911 O den SND/399/2020, de 9 de mayo, pa a la
lexibilización de de e minadas es icciones de ámbi o nacional,
es ablecidas
as la decla ación del es ado de ala ma en
aplicación de la ase 1 del Plan pa a la ansición hacía una
nue a no malidad.”, n.d.)
[28]
2
2020/05/25
T a el is allowed a ound he whole his o ical e i o y.
Ba s and es au an s a e allowed o open indoo s wi h a 50%
capaci y limi .
3
2020/06/08
T a el is pe mi ed wi h no
limi a ions in he e i o ial scope o
he Au onomous Communi y o he Basque Coun y.
As o public anspo , he equencies and capaci y we e
eco e ed a 100% and he use o masks was manda o y
h oughou he jou ney, main aining a physical dis ance o 2
me es be ween people (“BOE.es
- BOE-A-2020-5469 O den
SND/458/2020, de 30 de mayo, pa a la lexibilización de
de e minadas es icciones de
ámbi o nacional es ablecidas as
la decla ación del es ado de ala ma en aplicación de la ase 3 del
Plan pa a la ansición hacia una nue a no malidad.”, n.d.)
[29].
New
No mal
2020/06/19
In s a e
- un public passenge anspo se ices by ail and oad
subjec o a public con ac o public se ice obliga ions,
ope a o s mus adjus supply le els o he e olu ion o he
eco e y o demand, in o de o ensu e he adequa e p o ision
o he se ice, acili a ing ci izens' access o hei wo kplace and
basic se ices, and aking in o accoun he heal h measu es ha
may be ag eed o a oid he isk o COVID
-19 in ec ion (“BOE
.es
-
BOE-A-2020-5895 Real Dec e o-ley 21/2020, de 9 de junio, de
medidas u gen es de p e ención, con ención y coo dinación
pa a hace en e a la c isis sani a ia ocasionada po el
COVID
-19.”, n.d.) [30]
wa es (Figu e 1). Eigh een mon hs ha e passed in which di e en measu es
ha e been aken o con ol he i us, limi ing mobili y and leisu e bu wi hou
going as a as se e e con inemen .
The eali y has been ha as each wa e ended and es ic ions we e elaxed,
in ec ions began o ise and wi h hem hospi aliza ions and dea hs. Figu e 2
shows he numbe o dea hs since he pandemic s a ed in he Au onomous
Communi y o he Basque Coun y:
I. Gu u xaga e al.
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Figu e 1. COVID-19 cases pe week since Ma ch 2020 (Sou ce: Osakide za).
Figu e 2. Weekly dea hs in he Basque Coun y (Sou ce: Osakide za).
A e July 2020, successi e wa es and di e en a ian s o he i us s a o
eme ge as shown in Figu e 1. The la es wa e has been caused by he so-called
I. Gu u xaga e al.
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omic on a ian , which is highly con agious bu no as le hal. As a esul , in ec-
ions a e on he ise, bu wi hou causing ICUs o collapse. The numbe o
dea hs has been high, bu in p opo ion o he numbe o in ec ed people, no as
in he p e ious wa es.
A e ou lining he phases o each he new no mal and wha happens once
he so-called new no mal has been eached, he geog aphical a ea co e ed by he
s udy, i s mobili y zones, he dis ibu ion o incomes and u ban public anspo
a e desc ibed. The ollowing is an analysis o whe he he e is any ela ionship
be ween public anspo use and income in he di e en a eas du ing he new
no mal. In o de o deduce whe he amily income has had an in luence on he
choice o mode o anspo o u ban jou neys and whe he he p e-pandemic
numbe o jou neys has been achie ed once he new no mal has a i ed.
4. Case S udy Analysis
4.1. Geog aphical A ea Co e ed by he S udy
This s udy ocuses on Donos ia-San Sebas ián, which is loca ed in he p o ince
o Gipuzkoa.
Gipuzkoa is a Spanish p o ince and his o ical e i o y o he Au onomous
Communi y o he Basque Coun y. I s capi al is Donos ia-San Sebas ián. I
bo de s wi h he F ench Depa men o Py énées-A lan iques o he no heas ,
Na a e o he eas , Vizcaya o he wes , Ála a o he sou hwes and he Bay o
Biscay o he no h (Figu e 3).
Figu e 3. Loca ion o Gipuzkoa in he Basque Au onomous Communi y.
I. Gu u xaga e al.
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Mo eo e , Gipuzkoa has a popula ion o 727,121 inhabi an s acco ding o he
Na ional Ins i u e o S a is ics (INE) (2020) and an a ea o 1909 km2 in which he
popula ion densi y is no concen a ed a ound la ge nuclei.
Acco ding o he da a published by he INE on 1 Janua y 2020, he numbe o
inhabi an s in he ci y o Donos ia-San Sebas ián is 188240.825. The municipali-
y has a su ace a ea o 60.89 km2 and a popula ion densi y o 3091.52 inhabi-
an s pe squa e kilome e. The main economic ac i i ies a e comme ce and
ou ism and i is one o he mos popula ou is des ina ions in Spain.
Since 2003, he ci y council o Donos ia-San Sebas ián has o icially di ided
he ci y in o 17 dis ic s (Figu e 4).
The popula ion is concen a ed in he sou h and eas o he municipali y. In
e ms o dis ibu ion, he dis ic o Ama a ( he mos highly popula ed, wi h
30,333 inhabi an s, 16.3%), Cen e (11.7%), Al za (10.9%) and G os (9.9%) o-
ge he accoun o almos hal o he popula ion. The leas popula ed a e Zubie a
(289 inhabi an s, 0.15%) and Igeldo (0.57%) (Figu e 5).
4.2. Mobili y A eas. Signi ican Inequali ies be ween Dis ic s and
U ban Co ido s in Income Dis ibu ion
The pu pose o his poin is o analyse whe he signi ican imbalances exis in
he si ua ion o he ci y and i s ci izens in e ms o income and economic posi-
ion. I aims o de ec he dispa i ies and e i o ial imbalances in he ci y be-
ween he dis ic s and u ban co ido s ha compose i .
Mobili y wi hin he municipali y has been subdi ided in o h ee main co i-
do s and in u n in o i e a eas ep esen ed in Figu e 6.
Each o he co ido s has i s own b anches and he dis ic s a e g ouped
a ound he co ido and hese ami ica ions. Table 2 shows he dis ic s ha be-
long o each co ido . The Eas Co ido , includes he dis ic s o Al za, Mi a-
c uz-Bidebie a, In xau ondo, G os, Egia and ano he a ea loca ed wi hin his
co ido which is A ego ie a-Ulia. The Sou h Co ido , includes he dis ic s o
Figu e 4. Se en een di e en sub-zones co espond o he 17 dis ic s o Donos ia-San
Sebas ián. Sou ce: Donos ia-San Sebas ián Ci y Council (“Donos ia.eus - Ciudad”, n.d.) [31].
I. Gu u xaga e al.
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Figu e 5. Popula ion by dis ic s.
Figu e 6. Mobili y analysis. U ban co ido s. Sou ce: (San Sebas ián Ci y Council, Depa men o
Mobili y, 2008) [32].
Table 2. Co ido s and dis ic ela ionship.
Dis ic s Co ido s
The Eas Co ido The Sou h Co ido The Wes Co ido
Alza Ama a An iguo
Mi ac uz-Bidebie a, Loiola Ibae a
In xau ondo Ma u ene Zubie a
G os Cen o Igeldo
Egia Mi amón-Zo oaga Aie e
A ego ie a-Ulia Año ga
Ama a, Loiola, Ma u ene, Cen o and ano he a ea loca ed wi hin his co ido
which is Mi amón-Zo oaga. The Wes Co ido ha includes he dis ic s o
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Inhabi an s
Dis ic s o Donos ia-San Sebas ián
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Figu e 17. Numbe o mon hly passenge s pe co ido be o e qua an ine, in lockdown and in he new no mal.
Figu e 18. Pe cen age change o passenge s on he Wes Zone Line.
Figu e 19.
Pe cen age change o passenge s on he Sou h Zone Line.
46
8
20
50
59
52
63
65
62
64
61
67
72
69
68
72
71
68
76
76
81
74
68
79
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
PRE-PANDEMIC
LOCKDOWN and NEW NORMAL
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Figu e 20.
Pe cen age change o passenge s on he Eas Zone Line.
5. Me hodology
This s udy was conduc ed du ing 2019-2021 among he use s o u ban anspo
in Donos ia-San Sebas ian. To achie e he basic objec i e, i is conside ed neces-
sa y o ca y ou a comple e analysis and diagnosis o he mobili y co ido s o
Donos ia San Sebas ian. Mobili y wi hin he municipali y is di ided in o h ee
mobili y co ido s.
Fi s o all, he amily income o hese mobili y co ido s is analysed. The am-
ily income da a o he di e en a eas o Donos ia-San Sebas ián a e ob ained
om he Ci y Council’s websi e
On he o he hand, i is analysed he numbe o passenge s ca ied by he
anspo lines ha ope a e in each o he mobili y co ido s in p e-pandemic,
lockdown and new no mal pe iods. Da a on he numbe o passenge s ha e been
p o ided by DBUS, he company ha manages u ban public anspo in he ci y
o Donos ia-San Sebas ián.
As seen in sec ion 3, amily income di e s be ween mobili y co ido s, he use
o public anspo has dec eased, and p e-pandemic igu es o use ha e no e-
co e ed. Subsequen ly, an explo a o y s udy is ca ied ou o e alua e he
changes in mobili y in new no mal, in public anspo in Donos ia-San Sebas-
ián’s mobili y co ido s as a esul o he COVID-19 pandemic. Mo e speci i-
cally, he ollowing hypo hesis is pu o wa d:
H
:
The change in public anspo passenge s is signi ican ly di e en acco d-
ing o income le el be o e and a e he pandemic.
The objec i es o his s udy a e di ided in o h ee pa s, as ollows:
Objec i e
1:
To iden i y i he e a e signi ican di e ences be ween he change
in passenge numbe s du ing he mon hs o June o Decembe
2019
and
2020
depending on he mobili y co ido .
Objec i e
2:
To iden i y i he e a e signi ican di e ences be ween he change
in passenge numbe s du ing he mon hs o June o Decembe
2020
and
2021
depending on he mobili y co ido .
Objec i e
3:
To iden i y i he e a e signi ican di e ences be ween he change
in passenge s du ing
2019
and
2021
depending on he mobili y co ido .
48
12
30
59
69
62
72
71
69
67
67
72
76
78
75
77
77
74
82
78
83
77
75
82
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
MAR-20
APR-20
MAY-20
JUN-20
JUL-20
AUG-20
SEP-20
OCT-20
NOV-20
DEC-20
JAN-21
FEB-21
MAR-21
APR-21
MAY-21
JUN-21
JUL-21
AUG-21
SEP-21
OCT-21
NOV-21
DEC-21
JAN-22
FEB-22
%
LOCKDOWN AND NEW NORMAL
PRE-PANDEMIC
I. Gu u xaga e al.
DOI:
10.4236/oalib.1110448 18
Open Access Lib a y Jou nal
In o de o ca y ou he s a is ical analysis, he SPSS 25.0 package has been
used. Desc ip i e s a is ics is used o da a analysis. I shows o summa izes da a
poin s in a cons uc i e way such ha pa e ns migh eme ge ha ul ill e e y
condi ion o he da a. I is one o he mos impo an s eps o conduc ing s a is-
ical da a analysis.
In addi ion, he non-pa ame ic K uskal Wallis and Mann-Whi ney es s a e
pe o med o check whe he amily income has a signi ican impac on changes
in he use o public anspo om he beginning o he pandemic.
The K uskal-Wallis es is app op ia e o be ca ied ou unde he ollowing
ci cums ances:
1) Th ee o mo e condi ions a e a ailable o compa ison.
2) Each condi ion is pe o med by a di e en g oup o pa icipan s,
i.e.
i has
an independen measu es design wi h h ee o mo e condi ions.
3) The da a do no mee he equi emen s o a pa ame ic es .
The Mann-Whi ney es is app op ia e o be applied when he abo e ci cums-
ances a e me , bu wo condi ions a e compa ed ins ead o h ee o mo e.
In his s udy, he K uskal-Wallis es is used o analyse whe he he e a e sig-
ni ican di e ences in he a ia ion o public anspo use in he h ee a eas
wi h di e ences in amily income. The Mann-Whi ney es is also used o com-
pa e zone by zone whe he he e a e signi ican di e ences in he a ia ion o
public anspo use.
6. Resul s and Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a d ama ic impac on socie y. The lockdown
p ocesses ha e p o oundly changed people’s mobili y. Public anspo a ion has
been se e ely a ec ed in pa icula , and many people ha e u ned o p i a e e-
hicles and cycling/walking as sa e al e na i es (B ough, F eedman, & Phillips,
2021) [36] (De Vos, 2020) [25] (Mayo, Maglasang, Mo idpou , & Taboada,
2021) [37].
The da a analysed show ha , wi h he COVID-19 pandemic, people ha e
abandoned he use o public anspo , bu no uni o mly: highe income g oups
ha e s opped using public anspo in g ea e numbe s.
Se e al calcula ions ha e been made o explo e he hypo hesis: “H: The change
in public anspo passenge s is signi ican ly di e en acco ding o income le el
be o e and a e he pandemic”. Fo his pu pose, he e olu ion o he numbe o
passenge s in he eas , wes and sou h a eas be ween 2019 and 2021 has been
analysed. Figu es 18-20 show ha due o mobili y es ic ions adop ed as o
Ma ch 2020, he numbe o passenge s was signi ican ly educed, and as o June,
when he new no mal begins, he numbe o ips made s abilizes in all mobili y
co ido s. These igu es analyse he pe cen age change in bus use in each o he
mobili y co ido s be o e and du ing he pandemic. The p e-pandemic pe iod is
aken as 100% baseline, when he e we e no ac o s in luencing he use o public
anspo .
I. Gu u xaga e al.
DOI:
10.4236/oalib.1110448 19
Open Access Lib a y Jou nal
In o de o es he hypo hesis a s a is ical analysis has been made o compa e
he mobili y changes ela ed o he zones. F om Ma ch 2020 o May 2020 he
popula ion was ully con ined, compa isons ha e been made be ween he
mon hs o June o Decembe , as i is in June ha he new no mal s a s. The
a ia ion in he numbe o mon hly passenge s has been compa ed be ween wo
pe iods (2019/2020, 2020/2021), be ween he same mon hs (June o Decembe ).
I is also compa ed he numbe o passenge s in 2019 (p e-pandemic pe iod)
wi h hose in 2021 (New No mal) in o de o es he hypo hesis.
Fo his pu pose, he a e age numbe o mon hly passenge s pe co ido in
he indica ed ime pe iods is aken as a s a ing poin in Table 3.
Objec i e
1:
To iden i y i he e a e signi ican di e ences be ween he change
in passenge numbe s du ing he mon hs o June o Decembe
2019
and
2020
depending on he mobili y co ido .
Table 4 shows ha he numbe o passenge s has dec eased in all zones in he
pe iod 2019-2020. The numbe o mon hly passenge s has dec eased on a e age
by 40.76% in he wes zone, 33.01% in he eas zone and 37.81% in he sou h
zone. As can be seen in he las column o Table 4, he e a e signi ican di e -
ences (p < 0.05) be ween he use o public anspo and he di e en u ban co -
ido s unde s udy. The dec ease in he use o public anspo has been smalle
in he eas , he a ea wi h he lowes amily income. The bigges decline was in
he wes , he a ea wi h he highes amily income. Hypo hesis H is he e o e con-
i med o he pe iod 2019/06-2019/12 s. 2020/06-2020/12.
An analysis is also ca ied ou o de e mine whe he he e a e signi ican di -
e ences be ween zones in pai s be ween he pe iods June o Decembe
2019-2020 and 2020-2021.
As can be seen in Table 5 which analyses he pe iod 2019/06-2019/12 s
2020/06-2020/12, he a e age ank in he eas e n zone is lowe in all cases,
i.e.
Table 3. A e age numbe o mon hly passenge s pe co ido in di e en pe iods o ime.
Pe iod o ime Mean
Wes Sou h Eas
2019/06-2019/12 515,628 639,309 668,925
2020/06-2020/12 305,429 397,575 448,102
2021/06-2021/12 380,969 512,567 521,968
2019/01-2019/12 494,473 623,842 654,529
2021/01-2021/12 352,645 472,437 498,566
Table 4. Desc ip i e s a is ics o mobili y changes by yea acco ding o zones.
Table Head Di e ence in means be ween pe iods SD Sig. K.Wallis
Wes Sou h Eas Wes Sou h Eas P alue
2019/06-2019/12 s
2020/06-2020/12
40.76
(dec ease
37.81
(dec ease)
33.01
(dec ease)
5.54 3.24 4.37 0.043*
I. Gu u xaga e al.
DOI:
10.4236/oalib.1110448 20
Open Access Lib a y Jou nal
Table 5. The ela ionship be ween mobili y changes in public anspo and zone lines
be ween 2019 and 2020 (June o Decembe ).
Zones lines Mann-Whi ney U es
n Mean Rank U
Sig. Bill (p
-
alue)
Wes
Sou h
7
7
8.57
6.43 17.0 0.338
Eas
Sou h
7
7
5.43
9.57 10.0 0.064
Wes
Eas
7
7
10.00
5.00 7.00 0.025*
he dec ease in public anspo use is lowe in he zone wi h he lowes amily
income. Signi ican di e ences (p < 0.05) a e also obse ed in he compa ison o
he a ea wi h he highes and lowes amily income, so hypo hesis H is con-
i med.
Objec i e
2:
To iden i y i he e a e signi ican di e ences be ween he change
in passenge numbe s du ing he mon hs o June o Decembe
2020
and
2021
depending on he mobili y co ido .
In he pe iod 2020/06-2020/12 s 2021/06-2021/12, passenge numbe s ha e
eco e ed in all mobili y co ido s. In he wes zone, he use o public anspo
has inc eased by 24.73% on a e age, in he sou h zone by 28.92% and in he eas
zone by 16.48% (Table 6). Likewise, he e a e signi ican di e ences (p < 0.05)
be ween he use o public anspo and he di e en u ban co ido s unde
s udy. Hypo hesis H is also con i med in his pe iod, as he a eas wi h he high-
es amily incomes, he u ban co ido s ha los he mos passenge s in he
lockdown and he beginning o he new no mal, a e hose wi h he g ea es a i-
a ion.
Table 7 shows ha in he pe iod 2020/06-2020/12 s 2021/06-2021/12, he
mean ank in he eas e n zone is lowe in all cases. The e o e, he inc ease in he
use o public anspo has been lowe in he a ea wi h he lowes household in-
come, he a ea ha has los he leas numbe o passenge s in he lockdown and
he beginning o he new no mal. Signi ican di e ences (p < 0.05) a e also ob-
se ed in he compa ison o he wes and eas zones and in he compa ison o
sou h and eas zones, hus con i ming hypo hesis H.
Objec i e
3:
To iden i y i he e a e signi ican di e ences be ween he change
in passenge s du ing
2019
and
2021
depending on he mobili y co ido .
Compa ing he numbe o passenge s in 2019 (p e-pandemic pe iod) wi h
hose in 2021 (New No mal), i can be seen ha he Eas co ido is he co ido
wi h he mean pe cen age o passenge s closes o p e-pandemic alues. The Eas
co ido s ill has o eco e 23.82% o passenge s, he Sou h co ido 24.26% and
he Wes co ido 28.68% o each he p e-pandemic alues. (Table 8) Hypo he-
sis H is con i med in his pe iod, as he a ea wi h he lowes amily income is he
one ha loses he leas passenge s in he lockdown and in he new no mal as a
whole is he one ha is closes o he p e-pandemic
I. Gu u xaga e al.
DOI:
10.4236/oalib.1110448 21
Open Access Lib a y Jou nal
Table 6. Desc ip i e s a is ics o mobili y changes by yea s acco ding o zones.
Table Head Di e ence in means be ween pe iods SD Sig. K.Wallis
Wes Sou h Eas Wes Sou h Eas P alue
2020/06-2020/12 s
2021/06-2021/12
24.73
(g ow)
28.92
(g ow)
16.48
(g ow)
9.72 7.55 6.39 0.024*
Table 7. The ela ionship be ween mobili y changes in public anspo and zone lines
be ween 2020 and 2021 (June o Decembe ).
Zones lines Mann-Whi ney U es
n Mean Rank U
Sig. Bill
(p-
alue)
Wes
Sou h
7
7
6.43
8.57 17.0 0.338
Eas
Sou h
7
7
4.71
10.29 5.00 0.013*
Wes
Eas
7
7
9.70
5.29 9.00 0.048*
Table 8. Desc ip i e s a is ics o mobili y changes by yea acco ding o zones.
Table Head Di e ence in means be ween pe iods SD Sig. K.Wallis
Wes Sou h Eas Wes Sou h Eas P alue
2019/01-2019/12 s
2021/01-2021/12
28.68
(dec ease)
24.26
(dec ease)
23.82
(dec ease)
5.17 6.84 3.98 0.045*
Table 9. The ela ionship be ween mobili y changes in public anspo and zone lines
be ween 2019 and 2021 (Janua y o Decembe ).
Zones lines Mann-Whi ney U es
n Mean Rank U
Sig. Bill
(p-
alue)
Wes
Sou h
12
12
15.08
9.92 41.0 0.073
Eas
Sou h
12
12
12.38
12.42 71.0 0.954
Wes
Eas
12
12
16.00
9.00 30.0 0.015*
Table 9 shows ha in he p e-pandemic pe iod (2019) and he new no mal
(2021), he a e age ank in he eas e n zone is lowe in all cases. The e o e, he
dec ease in public anspo use has been lowe in he a ea wi h he lowes amily
income. Signi ican di e ences (p < 0.05) a e also obse ed in he compa ison o
he wes and eas zones, hus con i ming hypo hesis H.
The analysis o he da a shows ha he use o public anspo in he a ea wi h
he highes income, he wes e n a ea, has had he g ea es changes, bo h in he
i s phase o he pandemic and in he eco e y p ocess. A he beginning o he
I. Gu u xaga e al.
DOI:
10.4236/oalib.1110448 22
Open Access Lib a y Jou nal
pandemic, his is he a ea whe e public anspo use dec eases he mos , and as
he si ua ion no malises, public anspo use in his a ea eco e s as e han in
he es .
The esul s ob ained a e in line wi h p e-pandemic s udies, such as (Haywood,
Koning, & Monchambe , 2017) [38], which indica e ha people wi h highe in-
comes a e mo e eluc an o a el in c owded ehicles and (Cox, Houdmon , &
G i i hs, 2006) [39] which indica e ha c owding can accen ua e he pe cep ion
o secu i y isk. In he a ea unde s udy, Donos ia-San Sebas ián, he use o pub-
lic anspo in a eas wi h highe income has been lowe . Mo eo e , in a si ua-
ion o pe cei ed secu i y isk, such as he pos -pandemic si ua ion, he dec ease
in he use o public anspo a ion in a eas wi h highe income has been g ea e .
These numbe s quan i y he asse ion ha he impac on mobili y di e s ac-
co ding o social class. People who s op using public anspo a e mainly hose
who ha e he op ion o do so ( elewo king, ha ing a p i a e ca , being able o
pay o ips by o he modes o anspo , such as axis, and using online shop-
ping) while hose who con inue o a el on public anspo a e, o a g ea e ex-
en people, on lowe incomes.
Thus, he pandemic has b ough o ligh he socioeconomic inequali ies ha
exis in he ci y. O e coming hese inequali ies is c i ical and mus be a p io i y
as ci ies eco e om he pandemic. In his ega d, imp o ing public anspo is
oday, mo e han e e , a ma e o social jus ice.
Con lic s o In e es
The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es .
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