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The case o a sou he n Eu opean glacie disappea ing
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unde ecen wa ming ha su i ed Roman and Medie al
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wa m pe iods
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Ana Mo eno1, Miguel Ba olomé2, Juan Ignacio López-Mo eno1, Jo ge Pey1,3, Pablo
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Co ella4, Jo di Ga cía-O ellana5,6, Ca los SanchoŦ, Ma ía Leunda7, G aciela Gil-
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Rome a8,1, Penélope González-Sampé iz1, Ca los Pé ez-Mejías9, F ancisco Na a o10,
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Jaime O e o-Ga cía10, Ja ie Lapaza an10, Es eban Alonso-González1, C is ina Cid11,
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Je ónimo López-Ma ínez12, Belén Oli a-U cia12, Sé gio Hen ique Fa ia13,14, Ma ía José
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Sie a15, Rocío Millán15, Xa ie Que ol16, And és Alas uey16 and José M. Ga cía-Ruíz1
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1. Depa amen o de P ocesos Geoambien ales y Cambio Global, Ins i u o Pi enaico de Ecología – CSIC,
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50059, Za agoza, Spain
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2. Depa amen o de Geología, Museo de Ciencias Na u ales - CSIC, Mad id, 28034, Spain
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3. Fundación A agonesa pa a la In es igación y el Desa ollo, ARAID, Za agoza, Spain
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4. Uni e si é G enoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, G enoble INP, IGE, 38000 G enoble, F ance
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5. Ins i u de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambien als, Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona, Ba celona, Spain
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6. Depa amen de Física, Uni e si a Au ònoma de Ba celona, Ba celona, Spain
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7. Ins i u e o Plan Sciences & Oeschge Cen e o Clima e Change Resea ch. Al enbe g ain 21, 3013
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Be n, Swi ze land
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8. Depa men o Ecology, Facul y o Biology, Philipps-Ma bu g Uni e si y, Ma bu g, Ge many
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9. Ins i u e o Global En i onmen al Change, Xi’an Jiao ong Uni e si y, Xi’an, 710049, China
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10. Depa amen o de Ma emá ica Aplicada a las TIC, ETSI de Telecomunicación, Uni e sidad Poli écnica
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de Mad id, Mad id, Spain
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11. Cen o de As obiología – CSIC-INTA, Mad id, Spain
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12. Depa amen o de Geología y Geoquímica, Facul ad de Ciencias, Uni e sidad Au ónoma de Mad id,
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Mad id, Spain
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13. Basque Cen e o Clima e Change (BC3), 48940, Leioa, Spain
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14. IKERBASQUE, Basque Founda ion o Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
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15. CIEMAT — En i onmen al Depa men (DMA), A enida Complu ense 40, E-28040 Mad id, Spain
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16. Ins i u e o En i onmen al Assessmen and Wa e Resea ch – CSIC, 08034 Ba celona, Spain
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Ŧ Deceased
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Co esponding au ho : Ana Mo eno (amo [email protected]) ORCID: 0000-0001-7357-
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584X
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Keywo ds
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Py enees, moun ain glacie , cu en global wa ming, Medie al Clima e Anomaly
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Abs ac
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Moun ain glacie s ha e gene ally expe ienced an accele a ed e ea o e he las
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h ee decades as a apid esponse o cu en global wa ming. Howe e , he esponse
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o p e ious wa m pe iods in he Holocene is no well-desc ibed o glacie s o he o
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sou he n Eu ope moun ain anges, such as he Py enees. The si ua ion du ing he
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Medie al Clima e Anomaly (900-1300 CE) is pa icula ly ele an since i is no ce ain
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whe he he glacie s jus expe ienced signi ican ice loss o whe he hey ac ually
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disappea ed. We p esen he e he i s ch onological s udy o a glacie loca ed in he
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Cen al Py enees (N Spain), he Mon e Pe dido Glacie (MPG), ca ied ou by di e en
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adioch onological echniques and hei compa ison wi h geochemical p oxies wi h
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neighbo ing paleoclima e eco ds. The esul o he ch onological model p o es ha
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he glacie endu ed du ing he Roman Pe iod and he Medie al Clima e Anomaly. The
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lack o ice om las 600 yea s indica es ha he ice o med du ing he Li le Ice Age
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has mel ed away. The analyses o he con en o se e al me als o an h opogenic
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o igin, such as Zn, Se, Cd, Hg, Pb, appea in low amoun s in MPG ice, which u he
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suppo s ou age model in which he eco d om he indus ial pe iod is los . This
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s udy con i ms he excep ional wa ming o he las decades in he con ex o las wo
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millennia. We demons a e ha we a e acing an unp eceden ed e ea o he
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Py enean glacie s which su i al is comp omised beyond a ew decades.
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1. In oduc ion
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Moun ain glacie s a e o en sensi i e o clima e a ia ions on empo al scales om
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decades o cen u ies. I is well known ha summe empe a u e and win e
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p ecipi a ion a e he mos impo an clima e pa ame e s in luencing glacie mass
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balance (Oe lemans, 2001). The e o e, con inuous eco ds o pas glacie size
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luc ua ions p o ide aluable in o ma ion abou he iming and magni ude o Holocene
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clima e shi s (Solomina e al., 2015, 2016), which con ibu ed o explain he
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cha ac e is ics and e olu ion o plan co e , human mo emen s and land use. Se e al
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glacie ad ances du ing he Neoglacial (which s a ed a ound 6000-5000 y ago) ha e
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been iden i ied and associa ed o sus ained cooling pe iods ac oss he No h A lan ic
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(Wanne e al., 2011). The mos ecen pe iod o global glacie expansion ook place
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du ing he Li le Ice Age (LIA), beginning in he 13 h cen u y and eaching a maximum
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be ween he 17 h and 19 h cen u ies (Solomina e al., 2016). A e wa ds, mos glacie s
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wo ldwide ha e e ea ed apidly, as indica ed by measu emen s o ice olume and
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ice-co e ed a ea, and his end seems o ha e accele a ed o e he las h ee decades
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(Ma zeion e al., 2014; Zemp e al., 2015, 2019).
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Despi e b oad ag eemen on millennial-scale ends in global glacie luc ua ions and
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Holocene clima e a iabili y (Da is e al., 2009; Solomina e al., 2015), egional
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a ia ions a e no so well cons ained. Fo ins ance, o he Py enees, a moun ain
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ange ha cu en ly hos s he majo i y o he sou he nmos glacie s in Eu ope, he e is
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a signi ican lack o knowledge abou Holocene glacie luc ua ions, as indica ed sca ce
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e idences o glacie ad ances du ing he Neoglacial pe iod (Ga cía-Ruiz e al., 2014;
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Gella ly e al., 1992). Based on Py enean ee- ing ch onologies, summe empe a u es
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du ing he Medie al Clima e Anomaly (MCA, ci ca 900–1300 CE) we e es ima ed o be
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as wa m as hose o he 20 h cen u y (Bün gen e al., 2017), bu no in o ma ion has
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been ob ained on he glacie esponse o MCA wa ming. Con e sely, glacie ad ance
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du ing he LIA is well cons ained in he Medi e anean moun ains (Ga cía-Ruiz e al.,
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2014; González T ueba e al., 2008; Hughes, 2018; Oli a e al., 2018) and a signi ican
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deglacia ion is also e iden in ecen imes (López-Mo eno e al., 2016; Rico e al.,
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2017). Thus, Py enean glacie s ha e exhibi ed du ing he 20 h and 21s cen u ies mul i-
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decadal a ia ions simila o hose o o he moun ain anges in he wo ld. In pa icula ,
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he pe iod om he 1980s o p esen has been he mos in ense in e ms o numbe o
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glacie s ha disappea ed ( om 39 in en o ied Py enean glacie s in 1984 o 19 a
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p esen ) (Rico e al., 2017). Gi en he small size o he Py enean glacie s and hei
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cu en c i ical si ua ion in he con ex o global wa ming, we hypo hesize ha hey
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could ha e disappea ed comple ely du ing he a o emen ioned wa m pe iods
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This s udy is ocused on Mon e Pe dido Glacie , loca ed in he Spanish Cen al
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Py enees, which is cu en ly one o he bes moni o ed small glacie s (<0.5 km2)
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wo ldwide. Recen esea ch based on di e en g ound-based emo e sensing
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echniques has demons a ed a apid e ea o his glacie , wi h an a e age loss o ice
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hickness o abou one me e pe yea since 1981 (López-Mo eno e al., 2019). These
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esul s, oge he wi h he e idences o long- e m e ea since he LIA glacie posi ion
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indica ed by pic u es and mo aines, sugges ha his glacie could disappea o e he
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nex ew decades (López-Mo eno e al., 2016). The p esen s udy elies on a a ie y o
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da ing echniques and on he analysis o se e al p oxies associa ed o en i onmen al
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and an h opogenic changes o cons uc , o he i s ime, he ch onology o an ice
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sequence om a Py enean glacie . Such analyses will espond he key ques ion o
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whe he Py enean glacie s may ha e su i ed p e ious Holocene wa m pe iods.
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2. S udy a ea
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The Mon e Pe dido Glacie (MPG, 42°40′50′′N; 0°02′15′′E.) is loca ed in he Cen al
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Spanish Py enees, in he O desa and Mon e Pe dido Na ional Pa k (OMPNP) (Fig.1). I
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cu en ly consis s o wo sepa a e ice bodies, which we e connec ed in he pas . Bo h
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a e no h acing and lie on s uc u al la s benea h he main summi o he Mon e
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Pe dido Peak (3355 m a.s.l.) and a e su ounded by e ical cli s o 500–800 m in
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heigh . A he base o he cli s, he Cinca Ri e lows di ec ly om he glacie and he
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su ounding slopes, and has c ea ed a longi udinal wes –eas basin called he Ma bo é
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Ci que (5.8 km2). This is he a ea wi hin he Py enees wi h he highes a ie y o ecen
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mo ainic deposi s (Ga cía-Ruiz e al., 2014). Addi ionally, a a 6-m hick sedimen co e
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ob ained in 2011 om a lake inside he ci que (Ma bo é Lake) con ains aluale
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in o ma ion om he las 14,600 yea s o he deposi ional e olu ion o he lake (Oli a-
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U cia e al., 2018) and o he egional a ia ions in he ege a ion co e (Leunda e al.,
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2017). The Ma bo é Lake (2595 m a.s.l.) is loca ed in he Ma bo é o Tuca oya Ci que,
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in he no he n ace o he Mon e Pe dido massi . The dis ance be ween he lake and
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he MPG is app oxima ely 1300 m and, he e o e, bo h ha e been a ec ed by simila
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palaeoen i onmen al condi ions.
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Recen measu emen s indica e ha he o al su ace a ea o MP glacie in 2016 was
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0.385 km2 (López-Mo eno e al., 2016). Du ing he pe iod 2011–2019, he glacie ice
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hickness dec eased by 7.4 m on a e age, hough such losses exhibi a ma ked spa ial
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and empo al a iabili y (Fig. S1, Supplemen a y Ma e ial). Acco ding o ecen
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measu emen s o ai empe a u e (July 2014 o Oc obe 2017), he 0 °C iso he m lies
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a 2945 m a.s.l., sugges ing ha he po en ial glacie accumula ion a ea is e y small,
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e en inexis en du ing wa m yea s. In an a e age summe (June o Sep embe ;
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empe a u e measu emen s we e conduc ed om 2014 o 2017), he empe a u e a
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he oo o he glacie is 7.3 °C. No di ec obse a ions o p ecipi a ion a e a ailable a
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he glacie loca ion, bu he maximum accumula ion o snow in la e Ap il du ing he
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h ee a ailable yea s was 3.23 m, and a e age snow densi y was 454 kg m-3 measu ed
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in he ield, indica ing ha o al wa e equi alen du ing he main accumula ion pe iod
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(Oc obe o Ap il) could be close o 1500 mm (López-Mo eno e al., 2019).
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3. Ma e ial and me hods
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3.1. Ice sampling and s o age
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Ice d illing in MPG was ca ied ou in Sep embe 2017 using a Ko acs ice co ing de ice
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a h ee si es. These si es we e selec ed based on p e iously ob ained g ound-
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pene a ing ada (GPR) esul s, which, combined wi h glacie dynamics modelling,
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sugges ed ha he oldes ice could be loca ed a hese loca ions since he hickness
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was o e 30 m and he e was no mo emen o he ice (López-Mo eno e al., 2019) (Fig.
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1). Un o una ely, none o he glacio-me eo ological and opog aphical c i e ia
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equi ed o ob ain a p ese ed ice-co e s a ig aphy, such as low empe a u es o
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p e en wa e pe cola ion, o a la ge ex ension and la su ace opog aphy o
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minimize he in luence o glacie low (Ga zonio e al., 2018), a e cu en ly me in he
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glacie . Wi h his echnique, only h ee sho ice co es o 4, 3 and 2 m in leng h could
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be eco e ed, which could no p o ide a comple e ch ono-s a ig aphical ice sequence.
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The co es we e p ese ed in ac and la e s o ed a 60 °C a he BC3-Izo zaLab ice
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co e acili y (Leioa, Spain) bu no used in his s udy.
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Based on he poo co e eco e y, we changed ou d illing s a egy and, o collec ice
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samples in an o de ed ch ono-s a ig aphical sequence co e ing om he oldes o he
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newes ice p ese ed in he glacie , we ook samples in an a ea wi h no e idence o
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cu en ice mo emen , as con i med by esul s om in e e ome ic ada and GNSS
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measu emen s (López-Mo eno e al., 2019) (Fig.S2). This sec o has been e oded o
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o m a cu en s eady slope o 20° whe e i is possible o es ablish a ela ion be ween
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he sample dis ances and he ice dep h in a o me ly much less s eep glacie su ace.
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Due o he small size o his glacie , he ice needs o be ozen o bed ock, and hence
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nea ly s agnan , o become o subs an ial age, i.e., a ew hund ed yea s o mo e, as
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indica ed by p e ious s udies in simila glacie s Gab ielli e al., 2016; Haebe li e al.,
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2004). The e o e, we measu ed one-me e hickness using he Jacob's s a a e e y
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sampling poin o measu e s a ig aphic hicknesses since bedding was unclea (Fig.
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S2). Once cleaned he mos supe icial ice o a oid new ice o med ecen ly, we
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eco e ed a e e y sampling posi ion 3–4 small co es (6 cm in diame e and 25 cm in
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leng h) using a cus om s ainless s eel c own adap o on a co dless powe d ill (see Fig.
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S2 in Supplemen a y Ma e ial). Following ha sampling p ocedu e we eco e ed a
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o al o 100 samples, e e y one cons i u ed by 3-4 cylinde s, which ep esen he
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whole ice sequence in MP glacie . Those ice samples we e s o ed in a eeze oom in
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Za agoza and u he analysed o ob ain hei ch onology (combining 210Pb, 137Cs and
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14C echniques) and hei geochemical composi ion ( ace elemen and Hg
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concen a ions) (see below).
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3.2. Da ing by 210Pb and 137Cs.
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The iso ope 137Cs usually associa ed o he allou om nuclea es s du ing he 1950s
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and he 1960s, as well as he Che nobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011) acciden s was
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in es iga ed by -spec ome y in he uppe mos i e samples in MPG, bu no ace
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could be de ec ed (Table S1 in Supplemen a y Ma e ial). This implies ha all samples
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a e olde han 60–65 yea s and he e o e hey we e no exposed o he a mosphe e
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a e 1950 CE. Ano he possibili y ha was disca ded once we had 14C da es, is ha all
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samples we e younge han 1950 CE. Addi ionally, up o en samples we e selec ed
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om he 100 samples ha cons i u e he whole ice sequence o ca y ou 210Pb
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analysis as an independen da ing me hod o ob ain ch onologies o abou he las
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hund ed yea s o glacie ice (Eichle e al., 2000; He en e al., 2013). Those samples
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we e selec ed om he op o he sequence (Table S2). De e mina ion o 210Pb
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ac i i ies was accomplished h ough he measu emen o i s daugh e nuclide, 210Po,
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by -spec ome y ollowing he me hodology desc ibed in (Sanchez-Cabeza e al.,
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1998) (Table S2 in Supplemen a y Ma e ial). Simila ly, 210Pb ac i i y was also
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unde ec able in mos cases, excep in h ee samples (MP100, MP73 and MP76) wi h
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concen a ions abo e minimum de ec ion ac i i y (MDA; Table S2). P obably, he
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MP100 sample con ained he 210Pb ecen ly deposi ed because i was he mos
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supe icial sample, he e o e in con ac wi h he a mosphe e. Howe e , his sample, as
190
well as samples MP73 and MP76 con ained a la ge amoun o li hogenic pa icula e
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ma e ial om a mosphe ic dus o ash deposi s. The absence o 210Pb ac i i y in he
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analysed samples does no allow cons uc ing an age-dep h model o he las 100
193
yea s indica ing ha MPG ice samples we e e y likely olde and he 210Pb had
194
comple ely decayed. We hen buil up he p oposed MPG ch onology using AMS 14C
195
da ing.
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3.3.Da ing by 14C me hod.
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Six een accele a o mass spec ome y (AMS) 14C da es om MPG ice we e ob ained
198
by combining bulk o ganic ma e (9 samples), pollen concen a es (3 samples), bulk
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sedimen accumula ed in il e s (2 il e s), and wa e -insoluble o ganic ca bon (WIOC)
200
pa icles (2 samples) (Table 1). Fi s , using a binocula mic oscope [x10], we selec ed
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o ganic pa icles o da ing om he nine selec ed bulk samples, once he ice sample
202
was mel ed. Howe e , he small size p e en ed us om classi ying he o ganic
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emains. All he amo phous pa icles we e sen o he da ing labo a o y (Di ec AMS,
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Sea le, USA). Pollen concen a es we e p epa ed om h ee selec ed samples (30, 70
205
and 100 m dep h) o comple e he p e ious se o samples ollowing he s anda d
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palynological me hod, including a chemical ea men and mine al sepa a ion in hea y
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liquid (Thoule : densi y 2.0; Moo e e al., 1991). Addi ionally, wo ice samples
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p e iously mel ed (67 and 81 m dep h) we e il e ed h oughou a il a ion line
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connec ed o a acuum pump using 47 mm qua z ibe il e s (PALL issuqua z
210
2500QAT-UP), pa ame e ized a con olled condi ions ( empe a u e: 22–24 °C; ela i e
211
humidi y 25–35%) and weigh ed wice in di e en days. Abundan ma e ial was
212
ob ained, bu no con ol was made on he composi ion and amoun o o ganic
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ma e ial e sus o he ype o inpu s. Concen a ed pollen samples and il e s we e
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da ed a he same labo a o y (Di ec AMS, Sea le, USA). Since o ganic agmen s
215
(plan s, wood, insec s) a e a ely ound in moun ain glacie s, a new, complemen a y
216
da ing ool was ecen ly de eloped based on ex ac ing he mic og am-amoun s o he
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wa e -insoluble o ganic ca bon (WIOC) ac ion o ca bonaceous ae osols embedded in
218
he ice ma ix o subsequen 14C da ing (Uglie i e al., 2016). Two samples we e da ed
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by he WIOC echnique a he Labo a o y o En i onmen al Chemis y, Paul Sche e
220
Ins i u e, Swi ze land, ollowing he usual p ocedu es including emo ing he ou e
221
pa o he ice co e segmen o decon amina ion pu poses (Jenk e al., 2009).
222
Finally, om he ini ial 16 da es, we had o disca d se en (see he c i e ia in sec ion 4.1
223
below) and he age model was de eloped including nine samples (eigh om bulk
224
o ganic ma e and one om he WIOC echnique; Table 1). Those nine da es we e
225
con e ed in o calenda ages by he CALIB 5.0.2 so wa e, which uses he mos
226
upda ed da ase , INTCAL13 (Reime e al., 2013) (Table 1). The median o he one-
227
p obabili y in e al was selec ed o hese da es, esul ing in la ge e o s (230 yea s on
228
a e age) in he ob ained calenda ages. The dep h–age model was c ea ed using he R
229
package CLAM 2.2 (Blaauw, 2010; Blaauw e al., 2019) (Fig. 2). Gi en he sca e ed
230
dep hs a which da es concen a e, we chose o pe o m a non-smoo h, second o de
231
polynomial eg ession o p e en ing any model o e - i ing and a spu ious age–dep h
232
ela ionship. In addi ion, we un he dep h–age model se ing a hia us a 73 m dep h
233
whe e we hink an in e up ion in he ice accumula ion was p oduced. This idea is
234
suppo ed by he obse a ion o se e al deb is laye s ha inc eased hei equency
235
owa ds he op o he glacie . Those laye s a e in e p e ed as he esul o se e al
236
phases o mel ing, d ama ically changing he accumula ion a es and concen a ing
237
samples o simila ages (see sec ion 4.1 below). Full de ails on how he model was
238
pe o med and a ep oducible wo k low wi h he cu en ch onological da ase a e a ailable in
239
he Supplemen a y Ma e ial.
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3.4. T ace elemen s in soluble and insoluble ma e ial.
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35 selec ed ice samples om he al i udinal ansec we e mel ed and il e ed h ough
242
a il a ion amp connec ed o a acuum pump using 47 mm qua z ibe il e s (PALL
243
issuqua z 2500QAT-UP). Fil e s we e p e-hea ed a 250 °C and he ea e p epa ed in
244
con olled condi ions ( empe a u e: 22–24 °C; ela i e humidi y: 25–35 %) be o e and
245
a e il a ion. Subsequen ly, hey we e weigh ed in wo di e en days. Mass
246
di e ence be ween blank and sampled il e s was used o calcula e he amoun o
247
insoluble ma e ial en apped in ice samples. Fo e e y sample, an aliquo and a il e
248
we e ob ained. F om aliquo s, anions and ca ions, as well as majo and ace elemen s
249
we e de e mined. F om il e s, we de e mined majo and ace elemen s, as well as
250
o ganic and elemen al ca bon, ollowing he me hod de ised by (Pey e al., 2013)
251
(Table 2). Basically, an acidic diges ion (HNO3:HF:HClO4) o hal o each il e was
252
conduc ed, d i en o comple e d yness, being he emaining ma e ial e-dissol ed in
253
HNO3. Induc i ely coupled plasma mass spec ome y (ICP-MS) and induc i ely
254
coupled plasma a omic emission spec oscopy (ICP-AES) we e used o de e mine majo
255
and ace elemen s. F om he o he hal o each il e , a 1.5 cm2 sec ion was used o
256
de e mine O ganic Ca bon (OC) and Elemen al Ca bon (EC) concen a ions by using a
257
SUNSET he mo-op ical analyze , ollowing he EUSAAR_2 empe a u e p o ocol. Table
258
1 also con ains he En ichmen Fac o s (EFs) calcula ed as ollows:
259
260
whe e EFiCODD is he Al-no malised En ichmen Fac o wi h espec o he Uppe C us
261
(UC, (Taylo and McLennan, 1995)) o an ‘i’ elemen in he cu en O desa’s deposi ed
262
dus (CODD); EFiMPGID is he Al-no malised En ichmen Fac o wi h espec o he UC o
263
an ‘i’ elemen in he cu en MPG ice dus (MPGID); and EFi is he Al-no malised
264
En ichmen Fac o wi h espec o CODD o an ‘i’ elemen in he MPGID.
265
Rega ding he Pb/Al a io, we ca ied ou a no maliza ion wi h Al in bo h, ice and lake
266
eco ds, o disen angle he an h opogenic lead a iabili y om possible de i al inpu s.
267
/
/
/
/
EFiCODD
=
EFiMPGID
=
/
/
EFi
=
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his pe iod (Fig. 2). We assume ha , by his ime, basal ice o Neoglacial age was
451
al eady emo ed, bu a he end o he MCA he MPG s ill p ese ed ice om he RP
452
and he i s hal o he DA (Fig. 4D).
453
O e such a diminished MCA glacie , ice s a ed o accumula e again a a apid a e
454
du ing he LIA (1300–1850 CE). In mos cases, he LIA was he pe iod when moun ain
455
glacie s eco ded hei maximum Holocene ex en (Solomina e al., 2016), wi h
456
ema kable ad ances in he alpine glacie s (I y-Ochs e al., 2009). F om a la ge a ie y
457
o p oxies, se e al wa m and cold pe iods ha e been iden i ied in he Ibe ian Peninsula
458
du ing he LIA (Oli a e al., 2018). In he Ma bo é Ci que wo gene a ions o LIA
459
mo aines ha e been mapped (Ga cía-Ruiz e al., 2014), whose emplacemen coincided
460
wi h he coldes LIA phases, i.e. 1620-1715 CE, when he Py enean glacie s eco ded
461
hei maximum ex en , and 1820-1840 CE, when a apid ad ance o he ice mass
462
mo ed o e he la ge mo aine lea ing pa allel u ows, o lu es, as signs o e osion
463
(Ga cía-Ruiz e al., 2020; Se ano and Ma ín-Mo eno, 2018). These wo cold phases
464
a e e y well iden i ied in he Ma bo é Ci que and we e con i med by he s udy o he
465
al i udinal luc ua ions o he imbe line in he neighbo ing Escuaín Valley (Cama e o
466
e al., 2015). In ac , acco ding o he map o Sch ade om 1874 CE and o he
467
his o ical sou ces, he MPG made di ec con ac wi h he la ge mo aine in he second
468
hal o he 19 h cen u y (Ga cía-Ruiz e al., 2014). Despi e he MPG would ha e co e ed
469
an a ea o 5.56 km2 a he end o he LIA (in 1894, (González T ueba e al., 2008), Fig.
470
4E), he e is no eco d oday o ice accumula ed du ing he LIA, excep o a ew
471
me e s a he op o he sequence co esponding o abou 1400 CE. This means ha
472
mo e han 600 yea s o ice accumula ion ha e been los associa ed o he wa ming
473
a e ca. 1850 CE. This si ua ion is no so common in he Alps, whe e ice om he LIA,
474
and e en om he las wo cen u ies, is s ill p ese ed in many s udied glacie s (Eichle
475
e al., 2000; Gab ielli e al., 2016; Gäggele e al., 1983; P eunke e al., 2019).
476
Today he MPG is di ided in wo small ice bodies ha oge he co e jus 0.38 km2
477
(López-Mo eno e al., 2016, Fig. 4F). Compa ing he MPG ex en a he end o he LIA
478
(ca. 1850 CE), hanks o he mo aine loca ion, and oday, mo e han 5 km2 o MPG
479
would ha e disappea ed, hus indica ing ha he las 150 yea s ha e likely been he
480
pe iod wi h he la ges glacie mel ing in he las 2000 yea s.
481
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5. Conclusions
482
This s udy p esen s o he i s ime he ch onology o a glacie in he Py enees,
483
econs uc ed om a se o 14C da es on di e en o ganic emains and suppo ed by
484
measu emen s on cu en a mosphe ic deposi ion and compa ison wi h a nea by lake
485
sequence (Ma bo é Lake). The ice sequence om MPG co e s he las 2000 yea s
486
allowing de ining cold pe iods o ice ad ance and wa m pe iods o e ea . We
487
demons a e ha he glacie was ac i e du ing he RP, a well known wa m pe iod in
488
Ibe ia Peninsula. Du ing he MCA, he MPG expe ienced a spec acula e ea ma ked
489
by he p esence o da k deb is laye s indica i e o successi e yea s when abla ion
490
p ocesses p edomina ed. The LIA was a pe iod o glacie ad ance bu no eco ded
491
oday in he ice om MPG since mo e han 600 yea s o ice accumula ion ha e been
492
los associa ed o he wa ming a e ca. 1850 CE. This e idence om he age-dep h
493
model is suppo ed by he lack o an h opogenic indica o s usually associa ed o he
494
Indus ial E a abundan oday in cu en a mosphe ic deposi ion in a nea by si e.
495
Addi ionally, bo h Hg concen a ion and Pb/Al a io appea much highe in he
496
Ma bo é Lake sedimen s whe eas hey don’ e lec he an h opogenic inc ease in he
497
MPG eco d.
498
Compa ing he p esen -day glacie si ua ion wi h ha o p e ious wa m in e als, such
499
as he RP o he MCA, we conclude ha he MPG is nowadays g ea ly educed in a ea
500
and olume. Addi ionally, he ecen ice mass loss a e is de ini ely mo e apid han
501
du ing he ou cen u ies spanned by he MCA, hus sugges ing ha p esen day
502
wa ming in he Py enees is as e and mo e in ense han in any p e ious wa m phase
503
occu ed du ing he las 2000 yea s. Unde such clima ic condi ions, i is easonable o
504
expec he disappea ance o his glacie , as well as o he glacie s in he Py enees and
505
in Sou he n Eu ope, o e he nex ew decades.
506
6. Da a a ailabili y
507
The inpu da a ile o CLAM, as well as he ou pu esul s a e s o ed in his jou nal o
508
e iewing p ocess and will be pe manen ly deposi ed in he jou nal upon he
509
accep ance o his manusc ip . The o he da a a e included in he ables and in he
510
Supplemen a y.
511
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18
7. Au ho con ibu ions
512
The pape was concei ed by A.M., M.B., C.S. and J.I.L.M. and F.N., J.O.G., J.L., P.G.S.,
513
C.C., J. L.M., B.O., S.H.F and J.G.R. con ibu ed o design his esea ch p ojec . J.G.O.
514
ca ied ou he 210Pb and 137Cs analyses; J.P., X.Q. and A.A. p o ided he geochemical
515
da a om O desa si e and MPG; P.C., M.J.S. and R.M. p o ided he Hg da a om
516
Ma bo é Lake and MPG, C.P., M.L., E.A. helped du ing ield wo k and G.G.R. un he R
517
package CLAM 2.2 o build he age model. All au ho s con ibu ed o he w i ing o he
518
pape .
519
8. Compe ing in e es
520
The au ho s decla e ha hey ha e no con lic o in e es .
521
9. Acknowledgemen s
522
The Spanish Agencia Es a al de In es igación (AEI – Spain) and he Eu opean Funds o
523
Regional De elopmen (FEDER – Eu opean Union) a e g a e ully acknowledged o
524
inancial suppo h ough PaleoICE EXPLORA p ojec (CGL2015-72167-EXP), CGL2015-
525
68993-R, CGL2015-69160-R and CTM2017-84441-R p ojec s (AEI/FEDER, UE). SHF
526
acknowledges suppo by he Spanish Go e nmen h ough Ma ía de Maez u
527
excellence acc edi a ion 2018-2022 (MDM-2017-0714) and h ough he iMechP o
528
RETOS p ojec (RTI2018-100696-B-I00). M.B is suppo ed by pos doc o al ellowship
529
Juan de la Cie a-Fo mación p og am p o ided by he Spanish Minis y ( e .: FJCI-2017-
530
34235063753). The au ho s a e g a e ul o Edua do Ba olomé and José Es ebán
531
Lozano o hei help manu ac u ing pa s o he co ing de ices and o he suppo
532
p o ided by he “Di ección Gene al de Conse ación del Medio Na u al (Go e nmen
533
o A agón)” and o he s a o he O desa and Mon e Pe dido Na ional Pa k du ing ou
534
ield campaigns.
535
10. Re e ences
536
Blaauw, M.: Me hods and code o ‘classical’ age-modelling o adioca bon sequences,
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Blaauw, M., Ch is en, J. A., Vázquez, J. E. and Go ing, S.: clam: Classical Age-Dep h Modelling o
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p ojec .o g/package=clam, 2019.
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Figu e 1. (le ) Loca ion o Mon e Pe dido Glacie (MPG) wi hin a digi al ele a ion map
747
o Ma bo é Ci que. ( igh ) Pic u e (©Google Ea h) o MPG whe e he loca ion o he
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samples is indica ed. No e he di e en o ien a ion o bo h igu es.
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Figu e 2. Composi e dep h-age model o he Mon e Pe dido ice sequence based on
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linea in e pola ion o 14C da a (Table 1), ob ained using he Clam so wa e (Blaauw,
754
2010; Blaauw e al., 2019). The da es appea as he calenda -age p obabili y
755
dis ibu ions in blue, while he black line is he esul ing dep h-age model and he g ay
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en elope shows he 95% con idence in e al. No e he hia us loca ed a 73m indica ed
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by a dashed line.
758
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Au ho (s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License.
