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PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A MUSEUM NETWORK IN
KARAKALPAKSTAN.
Khanna U emu a o a
Lec u e , Depa men o His o y, Ka akalpak S a e Uni e si y named a e Be dakh, Nukus ci y,
230100, Uzbekis an
E-mail: khannau emu a o[email p o ec ed], ORCID: 0009-0001-5998-8717
Na giza Koshekbae a
S uden , Depa men o His o y, Ka akalpak S a e Uni e si y named a e Be dakh, Nukus ci y,
230100, Uzbekis an
Abs ac : This s udy examines he p econdi ions o he o ma ion o he museum ne wo k in
Ka akalpaks an, a egion in no hwes e n Uzbekis an wi h a ich mul icul u al he i age. The esea ch
iden i ies ou p ima y ac o s ha shaped museum de elopmen : his o ical-cul u al, scien i ic-
esea ch, socio-poli ical, and adminis a i e-legal p e equisi es. The his o ical-cul u al ounda ion
s ems om Ka akalpaks an's posi ion as a c oss oads o ancien ci iliza ions, including he Kho ezm
s a es, Achaemenid Empi e, and a ious Tu kic and Mongol poli ies, esul ing in abundan
a chaeological si es such as Top ak-Kala, Ayaz-Kala, and he Mizdakhkan nec opolis. The scien i ic-
esea ch impe us eme ged om he g oundb eaking wo k o he Kho ezm A chaeological and
E hnog aphic Expedi ion (1937-1990), led by S.P. Tols o , which sys ema ically documen ed
a chaeological and e hnog aphic ma e ials using inno a i e me hods including ae ial pho og aphy.
Socio-poli ical ans o ma ions in he 20 h cen u y, pa icula ly he adminis a i e eo ganiza ions o
1924-1936 and na ion-building p ocesses wi hin he So ie amewo k, c ea ed ins i u ional suppo
o cul u al p ese a ion. The es ablishmen o he Ka akalpak b anch o he Academy o Sciences in
1959 u he s eng hened he scien i ic ounda ion o museum ac i i ies. The s udy demons a es
ha he museum ne wo k in Ka akalpaks an de eloped h ough he con e gence o hese in e ela ed
ac o s, se ing dual pu poses o p ese ing cul u al he i age and acili a ing cul u al mode niza ion.
This esea ch con ibu es o unde s anding egional museum de elopmen pa e ns in Cen al Asia
and highligh s he ole o museums in sa egua ding bo h angible and in angible cul u al he i age in
his o ically complex e i o ies.
Keywo ds: Ka akalpaks an; museum ne wo k o ma ion; cul u al he i age p ese a ion; Kho ezm
A chaeological Expedi ion; a chaeological si es; e hnog aphic collec ions; S.P. Tols o ; Cen al
Asian museology; na ion-building; Top ak-Kala; Ka akalpak cul u e; museum s udies; his o ical
p e equisi es; scien i ic expedi ions.
Wi h he de elopmen o cul u al ou ism in Uzbekis an, he coun y's museums ha e become
pa icula ly impo an as exhibi ions o na ional weal h, spi i ual, and cul u al he i age. The museums
o Ka akalpaks an a e an in eg al pa o he easu e o e o humani y's in aluable global he i age.
They showcase he cul u al and na u al he i age o his egion in a wide ange o exhibi s.
The o ma ion o he museum ne wo k in Ka akalpaks an is a complex his o ical and cul u al
p ocess ha is in luenced by a a ie y o in e ela ed ac o s. To unde s and he speci ics o he
de elopmen o museums in he egion, i is necessa y o examine he his o ical, cul u al, socio-
poli ical, esea ch, and adminis a i e-legal backg ound ha has shaped he de elopmen o museums
in Ka akalpaks an.
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His o ical and cul u al backg ound. Ka akalpaks an, loca ed in he no hwes e n pa o
Uzbekis an, has been a c oss oads o ancien ci iliza ions and cul u es o housands o yea s. The
e i o y o mode n Ka akalpaks an was pa o he Kho ezm s a es, was pa o he Achaemenid
Empi e, and was in luenced by he G eco-Macedonian Empi e, he Kushan Empi e, he Tu kic
Khagana es, he A ab Calipha e, he Mongol conque o s, and he Cen al Asian Khana es. These
his o ical p ocesses ha e led o he o ma ion o a ich cul u al he i age in his e i o y, which
includes nume ous a chaeological monumen s, wo ks o ine and deco a i e a s, and examples o
he ma e ial and spi i ual cul u e o he Ka akalpak people.
O pa icula impo ance a e he a chaeological si es o ancien Kho ezm, loca ed in he
e i o y o Ka akalpaks an. These include such ou s anding a chaeological si es as he uins o he
ancien and medie al ci ies o Top ak-Kala, Ayaz-Kala, Dzhanbas-Kala, Koy-Ky ilgan-Kala, and he
Mizdakhkan nec opolis, which es i y o he high le el o ma e ial cul u e o he ancien peoples who
inhabi ed his e i o y. In addi ion, he egion has a ich in angible cul u al he i age, including epics,
legends, ales, adi ions, and cus oms o he Ka akalpak people, who ha e p ese ed hei e hnic
iden i y despi e he di icul his o ical condi ions [1].
The need o p ese e, s udy, and popula ize his ich cul u al he i age became one o he mos
impo an p e equisi es o he o ma ion o a museum ne wo k in Ka akalpaks an. The egion's
his o ically mul i-e hnic and mul icul u al na u e also os e ed in e es in c ea ing ins i u ions ha
could p esen he egion's cul u al di e si y h oughou i s his o ical de elopmen .
Scien i ic Resea ch P e equisi es. The de elopmen o museums in Ka akalpaks an is
inex icably linked wi h he de elopmen o scien i ic esea ch on he egion. Beginning in he 19 h
cen u y, he e i o y o mode n-day Ka akalpaks an a ac ed he a en ion o Russian and Eu opean
schola s, a ele s, and explo e s. The expedi ions o A.V. Kaulba s, L.S. Be g, A.D. A khangelsky,
V.V. Ba old, and o he schola s laid he ounda ions o he scien i ic s udy o he egion's na u e,
his o y, and cul u e. Howe e , he mos signi ican con ibu ion o he s udy o he egion was made
by he Kho ezm A chaeological and E hnog aphic Expedi ion, which began i s wo k in 1937 unde
he leade ship o he eminen schola S.P. Tols o .
The Kho ezm Expedi ion, which las ed o se e al decades, became he la ges scien i ic
unde aking in he his o y o Cen al Asian s udies. I s wo k esul ed in he disco e y and s udy o
dozens o a chaeological si es om a ious e as, and he collec ion o unique a chaeological inds,
e hnog aphic ma e ials, and wo ks o olk a . The scien i ic disco e ies o he Kho ezm Expedi ion
adically changed ou unde s anding o he egion's his o y and laid he scien i ic ounda ion o he
c ea ion o museum collec ions.
The ac i i ies o he Kho ezm A chaeological and E hnog aphic Expedi ion a e di ided in o
se e al s ages: he i s s age co e s 1937-1940, he main s age om 1945-1970 ( he beginning o he
use o ae ial pho og aphs and esea ch using complex me hods), and he inal s age spanning 1970-
1990. Wi h he ou b eak o Wo ld Wa II, he expedi ion's ac i i ies ook a b eak. Du ing he main
s age, ae ial su eys began o be used, ha is, ae ial pho og aphy was conduc ed om ai planes. This
is how ilming was ca ied ou a Top ak-kala in 1945-1950, Dzhanbas-kala in 1945-1946, Koy-
k ylgan-kala in 1951-1957, and Us yu in he 1950s [2].
E hnog aphic esea ch on he Ka akalpak people de eloped alongside a chaeological
esea ch. T.A. Zhdanko, N.P. Lobache a, I.V. Sa i sky, and o he schola s collec ed ex ensi e
ma e ial on he adi ional cul u e, e e yday li e, cus oms, and deco a i e and applied a s o he
Ka akalpaks. These s udies no only en iched schola ship wi h aluable in o ma ion bu also
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con ibu ed o he o ma ion o unique e hnog aphic collec ions, which subsequen ly o med he basis
o museum collec ions.
The Ka akalpak b anch o he Academy o Sciences o he Uzbek SSR (now he Ka akalpak
b anch o he Academy o Sciences o he Republic o Uzbekis an), es ablished in 1959, played a
signi ican ole in he de elopmen o scien i ic esea ch. I s ac i i ies included comp ehensi e s udies
o he egion's na u al, his o ical, and cul u al landscapes, he esul s o which also en iched museum
collec ions and con ibu ed o he de elopmen o museum s udies [3]. Thus, in ensi e scien i ic
esea ch ac i i y in Ka akalpaks an c ea ed he necessa y basis o he o ma ion o a museum
ne wo k, p o iding i wi h aluable collec ions and a scien i ic and me hodological base.
Socio-poli ical p e equisi es. Socio-poli ical p ocesses occu ing in Cen al Asia in he 20 h
cen u y had a signi ican impac on he de elopmen o museum a ai s in Ka akalpaks an. In 1924,
he Ka akalpak Au onomous Region was o med as pa o he Kazakh ASSR, in 1932 i was
ans o med in o he Ka akalpak ASSR as pa o he RSFSR, and in 1936 i became pa o he Uzbek
SSR. These adminis a i e and e i o ial changes we e accompanied by ac i e p ocesses o na ion-
building, an in eg al pa o which was he de elopmen o na ional cul u e, educa ion, and science
[4]. On he one hand, he e was he de elopmen o na ional w i ing, li e a u e, and a , on he o he
– adical changes in he adi ional way o li e associa ed wi h collec i iza ion and indus ializa ion.
Unde hese condi ions, museums acqui ed pa icula signi icance as ins i u ions capable o
p ese ing he cul u al he i age o he pas and simul aneously becoming ins umen s o he
mode niza ion o public consciousnes.
An impo an ac o in he de elopmen o museums in Ka akalpaks an was he eme gence o a
local in elligen sia ecognizing he alue o na ional cul u e and he need o p ese e and s udy i .
Rep esen a i es o he Ka akalpak in elligen sia—w i e s, scien is s, and educa o s—ac i ely
pa icipa ed in collec ing ma e ials o u u e museums and con ibu ed o he popula iza ion o local
his o y knowledge among he popula ion [5].
An analysis o he p econdi ions o he o ma ion o he museum ne wo k in Ka akalpaks an
allows us o conclude ha he de elopmen o museums in he egion was condi ioned by a complex
o in e ela ed ac o s: he ich his o ical and cul u al he i age o he e i o y, in ensi e scien i ic
esea ch, socio-poli ical p ocesses, and he c ea ion o he necessa y adminis a i e and legal
amewo k.
Thus, s udying he p econdi ions o he o ma ion o he museum ne wo k in Ka akalpaks an
ep esen s an impo an aspec o esea ch in o he his o y o museums in he egion, allowing us o
unde s and he pa e ns o i s de elopmen and he speci ic ea u es o i s cu en s a e.
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2. Аржанцева И. А. Хорезм: история открытий и исследований по материалам архива.
Ульяновск: ООО Артишок, 2016. С. 7-10.
3. Айтмуратов Ж. Развитие культуры Каракалпакстана в70-90-е годы XX века. –
Нукус: «Билим», 1997. – С. 50
4. Қарақалпақстанның жаңа тарийхы. Қарақалпақстан XIX әсирдиң екинши ярымынан
XXI әсирге шекем. – Н.: Қарақалпақстан, 2003. – Б. 367.
5. Kа аmаnо а G., Sulаymаnо S., U еmu а о а X. Mus аqillik dа idа О’zbеkis оndа
muzеylа а muzеy ishi (о’qu -uslubiy qо’llаnmа). – N., 2021. - 112 b.
