The myology of the limbs of Pteropus.

THE
MYOLOGY
OF
THE
LIMBS
OF
PTEROPUS.
By
PROFESSOR
HUMPHRY
(Pl
VI.
&
VII.)
THE
muscles
o
he
limbs
o
Chei op e a
p esen
so
many
ea u es
o
in e es
ha
I
hink
i
wo h
while,
al hough
hey
ha e
been
desc ibed
by
o he s,
o
gi e
an
accu a e
desc ip ion
o
hem
as
ecen ly
dissec ed
by
me
in
wo
specimens
o
P e o-
pus
Edwa dsii,
a
male
and
a
emale.
The
peculia
ea u es
o
in e es
a e,
i s ,
he
modi ica ions
by
which
he
muscles
o
he
o e
limb
a e
adap ed
o
lying,
leading
us
o
obse e
by
wha
sligh
de ia ions
om
he
o di-
na y
mammalian
ype
he
end
has
been
a ained.
The
la ge
pec o als
sp inging
om
a
keeled
s e num,
and
he
enso es
plice
ala is
cons i u e
some
app oach
o
he
peculia i ies
o
he
bi d.
The
la e
muscles,
howe e ,
do
no
sp ing,
as
in
he
bi d,
om
he
shoulde
gi dle,
bu
a e
ob iously
p olonga ions
o
he
pla ysma,
and
no
pa
o
hem
passes
o
he
o ea m;
no
does
he
deepe
s a um
o
he
pec o als
(pec .
min.
and
subela ius)
show
any
special
a ian
cha ac e s.
Mo eo e
he
esis ance
o
he
pull
o
he
pec o al
muscle
upon
he
shoulde
is
a o ded
no
by
he
p esence
o
a
co acoid
bone
o
by
he
union
o
he
cla icles,
bu
he
manne
in
which
he
b oad
la
su aces
o
he
s ong
cla icles
a e
join ed
wi h
co esponding
a icula
su aces
on
he
s e num.
The
biceps
has,
in
one
o
he
specimens,
a
sligh
muscula
slip
om
he
hume us;
bu
his
is
no
un-
common
in
mammals
o
indeed
in
man,
and
i
is
a he
a
de ach-
men
om
he
b achialis
an icus
han
a
dis inc
o igin
o
he
muscle,
as
i
is
in
he
bi d,
om
he
uppe
end
o
he
hume us;
and
unlike
he
same
in
he
bi d,
he
main
(co acoid)
po ion
o
he
muscle
is
in
wo
pa s,
and
hese
a e
unusually
dis inc .
The
supina o
longus
s ops
sho
a
he
uppe
hi d
o
he
adius,
ac ing
simply
as
a
lexo
o
he
o ea m;
and
he
adial
lexo s
and
ex enso s
o
he
ca pus
a e
inse ed
as
in
mammals,
none
o
hese
muscles
being
a ached,
as
hei
wo
ep esen a i es
in
bi ds
a e,
o
he
o emos
me aca pal.
The
lexo
ca pi
ulna-is
a ises
as
usual.
I
does
no ,
as
in
he
THE
MYOLOGY
OF
THE
LIMBS
OP
PTEROPUS.
bi d,
a ise
behind
he
inne
condyle
and
pass
benea h
i ,
playing
unde
i
as
unde
a
pulley.
This
p o ision
in
he
bi d
o
ha monizing
lexion
o
he
ca pus
wi h
lexion
o
he
elbow,
like
he
p o isions
in
he
supina o
longus
(i s
connec ion
wi h
he
enso
plicae
ala is
abo e
and
wi h
he
me a a sus
below)
o
ha monising
ex ension
o
he
ca pus
wi h
ex ension
o
he
elbow,
is
wan ing
in
P e opus.
In
hese
and
in
he
o he
myological
di e ences
om
bi ds
we
ecognize
an
in e io i y
in
he
adap a ion
o
he
animal
o
ligh
which
is
mo e
s ongly
e inced
in
he
wan
o
concen a-
ion
and
simpli ica ion
o
he
osseous
and
muscula
s uc u es
cha ac e izing
he
dis al
segmen
o
he
bi d's
wing,
and
which
is
mos
o
all
shown
in
he
de mal
ex ension
as
a
subs i u e
o
ea-
he s,
whe eby
he
hinde
limbs
a e
in ol ed
in
he
wo k
o
ae ial
mo emen
and
a e
un i ed
o
any
o he
mode
o
locomo ion'.
Thus,
while
we
admi e
he
manne
in
which
his
o de
(Chei-
op e ous)
is
specialized
o
ligh
om
a
class
(Mammalian)
which
is
no
cons uc ed
o
such
mo emen ,
we
a e
conscious
o
he
g ea
supe io i y
o
he
mechanism
a ained
in
he
se e al
membe s
o
ha
class
which
is
h oughou ,
o
in
g ea
measu e,
cons uc ed
o
ligh ,
and
in
which
he
hind
limbs
a e
le
ee
o
subse e
o
e es ial
locomo ion,
while
be e
mo o
powe
in
ai
is
ob ained
by
he
mo e
pe ec
adap a ion
o
he
o e
limbs
and
o
he
body
gene ally.
A
simila
illus a ion
o
he
same
p inciple
is
ound
in
he
ac
ha
he
mammalian
inhabi-
an s
o
he
deep
show
hei
adap a ion
o
he
wa e y
medium
o
be
in e io
o
ha
o
he
ish,
by
he
necessi y
which
compels
hem
o
come
o
he
su ace
o
he
pu pose
o
b ea hing
ai .
Secondly.
I
is
in e es ing
o
ind
ha
hough
he
hind
limbs
a e
un i ed
o
he
pe o mance
o
he
locomo o y
unc-
ions,
hey,
ne e heless,
e ain
in
he
main
he
s uc u al
com-
posi ion
and
disposi ion
o
pa s
usual
in
hose
limbs.
The
unc-
ions
o
he
hind
limb
in
Chei op e a
a e
almos
exclusi ely
hose
o dina ily
assigned
o
he
o e
limb;
ye
hey
a e
e ec ed
by
a
modi ica ion
o
he
o dina y
s uc u e
o
he
hind
limb
a he
han
by
a
subs i u ion
o
ha
o
he
o e
limb.
The
1
The
educ ion
o
he
numbe
o
he
phalanges
in
he
o e
limb
o
wo
in
each
o
he
h ee
ulna
digi s
has
ela ion
no
doub
o
hei
g ea
leng h
and
a enua ion,
which
is
incompa ible
wi h
he
addi ional
sou ce
o
weakness
ha
would
ha e
been
en ailed
by
he
usual
se ies
o
bones
and
join s.
295
PROFESSOR
HUMPHRY.
peculia i ies,
ha
is
o
say,
o
he
hind
limb,
o
mos
o
hem,
a e
e ained.
The
emu
is
join ed
wi h
one
leg
bone,
al hough
he
o a y
mo emen
o
he
leg
upon
he
high
is
los .
The
a sus
is
a icula ed
wi h
he
ibia,
by
one
bone- he
as aga-
lus-;
he
scaphoid
in e enes
be ween
ha
bone
and
he
dis al
ow
o
a sals,
and
he
os
calcis
s ands
up
owa ds
he
middle
o
he
lexo
aspec
o
he
limb
o
ecei e
he
endo
Achillis.
Some
app oxima ion,
howe e ,
o
he
osseous
con o ma ion
o
he
o e
limb
is
ound
in
he
ac
ha
he
os
calcis
is
si ua ed
chie ly
on
he
ibula
side
o
he
ankle,
ises
o
a
le el
wi h
he
as agalus,
and
sub ends
he
lowe
end
o
he
ibula,
eminding
us
o
he
ela ions
o
he
cunei o m
o
he
scapho-luna
and
o
he
ulna.
Mo eo e
he
small
size
o
he
a sus
in
ela ion
o
ha
o
he
me a a sus
and
phalanges
a e
eminde s
o
he
o dina y
ela ions
o
he
ca pus
o
he
me aca pus
and
digi s;
and
he
oo
is
in
he
same
plane
wi h
he
leg.
Wi h
ega d
o
he
muscles,
he
gas ocnemius
is
de i ed
om
bo h
he
condyles,
and
he
pe oneus
longus,
in
spi e
o
he
absence
o
he
uppe
pa
o
he
ibula,
is
p esen ,
and
akes
i s
usual
cou se;
and
he
a ious
muscles
o
he
oo
and
leg
p esen
he
usual
cha ac-
e s
o
he
hind
limb,
excep
ha
he
lexo s
o
he
leg
un
all
oge he
o
i s
middle
ins ead
o
passing,
in
wo
di isions,
o
i s
mo e
la e al
aspec s.
Thi dly.
The e
is,
howe e ,
an
assump ion
by
he
hind
limb
o
one
cha ac e
o
he
o e
limbs,
which
ende s
he
ana omy
o
hese
animals
peculia ly
ins uc i e
and
aluable
in
ins i u ing
a
homological
compa ison
be ween
he
wo
limbs.
I
mean
he
di ec ion
o
he
lexo
and
ex enso
su aces
o
he
limb,
which,
ins ead
o
being,
as
i
usually
is,
in
he
high
and
leg
a
any
a e,
he
e e se
o
ha
in
he
o e
limb,
is,
in
Chei-
op e a,
e y
nea ly
he
same
wi h
ha
o
he
o e
limb.
Thus,
he
ex enso
su ace
o
he
high
and
leg
and
he
p ominence
o
he
knee,
like
he
ex enso
su ace
o
he
a m
and
o ea m,
and
he
p ominence
o
he
elbow,
a e
di ec ed
backwa ds,
and
he
hallux
and
ibial
line,
like
he
polled
and
adial
line,
a e
on
he
ou e
side.
In
ano he
place
(Essay
on
he
Limbs
o
Ve eb a e
Animals)
I
ha e
shown
ha
he
o e
and
hind
limbs,
in
hei
p ima y
ansi o y
condi ion
in
he
e us
and
in
hei
pe sis en
con-
296
THE
MYOLOGY
OF
THE
LIMBS
OF
PTEkOPUS.
di ion
in
some
o
he
lowe
animals,
a e,
in
his
espec ,
alike-
a e
bo h,
ha
is,
di ec ed
in
he
same
manne .
They
a e
bo h
p ojec ed
a
igh
angles
and
nea ly
s aigh ,
om
he
unk
wi h
he
do sal
o
ex enso
su aces
supe io ,
and
he
polled
and
hallux
wi h
he
espec i e
adial
and
ibial
ma gins
an-
e io ;
and
he
lexion
a
he
elbow
and
knee,
in
bo h,
akes
place
upwa ds,
away,
ha
is,
om
he
abdominal
aspec
o
he
emb yo.
Thus
a
he
co espondence
be ween
he
wo
limbs
is
p e y
exac ;
and
i
hings
emained
in
his
posi ion
he e
would
be
li le
di icul y
in
poin ing
ou
he
se ial
homological
e-
la ions
o
he
se e al
pa s.
Bu ,
while
he
lexion
a
he
elbow
and
knee
akes
place,
a
o a ion
is
going
on
in
he
wo
limbs
and
in
opposi e
di ec ions.
The
elbow
wi h
he
supe io
o
ex enso
su ace
o
he
o e
limb
becomes
u ned
backwa ds,
and
he
knee
wi h
he
supe io
o
ex enso
su ace
o
he
hind
limb
is
u ned
o wa ds.
This
causes
he
hallux,
ibia,
ibial
condyle
and
side
o
he
emu ,
ha
is,
he
line
o
he
hind
limb
which
was
o iginally
an e io ,
o
be
di ec ed
inwa ds,
and
he
pollex,
adius,
adial
condyle
and
side
o
he
hume us,
ha
is,
he
line
o
o e
limb
which
was
also
o iginally
an e io ,
o
be
di ec ed
ou wa ds.
Ra he ,
I
should
say,
wi h
ega d
o
he
o e
limb,
his
would
ha e
been
he
e ec ,
bu
ha
a
o a ion
in
an
oppo-
si e
di ec ion
o
ha
in
he
es
o
he
membe
akes
place
in
he
middle
and
dis al
segmen s
( he
o ea m
and
hand).
This
causes
he
polled
and
lowe
pa
o
he
adius
o
be
di ec ed
inwa ds
while
he
uppe
pa
o
he
adius
and
he
adial
line
o
he
uppe
pa
o
he
limb
e ain
he
di ec ion
ou wa ds
which
I
ha e
indica ed.
This
opposi e
o a ion
o
he
wo
limbs
has,
I
need
no
say,
p o ed
a
sou ce
o
much
pe plexi y
in
hei
compa ison
and
led
o
many
e o s.
In
Chei op e a
he
o a ion
o
he
hind
limbs
di e s
om
ha
which
usually
akes
place
in
hose
limbs,
and
co esponds
wi h
ha
which
akes
place
in
he
o e
limbs.
The
con exi y
o
he
knee
and
he
ex enso
su ace
o
he
limb
a e
di ec ed
backwa ds;
and
he
hallux,
ibia,
and
ibial
line
o
he
emu
a e
di ec ed
ou wa ds:
hey
a o d
us,
he e o e,
a
peculia ly
a ou able
oppo uni y
o
compa ing
he
muscles
in
he
wo
limbs,
and
o
se ling
some
o
he
dispu ed
poin s.
They
show,
o
ins ance,
unmis akeably,
ha
he
ex enso
muscles
( iceps)
297
PROFESSOR
HUMPHRY.
on
he
a m
co espond
wi h
he
ex enso
muscles
(quad iceps)
on
he
high,
and
ha
he
lexo s
in
he
wo
limbs
a e
in
simila
co esponding
ela ion.
They
gi e
addi ional
suppo
o
he
iew
ha
he
inne ,
o
ibial,
condyle
o
he
emu
co esponds
wi h
he
ou e ,
o
adial,
condyle
o
he
hume us,
ha
he
ibial
(usually
inne ,
in
hese
ou e )
ochan e
o
he
emu
and
he
muscles
passing
o
i
a e
homologous
wi h
he
adial
(ou e )
ube cle
o
he
hume us
and
i s
muscles,
and
consequen ly,
ha
he
muscles
on
he
ou e
su ace
o
he
scapula
a e,
o
some
ex en ,
homologous
wi h
hose
on
he
inne
su ace
o
he
ilium.
S ill,
he
o a ion
o
he
hind
limb
being
he
e e se
o
ha
which
is
usual,
has
so
a
al e ed
he pa s
om
hei
o dina y
disposi-
ion
ha
i
is
no ,
in
e e y
ins ance,
easy
o
e e
a
gi en
muscle
o
i s
co esponden
in
he
hind
limb
o
o he
animals.
I
is
sca cely
necessa y
o
add
ha
cau ion
is,
he e o e,
needed
in
d awing
in e ences
wi h
ega d
o
se ial
homologies
wi h
he
o e
limb.
These
animals
show
ha
he
di ec ion
o
he
o a ion
in
each
limb
has
no
close
ela ion
o
he
pa icula
s uc u e
o
he
limb;
o
in
hem,
he
o a ion
o
a
o e
limb
is
associa ed
wi h
he
o dina y
s uc u e
o
a
hind
limb.
We
mus ,
he e o e,
look
o
some
o he
agency
as
he
de e mining
cause
o
he
di ec ion
o
he
o a ion.
A
p esen
I
can
disce n
no
o he
cause
han
ha
mys e ious
agency
in
de elopmen ,
wha e e
i
is,
which
de e mines
he
gene al
con o ma ion
and
he
de ailed
s uc u e
o
a
limb
in
acco dance
wi h
he
pa
i
will
ha e
o
play
in
he
economy
o
he
animal.
No
do
I
see
ha
he
illus a ions
hus
u nished
o
he
modi ica ion
o
one
o de
in
a
class
o
sui ,
o
some
ex en ,
he
habi s
o
ano he
class
and
he
modi ica ion
o
one
pai
o
limbs
o
ul il,
o
s6me
ex en ,
he
o dina y
unc ions
o
he
o he
pai ,
aid
us
much
in
he
elucida ion
o
he
g ea
ques ions
o
he
mode
o
de i a ion
o
species.
In
each
ins ance
he
change
seems
o
be
w ough
ou
suddenly
and
comple ely,
pe
sal um
as
i
we e.
A
leas
he
known
connec ing
links
be ween
hese
ae ial
and
he
o dina y
e es ial
mammals
a e
oo
ew
o
enable
us
o
d aw
any
de ini e
in e ences
om
hem.
Some
o
he
poin s
o
in e es
which
sugges
hemsel es
I
will
e e
o
in
he
cou se
o
he
desc ip ion.
298

THE
MYOLOGY
OF
THE
LIMBS
OF
PTEROPUS.
CUTANEOUS
M
USCLES
a e
disposed
as
ollows.
They
a e
ema kable
o
hei
ex en ,
hei
disposi ion,
and
hei
osseous
connec ions.
The
Pla ysmc
po ion
consis s
o
ou
muscula
bands
(1,
2,
3,
4
in
Pl.
i.),
(1)
a ising
om
he
side
o
he
lowe
jaw,
whe e
some
o
he
ib es
a e
blended
wi h
hose
o
he
muscles
o
he
angle
o
he
mou h',
and
om
he
side
o
he
head
behind
he
lowe
jaw.
I
is
he
'ce ico- acien'
o
Cu ie
and
Lau illa d2.
(2)
om
he
hinde
pa
o
he
pa ie al
c es ,
om
he
occipi al
c es ,
and
sligh ly
om
he
middle
line
benea h
he
la e
co e ing,
in
pa ,
he
space
usually
occupied
by
he
ce -
ical
po ion
o
he
apezium.
I
is
he
'do so-occipi ien'
o
Cu ie ,
who
ega ds
his
as
he
main
po ion,
he
o he
h ee
being
accesso ies.
(3)
om
he
middle
line
o
he
lowe
pa
o
he
neck,
in
on
o
he
achea,
whe e
i
is
con luen
wi h
he
co espond-
ing
muscle
o
he
opposi e
side.
(4)
om
he
o e
pa
o
he
keel
o
he
s e num,
supe -
icial
o
he
pec o als
majo .
These
se e al
bands,
dis inc
om
one
ano he
a
hei
o igins,
con e ge
o
he
ee
edge
o
he
hume o- adial
expansion
o
skin,
along
which
hey
un,
o ming
a
na ow
band
(5)
(co esponding
wi h
he
enso
police
ala is
in
he
bi d8)
as
a
as
he
polled
in o
he
side
o
he
pha-
langes
o
which
i
is
inse ed.
In
he
middle
o
he
edge
o
he
wing- old
he
muscula
ib es
a e
supplan ed
by
a
hin
band
o
highly
elas ic
issue.
This
again,
one- hi d
om
he
polled,
gi es
way
o
muscula
ib es
which,
a e
abou
an
inch,
e mina e
in
common
endon.
Thus
he e
is
i s
muscle,
hen
elas ic
issue,
hen
muscle,
and,
las ly,
endon.
The
muscle
hus
disposed
se es
o
gi e
ension
o
he
old
o
he
wing,
bends
he
o ea m
upon
he
a m
and
he
polled
upon
he
o e-
a m,
also
abduc s
he
polled
and
so
may
aid
in
sepa a ing
he
digi s
and
expanding
he
wing,
besides
exe ing
some
in luence
upon
he
hume us.
1
This
eminds
us
o
he
co esponding
pa
o
he
muscle
in
O yc e opus
(Vol.
ii.
o
his
Jou nal,
p.
293)
which
passes
om
he
dep esso
anguli
o is
upon
he
a m
and
o ea m.
2
Ana omie
Compa 6e,
Planches.
S
This
muscle
in
he
bi d
is
de i ed
om
he
del oid
o
pec o al
o
bo h.
299
PROFESSOR
HUMPHRY.
Ano he
cu aneous
muscle
(cu aneo-pubic)
a ises
om
he
o e
pa
o
he
pel is
and
adia es
o e
he
abdomen,
he
on
o
he
pec o al
muscle,
and
he
shoulde .
A
la e al
band,
aking
a
di ec ion
di e en
om
he
es
o
he
muscle,
passes
in o
he
wing
on
he
ou e
side
o
he
high
and
leg,
and
uns
qui e
o
he
edge
o
he
wing.
A
hi d
muscle
(P1.
Vi.
F.
C.,
emo o-cu aneous)
a ises
om
he
lowe
pa
o
he
ibial
(o
ou e )
side
o
he
sha
o
he
emu
and
passes
o wa ds
a-
dia ing
o e
he
back.
A
ou h
(I.
C.,
ischio-cu aneous)
uns
om
he
ischium,
ac oss
he
ischio-pedal
old
o
skin
and
he
supplemen a y
cal-
caneal
bone,
upon
he
do sum
o
he
oo .
A
i h
(C.
C.,
co aco-cu aneous)
a ises
om
he
co acoid
in
company
wi h
he
biceps
muscle,
lea es
he
la e
in
he
uppe
hi d
o
he
a m,
and
uns
h ough
he
b achio-c u al
lap
o
he
wing
o
i s
lowe
edge'.
Nei he
o
hese
a e
men ioned
o
ep esen ed
by
C.
and
L.
O he
simila
bands
o
muscle,
pa allel
wi h
his
las ,
de-
scend,
a
nea ly
egula
in e als,
h ough
he
b achio-c u al
wing- lap
o
i s
lowe
edge
om
nea
he
a m
and
o ea m,
hough
hey
do
no
appea
o
ha e
any
di ec
connec ion
wi h
he
a m
o
o ea m;
and
he e
is
a
b oad
hin
muscula
shee
ex ending
om
he
back
o
he
ho ax
and
abdomen,
nea
he
spine,
in o
his
lap,
and
sending
o
bands
which
adia e
in
a ious
di ec ions
in
he
olds
o
he
skin.
MUSCLES
OF
THE
FORE
LIMB.
Pec o al
in
h ee
po ions:
(1)
S e nal
po ion
(Pec .),
o
g ea
size
and
hickness,
a ises
om
he.
side
o
he
keel
o
he
s e num
and
he
s e nal
ends
o
he
s e nal
ibs,
sligh ly
om
he
la e al
po ion
o
he
1
In
Echidna
se osa
and
in
he
Je boa
a
hick
band
o
muscula
ib es
a ises
om
he
an e io
ube cle
o
he
hume us,
close
o
inse ion
o
he
pec o al
muscle,
and
uns
in o
he
pannicle
on
he
side
o
he
abdomen.
Pa
o
he
pannicle
is
also
connec ed,
in
he
Echidna,
wi h
he
edge
o
he
ulna;
and
in
he
Je boa
i
is,
as
in
P e opus,
a ached o
he
ace
and
side
and
back
o
he
head,
and
by
a
dis inc
slip
o
he
s e num.
In
i ,
as
well
as
in
P e opus,
he
la issimus
do si
is
nea ly
co e ed
by
his
pa
o
he
pannicle,
and
is,
as
i
we e,
s un ed
by
i ,
being
e y
small.
In
he
Mole
and
he
Ra ,
also,
he
pan-
nicle
is
connec ed
wi h
he
s e num,
he
hume us
and
he
ulna.
I
is
a ely,
howe e ,
a ached
o
he
co acoid.
Soo
THE
MYOLOGY
OF
THE
LIMBS
OF
PTEROPUS.
manub ium
s e ni
bu
no
a
all
om
he
cla icle,
o
he
idge
on
he
ou e
side
o
he
bicipi al
g oo e
o
he
hume us.
(2)
Cla icula
po ion,
om
he
deepe
pa
o
he
inne
hi d
o
he
cla icle,
lies
benea h
he
p eceding,
and
benea h
he
del oid,
and
migh
pe haps
be
ega ded
as
belonging
o
ei he .
I
is
inse ed
in o
he
uppe
pa
o
he
same
idge
in
close
ela ion
o
he
ib es
o
he
pec o al
and
o
he
del oid.
I
is
he
'pe i
pec o al'
o
C.
and
L.,
bu
may,
p obably,
be
mo e
co ec ly
ega ded
as
a
pa
o
he
pec .
majo .
I
does
no
a ise,
in
ei he
o
my
specimens,
as
ep esen ed
by
Cu ie ,
om
he
ib,
bu
is
connec ed
only
wi h
he
cla icle.
I
has
no
he
o dina y
cha ac e s
o
he
cla icula
pa
o
he
pec o alis
majo ;
o
his
usually
lies
mo e
supe icially,
and
c osses
in
on
o
he
es
o
he
muscle
o
a
lowe
pa
o
he
pec o al
c es
o
he
hume us.
(3)
Abdominal
po ion
a ises
om
he
pubes
in
company
wi h
he
ec us
abdominis,
o ming
he
ou e
pa
o
he
com-
pound
muscle,
sepa a es
om
i
as
i
ascends
o
he
ibs,
passes
benea h
he
s e nal
po ion
o
he
pec o al,
be ween
i
and
he
biceps,
o
he
uppe
and
inne
ma gin
o
he
same
idge
jus
benea h
he
p eceding.
I
is
called
'
po ion
en ale'
by
C.
and
L.
I '
migh
be
said
ha
he
ec us
di ides
as
i
ascends
and
hus
o ms
i s
ou e
de-
achmen .
In
many
animals
(Fawn,
Pig,
Cal )
a
po ion
o
he
pec o alis
a ises
om
he
shea h
o
he
ec us
o
he
linea
alba.
In
Ba achians
i
is,
as
in
his
ins ance,
blended
wi h
he
muscle
i sel .
The
ela ion
o
his
po ion
(which
may
p obably
be
e-
ga ded
as
he ep esen a i e
o
he
Pec o alis
mino ),
and
o
he
subela ius
in
P e opus
as
well
as
o
he
scaleni,
in
some
animals,
o
he
ec us
sugges
hese
may
all
belong
o
one
se ies
o
one
muscula
plane
commencing
a
he
pubes,
e mina ing
in
he
ce ical
e eb ae
and
di e ging
o
he
shoulde ,
some imes
con inuous,
bu
mo e
com-
monly
in e up ed
by
one
o
mo e
ibs'.
1
The
Py amidalis
is
la ge,
has
a
b oad
o igin
om
he
on
o
he
pubes,
and
co e s
a
conside able
po ion
o
he
lowe
and
o e
pa
o
he
abdomen.
The
ib es
ascend
wi h
an
inclina ion
inwa ds,
and
a e
chie ly
inse ed
in o
he
linea
alba.
Some
howe e
un
on
o
he
s e num
and
adjacen
ca ilages
o
he
ibs.
In
he
emale
P e opus,
he
Py amidalis
a ises
om
he
pubes
on
he
side
o
he
pubic
gap,
jus
in
on
o
he
ec us.
The
ib es
pass
obliquely
inwa ds
o
he
line
alba.
The
lowes
a e
almos
ans e se,
pa allel
wi h
and
qui e
close
o
he
symphysial
ligamen ,
so
as
comple ely
o
co e
all
he
pa
abo e
he
ligamen
in
he
in e al
be ween
he
ec i.
The
uppe
ib es
a e
mo e
oblique.
Rec us
is
a ached
abo e
o
he
ibs
wide
o
he
s e num,
as
high
as
he
i s
ib,
301
PROFESSOR
HUMPHRY.
Meckel's
(Ve gleich.
Ana .
iII.
454)
desc ip ion
o
he
ela ion
o
he
pec o al
wi h
he
ec us
in
Vespe ilio
co esponds
wi h
he
abo e.
This
ana omis
belie es
ha
in
cases
whe e
he
pec o alis
mino
appea s
o
be
absen
i
is
eally
blended
wi h
he
scalenus
(s.
490)
and
says
he
same
is
also
occasionally
he
case
wi h
he
subela ius
(s.
416).
Subela ius
(Subel.)
is
la ge.
I
passes
om
he
unde
su -
ace
and
an e io
edge
o
he
b oad
s e nal
po ion
o
he
i s
ib
( he
ec us
abdominis
is
inse ed
in o
he
pos e io
edge),
along
he
lowe
su ace
o
he
cla icle,
o
be
inse ed
benea h
i s
ou e
pa .
I
is
inse ed
exclusi ely
in o
he
cla icle.
Se a us
magnus
an icus
is
in
wo
po ions,
as
Meckel
de-
sc ibes.
The
uppe ,
hick
and
muscula ,
a ises
om
he
i s
ib
behind
he
subcla ius
and
benea h
he
endinous
inse ion
o
he
scalenus
and
also
sligh ly
om
he
second
ib,
and
is
in-
se ed
in o
he
uppe
pa
o
he
hinde
ma gin
o
he
scapula,
in e nal
o
he
inse ion
o
he
le a o
scapulae,
bu
no
ex end-
ing
so
a
down
he
scapula
as
i
does.
I
is
qui e
dis inc
om
he
le a o
scapule
in
i s
whole
ex en .
The
lowe
po -
ion
is
b oade ,
a ises
om
he
eigh
ibs
below
he
i s
and
is
inse ed
in o
he
in e io
ma gin
o
he
scapula
be ween
he
e es
majo
and
he
subscapula is.
I
is
nea ly
he
same
in
he
wo- oed
An ea e ,
bu
he
lowe
po ion
is
in
i
a ached
mo e
o
he
angle
and
hinde
ma gin
o
he
scapula
han
in
P e opus
and
does
no
ad ance
so
a
o wa d
be ween
he
e es
and
subscapula is.
This
muscle
unde goes
subdi ision
in
Bi ds,
Rep iles
and
Amphibia,
especially
in
he
F og,
wi h
a ie ies
o
inse ion.
Rudinge ,
Die
Muekeln
de
o de en
Ex emia en
de
Rep ilien
und
Vogel.
is
joined
nea
i s
uppe
pa
by
he
pec o al
as
abo e
s a ed,
and
descends
behind
he
py amidalis
o
he
pubes.
The e
a e
no
endinous
in e sec ions
in
i
o in
he
py amidalis.
In
he
emale
he
ec i
sepa a e
as
hey
descend
o
he
pubic
bones,
lea ing
he
lowe
pa
o
he
abdomen
unco e ed
by
hem.
Obliquus
Ex e nus,
indigi a ing
abo e
wi h
se a us,
o ms
a
hin
expansion,
co e ing
he
ec us
and
py amidalis.
Below,
in
he
male
P e opus,
i
has
a
ee
edge
some
dis ance
abo e
he
pubes;
and
benea h
his
edge
he
la ge
spe ma ic
co d
escapes,
ca ying
wi h
i
some
ib es
o
he
muscle
benea h,
he
obliquus
ex e nus,
which
o m
a
c e nas e
and
a e
disposed
nea ly
ans e sely
upon
he
co d.
In
he
emale,
whe e
he
pubic
bones
a e
widely
apa
and
connec ed
by
a
ib ous
band
passing
ac oss
in
on
o
he
agina,
he
lowe
ma gin
o
he
obl.
ex .
is
less
de ined.
I s
expanded
endon
passes
o
he
pubes
and
o
he
sym-
physial
band.
The
obliquus
in e ns
passes
en i ely
behind
he
ec us,
no
pa
o
i s
endon
going
in
on .
A
he
lowes
pa
o
he
abdomen
i
is
e y
hin.
302
THE
MYOLOGY
OF
THE
LIMBS
OF
PTEROPUS.
wi h
he
succeeding
muscle
o
he
base
o
he
do sum
o
he
i s
phalanx
o
polled.
The
'in e osseal
adduc o '
is
he
ex enso
o
he
hi d
o
e minal
bone
o
he
pollex.
Ex enso
indices,
benea h
p eceding,
and
in
company
wi h
i
o
he
e minal
phalanx
o index'.
Thus
each
o
he
e minal
phalanges
o
he
digi s
is
supplied
wi h
an
ex enso ,
hough
hose
o
i .
and
.
a e
de oid
o
lexo s.
The
di e ences
om
he
do sal
muscles
o he
human
o ea m
and
hand
a e
in
he
inse ion
o
he
supina o
and
in
he
ex enso es
pollicis.
MUSCLES
OF
THE
HIND-LIMB.
Psoas
pa us
(Ps.
p.),
om
he
wo
o
h ee
lowe
do sal
and
he
h ee
uppe
lumba
e eb ae,
a
small
muscle.
I s
slende
endon
is
inse ed
in o
he
ou e
ex emi y
o
he
p ojec ing
spine
o
he
pubes
which
o e hangs
he
hip-join 2.
Some
o
i s
ib es
a e
con inued
on
in o
he
pec ineus.
Psoas
magnus
(Ps.
in.),
om
he
bodies
o
all
he
lumba
e eb ae,
lying
ex e nal
o
he
p eceding,
as
well
as
om
he
on
o
he
ilium
and
he
adjacen
su ace
o
he
sac um,
passes
benea h
he
o e hanging
pubic
spine,
ex e nal
o
and
behind
he
hip,
o
he
ou e
o
ibial
ochan e .
Iliacus
in e nus
(Ii.
i.),
om
he
ou e
su ace
o
he
ilium
close
o
he
c es ,
has
no
u he
connec ion
wi h
he
ilium,
is
dis inc
om
he
psoas,
and
passes
benea h
i
o
he
ou e
su -
ace
o
he
emu
qui e
benea h
he
ibial
ochan e .
I
c osses
ex e nal
o
he
ex enso
c u is.
Sa o ius,
no
clea ly
dis inguishable.
Cu ie
desc ibes
un-
de
his
name
some
ib es
passing
om
he
ilium
o
he
la e al
pa
o
he
pannicle.
Meckel
says
i
is
absen
in
chei op e a.
Pec ineus
(Pec .),
a
ound
muscle
in
i s
uppe
pa ,
a ises
by
a
s ong
well-de ended
endon
om
he
mos
p ojec ing
poin
o
he
pubic
c es
jus
benea h
he
inse ion
o
he
psoas
pa -
us,
and
om
he
endon
o
ha
muscle.
Becoming
wide
and
la e
i
c osses
an e io
and
ex e nal
o
he
psoas
and
iliacus,
and
is
inse ed,
benea h
he
la e
muscle,
in o
he
1
Meckel
does
no
men ion
his
muscle,
bu
desc ibes
he
ex .
dig.
as
passing
o
he
ou
inge s.
2
The
mis ake
in
he
Leqons
espec ing
he
absence
o
his
muscle
as
well
as
o
he
psoas
magnus
and
he
iliacus
is
ec i ied
in
he
Ana omie
Comnpa ie,
Planches
o
Cu ie
and
Lau illa d.
309

310
PROFESSOR
HUMPHRY.
middle
o
he
ou e
( ibial)
side
o
he
emu .
I
is
he
'
pec-
ineus'
o
Cu ie
and
Meckel;
s ill
i
is
a
ques ion
whe he
i
may
no
be
he
adduc o
longus
o
which
he e
is
no
o he
e-
p esen a i e;
o
i
may
be
he
ep esen a i e
o
bo h
hese
muscles.
Adduc o
b e is,
om
he
ou e
su ace
o
he
pubes
unde
co e
o
he
g acilis,
be ween
i
and
he
ob u a o
ex e nus,
c osses
he
psoas
o
he
o e
and
ou e
su ace
o
he
emu
immedia ely
in
on
o
he
inse ion
o
he
iliacus.
Adduc o
magnus.
The e
is
a
conside able
mass
o
muscle,
consis ing
o
h ee
o
mo e
pa s,
a ising
om
he
ou e
su ace
o
he
pubes
and
ischium,
appea ing
supe icially
be ween
he
g acilis
and
he
semi- endinosus
and
semi-memb anosus,
and
ex ending
benea h
he
la e
muscles
o
he
middle
line.
I
is
inse ed
along
he
o e
pa
o
he
emu
om
he
ou e ,
o
ibial,
ochan e
h ee
ou hs
down
he
bone.
An
uppe
po -
ion,
easily
sepa a ed,
may
ep esen
he
Quad a us
emo is,
and
ano he
po ion,
sepa a ed
in
g ea
measu e
om
he
es
by
he
scia ic
ne e
and
he
o igins
o
he
semi- endinosus
and
semi-memb anosus
and
connec ed
wi h
i s
ellow
in
he
middle
line
and
inse ed
lowe
and
a he
mo e
on
he
ibula
aspec
o
he
emu
han
he
emainde
o
he
muscle,
may
possibly
ep esen
he
Biceps
which,
owing
o
he
absence
o
he
ibula
in
he
uppe
pa
o
he
leg,
may
ha e
s opped
sho
in
he
high
and
acqui ed
an
a achmen
o
he
emu '.
Glu eus
Maximus
(GI.)
a ises,
muscula ,
om
he
hinde
ma gin
o
he
c es
o
he
ilium
and
om
he
sac al
spines,
and
is
inse ed,
endinous,
in o
he
uppe
hal
o
he
inne ,
o
ibu-
la ,
side
o
he
sha
o
he
emu
be ween
he
adduc o
mass
and
he
as us
ex e nals
which
is
he e
in e nal.
Glu amus
Medius
a ises
om
he
ou e
and
hinde
su ace
o
he
ilium,
unde
co e
o
he
glu eus
maximus
and
iliacus,
and
is
inse ed,
endinous,
in o
he
summi
o
he
inne ,
o
ibula ,
ochan e .
The e
is
no
glu wacs
minimus
dis inc
om
he
medium.
Ob u a o
Ex e nus
(Ob .
e.)
is
a
la ge
muscle
a ising
om
he
whole
o
he
ex e io
o
he
ob u a o
ligamen
and
he
1
Cu ie
and
Meckel
men ion
only
one
adduc o
besides
he
pec ineus
and
make
no
men ion
o
a
quad a us.
THE
MYOLOGY
OF
THE
LIMBS
OF
PTEROPUS.
su ounding
ma gin
o
bone.
I
passes
immedia ely
o e
he
on
o
he
hip-join
and
is
inse ed
in o
he
ou e
pa
o
he
ibial
ochan e
and
in o
he
adjacen
pa
o
he
capsule
o
he
hip. I
eminds
one
s ongly
o
he
sup a-spina us.
Ge nelli.
A
small
sho
muscle
a ises
om
he
deepe
pa
o
he
ube
ischii
nea
o
and
in
on
o
he
ace abulum
and
immedia ely
in
on
o
he
p eceding
muscle.
I
is
inse ed
in o
he
inne
su ace
o
he
inne
o
ibula
ochan e .
This
I
conclude
may
be
ega ded
as
he
ep esen a i e
o
he
ge-
melli.
None
o
i s
ib es
en e ed
in o
he
pel is.
The e
is
no
ace
o
a
dis inc
ob u a o
in e ns
ei he
in
he
in e io
o
on
he
ex e io
o
he
pel is.
Th ee
lexo
muscles
o
he
knee
pass
om
he
o e
and
inne
pa
o
he
pel is
o
he
middle
o
he
plan a
o
an e io
su ace
o
he
ibia,
ins ead
o
being
a ached
as
usual
o
he
sides
o
he
leg,
bones;
in
his
espec
esembling
he
lexo s
o
he
o ea m.
They
a e
he
h ee
ollowing.
G acilis
(G .)
om
he
edge
o
he
spine
o
he
pubes,
in
i s
whole
leng h,
also
om
he
symphysis
and
om
he
ounded
angle
be ween
he
wo.
I s
endon
joins
ha
o
he
ollowing
muscle;
Seemi- endinosus
om
almos
he
hindmos
pa
o
he
is-
chium
( he
back
pa
o
he
ube
ischii).
The
endons
o
hese
wo
a e
uni ed
in
he
lowe
hi d
o
he
high,
and
a e
inse ed
in o
a
p ojec ing
idge
in
he
middle
o
he
back
o
he
ibia,
.I h
om
he
uppe
end,
benea h
he e o e
he
space
ha
would
usually
be
occupied
by
he
popli eus.
Semi-menb anosua
om
he
ube
ischii
jus
in
on
o
he
p eceding.
I s
endon
uns
clea
o
he
o he
wo
and
abo e
hem
o
he
same
idge
a
li le
highe
up.
This
acco ds
wi h
he
desc ip ion
o
he
abo e
h ee
lexo s
by
Cu ie
and
Meckel,
nei he
o
whom
admi
he
p esence
o
he
Biceps
in
Chei op e a.
The
endons
o
all
hese
h ee
lie
en i ely
on
he
ibial
side
o
he
gas ocnemius
which
indica es
hem
o
be
ibial
muscles.
The
inse ion
o
hese
lexo s
in o
he
middle
o
he
on
o
he
ibia,
ins ead
o
on
ei he
side
o
he
leg
bones,
acco ds
wi h
he
ac
ha ,
owing
o
he
ans e sely
exca a ed
o
g oo ed
con-
di ion
o
he
uppe
su ace
o
he
ibia,
no
o a o y
mo ion-no
p o-
na ion
and
supina ion-o
leg
can
be
e ec ed.
These
mo emen s
a e
limi ed
o
lexion
and
ex ension
as
in
he
case
o
he
wo
bones
o
he
o ea m
upon
he
hume us;
and
he
disposi ion
o
he
lexo
311
PROFESSOR
HUMPHRY.
muscles
is
acco dingly
he
same.
I
is
also
in e es ing
o
obse e
ha
he e
a e
no
in e a icula
ca ilages
in
he
knee-join .
Ex enso
c u is
(Ex .
c .),
no
la ge,
om
he
ma gin
o
he
ilium,
ex e nal
o
and
behind
he
ace abulum;
also
om
he
uppe
hal
o
he
hinde
su ace
o
he
emu ,
on
one
side
being
p olonged
up
o
he
ibial,
o
ou e ,
and
on
he
o he
up
o
he
ibula ,
o
inne ,
ochan e .
The
wo
po ions- he
iliac
and
he emo al
po ion-a e
qui e
dis inc ,
hough
s a ed
by
Meckel
no
o
be
so
in
he
Ba .
I s
endon
descends
along
he
back
o
he
high,
o e
he
p ojec ing
knee,
o
a
idge-like
p ocess
on
he
middle
o
he
pos e io
and
uppe
edge
o
he
ibia,
which
is
no
so
la ge
as
ha
in
he
bi d,
bu
ises
a he
mo e
di ec ly
upon
he
join .
The e
is
no
pa ella.
The
absence
o
he
pa ella
may
be
associa ed
wi h
he
ci cum-
s ance
ha
li le
o
no
weigh
is
bo ne
upon
he
hind
limbs
in
hese
animals
and
ha ,
consequen ly,
he
p essu e
o
he
ex enso
endon
upon
he
emoial
condyles
is
p opo iona ely
small.
The
iew
o
pa s
ob ained
by
a
dissec ion
o
he
ou e
egion
o
he
le
high
and
haunch,
gi en
in
PI.
VI.
igs.
3
and
4
is
highly
ins uc i e
wi h
e e ence
o
hei
compa ison
wi h
co esponding
pa s
in
a
o e-limb.
The
angle
o med
by
he
emu
wi h
he
ilium
esembles
ha
o
he
hume us
wi h
he
lowe
o
hinde
ma gin
o
he
scapula.
The
pubes
is
di ec ed
inwa ds
o e hanging
he
join
like
he
ac omion.
The
ischium
is
di ec ed
backwa ds
and
inwa ds
om
he
join .
The
ligamen um
e es
ascends,
om
he
dimple
on
he
ou e
and
o e-pa
o
he
head
o
he
emu ,
benea h
he
edge
o
he
co yloid
ligamen
co e ing
he
no ch
be ween
he
pubes
and
isehium,
o
he
edge
o
he
ace abulum
be ween
hese
wo
bones,
eminding
us
o
he
gleno-hume al
ligamen '.
The
ex enso
muscle
(Ex .
c .)
passes
om
behind
he
ace abulum,
down
he
back
o
he
high,
o e
he
p ojec ing
back
o
he
knee,
o
he
hinde
edge
o
he
ibia.
The lexo s,
semni- endinosus
and
semi-memb anosus,
pass
om
he
ischium
in
on
and
on
he
inne
side
o
he
join ,
o e
he
ion
o
he
high,
on
he
ibial
side
o
he
lexo s
o
he
oo ,
o
he
middle
o
he
o e-pa
o
he
ibia.
The
g acilis
passes
om
he
ou e
and
an e io
p ojec ing
edge
o
he
pubes-like
pa
o
he
del o-pec o al
g oup
in
he
o e-limb
om
he
cla icle
and
s e num-and
joins
he
semi endinosus,
jus
as
he
pa
o
he
del oid
in
O yc e opus
(Vol.
ii.
p.
299)
joins
he
biceps
and
becomes
a
lexo
o
(which
is
mo e
app op ia e
o
compa ison)
as
he
cla icula
o
he
uppe
s e nal
pa
o
he
pec o al
no
un equen ly
ex ends
o
he
o ea m
o
he
elbow.
The
pec inei s,
adduc o
b e is,
and
adduc o
magnus
pass
om
he
c es
o
he
pubes
o
he
ou e
su ace
o
he
emu ,
jus
as
se e al
pa s
o
he
del oid
pass
om
he
ac onion
and
cla icle
o
he
1
See
my
T ea ise
on
he
Human
Skele on,
p.
411.
312
THE
MYOLOGY
OF
THE
LIMBS
OF
PTEROPUS.
ou e
su ace
o
he
hume us.
The
ob u a o
ex e nus
passes
om
he
ob u a o
ligamen ,
be ween
he
pubes
and
ischium,
o e
he
on
o
he
hip,
o
he
capsula
ligamen
co e ing
he
in e al
be ween
he
ochan e s
and
o
he
inne
o
ibula
ochan e ,
eminding
us
o cibly
o
he
8up aspina
which
passes
om
be ween
he
ac omion
and
he
co acoid,
o e
he
on
o
he
shoulde ,
o
he
capsule
be ween
he
ube cles.
The
di e ence
is
ha
his
muscle
inclines
o
he
ou e
o
adial
ube cle
and
ex ends
beyond
he
in e al
be ween
he
ac omion
and
co acoid
o
he
do sum
o
he
scapula;
whe eas
he
ob u a o
inclines
o
he
ibula
ochan e
and
is
limi ed
by
he
ob uia o
ligamen .
The
psoas
magnus
and
iliacus
in e ns,
passing
om
he
an e io
and
ou e
su ace
o
he
ilium,
benea h
he
pec-
ineus
and
g acilis,
o
he
ou e
ochan e ,
emind
us
o
he
in a-
spina us
and
e es
mino
passing
om
he
ou e
su ace
o
he
scapula
benea h
he
del oid,
o
he
ou e
ube cle
o
he
hume us.
The
glu ceus
passing
om
he
spines
o
he
sac um,
on
he
inne
side
o
he
ex enso
muscle,
o
he
inne
side
o
he
emu
benea h
he
inne
ochan e ,
is
he
eminde
o
he
la i'S&'Mu8
do si,
which
akes
a
nea ly
simila
di ec ion
and
has
a
simila
a achmen
in
he
o e-limb.
Gas ocnemius,
a
delica e
muscle,
a ises
om
he
condyles
o
he
emu
in
he
usual
manne ,
excep
ha
i
is
a ached
only
o
he
ibula
side
o
he
ou e
o
ibial
condyle.
The
inne
head
( om
he
ibula
condyle)
is
endinous;
he
ou e
head
( om
he
ibia]
condyle)
is
muscula .
The e
is
a
minu e
ossicle
in
he
ou e
head;
I
canno
ind
one
in
he
inne
head.
Bo h
hese
heads
lie
on
he
inne ,
o
ibula ,
side
o
he
iexo es
cu is.
They
uni e
and
e mina e
in
a
hin
endon,
which
uns
down
o
be
inse ed
in o
he
os
calcis.
A
li le
abo e
i s
inse ion
he
base
o
he
s yli o m
bone
(S .
b.)
is
closely
connec ed
wi h
i .
The
bone
akes
i s
cu ed
cou se
inwa ds
owa ds
he
opposi e
limb
in
he
connec ing
cu aneous
old,
ha ing
no
di ec
bony
connec ion.
A
slip
o
muscula
ib es
(S.
m.
s yli o m
muscle)
passes
om
he
p oximal
end
o
he
i h
me aca pal
and
adia es
ou
o
be
inse ed
along
he
lowe
ma gin
o
his
bone.
I
do
no
ind
any
ep esen a i e
o
he
Solceus
o
o
he
Popli eus.
The
absence
o
he
la e
acco ds
wi h
he
wan
o
p ona o y
and
supina o y
mo emen
men ioned
abo e
(Meckel
no es
he
absence
o
his
muscle
in
he
ba ).
Nei he
do
I
ind
any
Plan a is.
Tibialis
pos icus
(Tib.
p.),
small,
om
he
lowe
hal
o
he
nne
( ibula )
su ace
o
he
back
o
he
ibia
and
om
he
313
PROFESSOR
HUMPHRY.
adjacen
su ace
o
he
ibula
o
he
a sal
bone
suppo ing
he
second
me a a sal.
Meckel
hinks
i
is
absen
in
he
ba .
Flexo es
digi o um
long,
wo
long
and
la ge
muscles
om
he
wo
sides
o
he
leg
and
he
leg
bones,
sepa a ed
abo e
by
he
lexo es
c u is.
One,
Tibia lis
(Fl.
d.
ib.),
a ises
by
a
la ge
muscula
belly
om
he
ou e
o
ibial
condyle
o
he
emu ,
ex e nal
o
and
enc oaching
upon
he
space
usually
occupied
by
he
gas ocnemius,
om
he
pos e io
and
ou e
su ace o
he
ibia,
and
by
a
muscula
slip
om
he
endon
o
he
semi-
endinosus.
A
muscula
slip
also
is
de i ed
om
he
back
o
he
ibia
abo e
he
lexo
endons
in
he
posi ion
usually
occupied
by
he
popli eus.
This
ex ends
o
he
inne
( ibula )
a icula
su ace
o
he
ibia,
bu
does
no
pass
o e
he
join
o
he
condyle
o
he
emu .
The
o he ,
ibula is
(Fl.
d.
ib.),
co esponding
wi h
he
FL.
1.
h.
o
man,
a ises
endinous
om
he
ube cula
p ojec ion
on
he
ibula
side
o
he
head
o
he
ibia,
and
muscula
om
he
ibia
benea h
i
and
om
he
uppe
hal
o
he
ibula'.
Thei
s ong
endons
pass
h ough
dis inc
shea hs
in
on
o
he
ankle;
he
ibial
lexo
sends
a
endon
o
he
ungual
phalanx
o
he
hallux;
he
ibula
lexo
sends
one
o
he
ungual
phalanx
o
digi
;
and
he
endons
o
he
wo
muscles
combine
o
send
endons
o
he
ungual
phalanges
o
he
h ee
middle
digi s.
The
ibial
lies,
in
he
sole,
supe icial
o
he
ibula ;
bu
hei
h ee
middle
endons
a e
in ima ely
blended.
By
his
blending
o
he
endons
om
he
wo
lexo
muscles
and
he
non-di ision
o
he
ex enso
endon
ill
i
has
nea ed
he
phalanges,
synch onism
in
he
mo emen s
o
he
digi s
is
insu ed,
any
one
no
being
mo eable
alone.
The
g ea e
indi iduali y
in
he
mo emen
o
he
digi s,
especially
in
he
hand,
which
is
so
ma ked
in
uan,
is
in
him
p o ided
o
by
he
g ea e
sepa a ion
o
he
lexo
and
ex enso
endons
passing
o
he
inge s
and
oes.
The
o igin
o
he
ibial
lexo
o
he
oes
om
he
condyle
o
he
emu '
and
om
he
lexo
endon
o
he
leg
is
in e es ing.
I
has
he
e ec
o
associa ing
lexion
o
he
oes
wi h
ha
o
he
leg',
and
1
The
ibula,
hough
de icien
abo e,
is
p e y
well
de eloped
in
he
lowe
pa
o
he
leg,
and
has
a
b oad
su ace
a
he
lowe
end
which
is
join ed
wi h
he
os
calcis.
2
I
is
wo hy
o
ema k
ha
in
bi ds
he
lexo s
o
he
oes
de i e
o igins
om
he
condyles
o
he
emu .
3
Jus
as,
in
he
bi d,
he
inse ion
o
pa
o
he
enso
plicae
ala is,
om
he
cla icle,
in o
he
supina o
longus,
which
is
inse ed
in o
he
me aca pal
o
314

THE
MYOLOGY
OF
THE
LIMBS
OF
PTEROPUS.
i
has
he
u he
e ec
o
causing
he
o ced
ex ension
o
he
leg
when
he
animal
is
hanging
by
i s
cu ed
pedal
claws,
o
gi e
ension
o
he
lexo
muscle
o
he
oes.
and
so
inc eases
he
g asp
o
he
claws.
In
sho
he
weigh
o
he
animal
is
hus
made
o
conduce
o
he
i mness
o
he
hold
by
which
he
weigh
is
main ained.
This
connec ion
o
he
lexo s
o
he
digi s
wi h
he
emu
is
e y
a ely
me
wi h
in
mammals.
Lumb icales
a e
eigh
in
all,
and
la ge.
One
om
he
ibial
o
supe icial
lexo
endon
going
o
digi
i.
is
inse ed
in o
he
ibula
side
o
ha
digi ;
one
om
he
endon
o
he
ibula
o
deep
lexo
going
o
digi
.
is
inse ed
in o
he
ibial
side
o
ha
digi ;
he
o he s,
a ising
appa en ly
om
he
combined
endons
o
he
ibial
and
he
ibula
lexo s,
a e
inse ed
one
on
he
ibial
and
one
on
he
ibula
side
o
each
o
he
o he
digi s.
They
a e
inse ed,
no
in o
he
ex enso
endons,
bu
in o
he
sides
o
he
sha s
o
he
i s
phalanges
abou
he
middle.
The
impe ec
complemen
o
lumb icales
in
digi s
I.
and
.
shown
by
he
absence
o
he
ma ginal
o
dis al
ones,
whe eas
wo
a e
p esen
in
each
o
he
o he
digi s,
may
be
ega ded
as
among
he
many
e i-
dences,
o
which
small
size
is
he
mos
ob ious,
o
he
incomple eness
o
hese
la e al
and
leas
cons an ,
las
segmen ed
and,
as
i
we e,
leas
ca ed
o
elemen s
o
he
e minal
pa
o
he
limb.
The
less
comple e
blending
o
he
ibial
and
ibula
componen s
o
he
lexo
muscle
in
he
endons
passing
o
hese
digi s
as
compa ed
wi h
hose
passing
o
he
o he
digi s,
as
well
as
he
absence
o
he
lexo
b e is
on
he
ibula
side
o
digi
.
and
i s
o al
absence
in
digi
I,
and
he
absence
o
a
long
ex enso
in
digi
i,
a e
ea u es
o
simila
impo .
Accesso ies
I
do
no
ind.
Flexo
b e is
digi o um
a ises
om
he
os
calcis
and
he
lowe
pa
o
he
endo
Achillis
on
i s
ibial
side- ha
is,
in
he
si ua ion
usually
occupied
by
he
plan a is
endon
whikh,
as
I
ha e
said,
is
absen .
I
passes
o
he
second
phalanges
o
digi s
ii,
III,
and
i ,
spli ing
o
pe mi
he
long
lexo s
o
pass
jus
as
he
co esponding
endons
do
in
man,
and
euni ing
abo e
hem.
I
passes
also
o
digi
,
bu
only
o
i s
ibula
side.
In e ossei
cons i u e
a
pai
o
muscles
on
he
plan a
su ace
o
each
o
he
me a a sals,
a ising
also
om
he
a sals,
en
in
all.
One
is
on
he
ibial
and
one
on
he
ibula
side
o
each
he
pollex,
se es
o
associa e
ex ension
o
he
ca pus
and
digi s
wi h
ha
o
he
o ea m.
315
PROFESSOR
HUMPHRY..
me a a sal.
They
pass
o
he
ibial
and
ibula
sides
o
he
palma
su ace
o
he
i s
phalanges
o
hei
espec i e
digi s
a
li le
beyond
hei
p oximal
ends.
I
could
no
ace
hem
o
he
ex enso
endons.
They
ac
chie ly
as
lexo s
o
he
i s
join s
o
he
digi s'.
Abduc o
minimi
digi i,
a
sho ,
hick
muscle
ex ending
om
he
os
calcis,
nea
he
inse ion
o
he
endo
Achillis,
o
he
ibula
side
o
he
i h
me a a sal.
T ans e sus
pedis
(T .)
is
a
dis inc
muscle
a ising
om
he
inne
cunei o m
bone,
om
he
ibula
side
o
he
p oximal
end
o
he
i s
phalanx
o
he
hallux,
and
om
a
endinous
a ch
be ween
hese
wo
poin s,
benea h
which
passes
he
ibula
in-
e osseous
o
he
hallux.
F om
his
b oad
o igin
he
ib es
con e ge
o
he
ibial
side
o
he
i s
phalanx
o
he
i h
digi ,
whe e
hey
a e
blended
wi h
he
in e osseous
o
ha
side.
I
co esponds,
appa en ly,
wi h
he
'adduc eu
ans e se'
o
Cu ie ,
who
does
no
men ion
i s
p esence
in
his
animal.
The
me a a sals
admi
o
a
ce ain
amoun
o
la e al
mo emen ,
abduc ion
and
addic ion,
which
is
e ec ed
by
he
al e na e
ac ion
o
his
ans e sus
and
he
ibialis
an icus
and
he
pe oneus
b e is
aidpd
somewha
by
he
la e al
in e ossei.
The
pe oneus
longus
no
passing
o
he
me a a sal
o
hallux
and
playing
li le
o
no
pa
in
abduc ion
may
be
a
eason
o
he
p esence
o
his
ans e sus.
Mo eo e
he
in e ossei
a e
mo e
pa allel
han
usual,
and
hose
o
he
la e al
digi s
(i.
and
i .)
do
no
ex end
ac oss
so
as o
se e
as
adduc o s,
which
is
an
addi ional
eason
o
he
p esence
o
a
dis-
inc
and
well
de eloped
ans e se
muscle.
I
will
be
obse ed
ha
he
sepa a o s
o
he
me a a sals- ibialis
an icus
and
pe oneus
b e is
-a e
on
he
do sal
o
ex enso
aspec
o
he
limb,
and
he
app oxi-
ma o
o
hem- he
ans e sus-is
on
he
plan a
o
lexo
as-
pec .
Wi h
ega d
o
his
associa ion
o
abduc ion
wi h
ex ension
and
o
adduc ion
wi h
lexion,
see
p eceding
Vol.
p.
306.
Tibialis
an icus
(Tib.
a.)
descends
as
usual
om
he
ibula
su ace
o
he
ibia,
o e
he
ibial
side
o
he
a sus,
and
is
in-
se ed
in o
he
ibial
side
o
he
i s
me a a sal,
abduc ing
i
and
u ning
he
oo
ou wa ds.
Ex enso
digi o um
(Ex .
dig.),
om
he
o e
pa
and
he
ibula
side
o
he
head
o
he
ibia.
I s
long
endon
passes
o e
he
a sus
and
me a a sus
and,
nea
he
phalanges,
adia es
in o
ou
slips
o
he
ou
small
oes.
I
is
a
delica e
muscle;
1
See
ema ks
on
he
a angemen
o
he
in e ossei
in
p eceding
Vol.
p.
305.
316
THE
MYOLOGY
OF
THE
LIMBS
OF
PTEROPUS.
Ex enso
b e is,
compa a i ely
s ong,
a ises
om
he
on
o
he
os
calcis
and
he
back
o
he
me a a sals.
I
passes
as
usual
o
he
ou ,
in
his
ins ance,
ou e
digi s
(i,
II,
III,
I .),
being
he
only
ex enso
o
he
hallux.
I s
ou
di isions
a e
dis inc ,
each
lying
along
i s
me a a sal
bone.
The
wo
middle,
o
digi s
ii.
and
iii,
p esen
a
longi udinal
sepa a ion,
somewha
eminding
us
o
he
in e ossei
on
he
plan a
aspec .
These
di isions
join
he
long
ex enso
endons,
one
po ion
o
each
joining
he
ibula
and
he
o he
he
ibial
edge
o
a
endon.
The
di ision
o
digi
i .
is
de eloped,
o
well
de eloped,
only
along
he
ibula
side
o
he
me aca pal,
and
joins
only
he
ibula
side
o
he
ex enso
longus
endon,
which
is
he
usual
disposi ion
o
he
ex enso
b e is
in
he
case
o
all
he
digi s
in
o he
animals.
The
di ision
o
digi
I.
is
la ge,
is
inse ed
pa ly
in o
he
back
o
he
i s
phalanx,
and
sends
a
delica e
endon
along
he
back
o
his
phalanx
o
he
base
o
he
second
phalanx.
The
dis ibu ion
o
he
ex enso
b e is
o
he
wo
sides
o he
ex enso
endons
o
digi s
ii.
and
ini.
is
in e es ing
in
connec ion
wi h
he
ana omy
o
he
lumb icales.
Usually
he
endons
o
he
ex enso
b e is
lie
only
on
he
ibula
sides
o
hose
o
he
ex enso
longs;
and
o
balance
hem,
as
i
we e,
he
lumb icales
pass
o
he
ibial
sides
o
he
endons
o
he
ex enso
longus.
Bu
in
his
ins ance
he e
is
a
g ea e
comple eness
and
sepa a ion
o
he
ex enso
b e is
and
he
lumb icales:
he
endons
o
he
o me
pass
o
bo h
sides
o
he
en-
dons
o
he
ex enso
longus
and
he
lumb icales
ha e
no
connec ion
wi h
he
ex enso
endons,
pass
on
bo h
sides
o
he
phalanges,
and
a e
inse ed
in o
hem.
Pe oneus
longus,
om
he
ibula
side
o
he
head
o
he
ibia
and
he
sep um
be ween
he
ex enso
and
he
lexo
digi o um
descends,
in
on
o
he
lowe
end
o
he
ibula,
h ough
a
g oo e
on
he
ou e
side
o
he
a sus,
o
he
unde
pa
o
he
p oximal
end
o
he
second
me a a sal
bone.
I
canno
ace
i
o
he
me a a sal
o
hallux.
Pe oneus
e ius,
a he
la ge,
om
on
o
ibula,
benea h
and
in e nal
o
ex enso
digi o um,
o
me a a sal
bone
o
digi
.
In
he
male
i
sends
a
endon
o
join
he
ex enso
endon
o
his
digi ;
and
he e
is
also
a
small
slip
o
his
digi
om
he
ex-
enso
b e is.
In
he
emale
his
slip
is
wan ing;
bu
he
pe oneal
endons
o
he
ex enso
and
o
he
me a a sal
a e
om
317
PROFESSOR
HUMPHRY.
dis inc
muscles.
Thus
he
ex enso
endon
o
digi
.
is
sup-
plied
om
wo
o
h ee
sou ces,
whe eas
ha
o
hallux
is
de i ed
only
om
he
Ex .
b .
No
o he
pe oneus
p esen .
Meckel
inds
only
one
pe oneus
in
Chei op e a.
PLATE
VI.
Fig.
1.
Muscles
on
he
abdominal
aspec
o
male
P e opus.
The
igh
hind-limb
has
been
pa ially
and
he
le
has
been
much
u ned
o
o a ed
om
he
na u al
posi ion
o
he
pu pose
o
show-
ing
he
muscles
on
he
wo
su aces.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The
acial,
occipi al,
ce ical
and
s e nal
po ions
o
pla ysma
uni ing
o
o m
5
he
enso
plicse
ala is,
which
is
elas ic
om
nea
he
con e gence
o
he
muscula
bundles
o
a,
be ween
a
and
b
is
again
muscula ,
and
be ween
b
and
i s
inse ion
is
endinous.
S .
h.,
s e no-hyoid.
Dig .,
Iigas ic.
T .
in.,
achelo-mas oid.
S .
c .
m.,
s e no-cleido-mas oid,
om
he
an e io
ex emi y
o
he
keel,
om
he
uppe
edge
o
he
keel
( his
is
a he
in
shade)
and
om
he
cla icle.
Subcl.,
subcla ius.
C.
A.,
ce ico-hume al.
R.
a.,
ec us-al)dominis.
The
s e nal
po ion
o
he
i s
ib
is
seen
be ween
his
and
he
subela ius.
RIGHT
FORE-LIMB.
Pec .,
s e nal
po ion
o
pec o alis
majo
di ided
and
e lec ed
om
i s
o igin.
Pec .
a.,
abdominal
po ion
o
pec o al.
The
cla icula
po ion
has
been
emo ed
o
show
subcla ius.
B.,
biceps.
C.
b.,
co aco-b achialis.
B .
a.,
b achialis
an icus.
Ex .
c.
.,
ex enso
ca pi
adialis.
Sup.
1.,
supina o
longus.
P .
.,
p ona o
e es.
El.
c.
.,
lexo
ca pi
adialis.
Fl.
d.
s.,
lexo
digi o um
sublimis.
Fl.
c.
u.,
lexo
ca pi
ulna is.
RIGHT
HIND-LIMNIB.
Ps.
p.,
psoas
pa us.
Ps.,
psoas
magnus
I .
i.,
iliacus
in e nus.
P.,
pec ineus.
G .,
g acilis.
F.
c.,
emo o
cu aneous.
Fl.
d.,
lexo
dig.
long.
P.
I.,
pe oneus
longus.
Ex .
d.,
ex enso
digi o um.
P.
3,
pe oneus
e ius.
ib.
a.,
ibialis
an icus.
LEFT
HIND-LIMB.
G .,
g acilis.
Ad.,
adduc o
muscles.
S.
in.,
semi-memb anosus.
S.
.,
semi- endinosus.
I.
c.,
ischio-cu aneous.
S .
m.,
s yli o m
muscle.
S .
b.,
s yli o m
bone.
1.
Ach.,
endo
Achillis.
Fl.
d. ib.,
lexo
digi o um
ibula is.
Tib.
p.,
ibialis
pos icus.
Fl.
d.
ib.,
lexo
digi o um
ibialis.
LEFT
FORE-LIMB.
Fl.
b .,
lexo
b e is,
'
in e osseal
lexo s'
o
digi
.
Abd.,
abduc o
o
digi
.
Fl.
c.
.,
lexo
ca pi
adialis.
Fl.
d.
p .,
lexo
digi o um
p o undus.
Fl.
d.
s.,
lexo
digi o um
sublimis.
Fl.
c.
u.,
lexo
ca pi
ulna is.
P .
.,
p ona o
e es.
Sup.
I.,
supina o
longus.
Fig.
2.
The
igh
side
o
pel is
emu
and
uppe
pa
o
ibia,
o
male
P e opus.
I .,
uppe
pa
o
c es
o
ilium.
C.,
c es
o
pubes
whe e
psoas
pa us
and
pec ineus
a e
a ached.
S.,
symphysis
pubis.
ech.,
ischium.
318